INDEX-

1.LETERATURE REVIEW

2.INTRODUCTION

3. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF SYSTEM

4. CONTROL SCHEME

5. SELF EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR MODEL EQUATIONS

6. SIMULATION RESULTS

7. CONCLUSION

8. REFERENCES
LETERATURE REVIEW-

1.The concept of self excitation of induction generator was reported by Basset and Potter [1].
2. The transient behavior of three phase SEIG supplying symmetrical load has been described in [6-12].
3.Design of STATCOM filter, DC-Link capacitor , VAR requirement with variation in load has been provided by
Singh et al. [1].
4.STATCOM current control using concept of unit voltage templates is given in [2].
5.Sethy et al. [3] reported PI controller tuning for DC-LINK voltage of STATCOM.
6.load balancing , frequency and voltage control by combination of STATCOM and dump load stated in
Singh et al [4].
7.Connecting a Battery storage system to the DC-LINK of STATCOM for better Reliability,
Frequency control, better load balancing is found from -- Pati et al [14].

INTRODUCTION-

In india a lot of hydro energy is available at hilly ares of northeast , these hydro energy can be used to give
input to a hydro turbines. Induction machine can be useful here. As it is known to us that a Induction
machine can be used as a generator if it can be supplied with reactive power from a reactive power source.
That reactive power source can be capacitor bank connected at its terminals. And this kind of arrangement
led to self excited induction generator. SEIG has many advantages like self excitation, absence of brushes,
low cost, and less maintenance is required when we compare it to a alternator.

The main problem with self excited induction generator is that, its terminal voltage can get changed when
different kind of load is applied to its terminals. Like with increase in resistive or inductive load at SEIG
terminals goes on decreasing. Where application capacitive load may boost voltage at SEIG terminals.
Similarly when active power supplied by SEIG increase with increase in load frequency falls from no load.

STATCOM based voltage regulator and electronic load controller consisting of a current controlled voltage
source inverter and a DC chopper at DC bus. Here STATCOM based regulator can supply reactive power to
SEIG in such a manner to keep three- phase voltage amplitudes at a desired value. And electronic load
controller maintains rated power at SEIG terminals such that frequency regulation is within desired limits. In
microhydel applications, turbine speed does not vary very much and for a particular range of value of
excitation capacitance SElG generates required voltage at no load .

A mathematical model is developed for the transient analysis of SEIG with STATCOM based voltage and load
controller under the resistive, reactive loads with balanced conditions.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION OF SYSTEM-

The schematic diagram of both star and delta connected SEIG with excitation capacitor block , STATCOM
based voltage and electronic load controller (CC-VSl and DC chopper) consumer load is shown in Fig.1
 Fig-1.

STATCOM based voltage and electronic load controller consists of a three-phase IGBT based current
controlled voltage source inverter, DC bus capacitor, DC chopper and AC inductors. The output of the inverter
is connected through the AC filtering inductor to the SEIG terminals(point of common coupling- PCC). The DC
bus capacitor is used to store energy and led to self-supporting DC bus. DC Chopper is used to control the
power to be dumped due to change in the load and to maintain rated demand at SEIG terminals(PCC).fig.2

Fig.2

CONTROL SCHEME-

Control scheme is shown in Fig.3

 SCHEAMETIC DIAGRAM OF CONTROL SCHEME
Vsa POWER CALCULATION
Vsa Vsb Vsc Vsb - + PI
Isa Isb Isc + controller
Vsc

ua Pref

PWM
In phase
Unit voltage ub component of
Vt Imd
uc reference PI
tameplate current
Vref controller
-
+
Iccdabc* Vdc(ref)
Quadrature +
unit voltage -
tameplate

PCC
Iccqabc* STATCOM
+ Icca
wa wb wc +
Iccb
PI controller Quadrature Icabc*
component
Imq reference current Hystresys
current Iccc
controller Vdc
Iccabc 6 S/W PULSES

Fig.3

The control philosophy used to regulate the terminal voltage and frequency of the seig is depending upon the
control of reactive and active current of the statcom.

for this, the ac voltage amplitude estimated from three- phse voltages sensed at the SEIG terminal is
compared with the reference voltage amplitude. the voltage error is processed in the PI controller .The
output of the pi controller (Imq*), which controls the amplitude of reactive current in the STATCOM .For star
and delta both cases phase voltages sensed, and for star SEIG these voltages converted to line voltages and
accordingly line voltage amplitude is estimated and compared with desired line voltage amplitude.

the unit vectors Ua, Ub and Uc, are three-phase sinusoidal functions, obtained by dividing the terminal
voltages(phase voltages) Vsa, Vsb, and Vsc by their amplitude Vt (phase voltage amplitude).

another set of unit vectors Wa , Wb ,Wc is the sinusoidal function having a phase shift of 90" leading the
corresponding unit vectors Ua ,Ub and Uc calculated . Multiplication of Wa,Wb and Wc, by Imq gives the
quadrature component of the statcom reference currents Iccqa*,Iccqb*,Iccqc* .These are ideal currents,
which must be flow through the statcom terminals and filter inductor toword the STATCOM in order to
regulate the voltage of the SEIG at a set reference value. They lead 90" in phase with their corresponding
terminal phase voltages for a positive sign of Imq. Alternatively, they lag by 90" with the corresponding
voltages for the negative sign of Imq. In other words, the statcom operates as capacitive and inductive loads,
respectively, for positive and negative sign of Imq.
 Iccqc* Wc Im q Iccqa* Wa Im q
Iccqc* Wc Im q

the power needed to keep the average voltage of the dc bus capacitor at a constant value is supplied from
the SEIG .The in-phase component of the STATCOM reference currents Iccda*,Iccdb* and iccdc*,
required for charging the dc capacitor to the level of the reference dc bus voltage, is estimated in a dc voltage
control loop, comprising another PI controller.

These currents are estimated by multiplication of the output of the PI controller ( Imd) of the dc voltage loop,
with the unit vectors Ua, Ub and Uc.

The sum of quadrature and in-phase components of the above reference currents gives the reference
statcom threephase currents Icca*, Iccb*, and Iccc*.
Icca* Iccqa * Iccda *
Iccb* Iccqb * Iccdb *
Iccdc* Uc Im d Iccda* Ua Im d Iccdb* Ub Im d Iccc* Iccqc * Iccdc *

Power generated (Pg) is compared with reference power (Pref) according to rated power of the
generator.

Pg Vsa * Isa Vsb * Isb Vsc * Isc

frequency, f (Wa * pUa Ua * pWa ) / 2 * pi

Idea is to control frequency by maintaining rated power demand at SEIG terminals with constant power
input through shaft.With decrease in load active power ,excess active power is dumped at a resistance
connected at DC-LINK capacitor through a switch.

The dump load switch is operated as follows

1. Error signal is generatedPer=(Pref-Pg) 2. This error signal is processed in a PI controller.

3. PI controller output (Pact) is compared with a triangular carrier wave (4000 Hz) 4. If PI output(Pact) is
greater than carrier wave signal (Vt)then SD= 1 else SD=0

To generate actual STATCOM currents Icca , Iccb, Icca from reference current (Icca*,Iccb*,Iccc*) estimated ,a
HYSTRESIS BAND CURRENT CONTROL technique is adopted.

The ON/OFF switching pattern of the gate drive signals to the IGBTs, generated from the hysteresis current
controller, is represented mathematically as--
if Icca,< (Icca* -hb) switch S1 off and switch S4 on, SA = 0
if Icca > (Icca*+ hb) switch S1 on and switch S4 off, SA = 1

if Iccb < (Iccb*- hb) switch S3 off and switch S6 on, SB = 0

if Iccb > (Iccb*+ hb) switch S3 on and switch S6 off, SB = 1

COMPONENTS OF HYSTERESYS CURRENT CONTROLLER

If Icca,< (Icca* -hb) then
R=1;S=0 .If Icca > (Icca*- hb)
Icc*(ref)
then R=0
+ Q If Icca,< (Icca* +hb) then
S=0/1 S=0;R=1 Icca > (Icca*+ hb) then
hb + S S=1;R=0
(switchi
SR ng If (Icca* -hb)<Icca<(Icca* +hb)
Iccc(act) function) then, S=0;R=0
Flip
Flop S R Q=SA
_
Icc*(ref) R
Q
STEP-1
0 1 0
+ STEP-2
hb - 0 0 0
STEP-3 1 0 1
Icc=converter actual STEP-4 0 0 1
hb=hysteresys Current feedbak Icc*=ref current
band
STEP-3

STEP-4

STEP-1 STEP-2

if Iccc < (Iccc*- hb) switch S5 off and switch S2 on, SC = 0

if Iccc > (Iccc* + hb) switch S5 on and switch S2 off, SC = 1

where hb is the Hyteresys current band of the hysteresis current

controller

MODELING OF STATCOM BASED VOLTAGE AND ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER-

Derivative of dc bus voltage----

pVdc ( SA * Icca SB * Iccb SC * Iccc SD * (Vdc / Rdc )) / Cdc

Dc bus voltage reflects in form of the three- phase ac output of STATCOM modeled as CC- VSI ----
The line voltage of CC-VSI is given as-

Vsa Rf Icca Lf pIcca eab Rf * Iccb Lf * pIccb

Vsb Rf Iccb Lf pIccb ebc RfIccc Lf * pIccc
pIcca Vsb ebc 2Vsa eab 3Rf * Icca/ 3Lf
pIccb (Vsb ebc) (Vsa eab) 3Rf * Iccb/ 3Lf
Icca Iccb Iccc 0

SELF EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR MODEL EQUATIONS-

The dynamic model of 3ph SEIG is developed using stationary d-q axis reference frame. Voltage equations as
follows----
 SIMULATION RESULTS OF SEIG CONTROLLED BY STATCOM BASED
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
TEST SYSTEM---- 2.2 kW, 3 phase, 4 pole, star connected, 415 V,50Hz,Rs=3.71 ,
Rr=2.846 oh, Xls = Xlr=0.015888 H, J=0.0842 kg/m^2

MAGNETIZING Lm=0.4234 If Im<0.844

CHARACTERISTICS-----
Im 0.4227 0.0867 Im 0.0036 Im 2 If 0.844<=Im<=3.5
Lm=0.2280 If Im>3.5

STATCOM---- Cdc=0.0003 F; Lf=0.030H; Rf=0.05

DISCUSSION-
For voltage buildup of SEIG a excitation capacitor bank(star connected 28 uf) is
used. After voltage buildup, at= 4 sec STATCOM is activated to control the voltage, after
Voltage getting controlled ,dump load is activated at t=4.35 sec to control the supply
Frequency at around 50 Hz. At t= 4.6 sec a 150 per phase star connected load is appears at SEIG
Terminals , And frequency remains at 50 Hz as dump load dumps less power now as compared
to no-load condition,

Wave form of generated power by SEIG under transient

3000
Pg(ref)

P(actual)
2500

2000

1500 at 4.6 sec balenced

Pg(W)

half the rated load of 150

per phase,star connected is applied,
rest of the power dumped at dump load,
dump load keeping rated demand at SEIG terminals
1000 is dumping rated power
under no load condition

500

-500
4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5

t(sec)
Wave form of three phase SEIG phase currents under transient
8
DUMP LOAD CONNECTED
SEIG AT NO LOAD
6 W ITH STATCOM

4
PHASE CURRENTS

2
Isb,Isc
SEIG

Isa,

-2

-4

-6
LOAD AT SEIG TERMINALS CONNTETED AND POWER DUMPING REDUCED

-8
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
t(sec)
 Wave form of dc link voltage Vdc under transient
1200
dump load is activated at 4.35 sec
Vdc(ref)
1000 Vdc(actual)

800
Vdc(V)

600
STATCOM connected at 4 sec Load of 150 ohm per pahse
star connected, resistive type
400 is applied at 4.6 sec

200

0
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
t(sec)

Wave form of amplitude of three phase AC (line) voltages of SEIG under transient
1200
dump load is activated at 4.35 sec Vt(ref)
Vt(actual)
1000

Load of 150 ohm per pahse

800 star connected, resistive type
is applied at 4.6 sec
VtL(V)

600

400

200 STATCOM connected at 4 sec

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t(sec)

Frequency three phase ac supply from SEIG under transient

100
f(ref)
f(actual)
80

60
f(Hz)

40

20

0
4.5 4.52 4.54 4.56 4.58 4.6 4.62 4.64 4.66 4.68
t(sec)

Wave form of three phase(line) voltages of SEIG under transient

1000

500
phase voltages
phase to

Vsab,
Vsbc,
Vsca

-500

-1000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t(sec)
 Frequency three phase ac supply from SEIG under transient
100
f(raf)
f(actual)
80
Dump load dumping rated power under Load per phase is half the rated at .707(lag)
noload conditin and keeping frequency
arround rated
frequency is rated
60
f(Hz)

40

20

0
4.5 4.55 4.6 4.65 4.7 4.75 4.8
t(sec)

Wave form of dc link voltage Vdc under transient

1200

1000

800
Vdc(V)

600

400

200

0
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
t(sec)
 Wave form of amplitude of three phase AC (line) voltages of SEIG under transient
1200

1000

800

Vt(V) 600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4
t(sec)

Wave form of three phase(line) voltages of SEIG under transient

1000

500
phase to phase
voltages
Vsab,
Vsbc,
Vsca

-500

-1000
0 1 2 3 4
t(sec)

TEST SYSTEM---- 2.2 kW, 3 phase, 4 pole, delta connected, 230 V,50Hz,Rs=3.71 ,
Rr=2.846 oh, Xls = Xlr=0.015888 H, J=0.0842 kg/m^2

Lm=0.4234 If Im<0.844

Im 0.4227 0.0867 Im 0.0036 Im 2 If 0.844<=Im<=3.5

Lm=0.2280 If Im>3.5
STATCOM---- Cdc=0.0003 F; Lf=0.015H; Rf=0.05

Statcom is activated at t=5 sec, and electronic load controller activated

At 5.35 sec , at t= 5.8 sec a delta connected load of 150 ohm per phase
Applied at SEIG terminals.
 Wave form of dc link voltage Vdc under transient
800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6
t(sec)

Frequency three phase ac supply from SEIG under transient

100

80

60

40
f(Hz)
20

0
5.5 5.6 5.7 t(sec) 5.8 5.9 6 6.1

Wave form of three phase(line) voltages of SEIG under transient

1500

1000

500

Phase to 0
phase
voltages
Vsa,
Vsb, -500
Vsc

-1000

-1500
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6
t(sec)

Wave form of amplitude of three phase AC (line) voltages of SEIG under transient
600

500

400

Vt(V) 300

200

100

0
0 1 2t(sec) 3 4 5 6
 Wave form of three phase STATCOM currents under transient
15

10

Statcom currents 0
Icca,Iccb,Iccc(A)
-5

-10

-15
5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
t(sec) 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6

Wave form of three phase SEIG phase currents under transient

15
SEIG stator phase currents Isa,Isb,Isc(A)

10

-5

-10

-15
5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6
Time(sec)

CONCLUSION-----
STATCOM voltage regulator and can fulfill VAR requirement of SEIG subjected to load perturbations effectively
maintain rated voltage at its terminals, if a dc chopper connected at DC bus then frequency also can be
controlled, by keeping rated power demand at SEIG terminals.

PI controllers used here are cost effective, and hysteresis controller band and carrier frequency of power
controller, PWM decides ripple and in dc link voltage and frequency oscillation.

Machine can be controlled from under and over excited modes, but in first case STACOM current will increase.

If we operate the SEIG from under excited mode then less value of excitation capacitor bank is needed.

Only 7switch is used, which prohibits cost

Disturbance in dc link voltage control loop is high when load perturbation occurs. So during this time due to
mismatch in power input and out power frequency deeps, or rise depending upon load application or load removal.

During connection of STATCOM to SEIG terminals severe voltage stress may occur across the switches.

SEIG voltage amplitude (Vt) is controlled at unbalanced but individual phase- phase voltage amplitude is not equal
also under unbalanced load harmonic content is increased.

So with some modification in the controller is needed to reduce the voltage voltage stress at 6 switches. And to
reduced the disturbance at DC-LINK voltage loop advanced controller Needs to be applied .

REFERENCES-

1. Bhim Singh, S. S. Murthy, IEEE, and Sushma Gupta. Analysis and Design of STATCOM-Based Voltage
Regulator for Self-Excited Induction Generators. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION,
VOL. 19, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2004.

2. Bhim Singh, L.B.Shilpakar Analysis of a novel solid state voltage regulator for a self-excited induction
generator. IEE Proc-Gener. Transm. Distrib. Vol. 145, No. 6, November 1998.
3. .K.Sethy* and J.K.Moharana. Design, Analysis and Simulation of Linear Controller of a STATCOM for
Reactive Power Compensation on Variation of DC link Voltage. 013 International Conference on
Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC)

4. Bhim Singh, S. S. Murthy and Sushma Gupta .An Improved Electronic Load Controller for Self Excited
Induction Generator in S Micro-Hydel Applications.. 2003 IEEE.

5. E.D.Basset and F.M Potter, Capacitance excitation of induction generators

Transaction on American Institute of Electrical Engineering,vol ,no.1,pp.540-545,1935.

6. Grantham, C.,Sutanto,D., and Mismail,B.:Steady-state and transient analysis of self excited

induction generators,IEE Proc .B.Electr.Power Appl.,1989,136(2),pp.61-68.

7. C.Grantham, D.Sutanto and B mismail,Steady-state and transient analysis of Self excited induction
generator, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, 1991,pp 336-344.

8. S K.E .Hallenious , P.Vas, J.E.Brown The analysis of saturated self excited asynchronous
generator.Electric Power research 53(2000)59-65.
9. L.B. Shilpakar, B. Singh, B.P. Singh, Dynamic behaviour of three-phase self-excited induction
generator for single-phase power generation, Electr. Power Syst. Res. 48 (1998) 3744

10. L. Wang, R.Y. Deng, Transient performance of an isolated induction generator under unbalanced
excitation capacitor, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 14 (4)(1999) 887893.
11. S.K. Jain, J.D. Sharma, S.P. Singh, Transient performance of three-phase self-excited induction
generator during balanced and unbalanced faults, IEE Proc., Gen., Transm. Distribution 149 1
(January) (2002) 505
12. S.N Mahato M.P. Sharma , S.P. Singh. Transient performance of a single-phase self-regulated self-
excited induction generator using a three-phase machine. Electric Power Systems Research 77
(2007) 839850.
13. S.N Mahato M.P. Sharma , S.P. Singh. Transient performance of a single-phase self-regulated self-
excited induction generator using a three-phase machine. Electric Power Systems Research 77
(2007) 839850.

14. S . K. lain. J . D. S h a m and S. P. Singh, Transient performance ofthree-phase self-excited induction

generator during balanced and unbalanced faults, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Dislrib.,Vol. 149, No. 1
pp. 50-57, January 2002.
15. Swagat Pati, K.B.Mohanty, S.K.Kar, Swati Mishra. Voltage and Frequency Control of a Micro-grid
using a Fuzzy Logic Controller based STATCOM equipped with Battery Energy Storage System. 2016
International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT]