Arch. Min. Sci., Vol. 53 (2008), No 1, p.

115124 115

STANISLAW NAGY*, ANDRZEJ OLAJOSSY*

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF USE OF THE EARLY APPLICATION

CO2 AND CO2/N2-EOR TECHNOLOGY IN POLAND

ANALIZA EKONOMICZNA TECHNOLOGII WTRNEJ EKSPLOATACJI ZOA ROPY NAFTOWEJ

Z WYKORZYSTANIEM CO2 ORAZ CO2/N2 W POLSCE

Enhanced oil recovery methods are applied more frequently nowadays, mainly because of economic
reasons. The classic waterflooding methods that aim to maintain the reservoir pressure are substituted or
updated by the Water Alternating Gas technology (WAG).
It involves alternating injection of water and gas, or simultaneous injection of water into the bottom
of reservoir and gas into the cap of it. The new intelligent methods (which use synergy of gathering and
processing reservoir data, special injection systems and modification of viscosity if injection fluids) are
very promising in new EOR. The application of high-nitrogen content gas, residue gases after methane-
nitrogen separation processes, carbon dioxide or solutions containing carbon dioxide and nitrogen are
considered in terms of the oil recovery efficiency, defined as obtaining of a maximal depletion during
twenty years of exploitation. For the selected small oil reservoir in the Polish Lowland, it was performed
model research with usage of a pseudo-compositional simulator. Various aspects of gas injection concer-
ning increasing of the reservoir pressure and increase of recovery has been analyzed. Presented results
show possibility to increase of recovery factor from 11% and 36% up to 53/56% in case of CO2/N2 and
CO2 EOR. The presented results are promising and show potential possibilities of rising oil recovery up
to 60% for average oil price higher than 40 $ per bbl.

Keywords: Enhanced Oil Recovery, EOR, gas injection, nitrogen carbon dioxide sequestration, econo-
mics

Metody wtrne w procesach eksploatacji ropy naftowej s stosowane coraz powszechniej w wiecie,
gwnie z przyczyn ekonomicznych. Klasyczne metody nawadniania zoa celem podtrzymania cinienia
zoowego s zastpowane lub uzupeniane poprzez technologi WAG naprzemiennego zataczania
wody i gazu, czy rwnoczesnego zataczania wody do spgu zoa i gazu do czapy oraz poprzez nowe
inteligentne metody wykorzystujce synergistyczny efekt nowych technik zbierania i przetwarzania
informacji oraz aplikacji specjalnych technologii zataczania gazu/wody do wyselekcjonowanych
partii zoa, modyfikacji mobilnoci pynw etc. Wykorzystanie gazu ziemnego zaazotowanego, azotu

* AGH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, AL. MICKIEWICZA 30, 30-059 KRAKOW, POLAND, nagy@agh.edu.pl,
olajossy@agh.edu.pl
116

odpadowego po separacji metanu i wglowodorw lub te roztworw zawierajcych dwutlenek wgla

i odpadowy azot jest rozwaane w aspekcie skutecznoci procesu sczerpania zoa,. Dla przykadowego
zoa ropy naftowej Niu Polskiego wykonano badania modelowe z wykorzystaniem symulatora pseudo-
kompozycyjnego. Analizowano rne aspekty zataczania gazu w celu podniesienia cinienia zoowego
oraz zwikszenia wydobycia. Zaprezentowane wyniki s obiecujce i pokazuj potencjalne moliwoci
zwikszenia od 11% i 36% do 56% wydobycia ropy naftowej ze zoa w przypadku uycia CO2/N2 i CO2
w porwnaniu do przypadku eksploatacji pierwotnej zoa. Wykonano dla tych przykadw szereg analiz
ekonomicznych, ktre zamieszczono w niniejszej pracy. Instalacje wspomagajce mog by opacalne
i mog prowadzi do wzrostu kocowego wspczynnika wydobycia ropy do 60% dla redniej ceny ropy
na poziomie 40 USD.

Sowa kluczowe: wtrne metody eksploatacji ropy naftowej, EOR, zataczanie gazu, azot, sekwestracja
dwutlenku wgla, ekonomika

1. Introduction

The increasing importance of carbon dioxide sequestration processes, together with

possibilities of application of gases with low caloric values, and high prices of oil will favor
attempts of waste CO2 exploitation from large energy sources (e.g. power plants) for
EOR purposes (e.g. Nagy, Olajossy & Siemek, 2006; Krzystolik et al., 2007; Siemek et al.,
2006; Nagy 2006; Nagy et al., 2006). Those methods include: injection of gases like CO2,
N2 or the natural gas. The combination of CO2 sequestration and EOR processes seems
to be an interesting idea, provided that carbon dioxide is available. Also large amounts
of available gases of low-calorific values (or non-calorific ones (very high N2 content))
leads its application into the EOR processes. Another additional issue is the possibility of
introducing of the new EOR technology called Game Changer, accepted by the Depart-
ment of Energy (DOE U.S.A.) (Kuuskraa et al., 2006). The aforementioned technologies
allow increasing the total recovery factor to the level of 60-80% (Kuuskraa et al., 2006).

2. Game Changer CO2-EOR Technology

In order to create the new technology, it was used the results of 82 projects con-
cerning CO2 EOR analysis since 80s (Kuuskraa et al., 2006). Those projects, which
were realized in the USA, make use of four natural CO2 sources in Jackson Dome,
McElmo Dome, Sheep Mountain and Bravo Dome. Most of those projects concern the
Permian Basin and the Rocky Mountains. The total production of oil in those processes
exceeds 250 thousands of barrels per day. The main purpose of the new technology is
the recovery of significant amount of oil which arises in a reservoir after finishing the
primary exploitation process and the secondary exploitation process (waterflooding of
reservoir). The remaining amount of oil, following those two processes, equals usually
between 40-50% of original geological resources. The analysis of the present amount
of resources exploitable in the context of increasing prices of oil allowed specifying the
new economically affordable EOR-CO2 technology.
 117

The old (classic) technology differs from an optimal system of CO2 flooding mainly
because of (Kuuskraa et al., 2006):
Complex geological characterization
Inability to monitor the real course of the EOR process
Limited abilities of fluid injection process steering

In particular, high price of CO2, lack of information and inability to control process led
to the fact that too low amount of CO2 was injected into the reservoir (see the analysis of
the amount of injected CO2 influence for Hadlow (1992)). Increasing of injected CO2 from
0.2 HCPV to 0.8 HCPV allows to boost the recovery coefficient by 20%. New laboratory
research and computer modeling indicate that it is necessary to increase the amount of
injected CO2 to 1.5-2 HCPV. For present economical conditions it is possible to increase
exploitation from 8 to 15 times in comparison to the classic CO2-EOR technologies.
The old technological limits were not only involved with the small amount of CO2,
but also with phenomena limiting CO2-oil contact (viscous fingering, low mobility ra-
tio). Applied presently viscosity modifiers (polymers) allow eliminating those negative
issues. The additional possibilities of precise specification of vertical distribution of
horizontal permeability allow the selective choice of active (opened) layers that can be
flooded. Those layers have lower permeability that results in lower risk of quick CO2
breakthrough between injection and production wells.
Applied new techniques of CO2-EOR process show that it is possible to increase the
recovery coefficient in carbonate rocks even to 80% (Wilkinson et al., 2004). The new
recommendation of DOE (Game Changer Document) specifies a number of innovative
hints to successfully develop Game Changer CO2-EOR technology.
1. Innovative project of injection and wells placement
2. Increasing of mobility and changing of viscosity
3. Increasing of CO2 injection amount (above 1.5 HCPV)
4. Diagnosis of the EOR process and its consequences:
Creating of interdisciplinary experts teams
Usage of 4D seismic
Introduction of in situ measurements
Determination of information concerning saturation zones

The additional benefit of such CO2-EOR projects, which will be realized in following
years, is increasing of the storage capacity coefficient of CO2 during the process mainly
due to reduction of saturation of oil and dissolution of parts of CO2 in bottom aquifer
layers. The example of such a leading CO2-EOR project is the Weyburn one.
Apart from the Game Changer CO2-EOR technology applied mainly after finishing
classic program of the reservoir flooding, it is possible to use the simplified methodology.
It involves omitting of reservoir waterflooding period and CO2 injection immediately after
finishing of primary exploitation process. Such an approach concerns mainly increasing
of economic efficiency of the venture by shortening exploitation period.
118

3. Use of CO2 and CO2/N2 Mixture After Short Period of CO2 Injection

Recently Nagy& Olajossy (2007) show that use of N2/CO2 in injection stream after
two years of injection of CO2 into oil reservoir may be possible. Nitrogen as a reservoir
injection medium for EOR purposes is very easily accessible, which is a great benefit.
One of ways of obtaining nitrogen is its separation from hydrocarbons included in natural
gas. When natural gas includes sulfide it is necessary to initially remove sulfide using
standard methods (Clauss, MDE et al.).
However, in many cases natural gas recovered in wells does not contain sulfur. Even
more profitable situation is when natural gas has additionally the limited nitrogen content
of no more than 37% of its volume. In such cases, the authors have access to own modern
technology of enriching natural gas with methane which exploits separated nitrogen. In
this technology the vacuum pressure swing absorption (VPSA) technique could be ap-
plied which uses itemized adsorbent (zeolite molecular sieve ZMS). This sieve comes
from a natural zeolite reservoir and was treated with ionic activation. The product of
this installation is, apart from nitrogen, gas of high-methane content which is obtained
under a high pressure (equal to the pressure at the well head). This gas can be directly
transported to the gas net (Olajossy, 2007). The waste nitrogen can be compressed and
inject into reservoir. The main problem is sufficient quantity of nitrogen. In most cases
the quantity is limited. In this case additional cryogenic installation to separate nitrogen
from air has to be used. This may be economical questionable in some cases

4. Project of cash flow analysis (CF) of small oil field with early
application CO2 & CO2/N2 EOR

The techno-economical model integrates the EOR module for small field (43 API,
Initial Oil in Place (IGIP) is 25 mln Sm3, with initial Gas Oil Ratio 170 m3/m3, satura-
tion pressure about 250 bar, and initial pressure 260 bar) with economic quantities that
enables calculations of cost and incomes related to CO2 enhanced oil recovery projects.
One of the most important variables needed in an oilfield development decision, is the
preliminary estimate of the number of wells required to exploit the reservoir. This best
(optimum) number should satisfy both the technical and economic criteria. Four well
has been designed for production process, and for scenario 2 & 3 additional four well
located in the gas cap has been assumed after finishing the modeling process.
From the reservoir modeling (Nagy & Olajossy, 2007) information it is possible
to calculate the EOR profiles for each reservoir scenario (primary restrictive scenario,
primary forced scenario, EOR CO2 scenario, EOR CO2/N2 scenario). In the restrictive
scenario only 11% of primary recovery is assumed in 25 years exploitation, 33% during
forced production by 25 years, and 38% and 56% has been obtained from modeling
for scenario 2 & 3 after 25 and 36 years of exploitation (EOR CO2). The scenario for
 119

CO2/N2 gives 53% for 36 years. Total eight econonomic scenario has been calculated
(two base scenario at oil price 40 and 60 $ per bbl, additional four scenarios with CO2
injection, and two scenarios with CO2/N2). The additional two scenario with CO2/N2 has
been cancelled, because of high investment cost of CO2 pipeline used only two years in
proposed project. From economical point of view project, which may be technological
effective is generally non profitable.
The CO2-EOR project economies are calculated based on incremental oil profiles
(Campbell et al., 1991; Seba, 1998), investment costs, operating costs and costs for CO2
or CO2/N2 mixture. It is assumed that all gas is re-circulated after CO2 breakthrough,
and the amount of imported CO2 to the field is therefore reduced over time (about 40%).
The cost for CO2 transportation is entered in the economy sheet based on the capacity of
the main CO2 infrastructure (see Tab. 2-3). The capital cost of pipeline for 100 km with
diameter 300 mm is below 25 mln $. The operating cost for transport of 1 CO2 tone is
in range 4-6 $. In this project the upper limit has been selected (6 $ per tone). Cost of
compression of CO2 is included, as well as cost of four injection wells. The all investment
costs for a CO2 incremental oil project are calculated based on costing of:
1. tapping point for CO2 on the main transport line
2. branch CO2 pipeline to the field
3. modification of oil production process
4. CO2/N2 compressors
5. injection gas drying plant
6. injection wells.

A starting time for the CO2 injections are entered (after 12 years), and investment and
operating costs for each project are calculated based on the CO2 injection rates defined
in the field sheet. Most of the listed costs are capacity dependent, and the compressor
costs are also dependent on the injection pressure. The running costs consist of:
1. CO2 costs
2. operating costs for the process equipment
3. energy costs.

For the presented project economy expressed as yearly cash flow is calculated and
the accumulated discounted net cash flow is found and show in the tables 1a-3b. The
calculated IRR and NPV is given in the table 4. The plots of NPV & IRR for each 1-3
scenario is presented also in fig. 1-3. Also at the early decision phase, none of the re-
servoir and financial variables involved are known to a high degree of certainty. The
project stops in the year 25 (scenario 1) or 38 (scenario 2,3).
 TABLE 1a 120
Capex/Opex and Cash Flow analysis for scenario 1a (base oil price (long term) 40 USD per bbl, USD (2007))
TABLICA 1a
Analiza rentownoci projektu dla scenariusza 1a dla urednionej ceny ropy naftowej 40 USD za baryk

Year Start 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032
Incomes 990 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Capex 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Opex 146 2261 2244 2636 2648 2649 2648 2633 2602 188 131 119 208 310 331 354 365 351 338 334
Cash flow
12000 933 1271 1584 1133 1313 1312 1313 1123 1099 1997 1277 1198 1065 921 884 845 795 766 736 698
(after tax)

TABLE 1b
Capex/Opex and Cash Flow analysis for scenario 1b (base oil price (long term) 60 USD per bbl, USD (2007))
TABLICA 1b
Analiza rentownoci projektu dla scenariusza 1b dla urednionej ceny ropy naftowej 60 USD za baryk

Year Start 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032
Incomes 990 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Capex 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Opex 174 2286 2261 2733 2751 2752 2751 2730 2698 250 170 155 242 342 363 386 396 380 366 360
Cash flow
12000 1,365 800 1,271 2,631 2,901 2,900 2,901 2,616 2,568 2,963 1,881 1,759 1,596 1,424 1,377 1,328 1,259 1,211 1,161 1,104
(after tax)

TABLE 2a
Capex/Opex and Cash Flow analysis for scenario 2a (base oil price (long term) 40 USD per bbl, USD (2007))
TABLICA 2a
Analiza rentownoci projektu dla scenariusza 2a dla urednionej ceny ropy naftowej 40 USD za baryk

Cash flow Start 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2041 2042 2043 2044
Incomes 3960 3678 3668 13296 13297 13333 13297 13193 12040 10237 7662 5796 4586 3738 3090 2600 2215 7844 7584 7335 7055
Capex 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27000 8000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Opex* 286 2396 2395 3106 3106 3109 3106 3099 3013 2880 2690 428 339 792 3790 3754 3726 488 508 526 547
 TABLE 2b
Capex/Opex and Cash Flow analysis for scenario 2b (base oil price (long term) 60 USD per bbl, USD (2007))
TABLICA 2b
Analiza rentownoci projektu dla scenariusza 2b dla urednionej ceny ropy naftowej 60 USD za baryk

Cash flow Start 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2041 2042 2043 2044
Incomes 5886 5517 5502 19944 19945 20000 19946 19790 18059 15355 11492 8693 6879 5607 4635 3899 3323 11766 11375 11002 10583
Capex 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27000 8000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Opex 382 2487 2486 3439 3439 3442 3439 3428 3314 3136 2881 573 453 698 3867 3819 3781 356 330 305 278
Cash flow
12000 4572 2568 2556 13483 13484 13526 13485 13367 12057 10012 7089 6691 15681 3720 767 80 458 9903 9607 9324 9007
(after tax)

TABLE 3a
Capex/Opex and Cash Flow analysis for scenario 3a (base oil price (long term) 40 USD per bbl, USD (2007))
TABLICA 3a
Analiza rentownoci projektu dla scenariusza 3a dla urednionej ceny ropy naftowej 40 USD za baryk

Cash flow Start 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2041 2042 2043 2044
Incomes 6416 3681 3671 13310 13313 13354 13322 13222 12069 10263 7682 5811 4599 3748 3098 2606 2221 7850 7589 7340 7061
Capex 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27000 8000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Opex 409 2396 2395 3107 3107 3110 3107 3100 3015 2881 2691 429 339 4609 9191 9154 9126 2320 2301 2282 2262
Cash flow
12000 4980 1155 1148 8378 8381 8411 8388 8313 7448 6093 4157 4474 17436 2860 6093 6548 6905 5139 4944 4757 4548
(after tax)

TABLE 3b
Capex/Opex and Cash Flow analysis for scenario 3b (base oil price (long term) 60 USD per bbl, USD (2007))
TABLICA 3b
Analiza rentownoci projektu dla scenariusza 3b dla urednionej ceny ropy naftowej 60 USD za baryk

Cash flow Start 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2041 2042 2043 2044
Incomes 9078 5521 5506 19962 19966 20026 19977 19827 18097 15389 11518 8714 6896 5620 4645 3908 3330 11773 11382 11009 10590
Capex 12000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27000 8000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Opex 542 2488 2487 3439 3440 3444 3440 3430 3316 3138 2883 574 454 4702 9268 9219 9181 2516 2490 2466 2438
Cash flow
12000 7029 2571 2560 13497 13500 13546 13509 13395 12086 10038 7109 6707 15669 1082 4623 5311 5851 8159 7863 7580 7263
(after tax)
121
122

TABLE 4
Comparison of NPV and IRR for each scenarios (NPV in k $, assumed discount rate 10%)
TABLICA 4
Porwnanie wartoci NPV i IRR dla kadego scenariusza (NPV w tys. $,
zaoona stopa dyskontowa 10%

NPV IRR
Scenario 1a 5840 6.2%
Scenario 1a 2120 13.9
Scenario 2a 41530 44.8%
Scenario 2b 50230 51.2%
Scenario 3a 17700 37.7%
Scenario 3b 42300 51.0%

6.000

4.000

2.000

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
(2.000)
NPV (k $)

(4.000)

(6.000)

(8.000)

(10.000)

(12.000) 40 $ per bbl

60 $ per bbl
(14.000) IRR

Fig. 1. NPV & IRR for scenario 1a and 1b in k $ (2007) dollar (discount rate 10%,
long forecasting oil price 40 $ per barrel (a), and oil price 60 $ per barrel (b))
Rys. 1. Rentowno inwestycji NPV i IRR dla scenariusza 1a i 1b w tys. $ (2007).
Zaoona cena ropy naftowej 40 $ za baryk (a) oraz 60 $ za baryk (b)

5. Conclusions

Based on analysis from the reservoir modeling it was possible to calculate the EOR
profiles for each reservoir scenario (primary restrictive scenario, primary forced scena-
rio, EOR CO2 scenario, EOR CO2/N2 scenario). In the restrictive scenario only 11% of
primary recovery is assumed in 25 years exploitation, 33% during forced production
by 25 years, and 38% and 56% has been obtained from modeling for scenario 2 & 3
 123

60 000

50 000

40 000
NPV (k $)

30 000
40 $ per bbl
60 $ per bbl
20 000

10 000

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
(10 000) IRR

Fig. 2. NPV & IRR for scenario 2a and 2b in USD (2007) dollar (discount rate 12%,
long forecasting oil price 40 $ per barrel (a), and oil price 60 $ per barrel (b))
Rys. 2. Rentowno inwestycji NPV i IRR dla scenariusza 2a i 2b w tys. $ (2007).
Zaoona cena ropy naftowej 40 $ za baryk (a) oraz 60 $ za baryk (b)

50 000

40 000

30 000
NPV (k $)

20 000 40 $ per bbl

60 $ per bbl
10 000

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

(10 000) IRR

Fig. 3. NPV & IRR for scenario 3a and 3b in USD (2007) dollar (discount rate 12%,
long forecasting oil price 40 $ per barrel (a), and oil price 60 $ per barrel, (b))
Rys. 3. Rentowno inwestycji NPV i IRR dla scenariusza 3a i 3b w tys. $ (2007).
Zaoona cena ropy naftowej 40 $ za baryk (a) oraz 60 $ za baryk (b)

after 25 and 36 years of exploitation (EOR CO2). The scenario for CO2/N2 gives 53% for
36 years. Total eight economical scenario has been calculated (two base scenario at oil
price 40 and 60 $ per bbl, and additional four scenarios with CO2 injection two scenarios
for CO2/N2 injections). From economical point of view CO2/N2 project may be tech-
nological effective is generally non profitable. The best scenario for designing of early
124

application of EOR is scenario 2b, which is result of high oil price (60$) and additional
income from CO2 storage service (assumed 8 $ per tone). The scenario 3 gives also high
NPV but high CO2 cost (at the level 12 $ per tone) diminishes NPV about 15%. The
analysis show that very restrictive primary production may be uneconomical, because
may not cover capital cost related to drilling of wells in the first stage of project.

6. Acknowledgements

This study is funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education grant R09 02301

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Received: 06 August 2007