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C. Guney Olgun
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Virginia Tech
~65 F 80 F
It is All about Energy!
Courtesy J. Wheeler /
Virginia Tech
10 Winter Summer
20
30
Depth (ft)
40
50
60
70
Atlanta, GA Tmean = 63F
80
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Mean ground temperature Ground Temperature (F)
Ground Temperature Profile
Fall Spring
0
J F M A M Jn Jl A S O N D
90
10 Winter Summer
Ground Surface 20
80
Ground Temperature (F)
5 ft
30
Depth (ft)
70
40
10 ft
60 50
50 ft
60
50
70
Fall Spring
0
10 Winter Summer
20
30
Depth (ft)
40
50
60
70
Atlanta, GA Tmean = 63F
80
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Utilize the relatively constant temperature of the ground and use it for
heating in the winter and cooling in the summer
Ground Source Heating/Cooling
LA
FL
Temperatures
Temperature above
above 100 212F
C (212 F)
o o
o o
Temperature
Temperaturesbelow 100 C (212
below 212FF)
Area suitable for "Geothermal Foundation
Suitable for geothermal heat exchange
(entire U.S.)
(entire U.S.)
Outline
6-10 ft
Horizontal Loops
+ =
Fall Spring
~65 F 80 F 0
10 Winter Summer
20
30
Depth (ft)
40
50
60
70
Atlanta, GA Tmean = 63F
80
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
1W ~ 3.4Btu/hr
Energy Pile Installations
15000
10000
5000
0
1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Swiss, Austrians, English and Japanese leading the effort since 1990s
Frankfurt Main Tower
Loops Embedded
in the Approach
Embankment
Small-scale Bridge Deck Slab
(8 ft x 10 ft)
Energy Piles
+ =
Soil
Resistance
+ =
Soil
Resistance
Soil Soil
Resistance Resistance
End restraints (top and bottom of the pile) effect the load transfer
mechanism during heating and cooling
Effect of End Bearing on Thermal Stresses
(kips) (psi)
0 100 200 300 400 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 0 0 0
10
5
5 20
20
Structural
10
30
10 40
Depth (m)
Depth (ft)
Depth (m)
Depth (ft)
40 15
Thermal
+ Structural Structural
15 50 60
20
60
20 Thermal 80
25
70 + Structural
80 30
25
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Axial Pile Load (kN) Normal Stress at Pile Cross Section (kPa)
Observation
Point
HDPE HDPE
Single Loop Single Loop
8 ft (2.4 m) 8 ft (2.4 m)
30
10
42 ft 12.8 m 40
Depth (m)
Depth (ft)
50 15
Weathered Shale 60
20
70
80 25
90
Blacksburg, VA Tmean = 56F
100 30
30 40 50 60 70 80
Ground Temperature (F)
Circulation Loops
Drilling
Energy Pile Installation
Energy Pile Installation
Thermal Conductivity Testing
35
30
20 id
t let Flu
Ou 2500
15
Avg. Applied Power ~ 2004 W
2000
10
Avg. Calorimeric Power ~ 1854 W
5 1500
0.1 1 10
Time (hours)
Virginia Tech Energy Pile Test Site
Load Test Results Prior to Thermal
Load (ton)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0 0.0
1
Pile Head Displacement (mm)
Pile Loaded to 150 tons (1330 kN) and this load maintained during
the later stages of testing
Pile Load prior to Thermal Loading
10
5
20
30
10 SP-SM
40
Depth (m)
Depth (ft)
15 Shale 50
60
20 No Thermal Load
70
25 80
90
30 100
g
90
tin
28oC 28oC
ea
30 H
80
le
Pi
20oC 70
20
16oC o
13 C 60
10 13oC 13oC 50
o
10 C Cooling below
o
6 C in-situ temperature 40
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Time (days)
10
5
20
30
10 SP-SM
40
Depth (m)
Depth (ft)
15 Shale 50
60
20 No Thermal Load
20oC (68oF) 70
25 80
90
30 100
10
5
20
30
10 SP-SM
40
Depth (m)
Depth (ft)
15 Shale 50
60
20 No Thermal Load
20oC (68oF) 70
35oC (95oF) 80
25
90
30 100
10
5
20
30
10 SP-SM
40
Depth (m)
Depth (ft)
15 Shale 50
60
20 No Thermal Load
20oC (68oF) 70
35oC (95oF) 80
25
50oC (122oF)
90
30 100
10
5
20
30
10 SP-SM
40
Depth (m)
Depth (ft)
15 Shale 50
60
20 No Thermal Load
20oC (68oF) 70
35oC (95oF) 80
25
50oC (122oF)
90
6oC (43oF)
30 100
31
Ground Temperature (C)
http://www.gshp.org.uk/GSHPA_Thermal_Pile_Standard.html
Temperature Induced Pile Stresses
8 400
6 300
Heating
4 200
2 100 10C (18F)
0 0
-2 -100 -10C (-18F)
Cooling
-4 -200
-20C (-36F)
-6 -300
10 15 20 25 30
Pile Length (m)
Cooling Heating
1.0 1.0
1
0.8 0.8
Normalized Cyclic Load Pc/Pu
0.2 0.2
Stable
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Normalized Mean Load Po/Pu Normalized Mean Load Po/Pu
Maximum settlement
due to thermal effects
Pile Head Settlement
Loading Cycles
Cooling Heating
0.2 5
T
4
Maximum cyclic settlement 20C (36F)
due to thermal effects 3
0.1
Structural Load Only 2
Structural Load and Pile Cooled 10C (18C)
Structural Load and Pile Heated 1
20C (36F)
0.2 5
4
Maximum cyclic settlement
due to thermal effects 3
0.1 10C (18C)
Structural Load Only 2
Structural Load and Pile Cooled
Structural Load and Pile Heated 1
C. Guney Olgun
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Virginia Tech
olgun@vt.edu / www.olgun.cee.vt.edu