Allocation

To maximise these opportunities, your procurement documents should

require designers and contractors to focus their attention on the
largest sources of waste and unnecessary cost. Success depends on
good coordination and communication of the planned savings up and
down the supply chain. Check that the SWMP is being used to capture
the details of each opportunity, the level of savings, and the allocation
of responsibilities throughout the design and construction processes
to achieve these savings, whilst ensuring adequate materials are
available on site.

Crucial to the successful outcome of major highway construction and reconstruction

projects today is the ability to accurately
plan, predict and control the construction process. Evermore sensitive to budget control,
schedule control, resource allocation and
impacts on the motoring public, highway constructors today require sophisticated
project management tools to achieve project goals. One
of the tools recently being used across the country is project scheduling. The use of
scheduling techniques on highway projects has grown
out of the successful application of these methods to building construction for the past
20 to 30 years. Unfortunately, the effective
application of traditional scheduling techniques to highway construction has been limited
because major highway construction project
activities are fundamentally different than those typically found on a building project.

Multifunction/ Versatility

This is less relevant for cost savings during construction, but is an

important consideration when addressing the whole life impact of a
building or a structure. Most buildings and civil engineering structures
are constructed to meet demanding service lives and to fulfil specific
functions, so design for deconstruction and flexibility may not be a
significant waste reduction option. However, design for maintenance
should be considered wherever possible. These longer-term savings
may or may not benefit the client, depending on the asset ownership
and operation arrangements.
The terms holistic, holistic approach, and whole building design approach
specifically refer to
an approach that analyzes, assesses, and designs a building site and comprising
buildings or facilities
as a whole system rather than as a collection of individual buildings, their parts, or
subsystems. The
holistic approach shall be used to ensure that the following elements are taken into
consideration to produce a superior functional and resource-efficient product:
a. Building site concepts, designs, systems and subsystems and
b. Building function, occupant needs and appliance selections and
c. Interior and exterior environmental factors and
d. Installation-wide energy, water, resource, and environmental plans and
e. Commitment from stakeholders including master planning, resource management,
project
management, design, construction, O&M, and building users and
f. Intelligent resolution of the interactions, synergies and conflicts among these
elements.

Merchandising

Energy Conservation

There are two general ways to lead to energy -efficient buildings: (a) keep heated area to a minimum by making
use of
conditioned, but non-heated, outside space, such as exterior corridors; and (b) keep heat-flow to a minimum with
insulation, correct orientation to sun and wind, compactness, sun controls, wind controls, and reflective

surfaces.

Why Energy Conservation?

Optimize operating costs

Improve efficiency building, equipment, etc.

Modernization

Renovations

Greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction

Sustainable development
Equipment Lighting, air conditioning systems, etc.

Power sources

System Controls

Cost of power

Availability

Sustainability

Energy Conservation Measures

Building orientation

Structural changes

Renewable power sources

Fuel switching

Hot water generation

Fenestration

Energy efficient equipment & controls

Energy-Efficient Equipment & Controls

Secure the tenant/owners consent

Lower operating cost

Uses less energy

Opportunity for Greening of building

Good control of equipment for additional savings

Prefer knowledgeable architect

Design-built contract increases opportunity

Renewable Energy in Design
Consumes no fossil fuel
Produces power without noise, smoke or pollution
Requires little maintenance
No moving parts, lasts longer compared to generators
Power is readily available when required.
Safe no risk of fire associated with fuels for generators, lanterns and candles
With rising cost of crude oil, solar electricity, eg. is economical for many small
applications

Cost Reduction
Although a factor to be considered in this design is the aesthetic requirement. NCMH
follows a theme to be patterned from the existing buildings. Overall cost reduction will
be impacted by this and other factors and these are the measures to be taken for cost
reduction in the design and construction phase.
Develop sound designs using appropriate design criteria.
Provide alternative materials. Consider locally available materials in design.
Reuse and recycle materials.
Define and optimize the project scope initially and subsequently control scope
creep by accountable authority.

Recycling
Cost savings from material re-use Opportunities for material re-use are more common
in civil engineering projects and building projects with significant ground/site works. This
is due to the fact that materials reuse is most commonly in the form of recycled
aggregates and reprocessed materials that have applications in infrastructure and civil
works, and building substructure, rather than building superstructures. Savings from
material re-use can be very significant. On average, 50% of the cost of certain
packages can be saved by incorporated recycled materials, whether from site arisings
or from offsite sources.
There are two sources of potential cost saving in this category: n on site reuse and
reprocessing of construction, demolition and excavation materials, and maximising the
value from in-situ materials which is often less expensive than importing materials to
site, especially where the alternative is to transport bulk materials from distant sources;
and n bringing recovered and recycled materials to site which can be cheaper than
purchasing equivalent primary materials.
The most common applications and savings in both building and civil projects are in: 1.
reuse of excavation materials on site for example, by ensuring a cut and fill balance,
stabilising soils using hydraulic binders, manufacturing quality soils by adding green
compost, and remediating brownfield land in-situ;
2. processing demolition arisings on site (e.g. using mobile crushing plant) to provide
recycled aggregates for applications such as fill, capping, subbase, and other granular
applications, and hard landscaping during the construction phase;
3. importing recycled aggregates that meet the same quality standards as the primary
aggregates they replace (e.g. produced in accordance with the Aggregates Quality
Protocol) which is particularly cost-beneficial where recycled aggregates are available
closer to the site than primary ones;
4. improving the engineering properties of on site materials to maximise their value: for
example, enhancing the engineering properties of the formation layer through producing
hydraulicallybound mixtures to reduce the thicknesses of capping and/or subbase
layers, or overlying asphalt materials; using geosynthetics to stabilise existing materials,
or bonded composites to rehabilitate existing structures;
5. in situ remediation of contaminated soils in preference to excavation and disposal;
and
6. using products containing recycled materials (with above-average recycled content),
such as recycled asphalt in asphalt, cement replacement in concrete products,
recovered and refurbished units like stone kerbs and setts, bus shelters, fencing and
gates.
Guide
TIME
Adaptability

Different processes are accommodated through movable partitions, repositionable furniture, and other
aspects of the environment that are able to change to accommodate the user or occupant.

The changes do not result in a permanent change to the space, and therefore the space can flex between
the start-state and end-state with ease. The function changes, but the container does not.

Convertibility

Convertibility accommodates changing functions through a certain amount of construction. It reduces

construction cost and time by anticipating the potential future needs.

Changes to the built environment that occur under convertibility responded to larger time and spatial
scales. The resulting change is, more often than not, permanent.

Acuity-adaptable rooms use convertibility to facilitate change from regular inpatient rooms to intensive
care rooms. The rooms are designed with the appropriate clearances for medical equipment and the
ability to access additional medical gases and electricity, although not initially utilized.

When the facility identifies the need, the rooms can be converted with minimal construction effort,
reduced time, and lower cost.

Tolerance
This concept may well add space to the program. Is a particular space tailored precisely for a static activity, or is it

provided with a loose fit for a dynamic activity one likely to change?

Expansibility

The concept of flexibility is quite often misunderstood. To some, it means that the building can accommodate growth
through expansion. To others, it means that the building can allow for changes in function through the conversion of
spaces. To still others, it means that the building provides the most for the money through multi -function spaces.
Actually,
flexibility covers all three expansibility, convertibility, and versatility.

Linear/ Concurrent Scheduling

Phasing

Will phasing of construction be required to complete the project on a time-and-cost schedule if the project proved
infeasible in the initial analysis? Will the urgency for the occupancy date determine the need for concurrent
scheduling or

allow for linear scheduling?

NEEDS
COST ESTIMATE ANALYSIS
It is imperative to establish a realistic budget from the very beginning. Realistic budgets are predictive and
comprehensive. They prevent major surprises. They tend to include all the anticipated expenditures as line items in
a
cost estimate analysis. The architect must look to past experience and published material to derive predictive
parameters.
The budget depends upon three realistic predictions: (1) a reasonable efficiency ratio of net to gross area, (2) cost
per
square foot escalated to mid-construction, and (3) other expenditures as percentages of building cost. These
predictions
have become so common a practice that they are not considered as predictions but as planning factors.
What happens when a trial-run cost estimate analysis results in a total budget amount required (Line K) larger than
the
extent of funds available? In other words, the client cannot afford the total cost. If the budget is fixed for a specific
time,
only two other factors can change: cost per square foot and gross area. This means that the quality of construction or
the
amount of space or both must be reduced.

ECONOMY

Economy concerns the initial budget and quality of construction, but also may include consideration of operating and
life
cycle costs. Key words are (7) initial budget, (8) operating costs, anad (9) life cycle costs.

The fourth step is, in effect, an economic feasibility test to see if a budget can be determined, or a fixed budget
balanced. It should be noted that the best balance is achieved when all four elements of cost are to some extent
negotiable: (1) the space requirements, (2) the quality of construction, (3) the money budget, and (4) time. At least
one of
these four elements must be negotiable. Thus, if agreement is reached on quality, budget, and time, the adjustment
must
be made in the amount of space. A serious imbalance might require the re-evaluation of Goals, Facts, and Concepts.

It is imperative to establish a realistic budget from the very beginning. Realistic budgets are predictive and
comprehensive. They prevent major surprises. They tend to include all the anticipated expenditures as line items in
a
cost estimate analysis. The architect must look to past experience and published material to derive predictive
parameters.
The budget depends upon three realistic predictions: (1) a reasonable efficiency ratio of net to gross area, (2) cost
per
square foot escalated to mid-construction, and (3) other expenditures as percentages of building cost. These
predictions
have become so common a practice that they are not considered as predictions but as planning factors.
What happens when a trial-run cost estimate analysis results in a total budget amount required (Line K) larger than
the
extent of funds available? In other words, the client cannot afford the total cost. If the budget is fixed for a specific
time,
only two other factors can change: cost per square foot and gross area. This means that the quality of construction or
the
amount of space or both must be reduced.
TIME

Time has three classifications past, present, and future which deal with the influences of history, the inevitability
of
changes from the present, and projections into the future. Key words are (10) past, (11) present, and (12) future.

Budget Estimate Analysis

A. Building Costs 200,000 S.F. at $90.00/GSF

B. Fixed Equipment (8% of A)

C. Site Development (15% of A)

D. Total Construction (A+B+C)

E. Site Acquisition/ Demolition

F. Moveable Equipment (8% of A)

G. Professional Fees (6% of D)

H. Contingencies (10% of D)

I. Administrative Costs (1% of D)

J. Total Budget Required (D+E through J)

Balance Budget

Cash Flow Analysis

Energy Budget

Operating Cost

Green Building Rating

Life Cycle Costs