NEUROANATOMY

GROSSNEUROANATOMY

DeswatyFurqonita,SSi,MBiomed

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 Topics of Neuroanatomy:
Centralnervoussystem:
Protectionofthebrain
VentriclesystemandCSF
Cerebral(Cerebrum)
Brainstem:midbrain,ponsandmedullaoblongata
Cerebellar(Cerebellum)
Spinalcord
Vascularisation

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Topics of Neuroanatomy:
Peripheralnervoussystem
Cranialnerves
Spinalnerves

Anatomicalpathways
Ascendingtracts
Descendingtract

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Embryonic development of the brain

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 Embryonic development
of the brain

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Protection of the brain

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PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN
Structureswhichprotectedthebrainare:
SCALP:Skin,Connectivetissue,AponeuroticGalea,
LooseconnectivetissueandPericranium
Skull(cranium)
Meninges
CerebroSpinalFluid

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 SCALP AND MENINGES

Figure1.Meningesaroundthebrain.
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 MENINGES
y The meninges are composed of three membranous
connective tissue layers:
y Dura mater: though, thick external fibrus layer
y Arachnoid mater: thin intermediate layer
y Pia mater: delicate internal vasculated layer

y Arachnoid mater and pia mater are continous

membranes that collectively make up the leptomeninx

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MENINGES

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MENINGES

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 DURA MATER
Theduramater(dura),atwolayeredmembranethatis

adherenttotheinternalsurfaceofcanium,consistof:
Anexternalperiosteallayer
Aninternalmeningeal layer

Reflectionorreduplicationofthemeningeallayerof

dura:
Falxcerebri
Tentoriumcerebelli
Falxcerebelli
Diaphragmasellae

Bloodsuply:middlemeningealarteries.
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DURA MATER

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 DURAL SINUSES
Superiorsagittal Cavernoussinus
sinus
Intercavernoussinus
Inferiorsagittalsinus
Superiorpetrosal
Straightsinus sinus
Transversesinus Inferiorpetrosalsinus

Sigmoidsinus Basilarplexussinu

Occipitalsinus

Confluenceofsinuses

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DURAL SINUSES

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 DURAL SINUSES

Figure2.Meningesaroundthebrain.
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 MENINGEAL SPACES
Theduracraniuminterface(Extraduralspace orEpiduralspace
)isnotnaturalspacesbetweencraniumandexternalperiosteal
layeroftheduramaterbecausetheduraisattachedtothe
bone.itbecomesaspaceonlypathologically.

Theduraarachnoidjunctionorinterface(Subduralspace)is
likewisenotanaturalspacebetweentheduraandthe
arachnoid. aspacemaydevelopasaresultoftrauma.

Subarachnoidspace:thespacebetweenarachnoidmaterand
piamater. itsrealaspacethatscontainsCSF,trabecularcells,
cerebralarteriesandsuperiorcerebralveins.

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POTENTIAL SPACES

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Head injuries and intracranial hemorrhage

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 MENINGEAL SPACES
Cisterns:areasofsubaracnoidspacewherethebraincountour
isgreatlychangedsuchthatthepiaandarachnoiddivergefrom
eachother.

Majorsubarachnoidcisternincludethe:
Posteriorcerebellomedullarycistern(CisternaMagna)
Lateralcerebellomedullarycistern
Pontocerebellarcistern(cisternapontis)
Quadrigeminalcistern
Chiasmaticcistern
Interpeduncularcistern(cisternabasalis)
Lumbalcistern

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CISTERNS

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LUMBAL CISTERN

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 Ventricular System and
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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 VENTRICULAR SYSTEM AND
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

Therearefourventricleinthebrain:
Thetwolateralventriclesareinthecerebralhemispheres
The third ventricleisinthe diencephalon; thecerebral
aqueductisinthe midbrain;and
The fourthventricleisintheponsandmedullaregions of
thebrainstem.

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Ventricles of the brain

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Lumbar Puncture

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Cerebrum (Telencephalon)

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 CEREBRUM
Thecerebrumhastwohemispheres(rigthandleft)which
separatedbylongitudinalfissure.

Therearegyry,sulciandfissuresonthesurfaceofcerebral
hemisphere.

Eachhemispherehasfivelobes:
Frontallobe
Parietallobe
Occipitallobe
Temporallobe
Insula

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CEREBRUM

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 CEREBRUM
Principlefissureorsulcionthelateralviewofthe
cerebrum:
Lateralfissure(ofSylvian)
Centralsulcus(ofRoland)

Thecerebrumiscomposedofasuperficialcerebralcortex
ofgraymatter,thecerebralwhitematterinternaltoit,and
thedeepgraymatterofthecerebrumwithinthewhite
matter (Basalganglia).

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CEREBRUM

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 CEREBRUM
Specialfeaturesonthelateralviewofthecerebrum:
Precentralgyrus theprimarymotorcortex
Postcentralgyrus therimarysensorycortex
Superiortemporalgyrus theprimaryauditorycotex
Occipitalpole theprimaryvisualcortex
Triangularpartandopercularpartofinferiorfrontal
gyry Brocasspeecharea
AngulargyrusandsuramarginalgyrusWernickes
speecharea

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Functional areas of cerebral cortex

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 CEREBRUM
Outstandinglandmarksonthemedialviewofcerebrum:
Corpuscallosum
Thefornix
Theseptumpellucidum
Anteriorcommisure

Principalfissuresandsulcionthemedialviewofcerebrum:
Calcarinefissure
Cingulatesulcus
Parietooccipitalfissure
Inferiortemporalsulcus

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CEREBRUM

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The medial view of cerebrum

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 CEREBRUM
Lobesonthemedialviewofcerebrum:
Frontallobe cingulategyrusandparacentrallobule
Parietallobe rostrally:frontallobe,posteriorly:
parietooccipitalfissure
Occipitallobeisdividedintocuneusandlingualgyrus
bycalcarinesulcus.
Temporallobe

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Functional areas of cerebral cortex

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Body maps in the primary motor cortex and somatosensory
cortex of the cerebrum.

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 Cerebral white matter
Underlyingthegraymatterofthecerebralcortexis
thecerebral whitematter.

Itisviathemanyfibersthatformthecerebral white
matterthatthevariousareasofthecerebralcortex
communicate bothwithoneanotherandwiththe
brainstemand spinalcord.

Mostofthesefibersaremyelinatedandbundled into
largetracts.

Thefibersareclassifiedascommissuralfibers,
associationfibers,orprojectionfibers.

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White fiber tracts of cerebral
hemispheres

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White fiber tracts of cerebral
hemispheres

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 Deep gray matter of cerebrum
(Basal Ganglia)
Deepwithinthecerebralwhitematterlies agroupof
brainnucleicollectivelycalledthebasalganglia :
Caudatenucleus
Lentiformenucleus:
Putamen

Globuspalidus

Claustrum
Amigdala

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BASAL GANGLIA

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BASAL GANGLIA

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BASAL GANGLIA

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LIMBIC SYSTEM

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 LIMBIC SYSTEM
The limbic system is a group of structures
located on the medial aspect of each cerebral
hemisphere and the diencephalon.

In the cerebrum, the limbic structures form a

broad ring (limbus = headband) that includes the
cingulate gyrus, septal nuclei, part of the
amygdala, and the hippocampal formation.

In the diencephalon, the main limbic

structures are theanterior thalamic nuclei and
the hypothalamus.
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 LIMBIC SYSTEM
The fornix (arch) and other fiber tracts link
the limbic system together.

The limbic system also overlaps the

rhinencephalon, the portions of the cortex that
process olfactory signals, in several places.

The limbic system is the emotional brain,

and two cerebral limbic structures seem
especially important in emotions.

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RETICULAR FORMATION

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RETICULAR FORMATION
The reticular formation runs through the
central core of the brain stem.

The neurons of the reticular formation have

long, branching axons that project to widely
separated regions of the thalamus, cerebellum,
and spinal cord.

Such widespread connections make reticular

neurons ideal for governing the arousal of the
brain as a whole.
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RETICULAR FORMATION
For example, certain reticular neurons send a
continuous stream of impulses to the
cerebrum (through relays in the thalamus),
thereby maintaining the cerebral cortex in an
alert, conscious state.

This arm of the reticular formation, which

maintains consciousness and alertness, is
called the reticular activating system (RAS).

It is located mainly in the medial region of the

pons and medulla portions of the brain stem.
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Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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 DIENCEPHALON
Thediencephaloniscomposedoftheepithalamus,
thalamus,andhypothalamus,enclosesthe3rd
ventricle.

Thethalamusapairedeggshapedgroupofbrain
nuclei,isthe gatewaytothecerebralcortex.

Thethalamusisamajorrelaystationforsensory
impulsesascendingtothesensorycortexandfor
impulses fromallbrainregionsthatcommunicate
withthecerebralcortex.

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DIENCEPHALON AND THE BRAIN STEM

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 DIENCEPHALON
Thehypothalamus,aseriesofbrainnuclei,isthe
brainsmostimportant visceralcontrolcenter.

Thehypothalamus regulatessleepcycles,hunger,
thirst,bodytemperature,secretionbythepituitary
gland,theautonomic nervoussystem,andsome
emotionsandbehaviors.

Thesmallepithalamuscontainsthepinealgland,
whichsecretesa hormonecalledmelatoninthatis
involvedinthenighttimestageof thesleepwake
cycle.

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DIENCEPHALON

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DIENCEPHALON (THALAMUS)

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The Brain Stem
Mesencephalon, Pontine and Medulla Oblongata

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 BRAIN STEM
Thethreebasicsubdivisionofbrainstemare:
Midbrain(Mesencephalon)
Pontine(Pons)
Medullaoblongata

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Ventral of the brain showing the three parts of the brain stem:
medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

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BRAIN STEM

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 BRAIN STEM
(MESENCEPHALON)
y The midbrain is divided into a tectum and paired
cerebral peduncles, with the latter containing the
pyramidal motor tracts in the crus cerebri.

y In the tectum, the superior and inferior colliculi

mediate visual and auditory reflexes.

y The red nucleus and substantia nigra participate

in motor functions.

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 BRAIN STEM
(MESENCEPHALON)
Theperiaqueductalgraymatter elicitsthefear
response.

Themidbrainalsocontainsmotornuclei of
cranialnervesIIIandIV,nervesthatcontrol
eyemuscles.

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 BRAIN STEM (PONTINE)
Inthepons,nucleiofcranialnervesVVIIlienearthe
fourthventricle.

Theventralregionoftheponscontainsthepyramidal
tracts plusthepontinenucleithatprojecttothe
cerebellum.

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BRAIN STEM (PONTINE)

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 BRAIN STEM
(MEDULLA OBLONGATA)
Themedullaoblongatacontainsthepyramidsand
theirdecussation, allformedbythepyramidaltracts.
Theolivescontainrelaynucleito thecerebellum.

NucleiofcranialnervesVIIIXIIlienearthefourth
ventricle.

Centersinthemedullaryreticularformationregulate
respiration, heartrate,bloodpressure,andother
visceralfunctions.

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 BRAIN STEM
(MEDULLA OBLONGATA)

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Cerebellum

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 CEREBELLUM
Thecerebellumsmoothsandcoordinatesbody
movementsand helpsmaintainpostureand
equilibrium.

Itsmaindivisionsthe pairedcerebellarhemispheres
andthevermisaredividedtransversely intothree
lobes:anterior,posterior,andflocculonodular.

Thecerebellarsurfaceiscoveredwithfolia(ridges)
andfissures.

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 CEREBELLUM
Fromsuperficialtodeep,themainregionsofthe
cerebellumare thecortex,thearborvitae,andthe
deepcerebellarnuclei.

Thecerebellumconnectstothebrainstembythe
superior,middle, andinferiorcerebellarpeduncles,
thickfibertractsthatcarryinformation toandfrom
thecerebellum.Allthesefibersareipsilateral.

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CEREBELLUM

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Vasculature of Brain

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 VasculatureofBrain
Thebloodsupplytothebrainisfromtheinternal
carotidand vertebralarteries.

Theinternalcarotidarteriesariseintheneckfrom
thecommoncarotidarteriesandenterthecranial
cavitywiththecarotidplexusof sympatheticnerves
throughthecarotidcanals.

Theterminalbranchesoftheinternalcarotidsarethe
anterior andmiddlecerebralarteries.

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Circle of Willis

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 Circle of Willis
Acircularanastomosisformedby:
Theposteriorcommunicatingarteries
Theposteriorcerebralarteries
Theinternalcarotidartery
Theanteriorcerebralarteries
Theanteriorcommunicatingarteries

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Circle of Willis

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References:

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