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Lee De Forest
invented two
element vacuum
tube- DIODE
There is a third electrode in a
vacuum tube
Can be used as switch and
amplifier
INVENTORS OF TRANSISTORS
INVENTION OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
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ACTIVE VS PASSIVE
PASSIVE ACTIVE
u The electrical components u The electrical and electronic
which require NO power components which require power
supply for its operation supply for its operation
u The device which electrical
u The device which electrical characteristics depend on the
characteristics does not power supply are called the active
depend on the power supply device
are called the passive u Examples: Transistor, electronic
components. valve, field effect transistor
transistors
capacitors
inductor
IC (Integrated
Circuit)
resistors
Power
supply
DIGITAL VS ANALOG
ANALOG DIGITAL
An electrical signal is a time varying In electronic world also uses another kind
voltage or current which bears the of signal, especially for computing purpose
information by altering the called digital signal. Digital signal must
characteristics of the voltage or have discrete value, it is said quantization.
current. In an analog signal the In a digital signal the characteristics of the
characteristics of the voltage or voltage or current which represents the
current which represents the information has only two values and
information can be any value. sometimes it is called binary signal.
AMPLIFIER
This input signal characteristics and power can be modified by the electronic circuit with the
presence of its dc operating power supply.
ECE 1312 ELECTRONICS
WHAT IS EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT?
REMEMBER NORTON OR THEVENIN AS AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
to simplify the circuit
equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical circuit
that retains all of the electrical characteristics
of a given circuit.
The voltage gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output voltage
and input voltage, mathematically
CURRENT AMPLIFIER
CURRENT AMPLIFIER ~ RELATE TO NORTON
The current gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output current
and input current, mathematically
OTHER TYPE OF
AMPLIFIER
TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER
The gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output voltage and input
current, mathematically
The unit of the transresistance amplifier gain is V/A.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1
Answer: Av = 70
EXAMPLE 2
Ex. 2: The open circuit voltage of a voltage amplifier is 7.5V when its input is
connected to a signal source. Assume that the signal source voltage is 3.0V and its
resistance is 1.5k respectively. If the input resistance of the amplifier is 5k, what
would be the voltage gain of the amplifier.
RS = 1.5k
Ri =
vS = 3V vo = 7.5 V
5k
1. Must calculate vi
2. We know that the open circuit voltage, Av vi = 7.5 V
3. Calculate AV
Answer: Av = 3.25
Ex. 3: The open circuit voltage of a voltage amplifier is 12.5V when its input is
connected to a signal source. Assume that the signal source voltage is 2.5 V and
its resistance is 2.0k respectively. If the input and output resistance of the
amplifier is 5k and 50 respectively. Find open circuit voltage gain
The amplifier output is connected to drive a load resistance 500, determine
the output voltage across the load resistance.
RS = 2.0k R0 = 50
Ri =
vS = 2.5 V 5k
= 12.5 V
Answer: Av = 7
Vo = 11.36 V
EXAMPLE 4
Example 4
Answer: -5.1 mA
EXAMPLE 5
Example 5: A load resistance of 475 is connected with the output of a voltage
amplifier as shown in Fig. The output voltage across the load resistance is 10.5V
when the amplifier input is 150mV. Determine the open circuit voltage gain of the
amplifier. Assume that the output resistance of the amplifier is 25.
1. Must calculate vi
2. Calculate the open circuit voltage, Av vi Answer: 1.6V
3. Then use voltage divider to find out the voltage across RL
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