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PART 1 - GENERAL
1.01 DESCRIPTION:
1.03 REFERENCES:
1. C76: Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer Pipe.
3. C425: Specification for Compression Joints for Vitrified Clay Pipe and Fittings.
4. C443: Specification for Joints for Circular Concrete Culvert and Sewer Pipe,
Using Rubber Gaskets.
5. C700: Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength, and
Perforated.
6. D3034: Specification for Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and
Fittings.
C. Equivalent British/European codes and standards may be used; however, the equivalency
shall be demonstrated and submitted by the Contractor and approved by the CM/CS.
1.04 SUBMITTALS:
1. Submit shop drawings showing pipe dimensions, reinforcement, joint and other
details for each type and class pipe.
2. If less than 100 units of given size and class, submit three certified copies of pipe
tests on identical pipe units made by same manufacturer within past year.
a. Reinforcing steel mill or sample test reports: for each shipment of steel.
d. Records of average daily temperature and number of day pipe units cured, when
average daily temperature below 60 deg F (15 deg. C).
e. Concrete cylinder compression test results within three days after test.
B. Provide pipe made by manufacturer of established good reputation in the industry and
manufactured in a plant adapted to meet the design requirements of the pipe.
C. Accept on basis of tests of materials, absorption tests, plant load-bearing tests, pressure
tests, and inspection of completed product.
D. Testing Agencies:
1. Materials:
a. Reinforcing Steel: Mill test reports or reports on samples taken from each
shipment to pipe manufacturer.
b. Cement: Mill test reports for each shipment to pipe manufacturer. Cement for
this project kept segregated from other cement.
a. Absorption: Before load test, take three cores from each unit. Test by boiling.
Average absorption: Maximum 6 percent of dry weight, no single test more
than 7 percent.
b. Load-Bearing: Before delivery, conduct one test or one pipe unit of each size
and class, and one additional test for each 200 units of each size and class, after
taking cores for absorption test. Carry test to specified load to produce 0.01-in
(0.25 mm) crack; if no crack produced, pipe may be used. Plug cored holes
with mortar as specified for repairs.
c. Pressure: Before delivery, test six units of each size and class. Join units in
normal manner using joint to be furnished and bulkhead end units
independently. Average internal hydrostatic pressure of 10 psi (70 KPa) for 10
minutes minimum without visible leakage from joints or barrels. Perform test
in presence of CM/CS.
1. At place of manufacture.
3. Reject pipe at any time if it fails to meet specified requirements, even if sample
pipe accepted at plant.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
B. Classes: As indicated.
1. Processes:
a. Centrifugally cast.
b. Roller suspension.
c. Vibro-roller-centrifugation (cen-vi-ro).
f. 54-in. (1350 mm) diameter and larger: May be vertically cast by:
2. Provide with proper concrete ends true to size; form on machined rings to ensure
accurate joint.
7. Curing: Saturated steam at temperature between 100 and 130 deg. F (38 to 54 deg.
C) for minimum 12 hours.
(NTS: Include following paragraph for pipe 84-in. (2100 mm) diameter and smaller.)
9. No lift holes.
10. Repairs:
a. Mortar: Minimum compressive strength 4,000 psi (27.5 MPa) at 7 days, and
5,000 psi (35 MPa) at 28 days, when tested in 3-in. by 6-in. (75-mm by 150-
mm) cylinders or 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm cubes stored in standard
manner.
a. Date of manufacture.
b. Class.
d. Consecutive number.
2. Vitrified-clay bells with premolded gaskets: ASTM C700, extra strength, and
ASTM C425.
2.03 JOINTS:
B. Pipe 36 in. (900 mm) or less in diameter: O-ring: ASTM C361 and as specified.
C. Pipe larger than 36 in. (900 mm) in diameter: O-ring or ribbed-gasket: ASTM C443 and
as specified.
D. Design:
2. Diameter of joint surfaces compressing the gasket: Not off more than 1/16 in. (1.5
mm) from true diameter, or as permitted by above ASTM Standard, whichever is
less.
3.02 HANDLING:
3.03 INSTALLATION:
A. Inspect before installation. Remove and replace defective units. Clear of all debris and
dirt.
B. Bedding:
C. Alignment:
2. Maintain close joints with next adjoining unit. Match inverts. Do not drive down
to grade by striking.
D. Jointing:
2. Inspect proper position of joint gasket with feeler gage furnished by Contractor.
3. Remove and replace unfittable pipe units with suitable units and new gaskets.
E. Backfill:
1. Compact gravel between pipe and sides of trench to hold pipe in correct alignment.
Fill bell holes with screened gravel and compact as indicated.
F. Cleaning:
1. Use watertight plugs in open ends of pipe and branches when installation not in
progress.
4. Clean pipeline and manholes upon completion. Prevent soil, water, and debris
from entering existing sewers.
(NTS: Use the following for most projects. It permits infiltration, exfiltration or air
testing).
3.04 LEAKAGE TESTS:
a. Plug underdrains.
B. Furnish test plugs, water pumps, appurtenances, and labor. Install bulkheads for testing
and weirs for measurement as necessary. Ground water elevation from observation wells
or excavations, or subject to acceptance by CM/CS.
1. If groundwater is more than 1 ft (300 mm) above top of pipe at upper end, conduct
infiltration or low-pressure air tests. If maximum pressure exerted by groundwater
is greater than 4 psig (27.5 KPa), conduct infiltration test.
2. If groundwater is less than 1 ft (300 mm) above top of pipe at upper end, conduct
exfiltration or low-pressure air tests.
1. Equipment:
b. Provide air regulator or safety valve so air pressure does not exceed 8 psig (55
KPa).
2. Procedure:
b. Place pneumatic plugs: (1) Sealing length: Equal or greater than pipe diameter
(2) Capable of resisting internal test pressure without external bracing or
blocking.
c. Introduce low-pressure air into sealed line and achieve internal air pressure 4
psig (27.5 KPa) greater than maximum pressure exerted by groundwater above
pipe invert.
a. Allow a minimum time for pressure to drop from 3.5 to 2.5 psig (24 to 17 KPa).
greater than maximum pressure exerted by ground water above pipe invert.
4 (100) 2.0
6 (150) 3.0
8 (200) 4.0
10 (250) 5.0
b. Minimum allowable time for sewers with more than one size of pipe: Based on
largest diameter reduced by 0.5 min.
E. Infiltration Test:
F. Exfiltration Test:
1. Subject sewers to internal pressure by: (1) Plugging the pipe at lower end. (2)
Filling pipelines and manholes with clean water to height of 2 ft (600 mm) above
top of sewer at upper end.
2. Use suitable ties, braces, and wedges to secure stoppers against leakage from test
pressure, where conditions between manholes may result in test pressure causing
leakage.
(NTS: Use following subsection for projects where air testing is not allowed.)
3.05 LEAKAGE TESTS:
B. Furnish test plugs, water, pumps, appurtenances, and labor. Install bulkheads for testing
and weirs for measurements as necessary. Ground water elevation from observation
wells or excavation subject to acceptance by CM/CS.
D. Infiltration Test:
1. Conduct where ground water level is more than 1 ft (300 mm) above top, at its
upper end.
b. Locate and repair leaks and retest as required, without additional compensation.
E. Exfiltration Test:
1. Subject sewers to internal pressure by: (1) Plugging the pipe at lower end. (2)
Filling pipeline and manholes with clean water to height of 2 ft (600 mm) above
top of sewer at upper end.
2. Use ties, braces, and wedges to secure stoppers against leakage from test pressure,
where conditions between manholes may result in test pressure causing leakage.
6. Locate and repair leaks, and retest as required, without additional compensation.
END OF SECTION