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REQUIREMENT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN MICOM

1.0 Introduction :
The role of current transformer in protection system is very important as it not only insulate the
protective devices from the primary circuits but also provides secondary current in proportion to the
primary.

An ideal current transformer can be represented by its equivalent circuit as


I
I S
P

Ip= CT primary current


Is = Ct secondary current
Primary turns =Np
Secondary turns = Ns
R = Connected Relay Burden

For an ideal transformer Ip = N*Is , where N= Ns/Np

In practical purpose the output of the current transformer is not an exact replica of the primary since a
portion of the primary current is used as exciting current which supplies the eddy current and
hysteresis losses and magnetises the core.
IS ZCT

Ip/NN

Ie

Vt R
Ze

In this case , Ip /N = Ie + Is , where Ie is the exciting current . The component Ie introduces the
error in the current transformer . The value of Ie depends on the core material and the amount of flux
required to be developed in the core to satisfy the burden requirements of the current transformer.
REQUIREMENT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN MICOM

More than the steady state current under load conditions of the CTs , the main concern of the current
transformer is about the fault conditions when the protection installed in their secondaries must react
correctly to the short circuit transient , specially during the first cycle.

2.0 Definitions

2.1 Knee point Voltage

The Knee point voltage of the excitation characteristic is defined as the point at which a 10%
increase in secondary voltage produces a 50% increase in exciting current. It may, therefore, be
regarded as a practical limit beyond which a specified current ratio may not be maintained as the
current transformer enters saturation. In this region the major part of the primary current is utilised to
maintain the core flux and since the shunt admittance is not linear, both the exciting and secondary
currents depart from a sine wave.

+10% Vk
V
(VS) +50% Iek
ge k
Volta
ing
Excit

Iek

Exciting Current
(Ie)

2.2 Accuracy Limit Factor ( ALF )


REQUIREMENT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN MICOM
A current transformer is designed to maintain its ratio within specified limits up to a certain value of
primary current, expressed as a multiple of its rated primary current. This multiple is known as the
current transformers rated accuracy limit factor.

2.3 X/R Ratio

Non time delayed protection needs to be dependable even when a decaying dc transient in the fault
current causes flux build up in the CT core, the reason for the inclusion of the X/R multiplier.

The system X/R ratio determine the degree of offset in the primary current waveform. As described
above, the dc component contributes an increase in flux; the greater the degree of offset, the sooner
the core will reach the onset of saturation.

In general a guide to the primary system ratio for an overhead line is that it is roughly one sixth of the
line kV rating (but this is a very rough estimate, and can be very different in practice). However, it
would be expected to be higher for lines adjacent to generation or connected directly to power
transformer secondary (due to the high reactance added in circuit).

If we assumed a line angle of degrees, the X/R ratio will be (tan ). This will give the X/R ratio of the
line, but when for the CT Vk calculation you have to use the X/R ratio of the system including the
source and line up to the fault point.

3.0 Classes of Protection Class Current Transformer


REQUIREMENT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN MICOM
3.1 Class P

The Class P type of Current transformer are generally recommended for general applications like
Overcurrent and Earth fault where the accuracy greatly in excess of the value required for relay
operation is not required.

When relays such as instantaneous high set over current are required to operate at high values of over
current , say 5 to 15 times of the rated current of the transformer , the accuracy limit factor must be at
least as high as the setting current required to ensure fast relay operation.

Rated VA burden and the rated accuracy limit factor are not recommended to be greater that 15 VA
and 10 VA respectively for general purposes . It is however possible to combine a higher Accuracy
Limit factor with a lower output and vice versa so that the product does not exceed 150. When the
product exceeds 150 the resulting Current transfomer not only becomes costly and/or over
dimensioned .

The Class P type Current transformer is designated as follows


(Rated VA) (Class) (ALF)

Multiple of rated current (IN) up to which declared accuracy will be maintained with
rated burden connected.

5P or 10P.

Value of burden in VA on which accuracy claims are based.


(Preferred values :- 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 VA)
ZB = rated burden in ohms
= Rated VA
IN2

eg. 5P10 , 15 VA CT implies that the CT will maintain an accuracy of 5 % upto 10 times the rated
current at a rated burden of 15 VA

3.2 Class PS

Class PS type current transformer are generally applied for unit schemes where balancing of outputs
from each end of the protected line is vital.
Class PS is also recommended for Distance protection .Laboratory test and operating experience have
shown that CT related waveform distortion can result in erroneous distance relay performance in the
following three ways :
- cause under reaching
- reduce the speed of operation
- result in loss of directionality
- result in instability of unit protection for external faults
Class PS current transformers are generally specified in terms of
- Rated primary current
- Turns ratio
- Ratio error ( less than +/-0.25 %)
- Knee point voltage (depends on application )
REQUIREMENT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN MICOM
- Magnetising current at specified voltage ( .03 In at VK/2 for high Impedance differential relays)
- Secondary resistance (at 75 degree)

4.0 Choice of Current transformer rating

4.1 Primary

The primary rating of a current transformer should be equal to or greater than the full load current of
the protected circuit.

4.2 Secondary

The total secondary burden not only includes the internal impedance of the secondary
winding , the impedance of the relay but also the secondary lead resistance.It is thus recommended to
have a CT secondary of 5 A when the distance between the CT and the protective device is not more
than 25 m .If the distance exceeds 25 m , use of 1 A CT secondary shall be used to limit the lead losses
.

5.0 CT requirement for MICOM range of relays

Application Rela CT requirement Remarks


y
type
Overcurrent and P12X Class P , ALF (10 or 20 ) shall be as high
Earth Output burden 2.5 VA for 1 A , 7.5 as the highset setting of the
Fault VA for 5 A relay.
Accuracy factor (5 or 10 )
Limiting lead resistance : depends on grading
1.3 Ohms for 1 A , requirement.
0.11 Ohms for 5 A CT requirement based on a
maximum prospective fault
REQUIREMENT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN MICOM
current of 50 times In and the
relay having an instantaneous
setting of 25 times In
High Impedance P12X Vs = [K * (If) * (RCT + 2RL)] K = 1.4 for Differential application
Differential VK = 4 * Vs K = 1 for REF application
(transformer
High Impedance P343 Vs = [1.5 * (If) * (RCT + 2RL)]
differential for VK = 2 * Vs
Generator
Low Impedance P343 Vk 50 In (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of 60 /In for X/R
differential for <120
Generator
Vk 30.In (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of 60 /In for X/R
<40
Vk 25 In (Rct + 2RL + Rr) with a minimum of 60 /In for X/R
<120 for a resistive grounded
system and the maximum
secondary earth fault current is
less than In
Distance protection P442 Vk 0.6 x IF Z1 x (1+ X/R)(RCT+RL) For phase faults

Vk 0.6 x IeFZ1 x For earth faults


(1+ Xe/Re)(RCT+2 RL)

Pilot Wire P521 Vk Ks x In x (RCT+2RL) Assuming Instantaneous operation


Protection For X/R < 40
Ks = 0.023*If*(X/R+55)
+ 0.9 (X/R + 26 )
For X/R 40
Ks = 0.023*If*(X/R+44)
+ 0.9 (X/R + 725 )
REQUIREMENT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN MICOM
Application Relay CT requirement Remarks
type
Transformer P63X Phase - Phase through faults- Greater of the three to be
Differential Vk K x (RCT+RL) considered
where K is
0.14 (If x X/R) for X/R < 500
70 for 500 < X/R < 1200
Phase - Earth through faults-
Vk K x (RCT+2RL)
where K is
0.14 (If x X/R) for X/R < 500
70 for 500 < X/R < 1200
Internal fault-
Vk 0.25*0.14 x (If x X/R) x
(RCT+2RL)

Transformer REF P63X Vk 2*K*If*(RCT+2RL) K=1.1

Busbar Differential P74X Vk 0.5*If*(RCT+2RL) Assuming the characteristic of CT


is such that it will not saturate
within 1.4 msec.

Symbols used

VK = Required CT knee-point voltage (volts),


Vs = Stability voltage for protection (Volts)
If = Maximum through fault current level referred to secondary (amps).
VK = CT knee point voltage (volts),
IS = Current setting of REF element (amps),
RCT = Resistance of current transformer secondary winding (ohms),
RL = Resistance of a single lead from relay to current transformer (ohms).
In = Relay rated current
Rr = Resistance of any other protection devices sharing the current transformer
IF Z1= Max. secondary phase fault current at Zone 1 reach point (A),
X/R = Primary system reactance / resistance ratio,
IeF Z1= Max. secondary earth fault current at Zone 1 reach point (A),
Xe/Re = Primary system reactance / resistance ratio,
REQUIREMENT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS IN MICOM
6.0 Calculation of Fault Current (If)

Note : The fault currents are always refered to secondary

6.1 Busbar protection

The maximum through fault current will be given by the Busfault level itself since close-up faults
can occur just outside the zone of the Busbar protection.

6.2 Motor Differential

Motors being the tail end of the electrical network , the question of through fault stability does not arise
unlike busbars or Transformer. The condition which threatens the stability of the motor differential is
the starting current of the motor.Hence, If shall be taken as 6*In .

6.3 Transformer Restricted Earth Fault protection ( REF )

The worst case through fault current that the scheme will encounter is limited by the transformer
impedance.
For instance if the transformer impedance is 5% , the maximum through fault current shall be
considered as 20 In,i.e,
equal to FLC / % impedance

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