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DNA is established at conception, and does not change throughout your life.
You receive one-half of your DNA from your mother and one-half from your
father. DNA is what allows for the transmission of genetic material from one
generation to the next. When your fathers sperm and your mothers egg
cells combine at fertilization, they create your genetic sequence in 23 pairs
of chromosomes (46 total).
fertilization
Gene
unit of DNA information about a trait
passed from parents to offspring
specific location on a chromosome
Human Chromosomes
There are many different reasons people want to have a paternity test.
Sometimes alleged fathers are told many years later that a previous relationship
resulted in the birth of a child, and they want to make sure they are actually the
biological father.
Some men might suspect their wives or girlfriends of infidelity and are concerned their
child may not be theirs biologically and want the peace of mind a DNA test can provide.
Children who were separated from their biological father at a very early age, whether
because of adoption or other reasons, often want a conclusive DNA test early in the
reunion process.
Children sometimes learn about infidelity after the death of a parent and are curious
about their genetic makeup and their family's medical history, so they have DNA tests
to prove their parentage.
Mothers suing for paternal recognition, support and inheritance.
How can you test DNA to determine a family relationship?
For example, if you need a paternity test, you need to collect samples
from the child, the alleged father, and the mother (if she is available and
willing to participate). Once collected, the samples will be submitted to
the DNA testing laboratory for detailed analysis. The laboratory will then
compare specific locations on the DNA to determine whether or not
there is a biological relationship.
Steps in doing Relationship Test
I. A pre-test conference is held
with the clients wherein they are
informed about the test
principles and processes as well
as how the results are
interpreted.
X = 1 if father is homozygous
X = 0.5 if father is heterozygous
D8 hypothetical example:
13 is obligate allele, frequency of 13 = 0.308
PI = 0.5/0.308 = 1.62
Paternity Index
1.62
12.20
4
3.60
2.28
5.68
1.40
1.82
2.89
Combined Paternity Index (CPI)
All PI multiplied by each other since the different loci are inherited
independently of each other being in different chromosomes or set
wide apart on the same chromosome
CPI
x 100
CPI + (1-prior probability)
27,746
x 100 = 99.998%
27,746 + (1-0.5)
How do I read the results of my paternity test?
NON-EXCLUSION
Forensic
FBI
Standards for Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) labs
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/index1.htm
The Scientific Working Group for DNA Analysis Methods(SWGDAM)
publishes guidelines
Paternity
American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)
http://www.aabb.org
Uses of DNA Testing