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2210 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 63, NO.

9, SEPTEMBER 2014

Fiber Optic FabryPerot Magnetic Field Sensor


With Temperature Compensation Using
a Fiber Bragg Grating
Yong Zhao, Member, IEEE, Ri-Qing Lv, Dan Wang, and Qi Wang, Member, IEEE

Abstract Based on the characteristic of magnetic-controlled


refractive index, magnetic fluid was used as a sensitive medium
in fiber optic FabryPerot (FP) cavity. Combined with the tem-
perature sensing property of fiber Bragg grating (FBG), a novel
fiber optic FP magnetic field sensor with temperature compen-
sation was proposed. The sensor probe has the advantages of
simple structure, low cost, and high magnetic field measurement
accuracy. Magnetic field and temperature can be simultaneously
measured by the proposed sensor. Sensing mechanism and exper-
imental results indicated that the temperature cross effect on
magnetic field measurement can be effectively compensated using
a FBG. The maximal magnetic field intensity is up to 600 Gs with Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of magnetic field FP sensor.
a sensitivity of 0.04 nm/Gs and measurement resolution is 0.5 Gs.
Index Terms Fiber Bragg grating (FBG), fiber optic effect on MF refractive index cannot be eliminated, which
FabryPerot (FP) sensor, magnetic field measurement, magnetic would influence the measurement accuracy of magnetic field.
fluid (MF), temperature compensation.
In 2012, a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF)
FP magnetic field sensor based on MF was proposed by [6].
The HC-PCF is insensitive to temperature. Therefore, the
I. I NTRODUCTION
temperature cross effect on the sensor can be well eliminated.

F IBER OPTIC FabryPerot (FP) interferometer is a tun-


able optical device based on multiple beams interference
[1], [2]. Compared with MachZehnder interferometer and
However, HC-PCF is expensive, and the splice technique
between PCF and single mode fiber (SMF) has not been
yet mature. Thus, it is essential to propose a low cost,
Michelson interferometer, it has many advantages, such as easy fabrication, and no temperature cross effect fiber optic
compact size, not easily affected by the environment, and magnetic field sensor.
so on. Recently, fiber optic FP interferometer is widely In this paper, a novel fiber optic FP magnetic field sensor
researched and applied in various fields [3], [4]. was proposed based on the tunable refractive index property of
In 2009, a fiber optic FP magnetic sensor based on MF, and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was used to compensate
magnetic fluid (MF) was proposed by [5]. However, there exist the temperature cross-sensitive effect on the sensor. Therefore,
some disadvantages. The refractive index of MF is affected the measurement accuracy of FP magnetic field sensor was
by the magnetic field and the temperature simultaneously, improved. The structure and measuring principle of the sensing
but the change of surrounding temperature has not been system were introduced. Preliminary experiments such as the
considered in the sensing system. Thus, temperature cross relations among MF refractive index, magnetic field, and
temperature were done. The sensing mechanism simulation
Manuscript received October 20, 2013; revised December 20, 2013; was carried out and showed that the sensor was feasible and
accepted December 27, 2013. Date of publication May 14, 2014; date of
current version August 7, 2014. This work was supported in part by the
reasonable.
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61273059 and
61203206, in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities under Grant N130104002 and N130604006, and in part by the
II. D ESIGN AND FABRICATION OF S ENSOR
IAPI Fundamental Research Funds under Grant 2013ZCX09. The Associate The temperature compensated fiber optic FP magnetic field
Editor coordinating the review process was Dr. Salvatore Baglio.
Y. Zhao is with the College of Information Science and Engineering, sensor proposed in this paper was sealed in a glass capillary
Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China, and also with the State using epoxy glue.
Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries, Shenyang Structure of the proposed magnetic field sensor probe was
110819, China (e-mail: zhaoyong@ise.neu.edu.cn).
R.-Q. Lv, D. Wang, and Q. Wang are with the College of Information shown as in Fig. 1. First, an SMF with a 10 mm part
Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China without coating layer was slowly inserted into glass capillary
(e-mail: wangqi@ise.neu.edu.cn). from one end. Second, the MF was filled into the tube by
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. capillary action. Third, another single mode fiber inscribed
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIM.2014.2308360 FBG was inserted into glass capillary from the other end.
0018-9456 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
ZHAO et al.: FIBER OPTIC FP MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR 2211

And the important section was to achieve the cavity length


of 36 m by adjusting the two ends of the fibers. All the
operations were achieved using a 6-D adjustment frame and a
microscope. Finally, the both ends of the glass capillary were
sealed with epoxy glue. In this paper, the proposed fiber optic
FP magnetic field sensor was a reflexive type.
The refractive indexes of MF and fiber core are very close to
each other. According to the Fresnel reflection, the interface
reflectivity R between MF and fiber core can be calculated
and it is low. Therefore, the proposed sensor is a low fineness
FP sensor. And without coating film on the fiber end faces
to improve the interface reflectivity, a low reflectivity FBG
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of sensing system.
was chosen. Low concentration water-based MF was also
chosen. Thus, the sensing system output spectrum consisted
be appended half-wave loss, namely phase shift. Thus, the
of reflective spectrums of FP and FBG can be obtained in
phase difference between two adjacent reflected light can be
a fit range.
presented as follows:
The water-based MF EMG507 (Ferrotec USA Corporation)
was used, and its concentration was 1.8%. The cavity length of 4n L
= + (4)
fiber optic FP sensor was 36 m, the inner diameter of glass
capillary was 125 m, and the Bragg wavelength of FBG was where n is the refractive index of medium in cavity, L is cavity
1550 nm. length. When meets = 2m (m is positive integer), the
intensity of the interference was strongest.
III. P RINCIPLE OF M AGNETIC F IELD M EASUREMENT From (4), there are two ways to tune the interference
spectrum of FP cavity. One way is to change the FP cavity
A. Principle of FBG Temperature Measurement
length [9] and the other is to change the refractive index of
The FBG is one of the fiber optic devices whose refrac- the medium in the cavity. The second way is widely used
tive index of fiber core is periodically modulated [7]. It is to achieve sensors by filling a special sensitive medium into
essentially that a narrow band (transmittance or reflectance) the cavity, such as MF and some semiconductors. The second
filter or a reflective mirror is formed in fiber core. The Bragg way was also adopted in this paper, and MF was filled into
wavelength B is given as follows: the cavity of the extrinsic FP interferometer to work as the
B = 2n eff  (1) sensitive medium. When a varied magnetic field was applied
on the sensor, the refractive index of MF would change
where n eff is effective refractive index of fiber core,  is the consequently. Then, it would induce the shift of the FP output
modulation periodicity of refractive index. spectrum.
The Bragg wavelength shift caused by temperature can be The MF is a kind of novel nanofunctional sensitive mate-
expressed as [8] rials. Magnetic moment of magnetic nanoparticles in MF is
along with the external magnetic field orientation. Magnetic
 B = B (th + ) T = K T T (2) nanoparticles attract each other and form a chain. Thus,
where  B is Bragg wavelength change, th = 0.55 MF can present changeable microstructures which can lead
106 /C is the coefficient of thermal expansion of silica, to different optical properties. In this paper, using the tunable
= 8.0 106 /C is the thermo-optical coefficient, T is the refractive index property of MF in FP cavity, when applied
change of temperature, K T is the total temperature sensitivity magnetic field, the FP interference spectrum shifted. Thus,
of FBG sensor. the magnetic field measurement was realized.
Magnetic field and temperature are the two major factors,
which can effect on MF refractive index. By Langevin function
B. Principle of MF Filled FP Magnetic Field Measurement
[10], [11] which described the relationship among MF refrac-
The schematic diagram of FP magnetic field sensor is tive index, temperature and magnetic field, the change of
shown in Fig. 1. When the reflectivity R of FP cavity two MF refractive index could be presented as follows:
interfaces is low, then the model of multiple beam interference
could be simply replaced by that of the double beam interfer- n = K T T + K H H (5)
ence. The reflection of the FP sensor can be represented as where n is the MF refractive index change with the mag-
follows: netic field and temperature, K T and K H are the sensitivity
 of MF refractive index of temperature and magnetic field,
I r = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos (3)
respectively, and T and H are the change of tempera-
where I r is reflection interference light intensity, I1 and I2 are ture and magnetic field intensity, respectively. The schematic
the first and the second reflection light intensity, respectively. diagram of the sensing system based on the proposed sensor
Considering that when light is incident from optically thinner was shown in Fig. 2. The sensing probe was placed in
medium to optically denser medium, the reflected light will the center axis position of electromagnetic coil. Light from
2212 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 63, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2014

Fig. 5. Relation between magnetic field intensity and temperature.


Fig. 3. Output spectrum of sensing system under different magnetic field
and temperature.

Fig. 6. Relation between MF refractive index and temperature.


Fig. 4. Bragg wavelength shifting with temperature.
results [12]. The character can be shown as the following
amplified spontaneous emission (Golight, OS321886) through matrix [13], [14]:
the circulator was directed to the fiber optic FP sensor. Then,    1  
T K TFP K HFP FP
the reflected light was directed back to the optical spectrum = . (7)
analyzer (OSA, YOKOGAWA, AQ6370). The intensity of the H K T 0  B
magnetic field is adjusted using a programmable power supply
(ITECH, IT6154) to control the current flowing through the
electromagnetic coil. The radius of electromagnetic coil is IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
55 mm, and the number of turns is 750. Output spectrum Because of the magnetic controlling property of MF refrac-
of the fiber optic FP sensor under different temperature and tive index, the refractive index increases with the increasing
magnetic field was shown in Fig. 3. With the magnetic field H of magnetic field intensity H . Thus, the resonance wave-
and temperature T increase, the output spectrum shifted right length of fiber optic FP sensor will shift to the long wave-
and the relation between Bragg wavelength and temperature length direction. However, the increase of magnetic field is
was clearly shown in Fig. 4. The temperature sensitivity is always a function of the temperature introduced by the large
0.02 nm/C. drive currents. In this case, the temperature cross effect on
From (4) and (5), the relation among the shift of FP MF refractive index is also reflected on the output spectrum of
sensor output spectrum, magnetic field and temperature can the sensing system. To eliminate the temperature cross effect
be obtained and simplified as follows: and improve the measurement accuracy of magnetic field,
the relation between the magnetic field and the temperature
FP = K TFP T + K HFP H (6)
should be known. As shown in Fig. 5, the experimental results
where FP is the shift of FP output spectrum, which is indicated that the temperature T of sensing space increases
shifting with H and T . K TFP and K HFP are the sensitivity with the increasing of magnetic field intensity H .
coefficient of T and H of FP sensor, respectively. The relation between MF refractive index and temperature
Based on the above analysis, n is controlled by magnetic can be obtained by the Fresnel reflection experiment. Thus,
field and temperature, forcing to change. Thus, sensing the temperature cross effect on MF refractive index under
system output spectrum shifts. If the shift of the sensor output different magnetic field can be eliminated. As shown in Fig. 6,
spectrum FP and  B are known, H and T can be the experiment results indicated that MF refractive index
easily obtained. Then, the temperature acquired by FBG can decreased with the increase of temperature, and the sensitivity
be employed to compensate the magnetic field measurement was 8 105 /C.
ZHAO et al.: FIBER OPTIC FP MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR 2213

[8] L. X. Chen, X. G. Huang, J. Y. Li, and Z. B. Zhong, Simultaneous


measurement of refractive index and temperature by integrating an
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[9] S. Dong, S. Pu, and J. Huang, Magnetic field sensing based on
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pp. 111907-1111907-5, 2000.
[10] R. E. Rosenweig, Ferrohydrodynamics. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge
Univ. Press, 1985.
[11] J. Yu et al., Tunable refractive index and the applications of magnetic
fluid, J. Guangdong Univ. Technol., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 4650, 2009.
[12] W. Wang, X. Jiang, and Q. Yu, Temperature self-compensation fiber-
optic pressure sensor based on fiber Bragg grating and FabryPerot inter-
ference multiplexing, Opt. Commun., vol. 285, no. 16, pp. 34663470,
2012.
Fig. 7. Relation between magnetic field intensity and resonance peak. [13] L. Li, X. L. Tong, and C. M. Zhou, Integration of miniature FabryPerot
fiber optic sensor with FBG for the measurement of temperature and
strain, Opt. Commun., vol. 284, no. 6, pp. 16121615, 2011.
[14] J. Huang, X. Lan, A. Kaur, H. Wang, L. Yuan, and H. Xiao, Reflection-
After FBG temperature compensation, the relation between based phase-shifted long period fiber grating for simultaneous measure-
the shift of resonant peak and magnetic field can be gotten and ment of temperature and refractive index, Opt. Eng., vol. 52, no. 1,
p. 014404, 2013.
was shown in Fig. 7. It had a good linearity. The resonant peak
of FP sensor shifts only under the applied magnetic field. The
sensitivity of magnetic field measurement was 0.04 nm/Gs.
The wavelength measurement resolution of OSA is 20 pm.
Therefore, the magnetic field measurement resolution could
reach 0.5 Gs. The accuracy of the FP magnetic field sensor
was improved.
Yong Zhao (M12) received the M.A. degree in pre-
cision instrument and the Ph.D. degree in automatic
V. C ONCLUSION measurement with laser and fiber-optic techniques
from the Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
In this paper, based on the MF, a novel fiber optic China, in 1998 and 2001, respectively.
FP magnetic field sensor was proposed. The measurement He was a Post-Doctor with the Department of
of magnetic field was realized. And the measurement results Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Bei-
jing, China, from 2001 to 2003, and where he
of magnetic field were for temperature compensation using was an Associate Professor with the Department
a FBG. Some preliminary experiments were carried out. The of Automation. In 2006, he was a Visiting Scholar
sensor probe has the advantages of simple structure, easy fabri- with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Champaign, IL, USA. He is currently with Northeastern University, Boston,
cation, low cost, and so on. The results indicated that magnetic MA, USA, as a Full Professor. He has authored and co-authored more than 170
field measurement range was 0600 Gs. The sensitivity of scientific papers and conference presentations, eight patents, and five books.
magnetic field measurement could reach 0.04 nm/Gs. And His current research interests include the development of fiber-optic sensors
and device, fiber Bragg grating sensors, novel sensor materials and principles,
the corresponding resolution was 0.5 Gs. As principal results, slow light and sensor technology, and optical measurement technologies.
we had a standard deviation of 0.31 Gs and a temperature Dr. Zhao is a member of the Editorial Boards of the International Journals
measurement sensitivity of 0.02 nm/C. Hysteresis time of of Sensor Letters, Instrumentation Science & Technology, Frontiers in Sensors,
Journal of Sensor Technology, and Advances in Optical Technologies. He was
EMG 507 MF is 30 min. awarded a first prize scholarship in 2000 by the China Instrument and Control
Society and the Sintered Metal Corporation scholarship in Japan. He was the
R EFERENCES recipient of the New Century Excellent Talents in University Award by the
Ministry of Education of China in 2008, the Liaoning Bai-Qian-Wan Talents
[1] D. Bo, H. Ming, S. Liqun, W. Jiajun, W. Yunjing, and W. Anbo, Award by Liaoning Province in 2009, and an Academic Researcher of City
Sulfur hexafluoride-filled extrinsic FabryPerot interferometric fiber University London Award by the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2011.
optic sensors for partial discharge detection in transformers, IEEE
Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 20, no. 18, pp. 15661568, Sep. 15, 2008.
[2] Y. Rao and M. Deng, PCF-based FabryPerot refractive-index sensor,
Proc. SPIE, vol. 6830, p. 68300D, Mar. 2008.
[3] V. Bhatia et al., Optical fiber based absolute extrinsic FabryPerot
interferometric sensing system, Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 7, no. 1,
pp. 5861, 1996.
[4] J. S. Leng and A. Asundi, Non-destructive evaluation of smart materials Ri-Qing Lv was born in Guangdong, China, in
by using extrinsic FabryPerot interferometric and fiber Bragg grating 1985. He received the B.S degree in biomedical
sensors, NDT &E Int., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 273276, Jun. 2002. engineering and the M.S. degree in circuit and
[5] H. Tao, L. Zhiwei, Z. Yong, L. Xing, and C. Jingjing, Novel optical system from the College of Information Science and
fiber magnetic sensor based on magnetic fluid, Opt. Precis. Eng., Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang,
vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 24452449, 2009. China, in 2008 and 2010, respectively, where he
[6] Y. Zhao, R. Lv, Y. Ying, and Q. Wang, Hollow-core photonic crystal is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in detection
fiber FabryPerot sensor for magnetic field measurement based on technology and automatic equipment.
magnetic fluid, Opt. Laser Technol., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 899902, He has authored and co-authored more than 13 sci-
2012. entific papers, patents, and conference presentations.
[7] B. Liu, The Research and Implementation of Fiber Bragg Grating His current research interests include magnetic fluid
Sensing System. Shaanxi, China: Nankai Univ., 2006. and fiber-optic sensors.
2214 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 63, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2014

Dan Wang was born in Liaoning, China, in 1989. Qi Wang (M12) was born in Liaoning, China, in
She received the bachelors degree from the College 1982. He received the Ph.D. degree from the School
of Information Science and Engineering, Northeast- of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian
ern University, Shenyang, China, in 2012, where she University of Technology, Dalian, China, in 2009.
is currently pursuing the masters degree with the He is currently with the College of Information
Research Center of Optical Sensing and Detection Science and Engineering, Northeastern University,
Technology. Boston, MA, USA, as an Associated Professor. He
Her current research interests include the optical has authored and co-authored more than 40 scien-
properties of the magnetic fluid, fiber-optic sensors, tific papers, patents, and conference presentations.
and optoelectronic measurement technology and sys- His current research interests include new photonic
tem. devices, fiber-optic sensors, optoelectronic measure-
ment technology and system, and their industrial applications.

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