NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RUIZ GALLO PEDRO

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 3.16. EXTREME LOADING AND UNUSUAL

RUIZ GALLO PEDRO COMBINATIONS. - ................................................................. 7
CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS FACULTY 3.17.- FURTHER STUDY AND RESEARCH. - ..................... 7
AND ARCHITECTURE
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL F. SECURITY FACTORS ....................................................... 7
3.18.- GENERAL.- .................................................................... 7

DESIGN OF GRAVITY DAMS 3.19-. ALLOWABLE STRESSES. ........................................... 8

3.20.-SLIDING STABILITY.- ............................................. 8
CHAPTER III:
3.21.- CRACKING. ................................................................... 8
DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA 3.22.- STABILITY OF THE FOUNDATION. ........................ 9
G. REFERENCES .................................................................... 9
3.23.- BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................... 9
COURSE: DESIGN WATERWORKS

TEACHER: Dr. Ing. Jos Ramos Arbul

MEMBERS:
ALCANTARA CABREJOS ALINSER DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA
JUNIOR CHONATE CABRERA
DELGADO VASQUEZ Ausberto
GUERRERO YRENE JEMERSON A. INTRODUCTION.
MARTINEZ SANCHEZ ANA SILVIA
3.1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Computational methods require some basic
GROUP: 7 assumptions for the analysis of a gravity dam.
Hypotheses that cover the continuity of the
CYCLE: 2017 - II
dam and its foundation, competition concrete
Lambayeque, September 21, 2017 in the dam, the adequacy of the base and the
variation of tensions along sections of the dam
are as follows:

CONTENT
(1) The formations in the dam are or will be
post-treatment, capable of carrying loads
A. INTRODUCTION. .............................................................. 1 by the dam with acceptable efforts
3.1. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS.................................................... 1 transmitted.
B. CONCRETE ......................................................................... 2 (2) The dam is completely attached to the
3.2. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ...................................... 2 foundation rock along its contact with the
C.-FOUNDATION OR BASE. ................................................. 3 barrel.
3.3 INTRODUCTION: ............................................................. 3 (3) The concrete dam is homogeneous,
3.4.- DISTORTION OF BASE ................................................. 3 uniformly elastic in all directions and
3.5.- STRENGTH OF FOUNDATION. - ................................ 3 strong enough to withstand the loads
3.6.- PERMEABILITY OF FOUNDATION. -........................ 5 applied to stresses below the yield stress.
D. LOADS ................................................................................. 6 (4) Contraction joints are stuck and grouted
3.7.-. DEPOSIT AND TAILWATER. - ................................... 6 they can be considered to create a
3.8.- TEMPERATURE. - .......................................................... 6 monolithic structure, and charges can be
3.9.- INTERNAS.- HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE .................. 6
transferred horizontally adjacent blocks
3.10.- DEADHEAD.- ................................................................. 7
and shear bending.
3.11.- ICE. ................................................................................. 7
(5) The horizontal and vertical stresses vary
3.12 CONSIDER ....................................................................... 7
linearly from the upstream face to the
3.13.- EARTHQUAKE. ............................................................ 7
downstream face.
(6) The horizontal shear stresses have a
E. COMBINATIONS LOAD ................................................... 7
parabolic variation from the upstream face
3.14.- GENERAL.- .................................................................... 7
to the downstream face.
3.15.-LOADING COMMON COMBINATION. - .................. 7

Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"

Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RUIZ GALLO PEDRO
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL
B. CONCRETE
3.2. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
A gravity dam must be constructed of concrete
which is mixed on full weight and specimens
must comply with the design criteria of
strength, durability, old enough to adequately
assess the permeability and other properties.
Although the mixing ratios are generally
controlled by strength requirements and / or
durability, the cement content should be kept
to an acceptable minimum in order to
minimize the heat of hydration. Concrete
properties vary with age and with the
proportions and types of ingredients.
a) RESISTANCE.
Concrete strength must be maintained to meet
the load requirements and early construction,
and in some specific age must have the
compressive strength specified by the
designer. This specific age usually 365 days,
but may vary from one structure to another.
The tensile strength of the concrete mix
should be determined as a series of trials
using the method complementary test direct
drive.
The shear force is a combination of internal
friction, which varies with the normal
compression stress and cohesive strength.
The complementary series of shear strength
tests must be performed with different
values of normal stress that cover the range
of normal stresses expected in the dam.
These values should be used to obtain a
curve of shear strength versus normal
voltage.
b) Elastic properties.
Concrete is not a really elastic material.
When the concrete is subjected to a
sustained load such as can be expected in a
dam, the deformation caused by the load can
be divided into two parts: the elastic
deformation which occurs immediately due
to the instantaneous modulus of elasticity;
and inelastic deformation, or creep, which
develops gradually and continues
indefinitely. To account for the effects of
creep, modulus of elasticity sustained in the
design and analysis of a concrete dam is
used.
Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"
Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7
c) THERMAL PROPERTIES.
The effects of temperature change in a
gravity dam depend on the thermal
properties of concrete. The thermal
properties necessary for the evaluation of the
effects of temperature are the coefficient of
thermal expansion, thermal conductivity and
specific heat [7]. The coefficient of thermal
expansion is the change in length per unit
length per degree change of temperature.
Thermal conductivity is the rate of heat
conduction through a unit thickness on a unit
area of the material subjected to a
temperature difference between the unit
faces.
d) Dynamic Properties.
Concrete, when subjected to dynamic loads,
may have different characteristics from
those that occur during static charges.
Currently they are undergoing tests in the
laboratory of the Office to determine the
properties of concrete when subjected to
dynamic loading. Until sufficient data test,
static resistance and elasticity modulus
instant must be used.
e) OTHER PROPERTIES.
In addition to strength, elastic modulus and
thermal properties, various other properties
of the concrete to be assessed during the
laboratory testing program. These
properties, which are determined for the
calculation of strains and stresses in the
concrete structures are Poisson's ratio, unit
weight and any autogenous growth or drying
shrinkage.
f) AVERAGE PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE.
For preliminary studies until data are
available laboratory tests, the necessary
values can be estimated from published data
for similar tests. Until load tests are
performed to determine long term effects of
creep, modulus of elasticity sustained should
be taken as 60 to 70 percent of laboratory
value of the instantaneous modulus of
elasticity.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RUIZ GALLO PEDRO
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL
If there is no evidence or published data
available, you can take the following
preliminary studies:
Compressive strength specified = 3,000 to 5,000 psi
Tensile strength = 4 to 6 percent of the compression
strength.
Shear strength:
Cohesion = 10 percent of the compression strength
Internal friction coefficient = 1 .0
Sustained elasticity modulus = 3.0 x 10 6 psi (static
load including creep effects).
Instantaneous elasticity modulus = 5.0 x 10 6 psi
(dynamic load or short time).
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 5.0 x 10 -6 per
degree F.
Poisson's ratio = 0.20
Unit weight of concrete = 150 pounds per cubic
foot.
C.-foundation or base.
3.3 INTRODUCTION:
. a geological research is required to determine the
overall suitability of the site and identify the types and
structures of the materials to be found. Once these
identifications must determine the following three
parameters:
1) For each material, the shear strengths of the
intact portions, the resistance of sliding
friction of the discontinuities and the shear
strength at each interface of a different
material (including the resistance in the
interface of the concrete and the exposed
material in the excavated surface
completed).
2) The permeability of each material.
3) The modulus of deformation of the
3.5.- STRENGTH OF FOUNDATION. -
foundation.
3.4.- DISTORTION OF BASE
Accurate knowledge module of deformation of the
foundation of a dam of gravity is required to:
1) Determine the degree of relative
deformation between where the physical
properties vary along the base in the vertical
or horizontal directions.
Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"
Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7
2) Determine the stress concentrations in the
dam or foundation because of local low
modulus regions adjacent to or below the
dam.
3) Determine the stress distribution used in
detailed studies of stability.
The foundation research must provide
information related to or resulting deformation
moduli and modulus of elasticity. The
information includes the elastic modulus of the
specimens of the drill cores, the modulus of
elasticity and deformation modulus testing site
elevation, deformation modulus of deformation
modulus, elastic modulus and coefficient of
deformation. material fault zone or shear and
records binding occurring in drilling cores
recovered. The knowledge of variation in the
materials and their relative prevalence in several
places along the foundation is provided by the
records of the bores and any tunnel in the
foundation.
When the composition of the foundation is
almost uniform over the extent of contact of the
dam, has a regular pattern of binding and is free
of seams low modulus, the three conditions
listed above do not exist and, therefore, it does
not require a module precise deformation. An
estimate based on the reduction of the elastic
modulus of the specimens of the drill core will
suffice. However, when there is a variation of
materials, a pattern of irregular bond, and fault
zones and shear modulus of deformation of each
material in the foundation for the design will be
required. The analysis of the interaction of the
dam and the foundation can be accomplished by
finite element analysis.
The compressive strength of the rock
foundation can be an important factor in
determining thickness requirements for a dam in
contact with the foundation factor. Where the
foundation rock is not homogeneous, a
sufficient number of tests, as determined by the
designer should be made to obtain values of
compressive strength for each type of rock in
the loaded part of the foundation.
Rarely they require a determination limit of
tensile strength of the rock because
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RUIZ GALLO PEDRO
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL

discontinuities as uncured joints and seams can determine the resistance esquilar normal
not transmit shear tensile stress within the actual loads between N1 and N2 without
foundation. The resistance to shear within the significant error. . However, for normal loads
foundation and between the dam and its below or above N1 N2,
foundation is the result of the cohesion and
internal friction in the material and in contact
concrete rock. These properties are found in the
laboratory and in situ testing as discussed in
sections 2-24 and 2-25. However, when test data
are not available, the property values can be
estimated (subject to the limitations spoken
below) published data (2, 5, 6) and evidence of
similar materials.

The results of triaxial tests and direct

laboratory shear and shear tests in situ,
typically be reported as Coulomb's equation
Normal Load (N)
= + (1) 3-I. Shear strength of an existing joint rock. -
288-D-2957
Where:
Among the factors to be considered in determining
R = Shear strength the effect of scale on each site they are as follows:
C = cohesive unit,
TO = Area section, 1) Comparisons of tests of various sizes.
N = effective normal force, and (2) geological potential along the sliding planes
As = tangent of the friction angle, variations.

Defining a linear relationship between shear
strength and normal load. Experience has
shown that such representation shearing
resistance is generally realistic for the intact
rock. For other materials, the relationship may
not be linear, and a curved shearing force
against the normal load should be used as
discussed later for the condition of an existing
connection. Also, it can be very difficult to
distinguish between cohesive and frictional
resistance to materials other than rock intact.
In the case of an existing union in the rock, the
force is taken esquilar basically sliding
friction and usually does not vary directly with
the normal load. Therefore, the resistance
esquilar should be represented by a curve of
shear resistance against normal load, as shown
by curve OA in Figure 3-l. If a hotline? AC had
been used, this would have shear values too
high resistance which is above the curve OA,
and values too low where it is below. A linear
variation can be used to represent a portion of
the curve. Thus, the line can be used to
(3) Current research scale effect.
When a foundation is not homogeneous, the
potential sliding surface may be composed of
different materials. The total resistance can be
determined by adding the resistors it will shear
offered by various materials, as shown in the
following equation:
Where :
= ,
1, 2, 3, =
Esquilar determining the resistance offered by
several materials, the effect of deformation should
be considered. I esquilar resistance given by
equation Coulomb or curves shearing resistance
against the normal load is usually the maximum
for the test specimen without respect to
deformation. Some materials obtain their

Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"

Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RUIZ GALLO PEDRO
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL

maximum strength with less deformation than 3,000(200)

= + 0.3(1,000)
others. For example, intact rock not deform as 1,000
much as a union in the rock or clipped area when
the maximum shear strength of the material is = 900
reached.
0(750)
The following example illustrates the importance = + 0.75(7,000)
1,000
of including the effect of deviation in the
determination of the resistance of each material in = 5,250
inhomogeneous foundations. This example has
only intact rock 5 percent to emphasize that a = 13,600 + 900 + 5,250
small amount of high strength intact rock can
make a significant contribution to the total = 19,750
resistance. Usually they do not find such a
For this example, an analysis of force against the
situation but can and have occurred.
deviation esquilar shows that movement in intact
Example: Determine the shear strength on a plane rock failure is 0.02 inches. This deviation sheared
that is potential slip 1,000 square feet in area for material will be developed only 50 percent of its
the following conditions: strength and unity only 5 percent. Therefore, the
actual force developed over time that the rock would
fail is:
1. normal load, N = 10,000 kip.
2. The plane is intact rock 5 percent (A = 50 13,600 + 900 x 0.50 + 5.250 x
square feet), 20 percent sheared material. 0.05 = 4, 312 ksi.
(A = 200 piescuadrados) and 75 percent
This is approximately 70 percent of maximum shear
binding
above calculated without considering the deformation
(Aj = 750 square feet).
force.
3. The values of cohesion and tan or for In some situations, the potential sliding the area
each material are as follows: contained several different materials can expose the
higher
total Material Cohesion Tan
shear (Psf)
strength 200,000 1.80
intact rock
after 3,000 0.30
sheared materials
any
Union 0 0.75
intact

(4) The normal load on each material is: material is sheared. For example, if the cohesive force
of intact rock is low but normal load acting on the
intact rock Nr = 2,000klb surface area is large, the frictional force that slides the
sheared Material Ns = 1,000klb combined materials can exceed the strength esquilar
decided before the rock is sheared. For this reason, a
second analysis should be performed considering
Union Nj K = 7.000 only the friction force sliding surfaces.
The esquilar resistance is determined as
follows: 3.6.- PERMEABILITY OF FOUNDATION. -
the design of a gravity dam and its foundation
200,000(50) requires a knowledge of the distribution of
= + 1.8(2,000)
1,000 hydrostatic pressure in all parts of the foundation

= 13,600 The output gradient materials Shearing emerging

area near the downstream toe of the dam should also

Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"

Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RUIZ GALLO PEDRO
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL

be given to check against the possibility of pipe (see
the sec. 6-4) .The laboratory values for permeability
sample specimens are applicable only to that part or
parts of the foundation they represent. The
permeability is controlled by a network of geological
features such as joints, faults and shear zones. The
permeability of the geologic features can best be
determined by in situ testing. Pressure distributions
for the design should include appropriate influences
permeability and expanded all foundation materials
and geological features. Such determination may be
made by several methods including two -
dimensional and physical models,
D. LOADS
3.7.-. DEPOSIT AND TAILWATER. -
The reservoir and tailwater loads to be applied to the
structure are obtained from studies of deposit
transaction and tailwater curves. These studies are
based on performance and hydrological data such as
tank capacity, storage allocations, streamflow
records, hydrographic flood and reservoir releases for
all targets. A tank design can be drawn from these
studies that reflect operating a surface normal high
tide.
3.8.- temperature. -
Volumetric changes due to temperature change [7]
will transfer load across transverse contraction joints
if the joints are grouted. These effects cause
horizontal thrusts then twist and the additional
burden of the stirrups. These effects may or may not
be beneficial for tension and the point of view of
stability and should be investigated using "Method
Test load Sprain Analysis" discussed in Chapter IV
(Games. 4-25 to 4-29 ).
average monthly air temperatures and minimum
(maximum) air temperatures recorded at the site.
(2) Temperatures usual hormign.-The average
temperatures of concrete between the sides upstream
and downstream will result from the usual air
temperatures, water temperatures reservoir associated
with the operation of tank design and solar radiation.
3.9.- INTERNAS.- hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressures water reservoir and stickwater
act on the dam and occur within the dam and the
foundation as internal pressures in the pores, cracks,
joints and seams. It is assumed that the distribution of
pressure through a horizontal section of the dam
varies linearly from the full hydrostatic head on the
upstream face zero or downstream pressure on the
downstream face as long as the dam has no drain or
water passages uncoated.
Internal hydrostatic pressures should be used to
analyze the base, the dam and the overall stability of
the dam in contact with the foundation.
For purposes of preliminary design, the distribution
of pressure elevation in a gravity dam is supposed to
have an intensity line drains that exceeds the pressure
of stickwater a third differential between the water
levels of head and tail. The pressure gradient then
extends to the water head and the water levels tail
respectively on straight lines. If no glue water, the
bottom end of a block diagram similar pressure is zero
in the downstream face. It is presumed that the
pressure acts on 100 percent of the area.

When making studies to determine specific loads of

temperatures, varying weather conditions can be
applied. Also a water surface of widely fluctuating
reservoir affect the specific temperatures. In
determining charges temperatures, the following
conditions and temperatures are used:

(1) usual weather conditions. Combining daily air

temperatures, a representative cycle cold week (Hot)
associated with changes in barometric pressure, and
mean monthly air temperatures. This condition will
consider temperatures are halfway between the

Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"

Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RUIZ GALLO PEDRO
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL
Figure 32. Comparison of pressures and elevations
assumed a gravity dam (Shasta Dam in California) .-
288-D-2959
3.10.- deadhead.-
The magnitude of the dead load is considered equal
to the weight of more concrete accessories such as
doors and bridges. For preliminary design it is
assumed that the concrete unit weight is 150 pounds
per cubic foot. For the final design, the unit weight of
the concrete should be determined by laboratory tests.
3.11.- ICE. -
The information existing design on ice pressure is
inadequate and approximate. There are good
analytical methods for calculating the pressures of
ice, but the accuracy of the results depends on certain
physical data should come from field tests and
laboratory [8].
3.12 CONSIDER
Not all prisoners will be subjected to mud pressure,
and the designer must take into account all available
hydrological data before deciding whether an
allowance for pressure limo necessary. Horizontal
slime pressure is assumed to be equivalent to that of
a fluid with a weight of 85 pounds per cubic foot.
Vertical slime pressure is determined as if off a floor
silt having a wet density 120 pounds per cubic foot,
the magnitude of the variable pressure directly the
depth. These values include the effects of water
within the slime.
3.13.-EARTHQUAKE.
Concrete dams are elastic structures that can be
excited to resonance when subjected to seismic
disturbances. Two steps are necessary to obtain the
load on a concrete dam due to a disturbance such.
First, an estimate of the magnitude and location of
the earthquake should be made to the dam and rock
resulting from movements in the given location is
subject. The second step is the analysis of the dam
response to the earthquake either by the response
spectrum method or story time.
Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"
Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7
E. COMBINATIONS LOAD
3.14.- GENERAL.-
Gravity dams should be designed to appropriate
load combinations that follow, using prescribed
safety factors in sections 3-19 to 3-22.
3.15.- LOADING common combination. -
(1) Normal lift tank design, with appropriate
dead loads, lifting, silt, and ice downstream. If
the temperature loads are applicable, use
common minimum temperatures.
3.16. EXTREME LOADING AND UNUSUAL
COMBINATIONS.-
(1) Inusual.- combination of load MAXIma lift
tank design, with appropriate dead loads,
lifting, silt, minimum temperatures
occurring at that time if applicable, and
water discharge.
(2) Combination of extreme load .- Normal lift
tank
t design, with appropriate dead loads,
lifting,
o silt ice usual temperatures if
applicable, and downstream addition of the
effects of maximum credible earthquake.
3.17.- further study and research. -
(1) Maximum lift design tank, with dead, silt loads
appropriate, the minimum temperature that occurs at
that time if applicable, and downstream, in addition
to lifting inoperative drains.
(2) Dead load.
(3) Any of the combinations above loading to the
stability of the foundation.
(4) Any other combination of load in designer
opinion, should be analyzed for a particular prey.
F. SECURITY FACTORS
3.18.-GENERAL.-
All design loads should be chosen to represent as
close as you can determine the actual loads that act on
the structure during operation. Methods for
determining the load capacity of the dam-resistance
must be the most accurate available. All uncertainties
regarding loads or cargo capacity must be resolved as
far as possible through field trials or laboratory,
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY RUIZ GALLO PEDRO
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL
thorough examination and inspection of the
foundation, good control of concrete and good
construction practices. On this basis, the safety factor
be as accurate as possible an assessment of the ability
of the structure to withstand the applied loads. All
listed factors are minimum values protection.
3.19-.allowable stress.
The maximum compression stress in the concrete
allowed the usual combinations of load should not
exceed the specified compressive strength divided by
a safety factor of 3.0. Under no circumstances should
the effort exceeding 1,500 psi for usual compression
loading permissible combinations. For Loading
unusual combinations, the maximum allowable
compressive stress should be determined by dividing
the compressive strength specified by a safety factor
of 2.0. The maximum compression effort to unusual
loading combinations should in no case exceed 2,250
psi.
In order not to exceed the permissible voltage traction
effort minimum allowable compression calculated
without internal hydrostatic pressure it must be
determined from the following expression, taking into
account the tensile strength of concrete in elevation
surfaces:
Where:
= combination of extreme load. However, for existing
- minimum allowable compressive
stress in the upstream face,
p - a reduction factor to account for
drains,
w - unit weight of water,
h = Depth below the surface of the
tank,
ft = Tensile strength of concrete in
elevation surfaces, and
s - security factor.
All parameters may be specified using consistent
units.
Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"
Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7
3.20.-SLIDING STABILITY.-
The shear-friction factor of safety, Q, as calculated
using the equation, is a measure of safety against
sliding or shearing in any section. It applies to any
section of the structure or its contact with the base.
Damming the severity factor for shear-friction safety
should be greater than 3.0 for normal load
combinations, 2,0 to unusual loads combinations, and
1.0 for extreme load combinations.
Factor-friction shear stress safety, Q is the ratio of
resisting the driving forces calculated by the
expression:
+( + )
Q= .... (4)
Where:
C = unit cohesion,
A = area of the section considered,
N = sum of the normal forces,
U = sum of the lifting forces,
as = coefficient of internal friction, and
V = sum of the cutting forces.
3.21.- CRACKING.
It is assumed that the cut occurs in a gravity dam if
the normal vertical stress (calculated elevation) on the
face upstream is lower than the minimum voltage
required as calculated by equation (3). This type of
cracking is not allowed in new designs except the
dams, it can allow for maximum cracking condition
with surface water drains inoperative addition to the
combination of extreme load.
When the stability of an existing dam for maximum
load condition of the water surface with inoperative
drainage is checked, it is assumed that the delivery
pressure (or internal hydrostatic) varies linearly from
the level of the reservoir upstream to downstream
level . If cracking occurs, it assumes that the pressure
diagram of the foundation is as shown in Figure 3-3
(D). The pressure diagram of the foundation is
determined by the following procedure:
(1) It is assumed that a horizontal crack extending
from the upstream face to a point where the vertical
pressure is equal to the delivery pressure in the
upstream face, point 4 of Figure 3-3 (D).
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FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL

(2) 3-3 (A) and (D) figures, taking moments about the
center of gravity of the base, the following equations
are obtained:

e '= 3 .
(5)

T1 = 3 ( - e ') (6)
2

where:
e '= eccentricity voltage diagram after cracking,
? M = sum of moments of all forces,
W = sum of the vertical forces,
A 3 = internal hydrostatic pressure in the upstream
face,
T = section thickness, and
T1 = remaining portion without following thickness.

Therefore, the voltage across the downstream face,

B5, is:
2 ( 3 . )
B5 =
1
+ A3 .... (7)

3.22.- STABILITY OF THE FOUNDATION.

Joints, shears and faults that are identifiable blocks of
rock are often present in the foundation. The effects
of such planes of weakness on the stability of the
foundation must be carefully evaluated. These
sections analysis methods for the core stability are
analyzed. The determination of effective shear
strength to such foundation conditions is given in
Figure 3-3. Pressures base of a foundation for a
detail in Section 3.5.
gravity dam.

Treatment to achieve specific goals of stability, such

as prevention of differential displacements (see
paragraph 4-51) or due to stress concentrations
bridges (see paragraph 4-52), should be designed to
produce the required safety factor for load
combination being analyzed.

G. REFERENCES
3.23.- BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] "Concrete Manual," Bureau of Reclamation,

Eighth Edition, 1975.

Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"

Course: DESIGN Waterworks
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FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SYSTEMS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL

[2] "Properties of Mass Concrete Reclamation in

Dams," Concrete Laboratory Report No. C-1009,
Bureau of Reclamation, 1961.

[3] Stagg, KG, and Zienkiewicz, 0. C., "Rock

Mechanics in Engineering Practice," John Wiley &
Sons, London, England, 1968.

[4] Von Thun, JL, and Tarbox, GS, "Deformation

Moduli Determined by Joint Shear and Shear Index
Catalog," Proceedings, International Symposium on
Rock Mechanics, Nancy, France, 197 1.

[5] "Physical Properties of Some Typical Foundation

Rocks," Concrete Laboratory Report No. SP-39,
Bureau of Reclamation, 1953.

[6] Link, Harald, "The Sliding Stability of Dams,"

Water Power-Part I, March 1969; Part II, April, 1969
Part III, in May 1969, London, England.

[7] Townsend, CL, "Control of Cracking in Mass

Concrete Structures," Engineering Monograph No.
34, Bureau of Reclamation, 1965.

[8] Monfore, GE, "Experimental Investigations by the

Bureau of Reclamation," Trans. ASCE, vol. 119,
1954, p. 26.

[9] Monfore, GE, and Taylor, FW, "The Problem of

an Expanding Ice Sheet," Bureau of Reclamation
Memorandum, March 18, 1948.

[10] Boggs, HL, Campbell, RB, Klein, IE, Kramer,

RW, McCafferty, RM, and Roehm, L.

Job No. 1: "DATA AND DESIGN CRITERIA DAMS"

Course: DESIGN Waterworks
Group: # 7