Potensial Sederhana

Sumber Medan sederhana

Concept of Potential
Fig. 2.8. Shows the path of movement of an unit
mass or an unit charge in an uniform gravitational or
electrostatic field

Fig. 2.9. Shows the work done to move from point P1 to

P2 in the field F; ds is the elementary movement making
an angle at that point
 Fig. 2.10. Shows the gravitational attraction at a point due to
volume, surface, line and point distribution of masses

For a scalar potential field, the principle of

superposition is valid.
Principle of superposition states that
the potential at a point due to a number of
mass or charge distributions can be added where , , are respectively
the volume, surface and linear
algebraically. Potential at a point due to the density of mass. mi is the ith
combined effect of volume, surface, linear particle in a family of n number
of particles.(Fig. 2.10).
distributions and several discrete point
masses is
Potensial Gravity

m m0
Hukum Newton F 2
r

Gaya Gravity oleh m pada m0 (satuan)

m

g P 2 r
m
Q(x2 y2 z2)
r

m0
P(x1 y1 z1)
Irrotational Field karena g 0

dan
g P U P

U P
m
r

Dalam Grant & West (1965) berdasarkan kerja yang dilakukan

g U P
 Gravity Field at a Point due to Number
of Point Sources

Let i, i and i be the co-ordinates of the

ith particle and mi be its mass.
The force acting at the point P due to mi is
mi/ri2 . The components of the force along
the x, y and z directions are respectively Fig. 3.2. Gravitational attraction at
a point P due to the masses m1,
given by m2, m3, and m4

Therefore, the total gravitational field

components gx, gy, gz using principle
of superposition are given by

Kalyan Kumar Roy-Potential theory in applied geophysics-Springer (2008)

Gravitational Field for a Large Body

Fig. 3.3. Gravitational attraction

at the point P due to a large solid
mass
 Gravitational Field due to a Line Source ??

Fig. 3.4. Gravitational field at an external point P due to

a line source of finite length

Gravitational Potential due to a Finite Line Source ??

 Gravitational Attraction due to a Buried Cylinder ??

Fig. 3.7. Gravitational anomaly on the surface due to a

buried cylindrical body of finite length
 Gravitational Field due to a Plane Sheet ??

Fig. 3.8. Gravitational field on the vertical axis of

a square horizontal plate
 Gravitational Field due to a Circular Plate ??

Fig. 3.9. Gravitational field on the vertical

axis of a horizontal circular plate
 Gravity Field at a Point Outside on the Axis of a Vertical Cylinder ??

Fig. 3.10. Gravitational field on the axis of a vertical

solid cylindrical body at a point outside the body
 Gravitational Potential at a Point due to a Spherical Body ??

Fig. 3.11. Gravitational potential and field at a point P

outside a spherical body (solid or hollow)

When the point P is outside the sphere ??

If the point of observation P is inside ??
When the point of observation P is within
the spherical shell ??
 Gravitational Attraction on the Surface due to a Buried Sphere ??

Fig. 3.14. Gravitational anomaly on the surface due to a

buried spherical body of radius R
Multipole

Jarak jauh V ~ 0 1 Q
V
4 0 r

Bagaimana bila Q ~ 0 ? Q jumlah total muatan

Dipole listrik +q
+ P

S r
-
1 q q
dengan rumus cosinus
-q
V p
4 0
2
s
r rs cos
2

2

2
2 s s2
r 1 cos 2
r 4r
 1 1 s 1 s
1 cos 1 cos
Jika r >> s r r r 2r

Binomial Series, BOAS, p28

n
1 p! p( p 1) 2
x ...
p
1 x

x 1 px
(1 x) p n 0 n ! p n
! 2!
dimana x 1

Jadi:
1 1 s
cos
r2
1 qs cos
V P
4 0 r 2

1 1 1 1
V~ 2 V~ 3 V~
V~ r r r4
r

Monopole Dipole Quadrupole Octopole

Penurunan V(P)
d P

r1
r

distribusi muatan lokal dalam volum d

V p
1 1
4 0 r
d (6) 2 r 2 r1 2rr1 cos
2

r1 2 r1
r 1 2 cos
2
r r

r 1
r r
1 1

dimana 2 cos
r r

Bila P diluar, < 1

Ekspansi binomial (binomial series Boas 3rd Ed hal 28)

 1 1
r
12 1
r

1 1 12 83 2 165 3 ...

r1 r1
dapat diganti dengan 2 cos
r r

Polynomial Legendre
1 d 2
P x 1 x 1


Boas hal 485-489 2 dx

P0 x 1 P1 x x P2 x 1
2
3x 2

1
 x, h 1 2 xh h
1
2 2

h<1

y = 2xh h2
1 3
. 2
1 y 12
1 y 1
2 y ............
2 2

2!
1 12 2 xh h 2 83 2 xh h 2 ...........
1 xh h 2 32 x 2 12
~
P0 x h P1 x h P2 x h P x
2

1 2h h 2
12 1
1 h h 2 ............
1 h
P0 1 P1 1h 2
Bila Potensial d R r
R 2 2 Rr cos r 2
K d
r2
V R r
R 1 2 cos
d
0 r
R R

12
K
2
r r K
V 1 2 cos
R R R R
K r P cos
r P cos
V K
R 20 R 20 Rl 1

Dengan menggunakan penurunan Polinomial

Legendre BOAS 3rd Ed p571
d P

r1

1 rl
r
1
Pn cos
0

r n 0 r
Pers. (9) pada (6)

~
V p r Pncos d
1 1

4 0 n 0 r n 1
1 n

1 1
V p
1 1
atau
4 0 r d
r 2
r cos d

1
r3

r 1 2 3
cos 2

1
d ...........
2 2

Ini hasil ekspansi MULTIPOLE

1
Catatan : n=0 monopole term ~ r
1
n=1 dipole term ~
r2
1
n=2 quadrupole term ~ r3
1
n=3 octopole term ~
r4
Etc.
Potensial Vektor Magnetik

E 0
V Potensial Skalar
dan E V
Dalam listrik statik

Vektor potensial A dalam magnetostatis

.B 0
A Potensial Vektor
& B A

Ingat bila B = x A . ( x A) = .B = 0
Hukum Ampere : x B = x ( x A) = (.A) -2 A = J

Kita dapat menambahkan suatu fungsi pada B medan magnetik misalnya skalar
dimana curl-nya nol. Dengan demikian dapat dipilih sedemikian sehingga

. A = 0 Misal punya A = A1 +

. A = . A1 + 2 = 0

2 = - (. A1)
Identik pers Poisson 2V
0

Bila 0 pada tak hingga 1

4 0
V dt
 1 . A1
4
Identik dt

Selalu dapat dibuat vektor potensial . A = 0 (divergence less)

Hukum Ampere menjadi x B = ( . A ) - 2A = 0 J

sehingga 2 A = - 0 J

0 J
4
Dengan Solusi A dt

Untuk arus berupa garis (1 D) dan permukaan (2 D)

0 0 I 1 0 K
4
I
A
4 4
A d d da