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Diego Bettoni
Academic Year 2011-12
The Higgs Mechanism
The assumption is made that the universe is filled with a spin-zero field,
called a Higgs field, which is a doublet in SU(2) and with a nonzero U(1)
hypercharge, but a singlet in color space . The gauge bosons and
fermions can interact with this field, and in this interaction they acquire
mass.
The SU(2) and U(1) quantum numbers of the ground state (i.e. the
vacuum are non-zero, so the SU(2) and U(1) symmetries are effectively
broken (spontaneously brokedn symmetries).
In this context the masses of the W and Z0 bosons can be calculated in
terms of measurable parameters.
1 1 1
L T V 2 2 4
2 2 4
We can require >0 in order that the potential be bounded below as
.
The theory is invariant under -.
To find the spectrum it is necessary:
to find the minimum of the potential (ground state vacuum)
to expand the fields around their value at the minimum and determine
the excitations
The 4 term represents an interaction of strength .
Higher powers of would lead to infinities in physical quantities and
must therefore be excluded (the theory would not be renormalizable).
2
v
1
2
1 2 2
2
2 1
L v 2v v 4 4v 3 6v 2 2 4v 3 4
4
1
v 2 2 1 2
v v v
2 2
2 2
3 1
4
3v v
2
2 2 2 2 4
1
2
1
L v 2 2 v 3 4 costante
4
interactions
m 2v 2
2 2 2
L
1
2 2 2
4
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 12 22 12 22 2
For 2>0 the minimum is at the origin
For 2<0 the minimum is along a
2
12 22 v2
circle of radius v.
v x i x
We choose 1=v, 2=0 x
2
Mexican Hat Potential
m2 = 2|2|
the field corresponds to a massive particle
The terms 2 vanish, thus has zero mass: Goldstone boson !
Goldstone theorem: whenever a continuous global symmetry is
spontaneously broken the spectrum contains a massless, spin-zero
boson.
In this case the global U(1) symmetry is broken because we had to
choose a particular point on the circle to expand around.
The potential is a minimum along a circle: radial excitations
correspond to massive particles (curvature of the potential), whereas
along the circle the potential is flat, hence the massless excitation.
4
For 2>0 this describes the interaction of a scalar particle of mass with the
electromagnetic field A.
There is no mass term for A.
This Lagrangian contains four independent fields: the two real scalars 1
and 2 and the two transverse polarization states of the massless vector
boson A .
Also in this case let us look for solutions for 2<0.
v h x
x x e i x
x
2
, and h real, using a suitable .
D. Bettoni Fenomenologia Interazioni Forti 9
2
L igA v h igA v h
1
v2 1
v h 2 v h 4 F F
2 4 4
2
h h g 2 v 2 A A v 2 h 2 vh 3
1 1
2
1 1
h 4 g 2 vhA A g 2 h 2 A A F F
4 2 4
There is now a mass term
for the gauge boson !!! M A gv The Higgs boson h with mass 2v 2
La Lagrangian is gauge invariant, but the vacuum is not.
The number of independent fields is still 4: the Higgs boson and the three polarization
states of the massive gauge boson.
The Goldstone boson of the previous case (global U(1) symmetry) has become the
longitudinal polarization state of the gauge boson.
Higgs Mechanism.
The Higgs boson should exist as a physical particle.
The gauge boson mass is fixed if g2 and v are known, but the mass of the Higgs
boson h depends on the unknown parameter .
L 2 2
*
0*
* 0* 0
0
12 22 32 42
2
2 v2
2 2
1 0 v, 0
Let us choose a direction: 0 3 1 2 4
2 v
1 0 We look for equations satisfied by H(x).
x This choice is always possible thanks
2 v H x to the local gauge invariance.
Y
Y
ig1 B ig2 W ig1 B ig2 W
2 2 2 2
1 0
Using 0 we obtain:
2 v
1 g1 B g 2W
3
g 2 W iW 0
1 2
2
8 g 2 W1 iW2 3
g1 B g 2W v
8
2 2 1
8
v 2 g 22 W1 W2 v 2 g1 B g 2W3
1
2
2
1
vg 2 W W 11 2
2
2 v g1
2
g 2 Z Z
22
D. Bettoni Fenomenologia Interazioni Forti 14
For a charged boson the mass term would be of the form m2W+W-.
Comparing with: 2
1
vg 2 W W
2
We obtain: vg 2
MW
2
For a neutral boson the mass term would be of the form m2ZZ/2.
1
M Z v g12 g 22
2
M 0
MW
cosW
MZ
MW
M Z cosW
Lint
2
gev g
eL eR eR eL e eL eR eR eL H
2
H-e Vertex
g e me
gev
Mass term for e me 2 v
2
me
Lint me e e e eH
v
For the neutrino there is no mass term, due to the absence of R. This implies that the
neutrino does not interact with the Higgs. If there were a R it would have T3=0, Q=0
and it would not couple to W, Z0, , therefore it would be very difficult to observe.
0* vH
c c 2
0
Lint g d QLd R g u QLc u R h.c.
md m
Lint md d d mu u u d dH u u uH
v v
Also in this case the parameters gd and gu are arbitrary. Thus masses are included
in the Standard Model, but they are not predicted: they must be measured.
This procedure can be repeated for the second and third families.
The Higgs interacts with fermions with a strength proportional to their mass mf,
therefore it couples more strongly to the heaviest fermions.