ECONOMICS

Project -B

MONOPOLY
BHAVIN PATEL
12th C

REFRENCES-

1.Wikipedia.com

2.Slideshare.com

3.Economics Guide.com

4.Economics Discussion.com
 Monopoly
Meaning:
The word monopoly has been derived from the combination of two words i.e., Mono and Poly. Mono refers to a
single and poly to control.

In this way, monopoly refers to a market situation in which there is only one seller of a commodity.

There are no close substitutes for the commodity it produces and there are barriers to entry. The single producer may
be in the form of individual owner or a single partnership or a joint stock company. In other words, under monopoly
there is no difference between firm and industry.

Monopolist has full control over the supply of commodity. Having control over the supply of the commodity he
possesses the market power to set the price. Thus, as a single seller, monopolist may be a king without a crown. If
there is to be monopoly, the cross elasticity of demand between the product of the monopolist and the product of any
other seller must be very small.

Monopoly is a market situation which where, there is only one seller of product with barriers to entry of others.
The product has no close substitutes. The cross elasticity of demand with every other product is very low.
Monopolist can sell his commodity at any price he likes. He has the control over price. However a monopolist can
certainly fix the price at which he sells his commodity, but he cannot at the same time determine the amount of
commodity, that purchaser will buy. In fact, if he charges a high price, the demand for commodity will be less, and
if he charges a low price. The demand for his commodity will be more. The price is under the full control of the
monopolist but not the demand, demand is determined by purchaser.

Definition of 'Monopoly'
Definition: A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market. In a monopoly
market, the seller faces no competition, as he is the sole seller of goods with no close substitute.

Definitions:
Pure monopoly is represented by a market situation in which there is a single seller of a product for which
there are no substitutes; this single seller is unaffected by and does not affect the prices and outputs of
other products sold in the economy. Bilas

Monopoly is a market situation in which there is a single seller. There are no close substitutes of the
commodity it produces, there are barriers to entry. -Koutsoyiannis

Under pure monopoly there is a single seller in the market. The monopolist demand is market demand. The
monopolist is a price-maker. Pure monopoly suggests no substitute situation. -A. J. Braff

A pure monopoly exists when there is only one producer in the market. There are no dire competitions. -
Ferguson
Features:
We may state the features of monopoly as:
1. One Seller and Large Number of Buyers:
The monopolists firm is the only firm; it is an industry. But the number of buyers is
assumed to be large.

2. No Close Substitutes:
There shall not be any close substitutes for the product sold by the monopolist. The cross
elasticity of demand between the product of the monopolist and others must be negligible
or zero.

3. Difficulty of Entry of New Firms:

There are either natural or artificial restrictions on the entry of firms into the industry,
even when the firm is making abnormal profits.

4. Monopoly is also an Industry:

Under monopoly there is only one firm which constitutes the industry. Difference between
firm and industry comes to an end.

5. Price Maker:

Under monopoly, monopolist has full control over the supply of the commodity. But due to
large number of buyers, demand of any one buyer constitutes an infinitely small part of the
total demand. Therefore, buyers have to pay the price fixed by the monopolist.
Characteristics[edit]
Profit Maximizer: Maximizes profits.
Price Maker: Decides the price of the good or product to be sold, but does so by determining the
quantity in order to demand the price desired by the firm.
High Barriers: Other sellers are unable to enter the market of the monopoly.
Single seller: In a monopoly, there is one seller of the good, who produces all the output.[5] Therefore,
the whole market is being served by a single company, and for practical purposes, the company is the
same as the industry.
Price Discrimination: A monopolist can change the price or quantity of the product. He or she sells
higher quantities at a lower price in a very elastic market, and sells lower quantities at a higher price in
a less elastic market.

Characteristics:
Important characteristics of the Monopoly market are as follows:
1. There is only one seller in the market and the products are homogeneous.
2. The product produced by the monopolist has no close substitutes.
3. The firm is the price-maker and not price taker i.e., the firm can sell more at lower price
and less at higher price.
4. Monopolist is guided by the motive of profit maximisation either by raising price or by
expanding the scale of production. Much would depend on his business objectives.
5. There are many buyers on the demand side but none is in a position to influence the
price of the product by his individual action. Thus, the price of the product is given for the
consumer.
6. The monopolist treats all consumers alike and charges a uniform price for his product.
7. The monopoly price is uncontrolled. There are no restrictions on the power of the
monopolist.

Advantages of monopoly(economics guide.com)

1. Monopoly avoids duplication and hence avoids wastage of resources. (We have to
understand that duplicate and fake products are a real problem in many countries).
2. A monopoly enjoys economies of scale as it is the only supplier of product or service in
the market. The benefits can be passed on to the consumers.
3. Due to the fact that monopolies make lots of profits, it can be used for research and
development and to maintain their status as a monopoly.
4. Monopolies may use price discrimination which benefits the economically weaker
sections of the society.
5. Monopolies can afford to invest in latest technology and machinery in order to be
efficient and to avoid competition.
6. Source of revenue for the government- the government gets revenue in form of
taxation from monopoly firms.

Disadvantages of monopoly
1. Poor level of service.
2. No consumer sovereignty. A monopoly market is best known for consumer
exploitation. There are indeed no competing products and as a result the consumer gets
a raw deal in terms of quantity, quality and pricing.
3. Consumers may be charged high prices for low quality of goods and services.
4. Lack of competition may lead to low quality and out dated goods and services.

Advantages(Tough nickel.com)
1. Stability of prices- in a monopoly market the prices are most of the times stable. This
happens because there is only one firm involved in the market that sets the prices if and when
it feels like. In other types of market structures prices are not stable and tend to be elastic as
a result of the competition that exists but this isnt the case in a monopoly market as there is
little or no competition at all.
2. Source of revenue for the government- the government gets revenue in form of taxation
from monopoly firms.
3. Massive profits- due to the absence of competitors which leads to high number of sales
monopoly firms tend to receive super profits from their operations. The massive profits
realized may be used in such things as launching other products, carrying out research and
development among many other things that may be beneficial to the firm.
4. Monopoly firms offer some services effectively and efficiently.

Disadvantages
1. Exploitation of consumers- a monopoly market is best known for consumer exploitation.
There are indeed no competing products and as a result the consumer gets a raw deal in
terms of quantity, quality and pricing. The firm may find it easy to produce inferior or
substandard goods if it wishes because t the end of the day they know very well that the items
will be purchased as there are no competing products for the already available market.
2. Dissatisfied consumers- consumers get a raw deal from a monopoly market because quality
will be compromised. Therefore it is not a wonder to see very dissatisfied consumers who
often complain about the firms products
3. Higher prices- no competition in the market means absence of such things as price wars that
may have benefited the consumer and as a result of this monopoly firms tend to charge
higher prices on goods and services hence inconveniencing the buyer.
4. Price discrimination- monopoly firms are also sometimes known for practicing price
discrimination where they charge different prices on the same product for different
consumers.
5. Inferior goods and services- competition is minimal or totally absent and as such the
monopoly firm may willingly produce inferior goods and services because after all they know
the goods will not fail to sell.
Types of Monopolies-(ehow.com)
Natural Monopolies
A natural monopoly exists when a variety of factors make competition unworkable, financially
unfeasible or impossible. Many local telephone carriers have a natural monopoly in a certain area, as the
extensive infrastructure necessary to support wired telephone service is too expensive for new competitors.
Additionally, the new infrastructure would require unnecessary telephone poles and other unsightly
equipment that local regulators would not allow. As a result, the existing local telephone company maintains
a natural monopoly in its service area, with emerging competitors typically leasing time on the companys
network to resell to customers. Similar natural monopolies exist in local electrical services and cable
providers, but governments often regulate natural monopolies to ensure fair practices and pricing for
customers.

Geographic Monopolies
When only one business provides products or services to a local area, that business is a
geographic monopoly. Typically, geographic monopolies emerge because the customer base is not large
enough to support competition. Rural areas and very small towns may have only one gas station or grocery
store, for example, because the population is too small to support more than one of these stores. Competitors
do sometimes appear in these areas, but one of the competing businesses typically closes, reasserting the
geographic monopoly.

Technological Monopolies
A business that's first to market a product or service may get a patent or copyright. That legal protection
makes the business a technological monopoly. For example, if an electronics company would have a
technological monopoly if it patents a new product, and competitors are prevented from offering the same
product at different price points. Similarly, products with specific and very precise components, like
electronics and pharmaceuticals, are subject to technological monopolies because competitors cannot create
a functional competing product without violating the original companys patent. In many cases, competitors
may produce off-brand or knock-off products with similar components that do not deliver the same quality
or effects as the original.

Governments Are Almost Always Monopolies

Governments must exist as monopolies by necessity, as constituents can't follow the rules of two
simultaneous governing bodies. Some governments go as far as to provide retail stores and other services
under tightly-controlled monopolies, like government-run alcohol sales and national health-care programs.
In the U.S., government monopolies include local and national parks, police services, fire departments,
municipal water and sewage services, government ID issuers and voter registration services. Though two
governments may exert rule over a territory at the same time, as is typical during times of conflict or
transition, constituents can't comply with rules of two separate governments for any extended period.
Sources of monopoly power(Wikipedia)
Monopolies derive their market power from barriers to entry circumstances that prevent or greatly impede
a potential competitor's ability to compete in a market. There are three major types of barriers to entry:
economic, legal and deliberate.

Economic barriers: Economic barriers include economies of scale, capital requirements, cost
advantages and technological superiority.[7]
Economies of scale: Decreasing unit costs for larger volumes of production.[8] Decreasing costs coupled
with large initial costs, often due to large fixed costs, give monopolies an advantage over would-be
competitors. Monopolies are often in a position to reduce prices below a new entrant's operating costs
and thereby prevent them from competing.[8] Thus the size of the industry relative to the minimum
efficient scale may limit the number of companies that can effectively compete within the industry. If for
example the industry is large enough to support one company of minimum efficient scale then other
companies entering the industry will operate at a size that is less than MES, and so cannot produce at
an average cost that is competitive with the dominant company. Finally, if long-term average cost is
constantly decreasing, the least cost method to provide a good or service is by a single company. [9]
Capital requirements: Production processes that require large investments of capital, perhaps in the
form of large research and development costs or substantial sunk costs, limit the number of companies
in an industry:[10] this is an example of economies of scale.
Technological superiority: A monopoly may be better able to acquire, integrate and use the best
possible technology in producing its goods while entrants either do not have the expertise or are unable
to meet the large fixed costs (see above) needed for the most efficient technology. [8] Thus one large
company can often produce goods cheaper than several small companies.[11]
No substitute goods: A monopoly sells a good for which there is no close substitute. The absence of
substitutes makes the demand for that good relatively inelastic, enabling monopolies to extract positive
profits.
Control of natural resources: A prime source of monopoly power is the control of resources (such as
raw materials) that are critical to the production of a final good.
Network externalities: The use of a product by a person can affect the value of that product to other
people. This is the network effect. There is a direct relationship between the proportion of people using
a product and the demand for that product. In other words, the more people who are using a product,
the greater the probability that another individual will start to use the product. This reflects fads, fashion
trends,[12] social networks etc. It also can play a crucial role in the development or acquisition of market
power. The most famous current example is the market dominance of the Microsoft office suite and
operating system in personal computers.
Legal barriers: Legal rights can provide opportunity to monopolise the market in a good. Intellectual
property rights, including patents and copyrights, give a monopolist exclusive control of the production
and selling of certain goods. Property rights may give a company exclusive control of the materials
necessary to produce a good.
Manipulation: A company wanting to monopolise a market may engage in various types of deliberate
action to exclude competitors or eliminate competition. Such actions include collusion, lobbying
governmental authorities, and force (see anti-competitive practices).
In addition to barriers to entry and competition, barriers to exit may be a source of market power. Barriers to
exit are market conditions that make it difficult or expensive for a company to end its involvement with a
market. High liquidation costs are a primary barrier to exiting.[13] Market exit and shutdown are sometimes
separate events. The decision whether to shut down or operate is not affected by exit barriers. [citation needed] A
company will shut down if price falls below minimum average variable costs.
Surplus and Deadweight loss created by monopoly price setting

Nature of Demand and Revenue under Monopoly:

Under monopoly, it becomes essential to understand the nature of demand curve facing a
monopolist. In a monopoly situation, there is no difference between firm and industry.
Therefore, under monopoly, firms demand curve constitutes the industrys demand curve.
Since the demand curve of the consumer slopes downward from left to right, the
monopolist faces a downward sloping demand curve. It means, if the monopolist reduces
the price of the product, demand of that product will increase and vice- versa. (Fig. 1).

In Fig. 1 average revenue curve of the monopolist slopes downward from left to right.
Marginal revenue (MR) also falls and slopes downward from left to right. MR curve is
below AR curve showing that at OQ output, average revenue (= Price) is PQ where as
marginal revenue is MQ. That way AR > MR or PQ > MQ.
 Monopolies can maintain super-
normal profits in the long run. As with all firms, profits are maximised when MC = MR. In general,
the level of profit depends upon the degree of competition in the market, which for a pure
monopoly is zero. At profit maximisation, MC = MR, and output is Q and price P. Given that price
(AR) is above ATC at Q, supernormal profits are possible (area PABC).
Examples of monopoly in India.
1. Coal India - State-controlled CIL being the largest coal producer in the world has the major
market share for mining and production, but exclusive rights to sell coal in India. A few other power
companies can mine coal, though strictly for their own consumption for power generation.

2. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited - Enjoys complete monopoly in production of commercial air

crafts in India.

3. Indian Railways - The only railway operator in India. The whole unit is divided in zones that are
further divided into divisions, that is owned and operated by Ministry of Railways under the
Government of India.

4. Nuclear Power - With 7 operating nuclear power plants and being the 4th largest source of
electricity (as of 2013), the Government of India has exclusive rights to nuclear power production.

5.Operation of bus transportation within many cities.

6.Land line telephone service in most of the country is provided only by the government run BSNL.

7.State Electricity boards of india.

 Indian Railways

Introduction to Indian Railways

Indian Railways (IR) is the state-owned railway company of India. Indian Railways had, until very
recently, a monopoly on the country's rail transport. It is one of the largest and busiest rail networks
in the world, transporting just over six billion passengers and almost 750 million tonnes of freight
annually. IR is the world's largest commercial or utility employer, with more than 1.6 million
employees.
The railways traverse through the length and width of the country; the routes cover a total length of
63,940 km (39,230 miles). As of 2005 IR owns a total of 216,717 wagons, 39,936 coaches and 7,339
locomotives and runs a total of 14,244 trains daily, including about 8,002 passenger trains.
Railways were first introduced to India in 1853. By 1947, the year of India's independence, there were
forty-two rail systems. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit, becoming one of the
largest networks in the world. Indian Railways operates both long distance and suburban rail
systems.
Indian railways hold monopoly in rail transport in India. Source of their market power can be attributed to
following factors
1. Capital Intensive venture, which can be understood from the fact that Indian railways has a separate budget
each year
2. Economies of scale, as Indian railways operate all over India and thus have sufficient operating domain to
achieve economies of scale which a new entrant cannot easily replicate
3. Government rules and regulations
Coal India

Coal India Limited (CIL) is an Indian state-controlled coal mining company

headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is the largest coal producer
company in the world[3][4] and contributes around 82% [5] of the coal production in
India. It produced 494.24 million tonnes of coal during FY201415[1][6] and earned a
revenue of 954.35 billion (US$15 billion)[7] from sale of coal in the same financial
year.[1][8] As on 14 October 2015,[9] Union Government of India owns CIL [10] and
controls the operations of CIL through Ministry of Coal.[3] In April 2011, CIL was
conferred the Maharatna status by the Union Government of India.[11][12] As on 14
October 2015, its market capitalisation was 2.11 trillion (US$33 billion) making it
India's 8th most valuable company by market value.

Coal India Limited at a glance

Coal India Limited (CIL) as an organized state owned coal mining corporate came into being in November
1975 with the government taking over private coal mines. With a modest production of 79 Million Tonnes
(Mt) at the year of its inception CIL today is the single largest coal producer in the world. Operating
through 82 mining areas CIL is an apex body with 7 wholly owned coal producing subsidiaries and 1 mine
planning and consultancy company spread over 8 provincial states of India. CIL also fully owns a mining
company in Mozambique christened as 'Coal India Africana Limitada'. CIL also manages 200 other
establishments like workshops, hospitals etc. Further, it also owns 26 technical & management training
institutes and 102 Vocational Training Institutes Centres. Indian Institute of Coal Management (IICM) as a
state-of-the-art Management Training 'Centre of Excellence' - the largest Corporate Training Institute in
India - operates under CIL and conducts multi-disciplinary management development programmes.

CIL having fulfilled the financial and other prerequisites was granted the Maharatna recognition in April
2011. It is a privileged status conferred by Government of India to select state owned enterprises in order
to empower them to expand their operations and emerge as global giants. So far, the select club has only
seven members out of290 Central Public Sector Enterprises in the country (as on 31/03/2014, source-DPE).
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company based
in Bangalore, Karnataka. It is governed under the management of the Indian Ministry of Defence.

The government-owned corporation is primarily involved in the operations of the aerospace industry. These
include manufacturing and assembly of aircraft, navigation and related communication equipment and
airports operation.

HAL built the first military aircraft in South Asia. It is currently involved in the design, fabrication and
assembly of aircraft, jet engines, helicopters and their spare parts. It has several facilities spread across
India. The locations where the manufacturing plants are operated
by HAL include Nasik, Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput, Lucknow, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The German
engineer Kurt Tankdesigned the HF-24 Marut fighter-bomber, the first fighter aircraft made in India.

wikipedia

HAL Backgrounder

HAL is the largest defence PSU under the Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence. It was
started in 1st October, 1964 and currently has over 19 production units and 10 Design and Research
centres across 8 locations in India. Till now HAL claims to have manufactured 3,658 Helicopters/Aircrafts,
4,178 Engines, upgraded 272 aircraft and examined and repaired 9,643 aircraft 29,775 engines.

HALs revenue for in 2010-2011 stood at Rs 13,116 crore and it 90% of its sales is to the Indian Defence
Services. Interestingly, HAL also exports to Vietnam Air Force, Royal Thai Air Force, Nepal Army, Royal Air
Force, Oman and Boeing, USA among others. Upto November, 2011 HALs exports stood at Rs 267 crore
for 2010-2011. HALs profit was Rs 2,840 crore.

Indiaspend.com

HAL is a fully owned Government of India undertaking under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence, Department of
Defence Production. The Authorised Capital of HAL is Rs.600 Crore consisting of 60,00,00,000 equity shares having face value of
Rs.10 each.

The current programs under progress at HAL are production of SU-30 MKI, Hawk-AJT, Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), DO-228
Aircraft, Dhruv-ALH and Cheetal Helicopters, Repair Overhaul of Jaguar, Kiran MkI/IA/II, Mirage, HS-748, AN-32, MiG 21, Su-
30MKI, DO-228 aircraft and ALH, Cheetah / Chetak helicopters.

The Company takes up maintenance and overhaul services to cover the life cycle requirement of all the old and new products.
Presently, 13 types of aircraft/ helicopters and 17 types of engines are being overhauled. In addition, facilities exist for repair/
overhaul of various accessories and avionics fitted on aircraft of Russian, Western and Indigenous designs.

HAL is currently meeting the requirements of structures for aerospace launch vehicles and satellites of ISRO through its dedicated
Aerospace Division. Infrastructure has also been set up to undertake completed assembly of the strap-on L-40 stage booster.
Structures for GSLVMk.III have been productionised. HAL has also contributed to Mars mission by supplying riveted structural
assemblies and welded propellant tankages for the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C25).

Industrial and Marine Gas Turbine: The LM-2500 marine gas turbine engine, a 20 MW aero derivative, is being produced and
overhauled from the production line in the Industrial and Marine Gas Turbine Division, Bangalore. The Division also undertakes
Repair and overhaul of Industrial Avon and Allison engines.
Nuclear Power Corporation of India

The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a government-owned

corporation of India based in Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra. It is wholly owned by
the Central Government and is responsible for the generation of nuclear
power for electricity. NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of
India (DAE).
NPCIL was created in September 1987 under the Companies Act 1956, "with the objective
of undertaking the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the atomic power
stations for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of
the Government of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act 1962." All nuclear
power plants operated by the company are certified for ISO-14001 (Environment
Management System).
NPCIL was the sole body responsible for constructing and operating India's commercial
nuclear power plants till setting up of BHAVINI (Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam) in
October 2003. As of 10 August 2012 the company had 21 nuclear reactors in operation at
seven locations, a total installed capacity of 6780 MWe. Subsequent to the government's
decision to allow private companies to provide nuclear power, the company has
experienced problems with private enterprises "poaching" its employees.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a Public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control
of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),Government of India. The Company was registered as a Public Limited
Company under the Companies Act, 1956 in September 1987 with the objectives of operating atomic power plants
and implementing atomic power projects for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of
the Government of India under
the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. NPCIL also has equity participation in BHAVINI, another PSU of Department of Atomic
Energy (DAE) which implements Fast Breeder Reactors programme in the country.

NPCIL is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of nuclear power reactors. NPCIL is a
MoU signing, profit making and dividend paying company with the highest level of credit rating (AAA rating by CRISIL
and CARE). NPCIL is presently operating 22 commercial nuclear power reactors with an installed capacity of 6780
MW. The reactor fleet comprises two Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) and 18 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors
(PHWRs) including one 100 MW PHWR at Rajasthan which is owned by DAE, Government of India and two 1000 MW
VVER reactor KKNPS-1&2, in this, latest addition to the fleet is the unit-2 of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station, a
1000 MW VVER (Pressurised Water Reactor type), which has started its commercial operation on March 31, 2017.
Currently NPCIL has Eight reactors under various stages of construction totaling 6200 MW capacity.

Pre-project activities at new sites, which were accorded in principle' approval by the Government, have been initiated
so as to enable early launch of projects at these sites.

Being a responsible corporate citizen, NPCIL accomplishes CSR activities and implements projects related to
Sustainable Development (SD). The company is compliance to Corporate Governance as per guidelines issued by
Department of Public Enterprises (DPE).
Coal India Limited at a glance

Coal India Limited (CIL) as an organized state owned coal mining corporate came into being in November
1975 with the government taking over private coal mines. With a modest production of 79 Million Tonnes
(Mt) at the year of its inception CIL today is the single largest coal producer in the world. Operating
through 82 mining areas CIL is an apex body with 7 wholly owned coal producing subsidiaries and 1 mine
planning and consultancy company spread over 8 provincial states of India. CIL also fully owns a mining
company in Mozambique christened as 'Coal India Africana Limitada'. CIL also manages 200 other
establishments like workshops, hospitals etc. Further, it also owns 26 technical & management training
institutes and 102 Vocational Training Institutes Centres. Indian Institute of Coal Management (IICM) as a
state-of-the-art Management Training 'Centre of Excellence' - the largest Corporate Training Institute in
India - operates under CIL and conducts multi-disciplinary management development programmes.

CIL having fulfilled the financial and other prerequisites was granted the Maharatna recognition in April
2011. It is a privileged status conferred by Government of India to select state owned enterprises in order
to empower them to expand their operations and emerge as global giants. So far, the select club has only
seven members out of290 Central Public Sector Enterprises in the country (as on 31/03/2014, source-DPE).

HAL is a fully owned Government of India undertaking under the administrative control of Ministry of Defence, Department of
Defence Production. The Authorised Capital of HAL is Rs.600 Crore consisting of 60,00,00,000 equity shares having face value of
Rs.10 each.

The current programs under progress at HAL are production of SU-30 MKI, Hawk-AJT, Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), DO-228
Aircraft, Dhruv-ALH and Cheetal Helicopters, Repair Overhaul of Jaguar, Kiran MkI/IA/II, Mirage, HS-748, AN-32, MiG 21, Su-
30MKI, DO-228 aircraft and ALH, Cheetah / Chetak helicopters.

The Company takes up maintenance and overhaul services to cover the life cycle requirement of all the old and new products.
Presently, 13 types of aircraft/ helicopters and 17 types of engines are being overhauled. In addition, facilities exist for repair/
overhaul of various accessories and avionics fitted on aircraft of Russian, Western and Indigenous designs.

HAL is currently meeting the requirements of structures for aerospace launch vehicles and satellites of ISRO through its dedicated
Aerospace Division. Infrastructure has also been set up to undertake completed assembly of the strap-on L-40 stage booster.
Structures for GSLVMk.III have been productionised. HAL has also contributed to Mars mission by supplying riveted structural
assemblies and welded propellant tankages for the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C25).

Industrial and Marine Gas Turbine: The LM-2500 marine gas turbine engine, a 20 MW aero derivative, is being produced and
overhauled from the production line in the Industrial and Marine Gas Turbine Division, Bangalore. The Division also undertakes
Repair and overhaul of Industrial Avon and Allison engines.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a Public Sector Enterprise under the administrative control
of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE),Government of India. The Company was registered as a Public Limited
Company under the Companies Act, 1956 in September 1987 with the objectives of operating atomic power plants
and implementing atomic power projects for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of
the Government of India under
the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. NPCIL also has equity participation in BHAVINI, another PSU of Department of Atomic
Energy (DAE) which implements Fast Breeder Reactors programme in the country.

NPCIL is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of nuclear power reactors. NPCIL is a
MoU signing, profit making and dividend paying company with the highest level of credit rating (AAA rating by CRISIL
and CARE). NPCIL is presently operating 22 commercial nuclear power reactors with an installed capacity of 6780
MW. The reactor fleet comprises two Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) and 18 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors
(PHWRs) including one 100 MW PHWR at Rajasthan which is owned by DAE, Government of India and two 1000 MW
VVER reactor KKNPS-1&2, in this, latest addition to the fleet is the unit-2 of Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station, a
1000 MW VVER (Pressurised Water Reactor type), which has started its commercial operation on March 31, 2017.
Currently NPCIL has Eight reactors under various stages of construction totaling 6200 MW capacity.
Pre-project activities at new sites, which were accorded in principle' approval by the Government, have been initiated
so as to enable early launch of projects at these sites.

Being a responsible corporate citizen, NPCIL accomplishes CSR activities and implements projects related to
Sustainable Development (SD). The company is compliance to Corporate Governance as per guidelines issued by
Department of Public Enterprises (DPE).