2013

Hydraulicservices
designforhealthcare
installations
DRAFTEDITIONVERSION001

D.W.CREASEY

Writtenby
D.W.Creasey
2013
Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

TheauthorDavidWilliamCreaseywasbornin1936intheRoyalBoroughofKensingtonLondonEngland.

In1948DavidtooktheexaminationforentrytoatechnicalcollegeandjoinedWandsworthTechnicalCollegeas
afulltimestudentofconstructionindustrytrades,oneofwhichbeingselectedafterthefirstyearofgeneral
study.

In1951aftercompletingtheTechnicalCollegeCourseforPlumbingDavidjoinedthefirmofDent&Hellyerasan
apprentice.

The,UKapprenticeshipsystemwasTradeUnioncontrolledandafourdayworkweekwasinplace,withoneday
atTechnicalCollageplusthreeevenings6pmto9pmnightschoolwasanintegralpartofthesystemfor5years.

HavingcompletedaFulltimeTechnicalCollegecourseDavidenteredyeartwooftheapprenticeshiptraining.In
year4DavidacquiredaFirstClasspassCityandGuildsIntermediateforPlumberswork.Inyear5theFinalCity
andGuildsFirstClasspass,alsotheCityandGuildsSanitaryandDomesticEngineersFinalFirstClassan
examinationintheoryonlyandsubjectwhichembracedBuildingConstructionCivilWorksandArchitecture.

Atthispointin1955theapprenticeshiphadnotexpired,theCEOofDent&HellyerenrolledDavidintothethen
newOrdinaryNationalCertificateCourseforBuildingatBrixstonSchoolofBuilding.

In1957at21DavidwasrequiredtoundertaketwoyearsNationalServiceintheRAFandenjoyedthetimeasa
radaroperator,completechangeoftrainingwhichprovidedausefulandinterestinginsightintotheworldof
electronicsandelectromagneticforces.

Inlate1959DavidappliedtoDRudd&Partners(whowereprobablythefirstallbuildingservicesConsulting
Engineers)forapositionwiththepracticeintheirSydneyoffice.Ittooktwoyearstocompletethemoveandin
thatperiodDavidmarriedandalsocompletedtheHigherNationalCertificateforPublicHealthEngineeringat
WillesdenTechnicalCollegepriortoleavingLondonandjoiningtheSydneyofficeinDecember1961.

MuchoftheRuddtimeinLondonwasspentdesigningtheplumbingservicesfortheHongKongMandarinHotel
forRogerPreston,theNewHouseofParliamentinLagosNigeria,alsoMonaValeandPortKemblaHospitals,the
ReserveBankBuildingandalsotheStateOfficeBlock(thentobethetallestbuildinginAustraliaatthetime).

ArrivinginSydneyin1961tocompletetheStateofficeblockdesignandsitesupervisetheReserveBankBuilding
plumbingconstructionforD.RuddandPartnersConsultingEngineerswhereheeventuallybecameanassociate
director.

CreaseyandAssociateswasformedin1975anditbecameCreaseyMurrayandPartnersin1980.Thecompany
survivedfor19yearsuntilthetraderecessionaggravatedbypropertydevelopmentventureswithhighdebt
gearingandhighinterestrates.

DavidjoinedtheLHOGroupfor8years,andthenSKMforafurther8years,semiretirementin2011,and
currentlyenjoyingbeingbackinasmallerconsultingpracticeofASquaredPtyLtd.

Withacareerspanning6decades,thelistofprojects(whichincludesthehydraulicscomponentofthefirst
editionofTS11)islong.Themostformidablechallengewaswithoutdoubtthefasttrack,methodbuilt
WestmeadTeachingHospitalthatwascompletedin3yearsonbudgetandontime.Themostinterestingand
differentwasthe1988SydneyAquarium.

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INDEXOFCHAPTERSANDSUBJECTMATTER
ABOUTTHEAUTHOR 3
INDEXOFCHAPTERSANDSUBJECTMATTER 4

CHAPTER1 13

1.1 APHILOSOPHICALOVERVIEW 13
1.2 THEFUTURE 14
1.3 OTHERDISCIPLINES 14
1.4 DISCLAIMER 15
1.5 PROBITY 15
1.6 CRITERIAANDAUTHORITIES 15

CHAPTER2THEHOSPITAL 17

2.1 HOSPITALCLASSIFICATIONBANDS 17
2.2 TYPESOFHOSPITAL 18
2.3 HOSPITALDEPARTMENTS 18
2.4 HEALTHCAREACRONYMS 20
2.5 HOSPITALARCHITECTURE 22
2.6 AUSTRALIANSTANDARD1668PART2FLOORAREASPERPERSONM/PERSON 23
2.7 FUNCTIONOFADISASTERHOSPITAL 25
2.8 VIRALHEMORRHAGINGFEVERS(V.H.F) 27
2.9 THEISOLATIONSUITE 27

CHAPTER3SCOPE 29

3.1 HYDRAULICSERVICESSCOPE 29
3.2 SCOPECREEP 29
3.2 SCOPECREEPCOMMENT 31
3.4 THEWASHINGHABIT 31

CHAPTER4SANITARYDRAINAGE 32

4.1 NATIONALPLUMBINGANDDRAINAGECODEAS/NZS3500 32
4.2 DEFINITIONOFDRAINAGEANDSEWERS 33
4.3 SURVEYANDDATUMS 33
4.4 SYDNEYDATUMHISTORY 33
4.5 FUNCTIONOFSANITARYDRAINAGE 34
4.6 DRYDRAINPHENOMENA 35
4.7 HYDROSTATICS 35
4.8 PLUMBINGANDDRAINAGEABRIEFHISTORY 35
4.9 ACCESSTODRAINAGE 36
4.10 DRAINAGESURCHARGE 37
4.11 STACKSURCHARGE 37
4.12 COOLINGTOWERDRAINAGESURCHARGE 38
4.13 U.KPRACTICE 40

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4.14 EUROPEANPIPESIZES 41
4.15 SCHEDULEOFEUROPEANDRAINAGESIZES 41
4.16 DEPTHOFFLOW 42
4.17 GREASETRAPS 42
4.18 DRAINAGEMATERIALS 43
4.19 PUMPINGDRAINAGE 44
4.20 PUMPINGSTORMWATERISNOTRECOMMENDED 45
4.21 FLOODPREVENTIONCONTROLINTERLOCK 46
4.22 DECOMPRESSIONCHAMBER 46
4.23 PUMPWELLVOLUMEANDPUMPDUTY 47
4.24 SEPTICSEWERAGE 49
4.25 WELLCAPACITY 51
4.26 PRIORITY 52
4.27 PUMPCONTROL 52
4.28 WASTEWATERPUMPINGPLANT 53
4.29 PUMPELECTRICALCONNECTION 53
4.30 SEWERAGEPUMPS 53
4.31 POSITIVEDISPLACEMENTPUMPS 54
4.32 SUBMERSIBLEPUMPS 54
4.33 IMPELLORPULSE 55
4.34 SUBMERSIBLEPUMPMOUNTING. 55
4.35 SUBMERSIBLEMOVINGCAVITYPUMP 56
4.36 SEWERAGEEJECTOR 56
4.37 DOUBLEDIAPHRAGMPUMPS 56
4.38 MECHANICALLYDRIVENDIAPHRAGMPUMPS 57
4.39 ISOLATIONVALVES 57
4.40 VALVETYPES 57
4.41 RISINGMAINS 57
4.42 DEDICATEDRISINGMAINS 57
4.43 MATERIALS 57
4.44 CLEANWATERPURGE 58
4.45 LINKSEAL 58

CHAPTER5PLUMBING 62

5.1 ACONTAINEDORCLOSEDSYSTEM? 62
5.2 BACKBONEDRAINAGESYSTEM 62
5.3 THEGLASSFLOORORINSTRATA? 62
5.4 METHODBUILDING 63
5.5 COVERAGE 64
5.6 LINEACCESS 65
5.7 PLUMBINGSYSTEMS 65
5.8 CENTURY2000 65
5.9 THEONEPIPESYSTEM 66
5.10 THESOVENTSYSTEM 66
5.11 AIRADMITTANCEVALVES 66
5.12 VENTING 66
5.13 PVC 67
5.14 RUBBERLIPS 67

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5.15 COOLINGTOWERSURCHARGE 67
5.16 DRAINWAVE 67
5.17 THECONNECTINGCOLLAR 68

CHAPTER6FIXTURESANDFITTINGS 69

6.1 SELECTIONOFFIXTURES 69
6.2 MEDICALBASINS 69
6.3 ASHB2602003 69
6.4 PATIENTSBASIN 70
6.5 STAFFBASIN 70
6.6 VISITORSBASIN 70
6.7 THEFIXTURESERVICEINTERFACE 71
6.8 W.C 72
6.9 BARIATRICWC 73
610 THEFOLDAWAYWC 73
6.11 WESTERNHYGIENE 73
6.12 WCVENTILATION 73
6.13 FLUSHINGSINK 74
6.14 BEDPANWASHERS 74
6.15 URINESAMPLEWC 75
6.16 FIXTUREFLUSHING 75
6.17 FLUSHINGCHOICE 80
6.18 FLUSHINGVALVES 83
6.19 FLUSHINGCISTERNS 83
6.20 SIPHONEDFLUSHING 85
6.21 URINALFLUSHING 86
6.22 ENDOSCOPEFLUSHING 86
6.23 NEPTUNE 86
6.24 POSTMORTEM 86
6.25 MORTUARYFLOORDRAINS 87
6.26 URINALS 87
6.27 BIDETSORLITTLEHORSE 87
6.28 SHOWERS 88
6.29 BATHS 88
6.30 BIRTHINGBATHS 88
6.31 ARJOBATHS 89
6.32 BABYBATHS 89
6.33 TAPS 89
6.34 CAGEWASHING 89
6.35 SENSORTAPS 90
6.36 KITCHENSINKSANDWASTEDISPOSAL 90
6.37 SAFETYSHOWERS 90

CHAPTER7TRADEWASTE 104

7.1 WHATISTRADEWASTE? 105

7.2 PHYSICALCONTAINMENTLABORATORIESPC123 106

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7.3 RADIONUCLIDESINMEDICINE 106

7.4 ISOTOPEUSEANDHALFLIFE 108
7.5 LARGELABORATORYBUILDINGS 110
7.6 AVERAGINGPITSFORLABSWHERETHEDISCHARGEISNOTKNOWN,ORWILLVARY. 110
7.7 WESTMEADTEACHINGHOSPITAL1973 110
7.8 ANIMALHOUSES 111
7.9 KITCHENWASTE 113
7.10 GREASETRAPS 113
7.11 LAUNDRIES 116
7.12 CAPTURINGWASTEWATERHEAT 117
7.13 BOILERBLOWDOWN 118

CHAPTER8RAINWATERCOLLECTIONANDHARVESTING 121

8.1 ANOVERVIEWOFHARVESTING 121

8.2 RAINWATERDOWNPIPESEN120563 121
8.3 VERTICALFACERAINWATERRUNOFF 122
8.4 RAINWATERHARVESTING 123
8.5 WHEREISHARVESTEDWATERUSED 123
8.6 COSTOFHARVESTING 124
8.7 HARVESTEDRAINWATERSTORAGE 124
8.8 WATERSTORAGEATROOFLEVEL 124
8.9 WATERSTORAGEATLOWLEVEL 125
8.10 TANKCLEANING 125
8.11 DEBRISTOBEREMOVED 125
8.12 HARVESTEDRAINWATERTANKMAKEUP 125
8.13 SIZINGTHERAINHARVESTINGTANK 126
813.1 AUTHORSNOTE 127
8.13.2 GREENSTAR 127
8.13.3 SUTHERLANDSHIRECOUNCIL 128
8.14 APLAUSIBLEOPTION. 128
8.15 THETEXASMANUALONRAINWATERHARVESTING 128
8.16 SAMPLETEXASWATERBALANCECALCULATIONMETHOD 129
8.17 MEDIAN 132
8.18 TEXASSYSTEMAUDIT 132
8.19 FLUSHINGLOADESTIMATION 133
8.20 RETROFITFLUSHINGWITHHARVESTEDCONDENSATEWATER 133
8.21 ONSITEDETENTIONOSD 134
8.22 FLAMETRAPSFORHELICOPTERLANDINGPADS 134
8.23 SIPHONSYSTEMS 135
8.24 VSDPUMPINGSTORMWATER 135
8.25 PUMPINGBASEMENTSANDDRIVES 135

CHAPTER9HOTWARMANDCOLDWATERSERVICES 138

9.1 THENATUREOFWATER 138

9.2 HOSPITALWATERSUPPLY 138
9.3 WATERUSE 139

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9.4 WATERCONSUMPTION 139

9.5 SCHEDULEOFWATERCONSUMED.LARGEANDMEDIUMHOSPITALSSOUTHWESTSYDNEY 140
9.6 SCHEDULEOFWATERANDGASCONSUMEDPEROCCUPIEDBED/DAYANDFLOORAREAUSED 141
9.7 NAPOOS(NONADMITTEDOCCASIONSOFSERVICE) 142
9.8 COMMUNITYHEALTHCENTRES 142
9.9 COMMUNITYHEALTH(81) 142
9.10 DENTALHEALTHCENTRES(16) 142
9.11 DRUGHEALTHSERVICE(20) 143
9.12 MENTALHEALTH(30) 143
9.13 INSTITUTEOFFORENSICMEDICINE(1) 143
9.14 WATERCONSUMPTIONRECORDSFOROTHERTHANHEALTHCARE 143
9.15 SAMPLEBUILDINGSMEASURED 143
9.16 WATERCONSUMPTIONINHOSPITALLAUNDRIES 144
9.17 WATERSTORAGE 144
9.18 STORAGETANKCONSTRUCTION 144
9.19 STORAGETANKDESIGN 145
9.20 HIGHPRESSUREPUBLICUTILITYMAINS 150
9.21 COLDWATERRISINGMAINS 151
9.22 RETICULATIONDESIGN 152
9.23 LEGIONELLAPNEUMOPHILA 153
9.24 AUSTRALIANBUILDINGCODESBOARD(BCA)FACILITIESINBUILDINGSCHEDULES 153
9.25 INRESPECTTOWATERVELOCITY 156
9.26 CHECKTHELOGIC 156
9.27 PUMPINGONTHEFLOW 157
9.28 QUOTINGFROMTHEAIRAHHANDBOOK 158
9.29 THETHERMOSIPHON 158
9.30 TABLE:GRAVITYPRESSUREPERMETREAT(T)SHOWN 159
9.31 PRESSUREANDFLOW 162
9.32 WHYDOWENEEDTOPRESSUREREDUCE? 163
9.33 BALANCINGDOMESTICHOTWATERSYSTEMS 163
9.33.1 ASANEXAMPLE 164
9.33.2 THERMALLOSS 164
9.33.3 EXPANSIONCONTRACTIONANDCOLDSTRESSING 165
9.34 TRAPSFORYOUNGPLAYERS 166
9.35 THERMOSTATICMIXINGVALVES 168
9.36 CENTRALCOASTEXPRESSADVOCATE2522000 170
9.37 CENTRALWARMWATERSYSTEMS 171
9.38 ACONVERSIONTOWARMWATER 172
9.39 THERMISTORSANDMOTORDRIVETMV 172
9.40 MATERIALSFORHOTANDCOLDSERVICES 173
9.41 PVCAS1477ANDABS 173
9.42 POLYMERPIPES:POLYPROPYLENEPOLYETHYLENEANDPOLYBUTYLENE 173
9.43 STAINLESSSTEELGRADE316&SAF2304TOAS1432TYPEBDIMENSIONS 173
9.44 CASTIRONANDDUCTILEIRON 174
9.45 ASBESTOSCEMENT 174
9.46 GALVANISEDMILDSTEEL 174
9.47 GLASSLINEDSTEEL 174
9.48 LEAD 174
9.49 COPPERTUBEAS1432TYPEB 175

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9.50 COPPERCORROSIONANDPOLYMERREACTION 175

9.51 AIRAHAUSTRALIANVELOCITYLIMITS 179
9.52 WATERQUALITY 180
9.53 THEMUNICHEXPERIENCE 180
9.54 AUSTRALIANINSTITUTIONOFHOSPITALENGINEERS 181
9.55 SUMMARYOFSURVEYRESULTS 182
9.56 COPPERCONNECTION 183
9.57 THESOUTHEASTWATEREXPERIENCE(MELBOURNE) 183
9.58 THEUKEXPERIENCE 183
9.59 FROMTHEUSA.AREPORTTHATCONFIRMSEXPERTINVESTIGATION 184
9.60 USASTORYSOURCE: 186
9.61 THECANADIANEXPERIENCE 186
9.62 EXCESSIVEVELOCITY 186
9.63 EXCESSIVETEMPERATURE 186
9.64 EROSIONCORROSIONBYCAVITATION 187
9.65 WATERSERVICESRETICULATION 187
9.66 HOTANDCOLDWATERRETICULATION 187
9.67 THEPREDOMINANTLYHORIZONTALSYSTEM 187
9.68 DEPARTMENTALSHUTDOWN 187
9.69 PREDOMINANTLYVERTICALRETICULATION 188
9.70 MIXEDVERTICAL/HORIZONTALSYSTEMS 189
9.71 UPFEEDORDOWNFEED 189
9.72 THESHIPPINGSYSTEM(ATRUEHWRINGMAIN) 189
9.73 SEPARATINGWATERSYSTEMS 192
9.74 SAMPLESEPARATEDSYSTEMS 192
9.75 GRADEOFWATERCONNECTION 193
9.76 WATERMETERSANDAPPURTENANCES 193
9.77 WATERMETERS 193
9.78 BACKFLOWPROTECTION 194
9.79 PUMPS 194
9.80 VSDPUMPINGSYSTEMS 194
9.81 PUMPTYPES 195
9.82 PUMPDUTIES 196
9.83 PUMPMATERIALS 196
9.84 PUMPSEALS 196
9.85 STRAINERS 200
9.86 ULTRAVIOLETIRRADIATION 201
9.87 WATERSTORAGETANKLOCATION 202
9.88 COMPARTMENTS 203
9.89 PIPEWORKTOTANKS 203
9.90 CONTROLFLOATS 203
9.91 HOSPITALHOTWATERSTORAGEGENERALLY 204
9.92 STORINGHEATORWATER?THATISTHEQUESTION 205
9.93 DESIGNDAYCOMFORTHEATINGLOAD 207
9.94 THEDOMESTICHOTWATERLOADPROFILE 207
9.95 PRACTICALCONSIDERATIONSREGARDINGWATERSTORAGEUNITS 208
9.96 PRESSUREDIFFERENTIALBETWEENHOTANDCOLDSYSTEMS 208
9.97 INSULATEDDOMESTICHOTWATERSTORAGETANKS 208
9.98 INSULATEDCYLINDERSTORAGEPRESSUREVESSELS 209

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9.99 THERMALSTORAGEHEATEXCHANGERS 210

9.100 THEBOILERLANDSYSTEM 211
9.101 THERMALMASSSTORAGEHEATTRANSFER 215
9.102 ARTICULATEDSURFACECONTRAFLOWPLATEHEATEXCHANGERS 216
9.103 LOCALTOLOADORCENTRALHEATSOURCE 222
9.104 THEROTEXA1BOILER 223
9.105 THEKEMCOBOILER 223
9.106 CENTRALENERGY 223
9.107 TRIPLEXBOILERS 224
9.108 CONTROLOFMULTIPLEHEATINGUNITS 224
9.109 BOILERCONTROL 225
9.110 LARGEDIRECTHEATINGPOTABLEWATERBOILERS 226
9.111 THEHEATPUMP 227
9.112 HYDRONICORSHAREDDOMESTICHOTWATERANDCOMFORTHEATINGSYSTEMS 231
9.113 THEHYDRONICCONCEPT 231
9.114 INAUSTRALIATHEFOLLOWINGPROJECTSHAVEUSEDTHISSYSTEM 232
9.115 HISTORICIMPLICATIONS 232
9.116 ADVANTAGESANDLIMITATIONS 232
9.117 CONTROLANDRUNNINGECONOMY 232
9.118 ELANDK 233
9.119 PIPESIZINGTABLESANDDATA(COMMENTFROMROGERGIBSON) 234

CHAPTER10.THENOTIONALHOSPITAL 238

10.1 CONCEPTOFTHENOTIONALHOSPITAL 239

10.2 THENOTIONALHOSPITALSITESERVICES 240
10.3 NOTIONALHOSPITALDESIGNDEVELOPMENTOVERVIEW 241
10.4 KEYENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABLEPLANT 241
10.5 DESCRIPTIONOFKEYENERGYPLANT 242
10.6 DOMESTICHOTANDCOLDWATERSERVICECONCEPTS 242
10.7 PLUMBINGANDDRAINAGESYSTEMS 244
10.8 ASSUMEDFIXTUREUSECHARACTERISTICSINHEALTHCAREINSTALLATIONS 245
10.9 NOTIONALHOSPITALSANITARYFIXTURESCHEDULE 245
10.10 NOTIONALHOSPITALSWATERCONSUMPTION 247
10.11 SIZINGOFWATERSERVICESPIPERETICULATIONS 247
10.12 SIMULTANEOUSDEMAND,ABRIEFHISTORY 248
10.13 COMPARISONS 250
10.14 CONCLUSION 257
10.15 SYSTEMPRESSURELOSSES 257
10.16 SUBCIRCUITS 259
10.17 REVIEWDISCUSSION 260
10.18 NOTIONALHOSPITALSTAFFSHIFTCHANGES 269
10.19 WCPROVISIONSBASEDONBCAFACILITIES 270
10.20 TABLEOFTHEFLUSHINGFIXTURESINTHENOTIONALHOSPITAL 270
10.21 NOTIONALHOSPITALFLUSHVALVESYSTEMSIZING 271
10.22 NOTIONALHARVESTEDRAINWATERSYSTEM 273
10.23 NOTIONALHOSPITALMATERIALSELECTION 274
10.24 NOTIONALHOSPITALSOLARSYSTEM 274
10.25 SOLARARRAY 275

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10.26 NOTIONALHOSPITALSPLUMBINGANDDRAINAGE 276

10.27 WASTEWATERTREATMENT 276
10.28 IDENTIFICATIONOFPIPES 283
10.29 ANEWAPPROACHTOPIPEIDENTIFICATION 284
10.30 THENOTIONALHOSPITALCOLOURCODE 284

CHAPTER11HYDROTHERAPYPOOLS 287

11.1 DESIGNSCOPE 287

112 OVERVIEWOFWETDECKPOOLS 295
11.3 STRUCTURE 296
11.4 MECHANICALSERVICESENGINEER 296
11.5 WATERTREATMENT 297
11.6 FILTRATION 297
11.7 CARTRIDGEORPADFILTRATION 297
11.8 SANDFILTRATION 298
11.9 POOLCIRCULATION 298
11.10 THERAPYPOOLWATERSTERILISATIONCHLORINE 299
11.11 TRCHLOROISOCYANURICACID 299
11.12 BROMINE&BROMOCHLORODIMETHYLHDANTOIN 299
11.13 BALANCEPHCONTROL 299
11.14 INSTANTKILL 300
11.15 WATERHEATING 300
11.16 HEATINPUT 302
11.17 TYPICALTHERAPYPOOLSPECIFICATION 302

CHAPTER12ENERGYANDCONSERVATION 315

12.1 ENERGYFROMTHEHYDRAULICSPERSPECTIVE 315

12.2 THECASEFORSMALLBOREPIPES 316
12.3 AS/NZS64002400STARRATINGS 319
12.4 AS3500.1.2 320
125 HEALTHCARESAMPLE 321
12.6 THEJEMFLOWTESTRIG 322
12.7 POINTTOPOINT7.5MMHOTANDWARMWATERRETICULATION 323
12.8 TESTINGCOMPARATIVEPERFORMANCEOFSMALLBORETOCONVENTIONALPIPING 323
12.9 TESTCONCLUSION 325

13SOLAR 327

13.1 SOLARINHEALTHCARECOSTINTHEUSA 329

13.2 ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY 330

CHAPTER14ULTRAPUREWATER 343

14.1 ULTRAPUREWATER: 343

14.2 RAWWATERQUALITY:TABLEOFMAXIMUMACCEPTABLETRACEELEMENTS 343

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14.3 ABRIEFHISTORY 344

14.4 THEKIDNEY 344
14.5 BASICSOFTHEURINARYSYSTEM. 344
14.6 DIALYSIS 345
14.7 HAEMODIALYSISMACHINE 346
14.8 ANOUTPATIENTSDIALYSISCLINIC 346
14.9 THEROPLANT 347
14.10 ROPLANTANDPROCESSMETHODOLOGY: 347
14.11 SYSTEMPRESSURE 347
14.12 BUFFERTANK 348
14.13 FILTERS 348
14.14 MULTIMEDIAFILTER(S) 348
14.15 ACTIVATEDCARBONCOLUMN 348
14.16 PLCAUTOMATEDR.OMACHINECONTROL 348
14.17 UVIRRADIATION 349
14.18 HEATDISINFECTION 349
14.19 UPGRADINGEXISTINGROPLANT 350
14.20 DISTRIBUTIONNETWORK 350
14.21 ULTRAPUREWATERDELIVERYANDDIALYSISWASTEREMOVAL 350
14.22 CLEANSTEAMANDTHEDISINFECTINGANDSTERILIZINGOFSURGICALINSTRUMENTS. 350
14.23 PYROGEN 351

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CHAPTER1

1.1 APHILOSOPHICALOVERVIEW

Thefollowingdesignnoteshavebeengatheredfrom60yearsofexperienceandareassembledtoraiseinterest
inafewnewideasandquestionsomeexistingdesigndogmaandalsoassisttheHydraulicServicesDesignerasa
guidetothetaskofresolvingthespecialiseddesignrequirementsofhydraulicservicesforhealthcarebuildings.

Ithasbeenassumedbythewriterthatthereaderhasagoodunderstandingofhydraulicservicesascurrently
practicedinAustralia;thefollowingchaptersdoregrettablyreflectabiastoNewSouthWalesPracticeand
healthstandardssuchasTS11andforthatIapologise,thereisreferencetooverseaspracticewherethismaybe
ofinterestandofinnovativeideas,wherethesemightstimulateinteresttopursue,orreject.

Eachchapterofthefollowing(OtherthantheNotionalHospital)broadlydealswithapartoftherangeof
hydraulicservicesrequirementsforhealthcareinstallationsthatadesignermaymeet,someissuesareraisedto
questionthestatusquoandpromoteanewapproach,andmovebeyondthescopeofAS/NZS3500.(Andthe150
PageNationalConstructionCodeSeriesVolumeThreePlumbingCodeAustralia2011)Whichare,afterallissaid
anddone,aretheveryminimumstandardthatadesignermayprovide?

Dataonhealthcarefromthreecontinentssuggeststhatthehospitalisadangerzoneforacquiredinfection,
amongotherissuesthatarerelatedtotheservicewedesign.Theavailabilityofhandrinsebasinsforbothstaff
andpatientsmayreducetheprobabilityofbacteriatransferbycontact.

TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)estimatesthatindevelopedcountriesasmanyas

1in10patientsareharmedwhilereceivingcareinwellfundedandtechnologicallyadvancedhospitalsettings.1

IntheU.S.A2millionpatientswillbeharmedand120,000peoplewilldiethisyearbecauseofpreventable
adverseeventsinhospitals.IntheUK,theNationalHealthServiceestimates850,000willbeharmed.2

The1995QualityinAustralianHealthCareStudy(QAHCS)foundanadverseeventrateof16.6%amonghospital
patients.3

1
World Health Organization
2
Building a Safer NHS for Patients, Report of the UK Department of Health, April 2001
3
Quality of Australian Health Care Study 1995 4 US National Safety Council, 1996

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1.2 THEFUTURE

The21stcentury,almostcertainlywillseeastoundingtechnologicalbreakthroughsinrobotics,biotechnology,
nanotechnologycomputerscience,materialsdevelopmentandthegenerationanduseofenergy.

Thelate20thcenturyeconomiccrisisthatstillreverberatesinoursocietymightbeconsideredasamanifestation
ofthefocusonmarketsdrivenbyaProfitFirstmotivatedsociety,asocietythathasembracedbuiltin
obsolescenceandminimisedtheacceptablelifeexpectancyofplantandproductsthatshouldandcouldlastthe
lifeofthebuilding.

Inrecenthistorytheconstructionindustryhasundertakenlargehealthcareprojectsinconcertwith
governmentsasP.P.Pcontracts,thePrivatePublicPartnershipinvolvesatenderedconceptualschemedesignby
consultantsfollowedbyaconstructionphaseforthebuildingwhichisfinancedandthenownedbythePrivate
Consortiumwholeasethebuildingtothepublichealthsystemfor25yearsandthenprivateownershipis
relinquished.Intheleaseperiodallrunningcostsandmaintenanceisprovidedwithintherentalcost

Therearethreeaspectsofthisarrangementwhichareofinterest,thefirstbeingthatthesystemisexpedient;it
getsthingsmovingquickly,thesecondisthatgovernmentsdonothavetofindtheinvestmentdollarstosatisfya
pressingneedforhealthfacilities.

Thethirdandmostinterestingtothedesigner,istherenewedappreciationthatengineeringdesigntobecost
effective,mustalsobedurable,andhavea25year,orgreaterlifeexpectancy.

Theimpactofthe25yearmaintenancecostcommitmentoftheinitialPPPprojectshasafteraveryshorttime
frameemergedandhasunderlinedtherealAftercostofcheapdesignandproducts.

Itistimethatdesignleanstowardsincorporatinginnovationandthecorevaluesof:

Thedurabilityoftradeskills.
Designclevernessbasedonhigheducationstandards.
Incorporatingindesignasstandardpractice,monitoredconsumptiondatafromexistingprojects.
Questioningestablisheddogmaandindustrystandardsthatwereframedtoagedcriteria.
Losingthefearofinnovationindesign.
Adoptingdesigncriteriaofnewmaterialsthatmaydifferfromfamiliarpractice.
Learningfrommistakes.

1.3 OTHERDISCIPLINES

Otherservicedisciplinesaredrawntothereadersattentioninthisdiscoursebecauseitisconsideredthatatthis
pointintimetheinterfacewithotherservicesandcomputertechnologywill(Has?)changethemannerinwhich
mostcomplexbuildinginstallationsdesignsareresolved.

CurrentlyinAustraliaHydraulicServicesareanindependentfreestandingserviceindustry;thisisnotthecasein
theUKwheretheBuildingServicesEngineerhasbeenevolvedastheCharteredoffspringoftheHeatingand
Ventilatingindustry.

InAustraliaHydraulicsConsultinghasfor50yearsdrawnitspersonnelpredominantlyfromtheplumbingtrade
andtherearereasonablyclearlydefinedboundariestotheHydraulicdesignersscopeandtechnicalexpertise;
theboundariesbecomealittleblurredwithCivilEngineeringandMechanicalservicesandArchitectureatsome
interfaces.

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Ahydraulicservice,orPlumbingDesigner:needstounderstandagrabbag
ofHydraulicsHydrostaticsDraftingComputerScienceThermaldynamicsGeologyCivilEngineeringMaterial
ScienceLandscapingChemistryPublicHealthLawandOccupationalHealthandSafetyissuesTaxationPublic
RelationsandnotleastManagement,thereareprobablyafewmorethatIhaveforgotten.

TheevolutionofHydraulicservicesdesignhasemergedfromtheTradesmansmuchrespectedskill.Manyof
todaysHydraulicConsultantshavebeenharvestedfromaPlumbingTradebackground;thisbestowsan
inherentandpragmaticunderstandingoftheconstructionindustry.Theincreasedamountoftechnical
knowledgenowrequiredbythehydraulicservicesdesignertodealwith,suchtechnologyasthreedimensional
draftingrendersitimprobablethatthissituationofrecruitmentfromtradeoriginswillsurvive.Becauseother
servicedesigndisciplinesaremoreadvancedincoordinationanddesignpresentationtechnologyitbecomes
moreimportantthatthehydraulicservicesdesignerbecomesintimatewithallaspectsofthebuildingandthe
othersystemsthatserveit.

Designinnovationandconsideringthebroaderaspectsofenergyutilisationbetweenservicesshouldbemore
thanavaluemanagementseminartosavedollars.

RegrettablyintheconsultingindustrytherealityisthatitisaChallengetobeaninnovator,aminefieldof
potentiallitigationandmaybeanunwelcomeintrusionintotheestablishedcommercialinterestsofthemarket
place.

1.4 DISCLAIMER

Theviewsexpressedinthesechaptersarethoseofthewriter,orthecontributors,theyareofferedwithout
prejudice,inthefinalanalysistheindividualhydraulicservicesdesignerissolelyresponsibleforthedesign
undertakenanditsperformance.

Recommendationsrelatingtodesignorspecificationasmaybenotedinthefollowingarebasedonthewriters
experienceinapplicationsorsituationsthatmaydifferfromthosebeingconsideredbythereader,no
responsibilityistakenbytheauthororimpliedinrespecttotherecommendationsgivenortheopinions
expressed

1.5 PROBITY

Thefollowingmaterialwillcontainreferencestomanufactureditemsbyname,thewriteris
expressinghisownpreferences,notmakingorimplyingarecommendation,otherthannotinga
producttype,ordesign,ormaterial..

1.6 CRITERIAANDAUTHORITIES

ThecurrentdesignstandardsforHydraulicservicesarenominallycontrolledbytheBuildingCodeofAustralia
andAustralianStandard3500.

ThewriterusesnominallytoqualifytherecentSydneyWatermovetorelinquishitshistoricallytraditional
overseeingroleinfavouroftheNSWDepartmentofFairTradingandthepublicationbytheAustralianBuilding
CodesBoard(ABCB)GPOBox9839CanberraACT2601oftheNationalConstructionCodeSeriesVolume3
PlumbingCodeofAustralia2011.

Thismaybeseenasamovetoprotecttheconsumerratherthanthepriorphilosophywhichwasinherentlyto
protectthePublicUtility.

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

CareshouldbetakeninusingAS/NZS3500astandardofferinglittle
informationconcerningtradewasteandpredominantlyfocusingonresidentialbuildingsandwhichsurprisingly
hasStateandFederal(ACT).

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

CHAPTER2THEHOSPITAL

2.1 HOSPITALCLASSIFICATIONBANDS

Hospitalscanbepublicorprivatefunded,oracombinationofboth,theyvaryconsiderablyinsize,forthe
purposeofhospitalenergyandwaterconsumptionandforpeertopeercomparison,theNSWHealth
DepartmenthasinplaceHospitaldesignationswhichdividebysizeandactivityasreportedviatheNSWHealth
datarecordingsystems.Hospitalsfallintooneofthreebands.

ALargeHospitalisdefinedasthosethatconsumemorethan50millionlitresofwatereachyear.

AMediumHospital.Ahospitalusinglessthan50millionlitresofwatereachyearandissubjecttoNSWHealth
internalenvironmental(Watersaving)plans.

Thefinalbandcomprises,OtherHealthFacilities,theinstallationsthatdonotfitintotheclassichospital
definition.

Asasample,thethreeSouthernSydneybandsoffacilitiesareasfollows:

LargeHospitalSites

RPAHospital

ConcordHospital

LiverpoolHospital

CampbelltownHospital

BankstownHospital

MediumHospitalSites

BalmainHospital

BowralHospital

CamdenHospital

CanterburyHospitalFairfieldHospitalQueenVictoriaHospital.

OtherHealthFacilities

AgedCareandRehab

CommunityHealthDentalHealth

DrugHealth

MentalHealthCroydonHealthCentre

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

MarrickvilleHealthCentre

InstituteofForensicMedicine

ThedesignationsrangefromCottagetoTeachingandmayhavecombinationoffunctionssuchasaTeaching
GeneralHospitalthatisalsoaDisasterHospitalandmaybeattachedoraffiliatedtoauniversityorClinical
ResearchCentre.

2.2 TYPESOFHOSPITAL

DisasterHospital

GeneralHospital

ChildrensHospital

TeachingHospital

RehabilitationHospital

Tropicaland/orInfectiousDiseases

Mental

MilitaryHospitals

Hospiceforterminalcasesandgeriatric

Maternity

CancerCare

Prison(Forensic)Hospital

SportsMedicine

2.3 HOSPITALDEPARTMENTS

Thefollowingmaybefoundinalargehospital;howeverthelistisnotcomprehensiveorlimitedorfixedintime,
itwillchange.

Administration

Childandadolescentmentalhealthunit

Psychiatricemergencycarecentre(PECC)

Adultmentalhealthacuteinpatientunit

RehabilitationandAlliedcareunit

AmbulatoryCareUnit

SterileSupplyUnit

CardiacCare

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

ClinicalInformationUnit

AmbulatoryMentalHealthunit

MentalHealth(Maybeafreestandinghospital)

CommunityHealth

Drugabuseunit

Daysurgery/Procedureunit

OralHealthunit

EmergencyUnit

InpatientaccommodationUnit

Multipurposeserviceunit

IntensiveCareGeneral

IntensiveCareNeonatal/Specialcarenursery

MedicalImagingGeneral

HospitalMorgueAutopsyunit

WomansHealthandmaternityunit

OperatingUnit

Oncology

Pediatric/AdolescentUnit

PathologyUnit

PharmacyUnit

RenalDialysisunit

Education

Library

Wards(Thesevaryintreatmentandoccupanttypes)

Outpatients(Methadoneclinicswillbeseparated)

Infectiousdiseases(ViralHemorrhaging)

Hydrotherapy(Therapypool)

ClinicalandPathologicalResearch

AccidentandEmergency

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

NuclearMedicineradiationOncology&Radiology

UniversityClinics

BrainInjuryUnit

ChildrensResearchUnit

CoronersCourt(Maybeattached)

ForensicMedicineandresearch(Medicinerelatedtotheresultsofcrime,thismaybeafreestandingfacility)

Vivariums/PathogenFreeAnimalHouseorcompound

ChildMindingcentre

CareFlightfacilities

Supplyfacilities

Laundry

Kitchens

ThermalStation

Wastestation

BuildingManagementCentreandEngineeringMaintenance

Decontaminationstation

Retailmarketing

Carparking

Theabovemaybeseparatedefinedbuildings,ordepartmentswithinamultifloorhighriseinstallation.

2.4 HEALTHCAREACRONYMS

Themedicalprofessionutilizesnomenclature,acronymsandabbreviationsthatitishelpfultobefamiliarwith.

ThefollowingaretakenfromtheAustralianHealthFacilityGuidelinesHCAMCinassociationwithUNSW
November2007.

ThereisatrendinHealthCaretermstoembracenewabbreviations,andtherecanbelocaldifferences,itis
prudenttoreviewthetermsofreferenceforeachproject.

ADMINAdministration

ADLActivitiesofdailyliving

ANAESAnaestheticinductionroom

CBRChemicalbiologicalandradiologicalagents

CCUCardiacorCoronarycareunit

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

CLEANCleanersroom

CLNCleanuproomasinanoperatingsuite

CSSUCentralSterilizingsupplyunit

CTScanroom

CUCleanutility

DINDining

DUDirtyUtility(Bedpanurinalbottlewashing)

EDEmergencyDepartment

ENDEndoscope(AnyinstrumentusedtoobtainaviewoftheinteriorofthebodyMostendoscopesconsistofa
tubewithalightattheendandanopticalsystem/video.Whereoperatingroomsspecializeinthisprocedure
handwashingfacilitiesmayberequiredwithintheORspaceandaspecialendoscopewashingbaymaybe
includedasanantiroomtotheOR)

ENGEngineeringandMaintenance

ENSEnSuite

ENTEntrance

EQUIPEquipmentroomorbay

EWISEmergencyWarningIntercommunicationSystem

GENgeneralasinGENERALxray

HDUhighdependencyunit

HOLDholdingroomorbedbay

HVACHeatingVentilationandAirconditioning

ICUintensiveCareUnit(RequirementforROWaterforpersonsrequiringdialysestreatmentmaybeneededat
somebedlocations)

KITKitchenorcatering

LDRLabourdeliveryrecoveryroominabirthingunit(PlacentadisposalunitinDirtyUtility)

LDRPLabourDeliveryRecoveryPostmortemroomwithinabirthingunit

LINLinenroomorbay

MAMOMammographyXrayexaminationofthefemalebreast

MATVMasterAntennaTelevision

MRIMagneticResonanceimagingroom(Metalpipesmaybecriticaltoscreening)

NICUNeonatalIntensivecareunit

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

OROperatingRoom(Generallyfreeofsanitaryfixturesorfloorwastes,no
pipespermittedintheairspacethatmayneedservicemaintenanceorbeinconflictwithmedicallightingor
medicalgaspendants)

PACUPostAnaestheticCareUnitwithintheoperatingsuite,ordayprocedureunit,ordaysurgeryunit.

PATHPathology(Wastedisposalunitremovalofhumanremainsisnotpermitted)

PPEPersonnelprotectiveequipment

RECRecords

SCRUB:Scrubuproominoperatingunit(LocalTMVcontrolbyuserconsidereddesirable,maintenanceaccess
fromoutsidethesterile/medicationzonepreferred,stainlesssteelwashtroughwithtwoorthreepositionsand
scrubtimingclocktypical.Sensoractivatedtapsacontroversialsubject,itisrecommendedtoseekusergroup
consensus)

TSSUTheatreSterilizingUnit

RADRadiology

ULTUltraSound

XRayXrayroom.

Note:AbbreviationsinHealthCaretendtovaryandbefashionable;thelistgivenisnotcomprehensiveandmay
overtimechange,indesigndocumentationwhereservicesdrawingsshowlinetypewithidentificationofthe
service,careshouldbeexercisednottoduplicatethemedicalabbreviationsnoted,orthoseofotherservices.It
isunfortunatethatinAustraliawedonothaveacomprehensiveandcoordinatedlegendthatencompassesall
engineeringservicedisciplinesandarchitecture.

2.5 HOSPITALARCHITECTURE

TheseChapterstargetrecentvintageandnewhospitalconstruction.

Howeveritispossiblethatdesignerswillencounterolderhospitalarchitecture,eventhosebasedonthepavilion
principleaspopularizedbyFlorenceNightingalein1860.

TheNightingaleconceptwithlongwardswithacentralisleandwindowsinadjoiningwallsforcrossventilation,
services,toiletsandbackofhousefacilitiesbeingoneendoftheward.ThedesignreflectstheCrimeawar
militaryapproachandthecharitableoriginsofhealthcareasfoundedinAD1100byAugustinianmonks.

Historicallythefundamentalcriterionofhealthcarewastomaximizetheinstitutionalefficiency,ratherthanthe
predominantconceptsoftodaywhichconsidersthehealthcareandwellbeingofthepatientasthefirstpriority.

Modernhospitalwards,otherthanspecializedwardssuchasoncology,recoveryorintensivecare,generally
compriseafloorplanwithaCentrecoreforthelogisticsupportfeaturesandwardwingsattheexternalwalls.
FewhospitalsinAustraliacouldbeconsideredHighRisemostarebeloworjustaboutatthe25metrelevelwhich
coincideswithfireservicedesigncriteriachanges.

Muchlikethesymbolicchurchcrossplan,theeffectivesupervisionandessentialtrafficflowofthehighrise
hospitalwardstendstodriveaplanresemblingtheHwiththecenterzonebeingtheliftcoreandservicesrisers.

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 Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Itisanobservationthatthehospitaldesignisnearlytotallydrivenbythe
healthcareneedsofthepatients,visitorsareatoleratedbyproduct,youmayshareliftswithpatients,orbe
requiredtostandasideforthepatientspriority.Visitoramenitiesinhospitalsareimprovingasacommercial
enterprisethathelpsthehospitalbudget,itbringstothehydraulicsdesignersissuesofmeteringconsumables,
separationofmaintenanceandpossiblytheeventualpracticalitiesofplantremovalwithinthescopeofleased
propertyagreements.

Theexternalwingwardsofmanyrecenthistoryhospitals,willhaveafloorplanallocatedas4bed2bedorsingle
bedwards,thecurrentpolicyissinglebedwardswithensuiteaccommodationthatprovidesaddedhand
washingfacilitiesandanimprovedcontainmentofinfectionbyhumancontactfromtheroomenvironment.

Mostwardplanshavetwoinboardcorridorsofbedtransportablewidth,eachsideofthecenterzonearea,
serviceaccesstoensuitetoiletserviceductsandcenterzonesupporthydraulicsbeingfromthecorridors.Each
wardisprovidedwithaensuiteandawardbasinforstaffandpatientsuse,corridorswillbeprovidewith
strategicrecessesformedicalbasins,medicationtrolleybaysandsimilarsupportitems.Theratioofstafftohand
washbasinshasgrowninrecenthistoryasameasuretocombattransferredinfectionbycontact.

Firestairsmaybelocatedattheextremitiesofthecentralcorridors;thecentercoreusuallyoftwowardswings,
willaccommodatethearterialserviceductsandminorlocalplant.Thebackofhousecenterzonemayhouse,a
flowerroom,cleanersfacilities,stafftoilets,assistedbathroom,cleananddirtyutilitieswithsterilizers,bedpan
washers,flushingsink,thenursesstationwhichmayincorporateapneumatictubestationforspecialized
treatmentwards,wellnessroomswithbalconiesandbeveragefacilitiesforpatientsandvisitors,possibly
accommodationforovernightoncallstaff,fireescapes,andfirehydrantsandfirehosereels,atthemidpoint,
liftsforbedpatientsandconventionaltraffic.Alifttoaroofhelicopterlandingzonemaybeincluded.

Thewardbedheadconsulinwardswillbeamatrixofservicesconnectionsrangingfromcommunicationsofall
typesincludingTV,medicaltelemetry,medicalgases,medicalairandsuction,possiblytoolair,possiblyultra
purewaterfordialysistreatmentandawastepointalsofordialysiswasteproducts,incardiaccarewardsfor
criticalcarecasesabedsidefoldawaytoiletwithintegralbasinmaybeprovidedtoserviceapatientconnected
totelemetrymonitoringsystems.

Consultingroomsandtreatmentroomswillbefittedwithamedicalbasin.

Operatingtheatresaresurprisinglybaronofallbuttheceilingmountedarticulatedmultiservicependantand
operatinglightfitting.O.R.Plumbingfixturesmayincludeamedicalbasin,butoftenfixturesarecontainedinthe
adjacentsurgeonsscrubuparea,andpreoperationarea,theexceptiontothismaybespecialisedoperating
theatresforcolostomyandotherspecialisedsurgicalprocedures.

AnunconditionalapologyismadetotheArchitecturalfraternityforthewritersattemptsinthisfieldinthe
NotionalHospitalChapter.

Footnote:Whenundertakingasitesurveyofanexistinghospital,theinvestigationmayrequireentryinto
congestedductareasorsimilarsuchservicesvoids,hospitalsthatprovidemethadonetreatmenttendtoattract
antisocialpatientswithbehaviourproblems;theseincludetheconcealmentofhypodermicsyringeneedlesina
mannerthatcanresultinaneedlestickinjuryfortheunwaryinvestigator.

2.6 AUSTRALIANSTANDARD1668PART2FLOORAREASPERPERSONM/PERSON

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Line Areatype M/ Notes

Person

1 Foyer 2

2 Hallways 2 ForshopsRestaurantsUtilityrooms
Kitchens

3 Singleanddualbedrooms 6.6 BathroomsrefertoAS1668Hotels

4 Wards 5

5 Foodservicecenters 5

6 Operatingrooms Areavariesforspecialised
operations

7 Deliveryrooms Notdefinedbythestandard

8 ReadyroomsRecoveryrooms Notdefinedbythestandard

9 Amphitheatres 1

10 Physicaltherapyareas 5

11 Autopsyrooms 10

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

12 Incineratorserviceareas

13 LaboratoryLightdutynochemical 10

14 Laboratorychemical 10

15 Laboratoryheavyduty 10

16 LaboratoryRadioisotope/biological 10

17 Machineshop 10

18 Darkroom.Spectroscopyrooms 10

19 Animalrooms 5 Forstaffareas

2.7 FUNCTIONOFADISASTERHOSPITAL

ThedesignationdisasterHospitalcanbeappliedtoanylargehospitalthathasabroadspreadofhealthcare
capacityandisgeographicallysuitabletoservelargepopulationcenters;theDisasterroleisrecognisingand
preparingforeventualitiesthatwillbeaninevitablepublicreactioninsituationssuchasdescribedinthe
following.

Earthquake(EarthquakeCodeAS1170.4refertoseismicrestraint)

Bushfire

Extremeweatherconditions(Flooding)

Civilunrest

Aircraft,RoadorRaildisaster

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Internationalpandemic

Terroristattack

Indisastereventsweretherecouldbehighnumbersofinjuredorsick,theHospitalbecomesthefocalpointfor
assistanceanditrequiresconsideredreservesinitsservicestoperformthisfunction.

TheGovernmentofNSW,probablyotherstatesaswell,hasrecognisedthispotentialneedandtheservice
increasethatwouldbeplaceduponthehospitalsystemanditsresources.

ThelocationoftheDisasterHospitalwillbedeterminedbytheCentralHealthauthority,thehospitalwillbe
accessibletopopulationcenters,andinsomecasesindustrialareaswherehighhazardindustriesposeariskto
publichealth.

Thedisasterhospitalwillrequirethehydraulicserviceslistedbelowthatmaynotberequiredinotherhospitals.

Decontaminationbay

DomesticHotandColdWaterStorage.

Waterstorageforcriticalplantcooling(Datasystems)

Rainwaterharvesting.

Solarcollection.

Emergencyonsitewastewatertreatmentandreuse.

EmergencyPowerGenerationfromnaturalgaswithoptionsforonsitefuel(LPG.DieselOil)withwasteheat
utilisationforcriticalservices.

Standbypowertocriticalplant.(NottobeconfusedwithEssentialsuppliesforFireandLifesafetyas
determinedbytheBCA)

Viralhaemorrhagingdiseasesandsimilar,isolationfacilities.

Thedecontaminationbayprovisioncouldbeconsideredafacilityatanyhospitalthatislocatednearanindustrial
area,chemicalworksorsimilarpotentialrisk.Thedecontaminationbaywillcompriseadedicatedbayforhosing
downambulancevehiclesanddelugeshowerswitheyewashfacilitiesforwashingdownParaMedicsin
protectiveclothing.

Thewastelinefromthededicatedbayshouldnotactasdrainageforrainwater,ifunavoidableinaretrofit
situationconsiderationcouldbegiventotheuseofaFoxdiversionvalvedrainageoutlet.

Thewastewaterfromahosedownbaymustbedirectedtoanintractablewasteholdingvesselwhichshouldbe
freestandingandnotinterfacewithgroundwater,thevesselmustbeequippedwithsampletestconnections,
highlevelalarmwarning,avalvedconnectiontothesanitarydrainagesystemthatislockedclosedandmayonly
beactivatedtoopenwithapprovalfromthePublicUtilitywhoisresponsibleforthesewer.

Aminimum65mmdiameterpumpoutconnectionisrequiredasatankerconnectiontoremoveanddisposeof
wastewaterthat,subsequenttotesting,isnotconsideredacceptablefordischargetothesewersystem.
ContaminationmaybeChemical,BiologicalorRadiation.Impracticablewastevesselsmustbechemically
resistantandsuitableforhighdosechlorinesterilizationandsizedinaccordancewiththenumberofvehiclesand

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stafftowashdown;considerationofthetankervehiclesizeforwaste
removalisalsorequired.Storagevolumesof10,000litresarecommon.Integralpumpsarenotrecommended.

2.8 VIRALHAEMORRHAGINGFEVERS(V.H.F)

VHF

Ebola

Hantaviruspulmonarysyndrome

SmallPox

SARSorsimilar

MultiresistantTuberculosis

Potentialbioterroristorganisms

TheabovegroupandpossiblyothersthatremaintobediscoveredarereportedtoHealthAuthoritiesas
quarantinableinfectiousdiseasesandViralHemorrhagicfeversthataretreatedinUltraIsolationFacilitiesand
arebuiltasalevel6intensivecareunits.

Ebola:wascodiscoveredin1976byPeterPiot.FirstlocatedneartheEbolaRivervalleyinZaire,Africa.The
diseaseisavirusinfectionthatoriginateswithaweekoffeveranddiarrhoeafollowedbyascabbyrashandmass
bleedingandthebreakdownofallmajororgans.Ebolakills90%ofpersonsinfectedandisoneofthemostlethal
infectiouspathogensknown.

Therapidmovementofairtravelhasbroadenedthepotentialrangeofthisvirus.SelectedHospitals,probablya
DisasterdesignatedHospitalareequippedwithaViralHaemorrhagingdiseaseisolationsuitetocontainthe
spreadofthisinfectiousvirus.

2.9 THEISOLATIONSUITE

Theisolationsuite/wardwillhavenegativeairpressureairconditioningtoensureaflowofcleanairintothe
patientsarea;thehydraulicsdesignermustcheckthatthetrapsealdepthsaresufficienttoresistimposedair
conditionsandthatanycondensatedrainagefromfancoilunitsservingtheroomaredrainedtoasystem
connectedtothevirusdestructionprocess.Thepatientsbodilyfluidsandwasteproducts,ACcondensatefrom
roomairandnursingstaffwashwaterissubjectedtohightemperaturesterilisationpriortodisposaltothe
seweragesystem.

Asterilisationsystemmaycomprisethreejacketedgrade316orbetterstainlesssteelwastewatercontainer
cylinders,dutyfillingdutysterilizingstandby,arerequired.

Thecontentsofeachcontainerareheatedto85degreesCelsiusforapredeterminedtimeframeandreleased
viaasystemofstainlesssteelwastepipe(Blucher)thatwillensurecoolingpriortodischarge;aconfluencewitha
reliableambienttemperaturewastewaterflowmayberequired.Ventilationofthesanitarysystemiscriticalto
avoidairbornevirusrelease.

Theairflowenteringthewastesystemmustbeinonedirectiononly.

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Theairinflowistoreplacetheexitofthesterilisedwatervolumeleaving
thesystem.

Thepotentialairoutflowiswhenthecylindersarefilling,thisdisplacedairmustbeUVorActivatedcarbonfilter
treatedorcapturedbyinflatingcollapsibleplasticventbagsthatautomaticallydeflateonthewatervolumeexit,
expertmedicaladviceregardingtransferofairborneinfectionisrecommended.

Floordrainsandtheaddedpipeoflocalbranchventingshouldbeavoided.

Expansionandcontractionofmetalandheatresistantplasticpipesandplantreactingtohightemperatures
requirecarefulconsideration,asdocontrolsystemsandtheO.H&Sissuesofmaintenance.

Thesystemmustbefailsafeandautomaticinoperation,valvesinthewastesystemshouldbeknifeedgedgate
withpneumaticactivatingcylinders,andtemperaturemonitoringandalarmsarerequired.

ReadersshouldnotethatatthetimeofwritingtheEbolasystemuseisarareeventandhasonlybeenusedin
Australiaforsuspectcasestodate

TheWastesterilisationsystemwillbeabypasshydraulicsarrangementallowingmoreconventionaluseofthe
isolationward.

Toensurethatthesystemisavailableforemergencyuseatestroutineshouldbeinplace.

SignagewarningofInfectiondangerandhighheatarerequired,ifusedthewastewaterauthorityshouldbe
informedoftheeventandtheriskpotential.

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CHAPTER3SCOPE

3.1 HYDRAULICSERVICESSCOPE

Thefollowinglistofservicesisabroadoutlineofthevarioussubsystemsthatcancomprisetheworkofthe
hydraulicsdesignerandthePlumbingcontractor.

SanitaryDrainage

SanitaryPlumbing

FixturesandFittings

TradeWasteplumbinganddrainage

Rainwatercollectionandharvesting

HotWarmandColdwaterservices

Energyandconservation,solar,wasteheatrecovery.

UltraPureWater

Therapypoolsandhydrotherapy,thiswillbedependentonthedesignersexperience

PathogenFreeanimalbreedingandvivariumsservices

Irrigation(Irrigationmaybeafeatureoflargecampushospitalselsewherethelandscapershouldutilizedrought
resistantindigenousplanting).

ConstructionphaseservicesComprisingSoilerosionmeasuresandcontainmentofsurfacewaterpollutionby
constructiondebris.

Firehydrantservicesfortheconstructionperiodandsiteworkerssanitaryaccommodationandamenities,the
diversionofexistingpublicutilitieshavenotbeenincluded.

FinalFirehydrantandfirehosereelserviceshavenotbeenincluded.

Medicalgaseshavenotbeenincluded.

3.2 SCOPECREEP

Aninterestingobservationofthescopeofahydraulicservicesdesignisitsinclinationtoexpandinformallyunder
theinfluenceofatimeandthefeeconsumingphenomenaknownasScopeCreep.

TheHydraulicConsultantisadvisedthatanyFeeproposalshouldbeaccompaniedbyconfirmationoftheworkto
beundertakenasacontractobligationandwhichisincludedintheDesignersProfessionalIndemnityInsurance
cover,alsoconfirmtheconsumables(Documents)tobesupplied.

ItemiseanydeparturesfromthingsthatmaybeconsideredIndustrypracticeandensurethatthetenderoffer
givesnotificationoftheexclusionsthatarenotincludedintheoffer.

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Generallytheconditionsofthecommissionwillsetoutthedocumentproductionmethodology,thedesign,asa
documentpackageissoldatanagreedfeereturn;theIntellectualPropertythatcomprisesthedesignremains
thedesigners,unlessotherwiseagreedinthecontract.

Industrypracticevaries;intheexperienceofthewriterfollowingservicescouldbeconsideredaddedvalueand
notastandardinclusionofahydraulicservicesdesignfeereturn,unlesssuchisagreed

1)Siteenvironmentalprotectionduringtheconstructionstageisnotanautomaticinclusionofthedesignworkto
beundertaken.

2)Sanitaryfixturesarelocated,selectedandspecifiedbytheArchitect.Theresponsibilityforspacecomplianceis
theresponsibilityofthearchitects.E.G.Disabledpersonsaccess

3)Thestorageandsecurityofthesuppliedsanitarywareandbrassware(taps)isthesoleresponsibilityofthe
BuildingContractor.

4)GuttersanddownpipesarewithinthecontractualscopeoftheRooferandthedesignscopeoftheArchitect.

5)TheprovisionofaccuratelevelsonsiteistheBuildingContractorsresponsibility;theprovisionoflevelsand
dimensionsondrawingsistheArchitectsresponsibility.

6)Thedeterminationofgroundwaterlevelsandtherateofseepagewaterremovalthatwillberequiredisthe
WorkoftheGeotechnicalEngineerandStructuralEngineer

7)TheDesignofOnSiteDetentionvolumesandmaximumdischargeratestothePublicUtilityStormwater
DrainageSystemisCivilEngineeringworkandtheconstructionBuilderswork.

8)ThedeterminationanddesignofOverlandFloodPaths,istheworkoftheCivilEngineer

9)TheDesignofRainwaterharvestingstoragevesselsisCivilEngineeringwork,theinstallationBuilderswork.

10)TheDesignofstructuretosupporttheimposedloadofhydraulicsplantsuchastanksistheresponsibilityof
theStructuralEngineer

11)Thelocationanddimensioningofperforationsforservicesthroughstructureandbuildingfabric

12)Thelocationofaccessdoorsinbuildingfabricformaintenancepurposesandmoresignificantlytheinspection
offirecollars.

13)TheDesignandstatutoryapprovalofGreyorBlackwatertreatmentplantistheworkoftheEnvironmental
Engineer.TheinstallationresponsibilitySpecialistContractorsappropriatelyqualified

14)TheprovisionofElectricalEnergyandControlsystemsincludingBuildingManagementsystemsandsensorsis
theworkoftheElectricalEngineer.

15)ThedischargeandconsumptionrequirementofEvaporativecoolingsystemsistheresponsibilityofthe
MechanicalServicesEngineer.

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

16)ThedeterminationofGasloadsrequiredbyComfortheatingsystemsor
otherprocessesistheresponsibilityoftheMechanicalServicesEngineer.

17)TheDesignandInstallationofFireServicesincludingConstructionStageprotectionmaybebytheFire
ServicesEngineerortheHydraulicsServicesConsultantdependentonthenatureofthesystem.

18)Thedeterminationofwaterquantitiesandthedistributionsystemdesignrequiredforirrigationpurposesis
theresponsibilityoftheLandscapeGardeningArchitect.

19)ThefinalagreementandprovisionofProcessdataforTradeWastepretreatmentapprovalandPaymentof
allchargesistheresponsibilityofthebuildingowner

20)TheDesignofTherapyPoolwatertreatmentandDistributionsystemsisNegotiable.

21)TheDesignofWaterFeaturesisNegotiable.
22)TheDesignofUltraPureWaterSystemsisNegotiable.

(23)Redesign.ItisimportanttosecureanagreementinrespecttoFrozenArchitecturalDrawingsandabortive
designworkthatbecomesacostpenaltyoflatechange.Therestructuringofcompleteddesignworkcanhave
extensivecostimplications.

3.2 SCOPECREEPCOMMENT

Theforgoingisaprodigiouslist,andtheremaybeotheritemsnotincluded.

HoweverintherealworldbeyondtheseChapterstheHydraulicsDesignerhastowrestlewiththedichotomyof
presentinganattractivetenderofferthatappearscompetitiveandproactive.

Thedesirenottoalienatetheclientsgoodwillwithlistsofnegativeissuesmaybeconsidered,andreasonablyso,
nottobeaGoodlook

Inthefinalanalysistheconsultantsjudgementonhisabilityshouldbebasedonhisqualifications,andhis
professionalindemnitycover,inmarginalareasofexpertiseitcanbeprudenttoincludeanextensionof
insurancecovertoincludeasubconsultingfeeforexpertadviceinconceptdesign,anexample,farremoved
fromHealthcare,isthedesignofAquariumsandmarinebiologywherehavinganexpertonboardwasamajor
PRadvantage.

3.4 THEWASHINGHABIT

Intheresidentialenvironment,wheremostofusspendourleisuretime,thewashinghabitis,verymuchahabit,
aregularandconsistenteventbeingfairlywellregulated,thereareprobablyfewprioritiesinhygiene,itsatotal
system,onewouldexpectthatwashingafterusingthetoiletwouldratehigh,ifprioritiesdoexist,theimportant
needtobreachthebacteriapathfromthebodieswasteexitpathandfoodentrypath,andtominimisethe
contacttransferofbacteria,suchasecolitoyourselfandothers.

IntheHospitalenvironment,morebacteriathanecoliarelurkingaspotentialcontactslookingfortransportto
anewvenue.

Washingafterworking,after,andbeforesleeping,cleaningteethaftereating,washingafterdefecationand
urination,washingpriortocontactwithfood,ortheutensilsusedforcookingfood,andwashingclothingand
cleaningthehabitat,arewellestablishedroutinesinoursociety.

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Thehydraulicsystemthatsuppliesthewaterforresidentialusecanbe
dormantinthepipesandwaterheaterforlongperiodsoftheday;everybodyintheresidenceissomewhere
else,working,learning,orwhatevertheydoincludingsomewashing.

Thehydraulicsystemhaspeaksandtroughsdowntozeroloads,themeansofpredictingthepeaks,orthemost
probablepeakuse,isthesystemdiversity.

Inplumbingservicesdesign,diversityiscalculatedbyapplicationofformulahistoricallyevolvedfromoriginal
workbyDrRoyHunterandalsoBullbasedonthepriorandbroaderapplicationworkbyaFrench
Mathematician.

TheAS/NZS3500fixtureloadingunitsystemthatwecurrentlyuseisIbelievebasedontheworknoted,it
appearstobefocusedonresidentialbaseddesigndata.Theconflictfoundinsitemeasuredflowratesof
buildingsconstructedinthe1960to1975era,comparedwithdesignrateswouldappeartoresultfromsystems
designedpriortotheAS/NZS3500LoadingUnitsystem?Becauseofthesignificantdiscrepancies,itwas
considereddesirabletoinvestigatediversityhistoryandcomparethevarioussystemsresultswhenappliedtoa
NotionalHospital,thiswasundertakenbyRogerGibsonwhogavetheLoadingSystemacleanBillofHealth,at
leastuntilmoredataisavailable.

Mostresearchshowsthatresidentialhydrauliccoldservicesareseldomundersizedforthebuilding,butthere
canbeproblemsoflimitedsupplyintheindividualdwellinghotwatersystem.(Aswediscoverwhenrelatives
stayover)thisbeingdrivenmorebyeconomicsthanhydraulicsizingdiversity.InHealthCarethewashingdogma
notedforresidentialalsoapplies.Howeverthereisinhealthcareanothermuchbiggerandverywellcateredfor,
washingload,thisdifferencemayonlyaffecttheaverageflowrateandnotthepeaks?

Inhealthcare,theneedexiststoremovebacteriacontactbetweenpatientsandstaff,alsotheneedtosterilize
bedpansandurinebottlesutensilsandinstruments.(RefertoCleanSteam)

TheneedexiststoremovebacteriafromhandsafterusingadirtyUtilityfacility.

ThereisaneedtobefastidiousinLaboratoriesdealingwithbacteriaandthesameneedtobefastidiouswhen
undertakingmedicalproceduresofanytype.

Thehospitalsanitaryfixturesareprovidedinamuchgreaterratiotothepeopleusingthem,thanisthecasefor
residential.

TheChapterdealingwiththeNotionalHospitalincludesadiversitycomparisonbetweenvarioussystemsof
calculatingdiversity.TheNotionalHospitalishypotheticalnotcoveredbyAS/NZS3500anypart

ToascertainasignificantdifferencebetweenthepeakdemandsofHospitalsandResidentialBuildingswould
requiremeasurementandsurveystudiesofmanysamplebuildings,ataskwhichisregrettablybeyondthescope
ofthispublication.

CHAPTER4SANITARYDRAINAGE

4.1 NATIONALPLUMBINGANDDRAINAGECODEAS/NZS3500

TheregulationsthatcurrentlycontrolSanitaryDrainagedesigninAustraliaandNZareAS/NZS3500andState
variationswhicharepublishedastheAustralianBuildingCodesBoard(ABCB)GPOBox9839CanberraACT2601
oftheNationalConstructionCodeSeriesVolume3PlumbingCodeofAustralia2011(NoteTheACTACTEW
AuthorityhaslocalvariationstoTheNationalPlumbingCode)

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Asnotedpreviously,recentlegislationhasalteredtheadministrationof
PlumbingDrainageandhydraulicservicesregulationsfromSydneyWatertoTheDepartmentofFairTrading.
Thesenotesgivesomepointersregardingoverseasprojects.Howeverforoverseasworkthedesignermust
researchtherequirementsofthelocalauthority,theexcoloniesandprotectoratesofpriorimperial
developmenthaveofteninheritedthePublicHealthrulesofEuropeancountries,insomecasestheseruleshave
beenmodifiedtomeetlocalconditions,thetwopipesystembeingatypicalexample.

4.2 DEFINITIONOFDRAINAGEANDSEWERS

Thereisoftensomeconfusionondrawingsastowhichpipeisadrainandwhichisasewer.Thehistorical
definitionofdrainagepipesarethosepipes,whichresidebelowthesurfaceoftheground.Modernpracticehas
abroaderunderstandingwhichincludesaerialdrainage

SydneyAuthoritiespermitDrainagePrinciplestobeusedabovegroundtoamaximumoffourlevels.Thebasisof
thisdemarcationisnotgivenbythestandard.

Drainageventingrulescanbemorecosteffectivethansanitaryplumbingrules,alsobecauseofthelarger
productionvolume,themarketcostof100mmdiameterPVCpipeandfittingsislowerthan65mmdiameter
,thepermissiblegradientsfor100mmdiameterdrainageareless,thepotentialtoaddfixturesissignificantly
improved,thenoiseemissionpotentialislowerandthepotentialtoclearblockagesina100mmdiameterpipe
isbetter,thereisagoodcommercialandpracticalcaseforusing100mmpipeasstandardwherePVCisthe
selectedmaterial.

Thedefinitionofaseweranddrainisconsideredtobeavalidissuebecausethetermisoftengeneralisedin
error.Asewerisasanitarydrainagesystemthatconveyswastewaterfrommorethanoneproperty;sewersmay
beprivateorpubliclyownedbyaPublicUtility.Domesticsewerscontainabout3%oftheirvolumeassolid
organicmatter

4.3 SURVEYANDDATUMS

Itisanextremelyusefuldrainagecrossreferenceforthedrainagesystemdesignonverylargeprojectstorelate
toaninternationally,oratleastnationallyrecognisedgridsurveysystemofXYandZreferencesAlsoreferred
toasEastingsNorthingsandDatumpoint,thesevaryconsiderablylocallyandNationally,thisinformationcould
becorrelatedintheNationalPlumbingandDrainageCode,regrettablythisisnotthecase.

ThesurveygridsystemmaybebasedontheNATOmilitaryGeorefworldgrid,orasimilarsatelliteoriginated
civilsystemof100metresquaressubdividedbythemetricmethodintoeverdecreasinggridsandwiththe
NATOsystemusingaNATOPhoneticAlpha/numericreferenceE.G.CharlieGulf4.53.6

WheretheArchitecthasusedadiscreteandgeometricallyconvenientstructural/architecturalgridandRL
(ReducedLevel)thatisserviceableonlywithintheboundariesofthearchitecturalenvelopeitwillbenecessary
toresolveaconversionsystem(ByC.A.D)thatwilltranslatethoselevelsandgridstothelevelsusedbythelocal
authoritiesforpropertysubdivisionandservicesdistributioninthepublicdomain.

4.4 SYDNEYDATUMHISTORY

TheDatumsystemusedinSydneyvariesconsiderablyhavingevolvedhistoricallybeforebeingstandardised,
conversiondataisavailable.

TheNorthwalloftheLandsDepartmenthasabrassplugBenchmark(AreferenceDatum)whichhasaprimary
valueof8.775A.H.DatumThezeropointforAHDistheadjustedmeansealeveldefinedbytidegaugesaround

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

theAustralianContinentin1971,thisis0.893abovetheStandardDatum
thatwasdefinedbythetidegaugeatFortDenisonin1897andasusedbyMilitaryTopographical(NSW)
DepartmentofMainRoads(Obsoletename)PublicWorksDepartment(Obsoletename)DamConstruction.
DepartmentofRailways(Obsoletename)since1940LandsDepartmentSurveybranchandSydneyWaterBoard
(Obsoletename)between111963&151974)TheHydrographicZerodatumNSWMaritimeServicesBoard
IndianSpringsLowwaterPrimaryreffrom111954ForagraphicrepresentationofthisdatareferRelativeValue
ofLevelsPrimaryreferencestationSydneyMHigginsSurveyBranchDraftingmanualEngineeringsurveyplans
diagram22DrawingWBS1623dated1982MetropolitanWaterSewerageandDrainageBoardSydneyNSW.

4.5 FUNCTIONOFSANITARYDRAINAGE

SanitaryDrainageisawaterbasedtransportsystemfororganicwastecomprisinghumanexcretaurineandthe
associatedhygieneproductssuchastoiletpaperandinhospitalstheprobabilityofsomesurgicaldressings,other
wastematerialenteringthedrainagesystemmayoriginateatkitchensorotherHeathCareprocesses

Whennondomesticwastesaredischargedtothedrainagesystem/sewer,theyaredescribedasTradeWaste.It
shallbenotedthathealthcareTradeWasteisdealtwithinthesenotes;regulationsarenotcontainedwithinthe
scopeofAS3500NationalPlumbingcode.

Tomaintaintheoperationofthehospitaldrainagesystemitrequiresgoodphysicalaccessfortheremove
chokes,alsodrainagemustbeofaminimumdiameter.Traditionallydrainageis100mmbelievedtooriginate
fromthepracticalconsiderationtofacilitatetheentryofthehumanhandandcleaningtools,theoreticallydrains
runhalffulltoprovidetheoptimumwaterdepthfortransportingsolidsmaterials.

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

4.6 DRYDRAINPHENOMENA

ReductionsinWCPanflushingwatervolumes(9to3litres)areconsideredtoberelatedtotheDryDrain
phenomenaandanincreasedincidenceofdrainchokesinhospitals,thissubjecthasbeeninvestigatedbythe
late.DrJASwaffieldandDrRHWakelinandBSTMarriotitwaspresentedasaresearchpaperatBrunel
University1977.(Andmorerecentlyin2011attheSydneyOperaHousebyagroupfromtheU.K)

TheSwaffield/Wakelinpaperisrecommendedreading,thetestingproceduretargetedahospitalsituation
wheredressingsenterthewastesystem,inthiscaseamaternitypad300mmlong50x30mmcrosssection
absorbing300ccofwater,threezonesofinfluencewererecognised,andthetestsidentifiedtheneedtofine
tunethedesignoftheflushinghydraulics.

Drydrainisassociatedwiththefollowingundesirabledesignfeaturesinthedrainagesystem,notablytheuseof
obvertentryjunctionsand92.5degreelevelinvertjunctions,recommendingthattheseconfigurationsshouldbe
avoided.

Note:92.5degreeentryjunctionsisnotnormalAustralianpractice.

BearinginmindtherecenttrendtoharvestroofrainwaterandusethiscapturedwaterforflushingWCpans,
therewouldseemtobeaneedtorefocusontheprioritiesofthisaspectofhydraulicssystems,andtheother
possibilityandfeasibilityofrecyclingtreatedgreyorblackwaterasaviablepathogenfreeflushingsystemwater
source.

ReferRoyalChildrensHospitalMelbourneBuildingServicesTriGenerationandEnergyEfficiencyNormanDisney
&YoungPresentedbyAshleyMarriottNovember182010.

4.7 HYDROSTATICS

Drainageisineffectahydrostaticsystem,thedrivingenergybeinggravitypromotedbytheinclination(Gradeor
fall)ofthepipe.

Thereisanimportantrelationshipbetweentheairandwatercontentofdrainagesystems.Drainsforthe
removalofsolidmaterial,shouldrunhalffull,ataselfcleansingvelocity(0.6metres/second)formaximum
efficiency.

Bearinginmindthatmuchofthedrainagesystemmaynotbeacceptingsolidsmaterials,theremaybea
reasonableargumentforreducingthegradesofdrainswhichacceptonlywastewaterfromwastefixtures.E.G.
Laboratorywastes.

TheNationalPlumbingandDrainagecodelaysdownminimumgradesandloadsforpipesofvariousinternal
diameters.

Generally1.6%(1in60)isconsideredtheminimumacceptablegradetoconveysuspendedsolidsina100mm
diameterwastewaterdrain,inwasteonlysystemswheresolidsarenotpresent1%gradewouldappearmore
logical.

4.8 PLUMBINGANDDRAINAGEABRIEFHISTORY

Rudimentaryplumbinghasbeenevidencedbyarchaeologicaldiscoveriesbackto10,000BCIntheOuter
Hebrides,ourcurrentsystemsaredescendedfromsewerswhichbecamerelevantinthecitiesofWestern
Europeatthebeginningofthe18thcentury,discoveredbystatisticalresearchasameanstoimprovehygienic
conditionsindensepopulationsanderadicatebubonicplagueandcholera.Thewritersuspectsthat100mm(4

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

inch)diameterdrainsevolvedfromthepracticalrelationshipwithaccess
andthehumanhand,generallytheprincipleof.Ifitsworkingwell,dontfixit,servedsmallboredrainageand
plumbingwellfortwocenturies.

InmorerecenthistorythedrainagesystemsintheUK,priorto1936comprisedatwopipesystemofdrainage
andplumbingaboveground,wasteproductsbeingseparatedbygullytrapsfromsoilfixturessuchasWCpans
andurinals.

Theprincipleofthetwopipesystemisameansofminimisingthesoilsystemwhichhasacontentoforganic
(humanexcreta)matterthatcontaindangerousecolipathogens.

TheTwopipesystemshavebeenreplacedallmostuniversally(UK.USA.NZ.Australia)bytheonepipesystem
with75mmwatersealtraps(Otherthanpans)andventingvariations.

Thetwopipesystemiscurrentlystandardpracticeinthe.UnitedArabEmirates(UAE)theconsiderationof
containinggreywaterforrecyclinghasmotivatedthis,itisprobablethatthislogicwillextendmoreuniversally
intodesignpracticeasthepursuitofwaterconservationbecomesmoreofanissueandthepropositionof
utilizingblackorgreywaterinconjunctionwithmembrane,orreverseosmosispurificationtechnologycanbe
consideredsubstantiallyriskfreeandcommerciallyviable.

NOTEPORTMACQUARIEHASTINGSRIVERCOUNCILRETICULATESMEMBRANETREATED
BLACKWATERVIAANIRRIGATIONMAINSSYSTEMTOSERVICEPUBLICANDSCHOOLPLAYING
FIELDSASAMEANSOFEFFLUENTDISPOSALFROMASEWERAGETREATMENTWORKSOF
SIGNIFICANTCAPACITY.

TheapparentadvantageoftreatinggreywateroverBlackwaterwithmembranetechnologyismorerelatedto
culturalresistancethananengineeringreality,therecentRoyalChildrensHospitalMelbournehasutilizedblack
waterplantonthebasisofaplantthatwillprocess180,000litres/day(500l/bed/day)for357bedsandan
estimated35700admissionsperyear166000outpatients.Thewaterproducedbytheplantishighquality,in
deferencetoprudentdesignthewaterisusedforflushingandsecondarywatersupplysystems.Thedesigners
NormanDisney&Youngaretobecongratulatedfortheirskill,andconfidence.

4.9 ACCESSTODRAINAGE

Accessgenerallyandtothedrainageandplumbingpipeinahospitalisanessentialandfundamental
requirementofhospitalarchitecturethathopestofacilitatewitheaseandmodestcost,futuredrainage
modificationandmaintenance.

Slabongroundconstructionthatentombsdrainagebelowstructurallysensitiveconcretemaybeappropriatefor
commercialdrivenresidentialdevelopmentbutitisadesignanathematobuildingsthatneedflexibilitywith
minimaldisruption.

Theareabelowservicestomedicalareasshouldbeofautilitynaturesuchascarparkingor,lowprioritysupport
areas,oraservicescrawlspacewitharterialtunnelstofacilitatemajordistributionandescapepathsinan
emergency.(WestmeadTeachinghospitalisatypicalapplicationofthisapproach).

Formaintenance,belowgrounddrainagetoWCpansshouldhaveaccessfromatleastoneendofthe
connection,thatconnectionshouldbeasstraightaspossible.

Forhighlevelsuspendeddrainage,maintenancepersonnelcannotworkincompliancewithOH&Srequirements
fromaladdertoremoveinspectiondoorsinfloodedpipesthatareathighlevelintheceilingspaceorevenina
duct,ofanoccupiedfloor.

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Thedesignmustrecognisewhereinaplumbingsystemachokeisprobable
andwhereinthesystemwillafloodedpipebefirstexpressed,foranybranchsoilpipethespacebetweenthe
WCpanjunctionandthestackistheprobablechokezoneandtheshowerorfloorwasteisthepointwherethe
chokewillberevealed.PtrapWCpanswithaboveflooraccessaredesirablebutnotalwayspractical,acleanout
capadjacenttotheWCisapracticalpropositionbutthecapmaybeanimpedimenttocleaning.

TheuseofaFloordrainwiththeremovablewatersealthatgivesroddingaccesstothedrainisconsideredthe
mostpracticalresolutionofaccess,thefloorwasteorshoweroutletbeinglocatedtomaximiseaccessfor
roddingthesystemtothestack.

Itisnotedthattheaccessisbestprovidedinamechanicallyventilatedtoiletspacewhichminimisesairborne
contaminationtothepatientcarezone.

ThetraditionalInspectionmanholeshaftwithstepironsandopenchanneldrains,isaconfinedspaceshazard
thatcanbeavoidedbydesigningsystemstoaccommodateClosedCircuittelevisioninspectionsystems,
mechanicalcleaningandchokeremovalsystemsandinthecaseofseveredamage,reliningsystems.

Accessfromthesurfacedesignedtocomplementmodernrobotictechnologyhassupersededmanaccess,
howeverourcurrentdesignpracticeshavenotquitecometotermswiththiseventuality.

4.10 DRAINAGESURCHARGE

Surchargingduetoachokeinabranchdrainagesystemwill,asnoted,inmostcasesbefirstexpressedatfloor
wastes,becauseinmostsystemstheyarethelowestfixtureconnection.

InthemaindrainsurchargeshouldbeexpressedattheORG(overflowreliefgully),thedrainagedesigncode
embodiesprotectiveclausesintendedtolimitsurchargetoanexitpathexternaltothebuildingandforthis
reasontheORGmustbelocatedexternally,preferablyjoiningthedrainagesysteminalocationwhichwilla
chokeinthesewerand/orthedrainagesystem,theORGfloodlevelbeinglowerthananyinternalsurcharge
floodpath.WherethebuildinglevelspreventcompliancewiththeReliefGullyrules,theCodepermitsthe
installationofarefluxvalve.Note:RefluxvalvesforthispurposearenotacceptedbytheDrainageauthorityin
Canberrarefertorule21TheFederalCapitalAuthoritynotacceptingaFederalCodecouldbeconsidereda
strangeanomaly?

ItisnotconsideredgoodpracticetopassWCpandrainagethroughRefluxvalvesunlessthisisunavoidable.

Designersshouldconsiderarefluxvalveservingthelowandsurchargevulnerablefloorwastes;thefloodinglevel
oftheWCpanwillinmanycasesbecompliantwiththeCode,thereforeitisdesirabletolimitrefluxvalve
protectiononlytothevulnerablefloorwastes.

4.11 STACKSURCHARGE

Whereverticalplumbingstacksservingupperfloorsjoindrainageitisconsidereddubiouspracticetoalsojoin
thatdrainwithgroundfloorfixturesthatcouldintheeventofachokebepressurizedbythewastewaterflow
fromstacksandfixturesonfloorsabove.

TheNSWCoderequiresrefluxvalvesatpumpwetwellandejectorinstallationstoprotectbasementpumped
fixturesfromthedischargesfromupperlevels,howthisruleworksinpracticetopreventfloodingfromthe
dischargeupstreamoftheclosedrefluxvalveisnotaddressedinthestandard,itisprobablethattherefluxvalve
willbethecauseofmoreproblemsthanitprevents.

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Thewriterconsidersitgooddesignpracticetoseparategroundfloor
drainagefixturesfromanystacksandupperfloorfixturesbymeansofadedicateddrainageline,ifpossible
branchingfromthecombinedmaindrainincloseproximitytotheORG.

Groundfloordrainagebeingseparatedandventedatthedrainsextremitytojoinaventstackataminimumone
floorlevelabovetheground,thisarrangementremovesthehazardofsurchargeatthevulnerablegroundfloor
fixtures.

Note:RegulationsintheUAErequirethatdrainageshallbesimilartothemannerdescribed.

4.12 COOLINGTOWERDRAINAGESURCHARGE

Wherethebuildinghasalargecoolingtoweritwillrequireableeddrainandtotaldraindownfacility,thecooling
towerisprocessingaphasechangecoolingeffectofevaporationfromaliquidtoavapour,inthisprocessany
saltsinthewaterremaininthereducedquantityofthecondenserwatersystem,thecondenserwatersystem
maybeadirectsystemnotusingaheatexchangerandusingmildsteelpipeworkwhichisvulnerableto
corrosionandmayrequirechemicaladditivestocontrolthis.Inadditionthecoolingtowerisadevisethat
processeswateratwarm,nearbloodheattemperatures,itisavapourgenerator,itisparticularlyvulnerableto
LegionellacontaminationandifinfectedwilleffectivelydistributetheLegionellabacteriaoveraconsiderable
area.Thecondenserwatersystemandcoolingtowermayneedchlorinetreatmenttoeradicatebiologicalactivity
inthewatercontent,itmayneeddrainingoverashorttimeframe,inanticipationoftheseeventsandthe
chemicalandbiologicalhazardsassociatedwiththewastecondensatewater,thehydraulicservicesdesigner
mustconsiderthetradewasteissuesandhealthriskhasbeenaddressedbyasuitablysizeddrainthatwillnot
causesurcharge,andthechemicalcontentthatmustbedilutedeffectively.

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

4.13 U.KPRACTICE

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Wheresanitarydrainageworkisbeingdesignedforanoverseasprojectthe
localregulationsshouldbecheckedandcompliedwith.

ItisprobablethatinCommonwealthCountriesandformercoloniesandprotectoratesthePublicHealth
regulationsarebasedonformerorcurrentUKPracticeandBritishStandards.

SanitaryDrainageintheUARissplitasatwopipesystemsoilandwastetotheoutfall,dedicateddrainsare
requiredforgroundfloordependentuponthenumberofupperfloors.Inpracticethismeansthatdrainagecan
comprisefourpipes,thesoilsystemandwastesystemfromthegroundfloorandthesoilsystemandwaste
systemforthestacksfromupperfloors.

SanitaryDrainagePracticefordrainageintheUKissimilarinconcepttoAustralianpractice,therearehowever
somedifferences.

DrainageintheUKisgenerallymoreaccessibletothesurface,drainagepipesrunfromsurfaceaccesspitto
surfaceaccesspit,allbranchconnectionstothemaindrainenteratasurfaceaccesspit.Thisapproachmightbe
attributabletothemoredensebuildingsandhigherproportionofpavedsurfaces,theUKpropositionofaccess
chambersatalljunctionsanddirectionchangescertainlychangesthegeometryofdrainagecomparedwiththat
complianttoAS/NZS3500.

RecentdevelopmentsintheUKAmericaandAustraliaofmechanicalcleaningtoolsandclosedcircuittelevision
surveyequipmentandreliningmethods,coupledwithstringentOH&Sregulationstoprotectpersonnel
enteringandworkinginconfinedspacesisconsideredtobesufficientmotivationtomoveawayfromman
access.

4.14 EUROPEANPIPESIZES

VCPmanufacturedtoEuropeanStandardBSEN295:1991andBritishStandardBS65:1988andBS65:1991

CrushingStrengthkN/m

100mmJointtypeE40kN/m2.0BendingmomentresistancekN/mStrengthClass

150mm405.0

200mm487.4240

225mm459.0200

250mm60240

300mm72240

Note:Metricsizessuchas200mmand250mmdiameterarenotdealtwithinthecurrent(2003)AS3500
DrainageStandard,designersshouldintheinterimextrapolatefromcurrentStandardsandrecommended
fixtureunitloads/andsurfaceareasofpipe.

4.15 SCHEDULEOFEUROPEANDRAINAGESIZES
EXTRAPOLATEDFIXTUREUNITLOADTABLEFOR200AND250DIAMETEREUROPEAN
DRAINAGESIZES

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Grade% size Area mm/Fu AS3500 Loadsource

FU FU
1.65/1:60 100 7855 47.6 165 AS3500:2
1.45/1:70 125 12273 25.3 485 AS3500:2
1.25/1:80 150 17673 16.99 1040 AS3500:2
1.00/1:100 200 31420 12.85 2445 extrapolated

1.00/1:100 225 39765 8.8 4500 AS3500:2

1:00/1:100 250 49093 7.5 6545 extrapolated

1.00/1:100 300 70695 6.2 11400 AS3500:2

4.16 DEPTHOFFLOW

Fullorfullborediameterx0.25

3/4Depthofflowdiameterx0.30

2/3Depthofflowdiameterx0.29

1/3Depthofflowdiameterx0.19

Depthofflowdiameterx0.15

Theapproximatemaximumvelocityofwaterinadrainisobtainedwhenthepipeisflowingatadepthequalto
4/5oftheinternaldiameter.Theminimumselfcleaningvelocityofflowis0.8m/s,thereisnoupperlimitfor
selfcleaning.

4.17 GREASETRAPS

TheGreasetrapisaTradeWastepretreatmentprocessandthisisreviewedunderthatheading,itisalso
includedunderdrainagebecauseinhealthcarekitchensthisdeviceanditscriticalbackofhouselocationcan
haveanimpactonthegeneraldrainagesystemdesign.

GreasetrapsinSydneyhaveanupperlimitof5000litresvolume,abovethiscapacitythetradewasteauthorityin
SydneymayrequireaDissolvedAirFloatationunitD.A.Fwhichcomprisetheadditionofanagglomerating
flocculatechemicalwhichtogetherwithgreaseandotherfloatableisraisedasalayermarginallyabovethetop
waterleveloftheDAFbyalayerofinfusedcompressedair,thelayerismechanicallyremovedbyasurface
scraper.

CarefulconsiderationofgreasetraporD.A.Froutinemaintenanceisrequired,asabackofhouseissueis
important,thegreasetrapshouldnotbelocatedtoofarremotefromthecookingprocessandthegenerationof
grease,alsoconsiderationoftheloadsimposedonothersystemsbycookingthroughthenightisconsiderations.

D.A.Fwasteproductsmaybeconsideredrecyclableforusebyotherindustries.

Agreasetrapisrequiredbymostauthoritiestoremovethegreasecontentofkitchenwastewaterwherefoodis
preparedonacommercialbasis.

Greaseremovalsystems,orpretreatment,haveanumberofvariationsindesignglobally

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

TheenzymeunitsusedtheUSAandUKbeingachemicalprocess.

TherectangulargreasetrapwithhighlabourcleaningrequirementsisusedintheUAR.

Upto5000litresvolumetheAustraliangreasetrapendeavoursprovideacoolingeffectandaphasechange
separationofthefloatableoilsandgreasecontent.

Forlargervolumesthan5000litresinstallationsadissolvedairfloatationsystemandmechanicalskimming
conveyorcanbeused,howeverthesearerareinhospitalsandtendtobeusedinfoodfactoryprocessingwhere
thegreaseisrecoveredastallowforreuseinindustry

TheNSWboatshapedgreasetrapiseffectivelyacoolingdevice,mostoftheheatbeingreleasedfromthe
surfacearea,verylittleheatbeingreleasedfromthesidesofaburiedconcreteorfibreglassgreasetrap,the
heatwillovertimeraisethetemperatureofthematerialofconstruction,itisaminimalandslowprocess.

Surfaceheatlossfromthegreasetrapcanbeimprovedifthegreasetrapisfittedwithmechanicallyassisted
ventilationsystemTheCityofSydneyVentilationCodeoncecoveredmechanicalventilationtogreasetrap
chambers,nowtheBCAwillprevailwhichadoptsAS1668.(Page50).

UnfortunatelyAS1668giveslittleguidanceonlyindicatingthatagreasetrapenclosureventilationsystemcanbe
combinedwithotherGroup6systemsinTable5.2.TheSydneyVentCodeusedtosuggest10airchangesper
hourwhichstimulatedanairflowatthewatertoairinterfaceofthegreasetrap,thiswillforaperiodaccelerate
thecoolingaffect;howeverthegreaselayerwilleventuallybecomeaneffectivefloatingthermalinsulator
preventingsurfaceheatloss.

Thebyproductsofdecomposingorganicmatterbelowthesurfacegreaselayermayproducehydrogensulphide
gaswhichisparticularlyaggressivetocopperpipe,plasticventpipes/orductsareconsideredthebestoption.

Pumpinggreaseandwatermixedistobeavoided,centrifugalpumpswillemulsifytheoilandseparation
becomesaproblem,mostoilandwaterpumpingsystemsutilizediaphragmpumps,itshouldberemembered
thatwhenpumpinggreasethefrictionlossisconsiderablygreaterthantheresistanceofwater,copperpipeis
notonlyvulnerabletocorrosionfromthebyproductsofdegradation,itmayalsohaveinsufficientpressure
ratingparticularlyatsilversolderedjoints,forgreasetrappumpingaminimum75mmpipesizeshouldbe
used(Thefrictiondropforgreaseishigh)andgalvanizedmildsteelpipeorstainlesssteelpipeshouldbe
considered.

4.18 DRAINAGEMATERIALS

Hospitalplumbinganddrainagedischargesgenerallyhaveamuchthesamecorrosionimpactonmaterialsasdo
theflowsfromotherbuildings,thereisahigherprobabilitythatheatedwaterwillenterthepipesystemfrom
sterilizersandcleaninplacesystemsforROreticulation,alsosurgicaldressingsmayenterthedrainagesystem.

Lowvolumeflushingsystemsandverylowdrainagegradientsshouldbeconsideredwithcare.Hospitalswill
alsoinvolvelaboratorywaste(Tradewasteisdealtwithunderthatheading)whichwillrequireconsiderationof
chemicallyresistantmaterialssuchasplasticsHDPEandborosilicateglass.(CorningorShottsystems)

Detergentsusedinconjunctionwithhospitalkitchendishwashermayalsocontainahighalkalinecontent,the
corrosioneffectisacceleratedbytheheatofthewastewaterwhichbecomescorrosivetotheinvertofcastiron
pipework,Grade316stainlesssteel(Blucher)orHDPEpipesthatarebothheatandcorrosionresistantare
desirable.

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RadiationtreatmentwithIsotopei131forThyroidCancertreatment,the
patientwillreleaseradioactivewasteproductwhichwillrequireshieldingconsideration(Densepipematerial
suchasleadorcastiron)andInstantrecognitionsignageofthedangerouscontentsofdrainsandplumbingpipes
tomaintenancepersonnel.

T.S11restrictionsfortheuseof(PVC)relatedtotheproductionprocessesofthethermoplasticmanufacture
whichmayrequireCertificationoftheManufacturingProcesstogainapprovalfortheinstallationinNSWHealth
projects.Generallythemanufacturingcostsof100mmand65mmPVCpipefavoursthelargerdiameterbecause
ofproductionefficiencyofscale.

SanitaryDrainagematerialshaveevolvedfromthoselocalmaterialsthatarereadilyavailable.Inareasofthe
worldwhichhavelimitednaturalresources,andwhereshippingcostsandfuel/energycostsdobecomeamore
significantissue,thedesignershouldinadditiontoconsideringtradewastechemicalandheatdamagetopipe
alsoconsidertheimpactofsurfaceloadsbyheavyearthmovingequipmentonsmallsitesandthoseproducts
thatarelocallyavailable,orthathaveminimalimportcosts.

4.19 PUMPINGDRAINAGE

Technicaladvicefrommanufacturersregardingspecificpumpingplansuitabilitywilloftenberequiredonmost
projects.Thereshouldbealogicaldesiretostandardiseonacommonmanufacturerformaintenancereasons
andtoenhancepurchasingpower.

Pumpingisgenerallylimitedtothatpartofthedrainagesystemsthatisservingthelowestareasofthe
installationthatcannotgravitate.

Pumpingsanitarydrainageshouldbeavoidedifpossibleandshouldnotbeusedasameansofsavingcosts
whereagravityoptionisavailablebutexpensivebyvirtueofexcavationdepthorsimilarissues;someeasement
tothisprinciplemaybeconsideredacceptablewherethedrainagesumpoverflowcangravitateatasecondary
pathandindoingsoactivateanalarm.

Relaxationofthenonpumpingprinciplemayalsobeconsideredacceptableinsituationsatupperfloorlevels
whereanonessentialfixture,suchasabeveragesinkcanonlybedrainedbygravityatexcessivecost.

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4.20 PUMPINGSTORMWATERISNOTRECOMMENDED

Note:SeepagedrainpumpingshouldbedealtwithinconjunctionwiththeCivilEngineer.Groundwaterinflow
ratesandwatertablesandmembranesrequiredtopreventgroundwaterinfiltrationarenotconsideredtobe
withinthescopeofahydraulicservicesengineer.

Itisnotedthatthecircumstancesthatrequirepumpinglowsanitaryfixturesoftenhasasimilareffectuponthe
ingressofgroundwaterintobasementsandsubfloorlevels.

Whereagravitydrainagepathisnotavailableforsanitarydrainagethereisalsoahighprobabilitythatgravitya
pathwillnotbeavailabletoremovegroundwater.

Wherehighwatertablesexerthydraulicpressureontheundersideofbasementfloorstructuresandretaining
wallsitisprobablethatthebasementwillbeprotectedbyawaterproofmembrane.

(Groundwaterpipeslocatedbelowthismembraneandthatarebelowthewatertablewillineffectbeservingto
dewaterthesubstrata,thishassignificantgeologicalimplicationsandisnotconsideredtobeahydraulic
servicesissue.)

Incircumstanceswhereseepage/groundwatersystemsarebelowthewatertableitisessentialthatthe
responsibilityforthedesignintegrityisacceptedbyengineerssuitablyqualifiedandindemnified.

Topreventwatertableentryintothebuildingitisessentialthatseepagepumpwellandthepipesthatdischarge
toitdonotperforatethewaterproofmembraneandindoingsocompromisetheintegrityofthecontainment
waterproofing.Thepracticalityoflocatingapumpwelloutsideofthebuildingwithaccessfromgroundlevel,
maybedependentonthetopographyandinvolvedeepexcavationandhighcost.

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Itisessentialthatthesanitarydrainagesystem,includingthepumpwell
anddrainagepipesystemiscontainedwithinthemembrane.Theoptionofsealingmultipleperforationsthrough
awaterproofmembraneisadoubtfulmeansofsealingagainstgroundwaterinfiltration;suchsystemsarein
practicevulnerable,andtheyareconsideredtoconstituteadesignthatwouldbedifficulttodefendinthe
circumstancesoflitigation.

Withthesanitarydrainagesystemcontainedwithinthewaterproofingenvelopeanyingressofgroundwatercan
beclearlyidentifiedasamembranefault.

Wherepumpingsanitarydrainageistheonlyoption,careshouldbetakentominimisethedepthofdrainage
pipesandtheload,thosefixturesthatcangravitatebeingseparatedfromthosefixturesthatcannotgravitate,in
manyinstancesasmallerlocaltoloadpumpingstationisancosteffectiveoption,suchsystemscanbe
interlinkedwithaleveloverflowandalarmtoaddfailsafesecurity.

4.21 FLOODPREVENTIONCONTROLINTERLOCK

Asanaddedfailsafeprotectivemeasurethefixturesdrainedtoapumpwell,shouldhavethehotandcoldwater
servicesfittedwithisolatingsolenoidvalvesthatareelectronicallylinkedbyacontrolsystemtothedrainage
systemsumphighlevelfloatswitch(Nearflood)waterlevel,tosignalthesolenoidvalvestoisolatetheinflow
watersuppliesasanalarmandfloodpreventionmeasure.(Drawingprovided)

4.22 DECOMPRESSIONCHAMBER

IntheUAEPumpdischargestosewersmustdischargetoaventeddecompressionchamberofapumpcycle
volumepriortoenteringthedrainagesystem,thisisrequiredtopreventpumpingpressurizationofthepublic
utilitiessewermaintothedetrimentofotherconnections.

Thiswouldseemareasonablepropositiontothewriter,regardlessofthepumpduty.thesewercanonlyaccept
theminimumgravityflowviatheconnecteddrain.

Thechamberislocatedinsidethepropertylineanddownstreamofthemandatoryfloodpreventionrefluxvalve
inthesidelinetothePublicUtilitysewer.ThisdesignfeatureensuresthatthePublicutilitysewerwillnotbe
subjectedtoseweragepumpheadpressure;thepumpingcyclevolumewillenterthesewerataflowratethatis
consistentwithagravitydischarge.

Inhealthcarebuildingsthedischargefromsanitarydrainagepumpingsystemsshouldjointhesystem
downstreamofanysanitarydrainagerefluxvalve.

Note:AS3500allowsconnectionofpumprisingmainstoventeddrains.

Pumpingsystemsthatserviceanentirehealthcaredrainageinstallationareconsideredtobeunusual,other
thaninruralareasofAustralia.

MajorseweragepumpingplantwouldinmostinstancesbepartofthePublicUtilitiesseweragesystem
infrastructure;howeverthismaynotbethecaseinoverseasprojects(Drawingprovided)

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4.23 PUMPWELLVOLUMEANDPUMPDUTY

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Thedeterminationofaseweragepumpwellvolumeandpumpdeliveryrate
isrelevanttothefollowing.

Thepriorityofthefixturesserved.Prioritymaybedeterminedbytheimpactupontheuseofthefixturesserved,
anessentiallaboratory,oranimalfacilityshouldpreferablyberemovedfromtheneedtopump,howeverthe
sensitivityofanimalstonoiseandvibrationtendstobeaccommodatedbytheconstructionrequirementsof
basements,thisalsoreleasesotherabovegroundareasforhumanactivity.

Prioritymayalsorelatetotheproximityofothernonpumpedfacilitiesavailableforuseinreasonableproximity
ifthepumpedsystemshouldfail).

Thefixturepeakinflowgeneratedbythefixturesserved.

Wherefixturesorpopulationloadsarenotknownanestimatecanbedeterminedbythepopulationservedas
basedontheNSWCodeofPractice20053.20.2150EP/dayresidential,rangeplusanyknowncontributing
processwaste.

Forotherthansingleresidentialbuildings.MaxresponsetimexAverageDailyFlowxEquivalentpopulation.24
hours(Populationservedbythepumpingsystem)

orMRTxADFxEP/24Averageflowforthisapplication150litres/EP/daywithagrinderpumpsystem(NSW
Code)

Thecapacityofthereceivingdrainagesystem,whichmightbethepublicutility,mustbechecked,toconfirmthat
ithascapacityacceptthecalculatedpeakpumpingload.

Shouldthemaximumdischargeacceptablebelimited,thepumpingsystemmayrequireincorporatingpeakload
detention(Max2hoursdetention)and/orcontrolledpumpoutflowwhichcanbeachievedbyvariablespeed
pumping.

Withregardtotheuseofvariablespeedcentrifugalpumpsystems.

Theperformancebandofviableflowregulationwithcentrifugalpumpsislimitedbytheperformancecurveof
thepump,foradirectspeedtooutflowrelationshipapositivedisplacementpump,suchasthemovingcavity
helicalscrewstatorrotorpumpingsystemshouldbeused(MonoPumps)inconjunctionwithadigitalspeed
regulationlevelcontrol.

Thereliabilityoftheelectricalservicesiscritical,localgenerationofstandbypowerisrecommendedasafacility
toservicepumpingstationsthatserveessentialfacilities.

Theminimumcentrifugalpumpruntimetopreventpumpmotorstarteroverheat.

AsdeterminedbyWSA101Clause663MotorSelection

Pumps<15kW12Startsperhour(5minuteminimumruntime).

Pumps>15kW8Startsperhour(7.5minruntime)

Thepumpwellreservestoragecapacitymustbesizedtobecompliantwithstatutoryrequirementsrelatedto
thenumberofpumpsandthecalculatedhourscapacitybasedonpopulationserved

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4.24 SEPTICSEWERAGE

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Thedwelltimeofsewerageinthesystemifprolongedover2hourscan
resultinsepticconditions.

Thesewerauthoritymayhaveregulationsinrespecttothis,regulationsmayalsorelatetotheconfluencewith
othergravityflowsofwastewaterandthetypeofpumpingsystem.

1) Grindersubmersible.
2) Movingcavitywithmacerator.

SmallerHealthCareInstallationsinruralareasmayberemotefromreticulatedseweragesystemsandhavelong
risingmains,ortheymayprovideonlya9to5weekdayservice,bothsituationshavethepotentialtoleave
significantquantitiesofsewerageinwellsorrisingmainsforextendedtimeframes.

InthecaseofthelongrisingmaintheInterferencefitstatorrotormovingcavitypumpwithintegraloradjacent
maceratorhastheadvantageofpumpingseweragethroughrelativelysmalldiameterpipes,anddevelopingvery
highheadstoovercometheresistanceofmaceratedseweragepassingthroughasmalldiameterpipeline,the
pipelineinsuchcasescanbehydrogensulphideresistantHDPE.Thesmallervolumeofthesmallerdiameterpipe
obviouslyreducesthevolumeofmaterialtobecomeseptic.

Wherea5dayweekoperationisnormalpractice,thepumpsshouldbeactivatedandruntothelowlevellimit,
thenachargeoffreshwaterwithavolumeequaltotherisingmaincontentshouldbepumpedthroughthe
systemautomaticallyatcloseofbusinesseachweek,ordayiftheproblemwarrants.

Asstandarddesignpracticethedrainagedischargetothewellshoulddirecttheinflowtoapointasclosetothe
pumpsuctionasispracticallypossible,thisisremovethepossibilityofsolidmaterialbeingisolatedinthewellto
becomeseptic,thepumpcyclevolumeshouldbecontrolledtominimisethecontainedvolumewithinthepump
wellsothatthewellislimitedtoaminimumcapacitymostofthetime,thispreservesstandbycapacityand
preventslongdwelltimes.

Septicsewerageisessentiallydegradableorganicmaterialwhichwilldecomposeataraterelativetooxygen
supplyandtemperature.Thebacteriaandmicroorganismsthatdothedecomposingworkceasetowork,orwork
slowlywithoutheat,hencethepreservationoffoodsinfreezersandprehistoricMammothscapturedandflesh
preservedinglaciers.

Sewerageatambienttemperatureswithalimitedoxygensupplywilldecomposeslowlybyananaerobicprocess
(Withoutoxygen),atthepublicutilitiessewerageworkssuchsewerageissignificantlymoreoxygendemanding,
inadditionsuchseweragereleaseshydrogensulphidewhichisanaggressivegascapableofcausingserious
damagetodrainageandsewerageworksinstallations.

Oxygeninjectionisusedforverylongpumpedrisingmainsthatwouldnotnormallybeincludedwithinthe
hydraulicservicesscope,beingmoreprobablyalocalutilityinstallation

Forhospitalsanitarydrainagesystemswherepumpingisunavoidable,submersiblecentrifugalgrinderpumps
canbeused,wheretheloadprofileofthesystemmightincludeaninfrequentbutmajoruseanoptionistouse
variablespeedpumps,orconventionaldrivepumps,eachcapableofportionofthemaximumloadandpumping
simultaneouslyinhighpeaksituations.

Itisnotedthatstorageandpumprunningtimesarenotthesamething,itshouldalsobenotedthatitmaybe
practicaltoinstallapumpwelloverflowtoagravitysanitarydrainagesystemwithanalarm.

Independentrisingmainsfromeachpumpareconsideredanadvantageasarerubberlinedfullflowdiaphragm
valvesforflowisolationorKnifeedgedgatevalvesforlowpressuresideisolationandNochokecheckvalvesofa
rollbackballdesign(Flygt)Refertolocalregulationsinrespecttotheseissues)

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MINIMUMPUMPRUN

Minimumruntimesarecritical.MostSubmersiblepumpsusethepumpedfluidformotorcooling;thepump
shouldremainbelowthelowestwaterlevelofthepumpwell.Theminimumpumprundurationshouldbeof
sufficientdurationtopreventelectricalstartersoverheating,(nominally7.5minutesruntime.)

MAXIMUMPUMPRUNTIME

Thenominaldutyflowrateforaseweragepumpwillrelatedirectlytothesanitaryfixturesthatjointhesystem
andthecalculatedprobablesimultaneousdemandofhotcoldandflushingwatertothosefixtures.

Thediversityofsupplytofixtures(Formostpublishedsystems)is(Asnoted)basedontheDynamicLawof
Probability,inmostcasesdiversitycalculationsaregenerous,thelargersystemstaperingofftoa20%minimum
probability,thisisthecalculatedpeakflow,andthepeakcanbequiteshort.Industrystandardalsogenerally
acceptthattheaverageflowx3=Thepeakflow

Themaximumruntimeisinmostcasesnotcritical,thepumpswillstopatthelowestleveldeterminedbywater
covertothepumporthepointofvortexgenerationandthedutypumpwillstartwhenaminimumpumprun
timewatervolumeisavailable.

Thestandbypumpwillcutinwhenbothpumpscanrunfortheminimumtimeframe.Prudentdesignwill
determinebothpumpscanevacuate3xtheaverageinflow.

Becausethepumpwellmayhaveatotalvolumethatiscalculatedtocontain12hoursuseinemergencythereis
alargefactorofsafety.Itisnecessarytounderstandtheprobableloadprofileofthesystem.

Itisimportantthatthedesignerisnottotallyreliantonpublishedrecommendationsofdiversity,andwithself
confidenceandwiththeapplicationofcommonsensereviewshowthesystembeingconsideredwillactuallybe
usedinpractice.

E.G.20Staffshowersmayatthechangeofshiftallbeusedatthesametime,educationallecturetheatreswill
havehightoiletloadsattheendofateachingsession,gymnasiumsandtherapypoolswithgroupsessionshave
similarusecharacteristics.

Probableuseanddeterminationofpeakloadsrequiresacommonsenseapproach.

4.25 WELLCAPACITY

Theminimumruntimehasbeenestablishedbythepumpmotorstartercapacity,howeverifaVSDpumpwere
tobeusedtominimisepowerconsumption,thestartercharacteristicsrelativetooverheatingaredifferent.

Themaximumruntimeisbasedonthevolumedifferencebetweentheprobableinflowandpumpingoutflow
rateofonepump.

Anydeficitofonepumpoutflowdischargewilldeterminethelevelinthewellatwhichthestandbypumpis
activatedtorun.

Withdutyandstandbypumprunningtogetherthemaximuminflowshouldberemovedandthewellwaterlevel
shouldlower.Shouldthisbeimpracticaltomeetaknownpeakperiod,undertheseconditionsthepumpwell
storagereservemustbufferthepeakprovidingthepeakestimatedinflowratecalculationisreliable,amarginof
errorshouldbeconsideredwhereconditionsarecriticalornotwellestablisheddataisavailable.

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Shouldthelevelrisethepeakinflowhasexceededtheoutflowcapacityand
itwillabsorbsomeofthefreewellvolumeforthedurationofthepeak.Oritispossiblethatapumphasfailed,if
thisisthecasethealarmshouldbeactivated.

Thespaceorstoragevolumebetweenthealarmandthefloodlevelofthesystemisthemaximumwellcapacity
whichmayincludeaminimumstatutorystoragevolumeasnoted.

Whenthefloodreservelevelisreachedanalarmsignalshouldbeactivated,shouldthewaterlevelcontinueto
risetoasystemfloodlevel,afloatswitchshallactivatetheelectronicstoshutdowntheautomaticflood
preventionsolenoidvalvesinthewatersupplysystems.

Theeffectofwaterlosswillcreateamoresignificantreactionthanthepriorearlywarningalarm;itwillalso
preventthehealthhazardofsanitarywastewater,orbiologicallaboratorywastewaterflooding.

Considerationmustbegiventothefollowing.

Emergencyshowers.Thecoldwaterflowmustnotbecompromised.

Firehosereels.Thecoldwaterflowmustnotbecompromised.

Medicalproceduressuchashemodialysiswhichcouldbelifethreateninginthecaseof

Laboratoryresearchanddiagnosticequipmentthatmaybeessentialtopreservelife.

WHERETHEABOVECIRCUMSTANCESARERELEVANT,THEHYDRAULICSERVICESDESIGNER
SHOULDSEEKADVICEANDCONFIRMATIONFROMTHEMEDICALAUTHORITYINRESPECTTO
THELEVELOFHAZARDTHATISACCEPTABLEDESIGNCRITERIA,WHERELIFETHREATENING
RISKISINVOLVEDSIGNAGEGIVINGADVICEASTOTHEAPPROPRIATEACTIONTOTAKEWILL
BEREQUIRED.

NoteAS3500RequiresRefluxvalveprotectiononbranchdrainstopumpwellspresumablytopreventsurcharge.
Howevertherefluxvalvewillnotpreventflowinthedrainfrombackingupfromupstreamdischarge,

4.26 PRIORITY

ThepriorityofthefixturesservedwillrequiredeterminationbytheHydraulicsdesignerincollaborationwiththe
systemsusergroups.

Itcouldbeconsideredpoorplanningtorelyonpumpingplanttoserviceanyhealthcarefacilitywherepumping
failurecouldbelifethreatening,shouldthisbethecasethedesignershoulddrawattentiontotheissueto
promoteamoreviableoption.

Thevolumeofthepumpwellstoragevolumewillberelevanttotheavailabilityofstandbypowerandthe
estimatedinflowload,thelocalCodesEGNSWCodeandtheestimatedtimeframetoimplementrepairsina
worstcasefailurescenario.

4.27 PUMPCONTROL

HospitalSeweragepumpingsystemsshouldhavea100%capacitydutyandstandbyarrangementswiththe
standbypumpatleastconnectedtothestandbypowersystem.Theprovisionofbothpumpstobeactivatedto
runbythesumpwaterlevelcontrolinput,forhighvariationloadsystemthreeorfourpumpsmaybeused,

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wherespaceislimitedconsiderationmaybegiventovariablespeeddrive
pumping(VSD).Howeverincreasedsystemcomplexityisgenerallyassociatedwithincreasedmaintenance.

NOTIONALPUMPINGCONTROLSEQUENCE.

Level1Lowlevel.AllPumpsOFF,ataleveltoensureallsubmersiblepumpsaresubmerged.

Level2Dutypump1.On.

Level3AlternatedstandbyPump2On

Level4HighlevelalarmThiswillbethelevelatwhichwastewaterentersthereservebuffervolume

Level5Automaticinterlockshutdownofwatersupplytofixturesthatjointhepumpedsystem.(Note:Thiswill
preventfloodingandisimportantwherenuclearmedicinedischargesareradioactive)

Pumpdutyorstandbyroleshouldbealternatedateachpumpingcycle,thecontrolsystemshouldnotequally
proportionthepumpruntime,thiswillpromoteasimilarwearandlifeexpectancytoeachpump,aneccentric
runtimeisdesirablewhichwillallowthemaintenanceteamtopredicttheprobablefailuredateofthestandby
unitfromthehoursruntimemeter,

Level5TheAutomaticshutdownofwatersuppliestoallfixturesthatdischargewastetothepumpsystemwill
preventsurchargeofseweragethatcanbeamajorhealthissuewhereanORGisnotfeasible(Generallythecase
withpumpeddrainage)Theshutdownrequirestheinstallationofasoftclosesolenoidvalveinthedomesticcold
serviceandthedomestichotwaterflow,acheckvalveinthedomestichotwaterreturnmayalsobeneeded.

4.28 WASTEWATERPUMPINGPLANT

Wastewaterpumpinginanyprojectmayincludelocaltoloadpumpsinbasementareasthatcannotdrainby
gravityandmaybealsohavedrainageconflictwithheavystructuralfloorslabsdesignedtoresistgroundwater
ingress.Suchsystemswillbeoftenfoundservingplantspaces,workshopareas,beveragebays,essentially
wastewater.Inallcasesdutystandbypumpswithdualrisingmainsarerecommended.andaboveground
accessiblecheckandisolationvalvesareAS/NZS3500required.Theconventional100mmchamberventmayin
mostcasesbereplacedbya50mmventappliedinthesamemannerasforasanitaryfixture.Asnoted,the
emergencyhighlevelfloatswitchshouldalsoisolatewaterservicestofixturesthatgeneratethewastewater(A
lowvoltagesolenoidvalve).

4.29 PUMPELECTRICALCONNECTION

Inhospitalpumpingapplicationsalocalisolatoranddemountable3phaseplugconnectionwillovercometrade
practicedemarcationproblemsandtheneedforcallingbothaplumberandanelectriciantoresolveaminor
maintenanceproblemorpumpremoval/replacement.

4.30 SEWERAGEPUMPS

Seweragepumpsmaybedrywellorwetwell,inmostcasestheveryheavyconstructionconcreteYconfiguration
threechambers,twowetandonedrywellpumpingsystemwhichhasbeenfavouredbypublicutilitiesisnot
usedinsmallerloadprivatepumpingstations.

Thedry/wetwellarrangementisconsideredadurablesystemwithcomponentrepairandstandbycapability.

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Thetraditionalthreechamberscomprisestwowetchamberseachwitha
valvedinflowpipe,thethirdchamberbeingdryhousesdutyandstandbycentrifugalpumps,eachvalvedtoa
wetchamber,thepumpdischargesrisingverticallywithrefluxvalvesandisolationvalvestoacommonrising
main,thepumpinterconnectingpipeworkbeingdrainableformaintenancework.

Thistypeofcentrifugalpumpwouldbeequippedwithanimpellordesignedspecificallytoacceptsolidsmaterial,
thistypeofcentrifugalpumphasaverylowNetPositiveSuctionHeadandrequiresafloodedsuction.Thepump
motormaybeattachedhorizontally,butitismoreprobabletobeaverticaldriveforspaceandmotorremoval
considerations.

Themotortopumpdriveshaftcanbeextendedwherethepumpwellisverydeep;thisallowstheelectrical
componentsincludingthemotortobemountedatgroundlevelwheretheyarenotvulnerabletoleakageand
waterdamage,ortheaccumulationofcombustibleseweragebyproductgases.Pumpingstationsofthistypeare
heavyengineeringconstruction.

4.31 POSITIVEDISPLACEMENTPUMPS

Themovingcavityhelicalscrewinterferencefit,softrubberstatorandstainlesssteelrotorpumplinkedtoa
maceratingunithasbeenusedforseweragepumpingwithconsiderablesuccessfor50yearsormore,thistype
ofpumphasexcellentsuctioncapacityandcanbeusedtoservicepumpwellsofmodestdepth,aswillbefound
inmostbuildingdrainagesystems.thereisconsiderableadvantageinthesmallerdiameterrisingmainsthatcan
beused,andthenearconstantheadgeneratedbythistypeofpumpingsystem,thepressureratingoftherising
mainshouldbecheckedagainstthemaximumheadpressurethatthepumpcandevelop,ifrubberbellows
vibrationpipeconnectionsareusedtheyrequirelimitofmovementwires.Thistypeofpumpingsystemis
manufacturedbyatleastthreecompaniesMonoPumpsprobablybeingthebestknownestablishedinAustralia.

Aninterestingcharacteristicofthistypeofpumpisthedirectspeedtoflowraterelationship,thepumpsare
usuallydowngearedfrommotorspeedsof1450RPM,suchpumpswouldrespondwelltoVSDforflowcontrol,
orconstantpumpingthroughfiltrationsystemswherethepressuredropgradientofthefiltermediawouldaffect
theflowrateofacentrifugalpumpingsystem.

4.32 SUBMERSIBLEPUMPS

ThemostcommontypeofWastewaterpumpingplanforhospitalwasteisthesubmersiblegrinderpump,awell
engineeredproductthatiscooledbytheliquidpumped,oiledforlife,andcooledandnoiseinsulatedbybeing
immersedinwaterwhichisessentialformosttypesofsubmersiblepumps,howeversomedewateringpumps
canoperateonthesnore.

Forfloodproneareaswatercooledjacketedsubmersiblepumpsaremanufactured.

Submersibleseweragepumpsofthegrindertypeprovideapresuctioninletmaceratingeffect.Submersible
pumpfeatures,suchasrubberlinedimpellorsandguidevanesvarywithmanufacture.

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4.33 IMPELLORPULSE

Pumpsthataresuitableforpumpingsolidscontentliquidshaveanimpellerdesignthatwillgenerateastrong
hydraulicpulsepressureeffectrequiringrobustconstructionintherisingmaintoresistthedestructiveeffect
.Thispulsefeaturewillnotaffectmostsystemsandonlybecomesevidentifsuchpumpsareusedfornon
standardapplicationsorusedinconjunctionwithpoorwelding,orsubstandardfabricateditemswhichcannotbe
tested.

4.34 SUBMERSIBLEPUMPMOUNTING.

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Forseweragepumpingthesubmersiblepumpthatisslidecolumnmounted
pumpwithautomaticrisingmaincouplingandthatisliftchainremovablefromthesurfaceisconsideredan
advantageinthatitwillminimiseshumanentryintothewellformaintenance,andpermitsrapidreplacement.

4.35 SUBMERSIBLEMOVINGCAVITYPUMP

Thesubmersiblemovingcavitypump,orhelicalscrewinterferencefitrubberstatorstainlesssteelrotorpump
coupledtoawaterproofmotorarearecentmarketdevelopmentofawellestablishedabovegroundpumping
system.

Thistypeofpumphasarubberstatorthatisremovableandthathasaknownwearrateandlifeexpectancy
,removaloftheworncomponentandreplacementisasitemaintenancetask.Thereareadvantagesthatthis
pumphascomparedwithamoreconventionalcentrifugalpump.

Thepumpoperatesatlowspeed1450RPM

Thepumphasadirectspeedtooutputratio,at30%speedtheoutputflowisalso30%

Thepumpwilldeliverlowflowsatveryhighhead,itissuitedtolonglowflowhighpressurerisingmains.

Pumpsofthistypehandlesolidmaterialwell.

Contrarytosomeopinionsthistypeofpumpwillemulsifygreaseandwater

4.36 SEWERAGEEJECTOR

Thesewerageejectorcomprisesapairorthreecylinders(300Litresapprox.)withinletandoutletconnectionsat
thebase;eachconnectionhasarefluxvalve.Afloatarrangementinsidethecylinderactivatesbymechanical
linkagetheopeningofacompressedairflowwhichdisplacesthewatervolumeinthecylindertoriseupthe
dischargerisingmain.Manysewerageejectorunitsareinoperationatexistingfacilities,theyareseldom
specifiednow.

4.37 DOUBLEDIAPHRAGMPUMPS

TheDoubleDiaphragmPumpfirstmanufacturedin1955,isanairoperatedpositivedisplacementselfpriming
pump,whichoperateswithtwodiaphragmsdrivenonasingleshaftbymeansofamotorcam,orbycompressed
airpressurepulsedtothedrivingdiaphragmsbyaportedairvalve.

Diaphragmpumpsareseldomused,theydohaveanadvantageinthattheyaresubmersible,theydonot
emulsifygreaseoroilwithwaterandtheyremainrelativelyfreeofcorrosioninlongperiodsofinactivity.The
pumpingoutputcanbevariedbymodulationoftheairpressureandpumpingspeed,

Thepumpingunitmaybesubmerged

Maybeusedinexplosiveenvironments

Thistypeofpumpdeliversmoderatedischargequantities,ismanufacturedinawiderangeofmaterialsfor
chemicalresistanceandisappropriateforspecialisedapplicationsuchas

Aggressivechemicals

RadioActivewaste

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Foodpumping

Foodpumpingorsimilarsubstances

Nonemulsifyingtoanoilandwatermix

Slurryorgreasetransfer

(Willpumptoempty,withoutdamagetothepumpingunitManufacturedbyWildenPumpEngineeringCo)

4.38 MECHANICALLYDRIVENDIAPHRAGMPUMPS

Thistypeofpumpisspecialisedforpumpinglowvolumes,intheorderof1500litres/hourofwaterandoil
throughlaminarflowseparationplates.

Thistypeofpumpdoesnotemulsifytheoilandwater.Anelectricdrivemotorwithasimpleslowspeedcam
actionpumpdriveistypicalandoftenfavouredforplantpumpingrecoveredhydrocarbonwatermixture.

4.39 ISOLATIONVALVES

Valvesforseweragesystemsshouldbelocatedabovegroundratherthaninabelowgroundpitorthepumping
chamber.Attentionisdrawntotherequirementforadisconnectingjointadjacenttoflangedvalvesinbelow
groundpitsorchambersforanypipesystem.

4.40 VALVETYPES

WaterserviceGatevalvesareusedforwastewater.AKnifeedgedlever(Leveractionvalvesareprimarilyfor
rapidclosure,thesevalvesarespaceconsuming.)orscrewactivationforlowpressureuseandSaundersrubber
lineddiaphragmforpressureorflowregulationapplicationsareconsideredsuperior.

Checkvalvesforsewerageshouldbeanonclogdesigncomprisingamovingspherewhichseatsonarubberseal
underbackpressureandmovesoutoftheflowlineinthepumpingcycle.ValvesshouldbeVictaulicjointed,
wherepipesarelocatedbelowground.Wherebelowgroundpipesareflangedtheconnectingpipeworkmust
haveadisconnectingjointtoallowthecompressionoftheflangeinsertmaterialandreplacementofthevalvein
thereducedspaceresultingfromcompressionofflangeinsertmaterial.

4.41 RISINGMAINS

PumprisingmainsinHospitalswillinmostcasesberelativelyshort,wherethisisthecaseitisdesirabletojoin
thesanitarydrainagesystemdownstreamoftheboundarytrapandtherefluxvalve,ifprovided,thiswillprevent
thepossibilityofinternalsurcharge.

4.42 DEDICATEDRISINGMAINS

Risingmainsshouldwherepracticablebededicatedtoeachpumpandnot,asiscommondollardriven
practice.Siamesedtotwopumpsasdutyandstandbythroughonecommonpipe,shouldapeakloadcondition
requirebothpumpstoworksimultaneously,theflowincreaseinaSiamesedsystemisnotdoubled,itis
proportionaltoresistanceandreducedintheorderof20%,thisisnotthecasewithindependentrisingmains
whichwillprovidea100%flowincrease.

4.43 MATERIALS

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RisingmainsconstructedofpipematerialssuchasBlucherStainlesssteel,
rubberringjointedcastorductileironthatdoesnothavejointswithinherentlinearstrengthandwillrequire
thrustblockrestraintatalldirectionchangesandteejunctions,inmuchthesamefashionasrecommendedfor
watermains.Materialswithlinearsecurejointsarerecommended.HDPE,Polypropylenewithfusionorflanged
jointswithfusionjointedflanges.Whereplasticpipesareusedbelowgroundastainlesssteelwirebondshallbe
locatedinverycloseproximitytothepipeasanelectromagneticsourceforsurfacedetectionNote:Where
flangedpipesofanymaterialisusedbelowground,itisimportantthatatisolatingvalvesadisconnectionjointis
provided.Intheinstallationprocesstheflangeinsertionmaterialiscompressedsufficientlytorender
subsequentremovalofthevalveanditsreplacementwitheaseimpossiblewithoutadisconnectionjoint.

4.44 CLEANWATERPURGE

Thecleanwaterpurge(Orcleaner)maybeusedinconjunctionwithlongundulatingrisingmainsthatcannot
draindownafteruseandmaycontainwaterandorganicmaterialforextendedperiods,systemsasmaybefound
inremoteintermittentuseclinicsthatarenotopenforpatientsona24hour7daysaweekbasis.Suchsystems
mayincorporateatankofcleanwaterandapumpingsystemthatwilldisplacethewastewatercontentofthe
risingmainonclosureofbusiness.

4.45 LINKSEAL

Drainagesystemstobasementareasmayinvolveperforationsthroughretainingwallsthatarebelowthewater
tableoftheexteriorgroundlevel.Conventionalwisdomhasbeentoutilizeapuddleflangeencasedintothe
centreofaconcretewall,theconceptbeingthattheincreasedsurfaceareainterfacebetweentheconcreteand
thepipematerialprovidesamuchgreatertravelpathforwateringressandamuchhigherprobabilitythatthe
flowwillbereducedtoacceptablelimits,orpossiblystoppedcompletely.LinkSealistheregisteredtrademarkof
PSICellCastle6525GoforthStreetHoustonTX77021USAThelinksealcompanyproducealargerangeof
specialisedsealsforpipespassingthroughvarioustypeofbuildingfabric,somesealsworkasaseriesoflinks
whichcircumventthepipe,whenthemetalboltsjoiningthelinksareinplaceandretightenedtheouterlinkcase
compressesaplasticsackoftwopartresinthatoncontactenterstheporesofthebuildingfabricandhardens
,expertadvicewillbeprovidedbythiscompany.

Wherepipesconnecttoconcretewatertanksthewriterhasfoundthepuddleflangeconcepttobe
unsatisfactory.Wherestaticpressureinthetankisinvolved,theconnectingmetallicpipemustuseaconnection
thesealstheconcretetometalinterface,itinplumbingterminologyacompressionjoint.

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CHAPTER5PLUMBING

5.1 ACONTAINEDORCLOSEDSYSTEM?

Thepracticalchallengeinhealthcareplumbingdesignistoincorporatesufficientflexibilitytoallowforfuture
changewitheaseandalsorestricttoanappropriatelocationthereleaseoffoulairatrooflevel.

ThelongtermchallengetothelateandmuchrespectedProfessorJohnSwaffieldwastoseekandperfecta
closedsystemofsanitaryplumbing.

Intheinterimafanassistedsystemthatensuresthatthebiologicallycontaminatedsuspectairfromtheventsfor
healthcareplumbinginstallationsisassistedonitswaytoUVIrradiationandharmlessdilution,mightbean
improvement.(ReferSARRSdata)

ItisprobablythetimeforDesignConsultantstotaketheinitiativeinnegotiatingamoveawayfromthe
historicallybasedcodesthatcataloguethehistoricrecordofplumbingsystemchange,andurgeamovetoa
moresimplifiedandunifiedsystemofventingandairflowcriteriathatdoesnotseparatedrainageandplumbing
ventingbecauseitisadifferenttradeskillinvolved,particularlywherethehydrostaticconsiderationsarethe
same?Andtheonlyobviousdifferenceisthemeansofaccess.

5.2 BACKBONEDRAINAGESYSTEM

InrespecttotheHealthCareflexibilitychallenge,thebackbonesystemofburieddrainagewhichisinflexible,
mustrecognisethepotentialforfuturechangeandthatitshouldbeasystemthatcomplimentstheneedfor
flexibility,andfuturechange,beachievedbyamuchmoreflexibledesignoftheconnectingplumbingabove
ground.

Theabovegroundplumbingdesignofahospitalshouldbesufficientlyflexibletoaccommodatefutureplanning
changesandtheprobabledemandformoreservicestocomplimenttheadvanceofclinicaltechnology.

5.3 THEGLASSFLOORORINSTRATA?

Plumbingdesignersmustdealwithasystemthatresidesintheairspaceofthearchitecturalareadirectlybelow
thelevelwherethefixturesservedarelocated.

Thehiddenlocationofplumbinginrespecttoarchitectureandthemannerinwhichtheworkispresentedfor
tenderingandconstructionisanissuethathasbeeneasedbythedevelopmentofcomputeraideddrafting
systemsandtheabilitytotransferlayersofinformation,thedevelopmentofthreedimensionalcomputer
draftingsystemshasalsochangedtheestablishedcoordinationandworkshopdrawingprocess,toanextent
thathasalmostseenthedemiseofthehanddrawnconceptdesignsketchesasameansofestablishingfirst
thoughtsandideas,thisdemisetofavourCADwouldseemtobedrivenbyprojectmanagementtofacilitate
informationtransfer,ratherthanamovefromthedesignerswhobeartheaddedcost.

TheArchitectsunderstandingofthehydraulicssystemsandtheinitialdesignprocessisprobablymoresuitedto
theglassfloordrawingpresentation,muchthesameasdrainagedrawingspresentation.

Theglassfloorpresentationmethoddoesnotcomplimentcoordinationwherethepipesandthephysical
presenceofplumbingmustberepresentedincompanywithallotherservicesandobstructionssuchasstructure,
sensitiveelectronicroomsoroperatingtheatresthataffectthedesign.Thisisseenasanimportantdrawing
productioncostanddraftingtechnologyissue.

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5.4 METHODBUILDING

Methodbuilding,asystemthatenforcedcollaborationofdisciplines,determinedaviablemetricgridand
buildingtolerances,inrealitywetendtoforgetthatbuildingcanbemuchlikeahandmadeshoe,thetolerances
whichaddup,arenotmeasuredwithamicrometer.

Intheveryearly(10%)buildingplanningstages80%ofthelongtermdecisionsarebelievedtobemade,itisthe
timefortheHydraulicsDesignConsultanttoestablisharepetitivedesigndogmaandsecureaccessibleroutes,
permanentspacelocationsforplantandverticaltraffic.Itreallyisacaseofstrikingwhilethemetalishot.

Plumbingstacksadjacenttostructuralcolumnswhichareanimpedimentthatinsuressomeimmunitytochange
,andmayprovidearangeandplumbingcoveragethatislinkedtotheeconomicsoffeasiblestructuralcolumn
spacingandbeamdepth,andthatwillcomplimentcoordinationwithotherservices.Aplumbingstacklocation
thatwillfacilitatefasttrackconstructionbyearlyinstallationbecausethefabrictofixtoexists,thiswillgivethe
constructioncoordinationstageanadvantagebyadoptingasimilarpathtoanestablishedelementofstructure.

Thedisadvantageofacolumnlocationisthatthestackperforationswillbethroughtheconcreteslabatits
reinforcedjunctionwiththecolumnwhichisstructurallysensitive,therewillprobablyalsobeabeam
connection,orinthecaseofaprestressedconcreteslab,acolumncapital.Resolvingtheseissuesatcolumnsasa
presentorfutureserviceslocationwiththestructuralengineerandarchitectintheschemedesignstagetendsto
focusthehydraulicservicesdesigndogmainrespecttofacilitatingaccessandfutureneeds.

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5.5 COVERAGE

Thedistancebetweenstacksisacriticalconsideration.Basedonanotionalbuildingwithastructuralgridand
columnspacingof7200mm(which is a multiple of a 300 mm grid)thebeamswithaconventionalconcrete
constructionaregoingtobeintheorderof600mmdepth.Assumingforfireregulationconsiderationsthe
hospitalhasbeenlimitedtolessthan25metreshighthebuildinghassay7useablefloorlevels,eachlevelwill
haveafloortofloordimensionof3.571metres,aceilingheightof2.800mandagrossceilingspaceof771mm
less200mmconcretefloor150mmceilingandlightsleaves421mm,possiblymoreovertoiletsandcorridors
whichmayhavelowerceilings.

Theplumbingpipewillneed200mmfromtheslabsoffitatthehighestpoint,thisleaves221mmfora1.66%
gradeinthepipewhichconvertsto13.812metresofruntotheextremityineach7.2metrebay,withapassing
zonedepthunderbeamsfora100mmpipeatthelowpointintheduct/toilet/corridorspace.

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Suchasystemdesignwilllimitventingtoconnectionsabovethefloorslab;
thisisconsideredadesirablefeatureinhealthcarework.Asnoted,conceptualplanningandpreliminary
drawingswhichdemonstratetootherstheprinciplesofthedesigncanonlybenefitthetotalprocess.

5.6 LINEACCESS

ManaccessandOH&Scomplianceformaintenancetoplumbingsoilpipesbeingachievedfromhighlevelaccess
doorsinhighlevelpipeworksuspendedbelowthefloorlevelatwhichthesanitaryfixturesarelocatedis
doubtful.

Thepracticalrealityofopeninganaccessdoorinafloodedsoilpipefromthetopofastepladderisnot
consideredaviableoracceptableproposition;breakingouttheceramicfixturecouldbebetterandlessmessy
option.

A plumbing design whichuses45degreebendsandjunctionsandprovidesa charged floor waste with surface removable

trap,(Blucher)orrubberlipsgratesealwhichprovidesroddingaccessfromthatpoint,locatedtomaximiseand
facilitaterodding,orcamerainspectionfromthe line extremitytothestack, or an access door in a branch vent located
above the system flood level,isprobablybetterandmoreconsideredoption.

5.7 PLUMBINGSYSTEMS

Plumbingsystemsincodeshavelabelsthatarehistoricallabelsdefiningachangeintheconceptsof.

1)Separatingthepipesthatconveyhumanexcretaandurine,fromtheassumedlessbiologicallydangerous
sullagewaterusedforcookingandwashingboththehumanbodyandtheclothesthatthebodywearsandthe
beddingitslumbersin.

2)Changingthesanitaryventingconfigurationtoamoreconsideredandmoreresearchedmethodofavoiding
hydrostaticproblemsandrecognisingthepossibilitythatbuildingusehasanimpactontheperformanceof
plumbingdesign.

3)Providingmechanicalairvalvesandtrapsealsthatallowintroducingairtoreplacetheexitofwaterandavoid
thelossofwatersealsintheearliersystemswaterfilledtrapseals.

5.8 CENTURY2000

Bearinginmindthepossibledefactoreintroductionofamodifiedtwopipedrainagesystemtocompliment
greywatertreatment,itwouldseempossibletoframethePlumbingandDrainagecodeinabetterandeasierto
comprehendformatthatreflectscurrenttechnology,ratherthanhistoricchange.

ThedifferencesbetweenPlumbinganddrainagefromatechnicalaspectareblurredandtheventingdifferences
ofprinciplearehardtorationalise,doweneedtodefinetwoseparatesystems?(Plumbingaboveground&
Drainage)thatwereoriginallyseparatedtomeetthepracticalconsiderationsoftradepractice,ceramicpipes
,accesstoremoveblockages,excavationmethodshaveallchangeddramaticallyinrecenthistory,shouldthe
codereflectmoreonhowthetotalsystemworks(Aboveandbelowground)anddealwiththerequiredtechnical
dataandlimitations,tomakeitworkinasatisfactorymanner?

Recognisingthatinhealthcareitiseconomicallyviableandgoodpracticalsensetouse100mmP.V.Candallow
reduced1%gradesforwastewaterdischarges?Ratherthanaccommodatethepriorpracticaltradedifferences.
ShouldpracticaltradedifferencesnotbeasubjectforresolutionbytheTradeorganisations?

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Incentury2000ourcodeshouldbroadenitsscopefromtheresidential
focusandaddressalltypesofbuildingsasdoestheBCAalsoincludetherealityofenvironmentalissuesthat
affectthosebuildings?TradeWaste.BlackandGreywaterTreatmentHarvestingrainwaterandrecycledwater
systems.

5.9 THEONEPIPESYSTEM

TheOnepipeplumbingsystemhasbeenoversomeyearsmodifiedinAmericatheUKandAustralia,generally
bythereductioninventingwhichisdealtwithinAustralianStandardAS/NZ3500.2SanitaryPlumbingand
SanitaryDrainage.Section6dealswithGeneralDesignrequirementsforPlumbingandSection7dealswithFully
ventedsystemsandmodificationstothatsystemforvariousapplicationsandSection8dealswithSinglestack
systemsandSinglestackmodifiedsystemsforuseinBCAClass1to4ResidentialbuildingsandClass5to9
Commercialbuildings,healthcarebuildingsareClass9awhichincludesPathologylaboratories.Itisassumedthat
thereaderhasanadequateunderstandingofthecurrentPlumbingCode.

5.10 THESOVENTSYSTEM

AderivativeoftheSingleStacksysteminventedinSwitzerlandin1950for3to10storeybuildingsthesystem
incorporatedpatentedbranchconnectionswhichovercomesomeofthehydraulicpneumaticproblemsof
traditionalfittings,particularlyinrespecttothelossoftrapseals,thissystemhasbeenmanufacturedfromcast
iron,copperandrecentlyinHDPE.Seenasaninventionforpreciseplanningofhighriseresidentialconstruction,
TheuseintheUKhasnotbeengreatandtheusefulapplicationtohealthcarewouldseemdoubtful.

5.11 AIRADMITTANCEVALVES

TheacceptanceinAustraliaoftheAiradmittancevalvemayimpactuponsystemdesigns,howeversuchvalves
havenotbeentestedforapathofbiologicaltravelpastthesealofthevalve,bearingthisinmind,andthe
difficultyintestingsuchissues,itisnotconsideredprudentatthistime,torecommendtheuseofairadmittance
valvesinHealthCareProjects,otherthanLowlevelIPMFVentsforsmallerprojects,orairinletventsto
chambersandpossiblylaboratorywastesystemswherecontainmentofradioactive,radiationorbiological
contaminationcouldbeofsignificance.

5.12 VENTING

ThecomplianceofventingforplumbinganddrainagesystemsisdealtwithinAS/NZS3500.2

InHealthcareinstallationsthepatientswillprobablybedebilitatedbyillnessandthemedicationthatisgivento
overcometheirhealthproblemstoanextentwhereitmustbeassumedthattheirimmunesystemmaybe
compromisedandvulnerabletoairbornecontaminationascouldbeinadvertentlyreleasedfromasanitary
systemventpipe.

TheSARRSworldpandemicof2002/3whichinfected8000personsin37countriesandcaused774deathsisan
exampleofvirusairbornetransmissionItisconsideredgoodpracticeinhealthcareplumbinganddrainage
installationstocollectventpipesintwogroups.InductventsandEductvents,inordertopromotecross
ventilationthroughthepipesystem.Theinductandeductsanitaryventsshouldterminateasfaraspractically
possibleasremotefromanyairconditioningfreshairorreturnairintakes,andincompliancewithAS/NZS3500
Allventshaftterminationpointsandallwindowsorairexhaustsandintakes.Drainagesysteminductvents
(IPMF)shouldnotbeusedinmetropolitanareasorhealthcarebuildings,aninductventingpathshouldbe
providedbyasoilstackconnectiontothesewerriserorboundarytrapriserifused.

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5.13 PVC
THEENVIRONMENTALASPECTSOFTHEUSEOFPVCINBUILDINGS,ASTUDYCARRIEDOUTBY
CSIRODIVISIONOFCHEMICALSANDPOLYMERSDRRUSSELLSMITHDATEDSEPTEMBER1996
ISBN0643059644ISRECOMMENDED.

PVCplumbinghasconsiderableeconomicadvantagesoverothermaterialsthatareapprovedforuseinplumbing
anddrainagesystems.

ForaperiodoftimePVCwasnotrecommendedforuseinhospitalsbyN.S.WHealthTechnicalSheet11.The
negativeissuesrelatedtoPVCwererelatedtothemanufacturingprocesswhichwasnotconsidered
environmentallyacceptable.

DraftAmendment1dated2812010toAustralianStandard1260:2009setsoutadditionalrequirementsfor
bestenvironmentalpracticewhicharerelatedtothemanufactureofPVCresins,dealingwithChlorine.

VinylChlorideMonomer(VCM)

EthyleneDichloride(EDC)&(VCM)

StabilisersCadmiumandleadstabilizersshallnotbeused.

AnumberofPlasticizersarealsonottobeusedinthemanufacturingprocess.

CertificationofStandardscomplianceisrequired;thedraftforreviewdidnotdealwiththesubjectofbyproduct
releasefromburningPVCmanufacturedtothedraftstandard.

NoteAS1851andtherequiredtaskoftaggingallFirecollarsandinspectingthecollarat6monthintervals.
Designersarealsoalertedtotheinsidiousreliefvalve,inmostinstancesfromdomestichotwatersystems,these
valvescanreleaseatorrentofveryhotwater,particularlyiftheymalfunction,PVCHasahighrateofthermal
expansion,expansionjointsareessential.PVCisextremelyvulnerabletoprolongedhightemperatureflows,and
itshouldbeavoidedforusewherefixturessuchasbedpanwashersandsterilizerscanreleasenearboiling
temperaturewater.

5.14 RUBBERLIPS

InrecenthistorytheHepworthrubberlipstraphasbeenapprovedforuseasanoptiontotheconventional
watersealtrap,theGratesealunitoffersthesametechnologyforlargerpipediameters.Thistypeofsealis
considereddesirableforlaundriesasafoambarrier,condensatedrainage,orfloordrainsinairhandlingplant
roomsthatarealsoalargeplenumspace.Thelessobviousadvantageofaremovablerubberlipssealisdrain
accessviaafloordrainandtheinitialpreventionofsurcharge.

5.15 COOLINGTOWERSURCHARGE

Refer to drainage andtradewaste

5.16 DRAINWAVE

ThisuniqueinventionbyDucaneResearchanddistributedbyLWGemmell(LWG)istheDrainwavetanksystem
thatremindsmeofthetippingbucketdistributorusedontheoblongAerobicseweragefilterbedsusedinrural
sewerageworksinthe1930andstilloperate,acriticallypivotedtippingbucketthatsavedtheinflowto

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dischargeoverthefilterbedinatimeframethatgavethebacteriaan
evenlydistributedairandwaterenvironment.Thisisacleverstreamlineversionthatrecognisesandshould
overcomethedrydrainproblem.Probablynotapplicabletohealthcare,butapracticalrecognitionofdrydrain
.Adevicefortheinnovationbasket,thatmightbeadaptedtocomplimentandimprovetheprebiologicalfilter
forsmallblackwaterpretreatmentplants.

5.17 THECONNECTINGCOLLAR

AUKstackconnectionjunctionmadeintheformofadoublepipe,theinnerpipebeingthestackandtheouter
pipebeingthewallofthecollar,anangledcircularentrydrainstheannularvoidtothestackandisnotaffected
bytheturbulenceofWCpanjunctionsinthecriticalzone.

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CHAPTER6FIXTURESANDFITTINGS

6.1 SELECTIONOFFIXTURES

SanitaryfixturesaregenerallyselectedandlocatedbytheArchitect,orSpecialistHealthCareConsultant,orthe
Hospitalsmedicalteam,orusergroup.

Recommendedreadinginrespecttosanitaryfixtureergonomicdesignandperformanceinrespectto
complimentingtheneedsofthehumanbodyisTheBathroombyAlexanderKirapublishedbyCornellUniversity
U.S.A(ForHealthCareinAustraliareferenceshouldbemadetoAS1428.1.2009CompliancerequiredfromMay
1st2011forHealthCareBuildingApprovals.)

SanitaryfixturesfallintotwogroupsSoilandWastefixtures,thisdemarcationisnotparticularlyrelevantin
Australiandesignpractice,butdoesbecomerelevantincountrieswherethetwopipesystemisamandatory
regulationtofacilitatefuturegreywatercollection.

SoilfixturescanbeclassifiedasWCpans,urinals,bidets,andsomehospitalfixturessuchasflushingsinks,bed
panwashers,placentadisposalunits,andendoscopewashingfacilitiesmortuarywaste.Wherecleaning
processesinvolvechemicalsorhightemperatures,thepipematerialandtradewastepretreatmentaspects
requireconsideration.

6.2 MEDICALBASINS

Basinsinhealthcareapplicationshavefourbasicgroups.

Basinsformedicaluse,thebrasswarewillbespecialisedandpreferablywallmountedtominimisethepotential
foulingsurfaceandcleaningdifficulties,anoverslunggooseneckspoutwithwallmountedquarterturnlever
actiontapsthatarecontrarotating.ThebasinwillbesuppliedwithaWarm(43.5CYellow)andCold(Blue)
serviceofpotablewater.ThetapseatswillbeCeramic(Preferred)orconventionaljumpervalve,andthetap
bodieswillbeverticalasachromeplateandbreechwithspoutcombination.Medicalbasinsarenotusedfor
facewashingthereforetheprojectionofbrasswaredoesnotrepresentahazard.SomeHospitalspreferthe
Automaticelectronicsensortap(Refertonote)

6.3 ASHB2602003

Thereisareasonableassumptioninhealthcare,thatthelocationandfrequencyofsanitaryfixturesforhand
cleansinghasadirectrelationshiptotheprobabilityofanacquiredinfection.AustralianStandardsHandbook
HB2602003HospitalacquiredInfectionsEngineeringDowntheriskisadocumentthatdealswiththeemergence
ofmethicillinresistantStaphylococcusandothermultiresistantpathogens.Thespreadofinfectionrequires
threethings

Asourceofinfection

Ahost

Ameansoftransmissionofthemicroorganism.

Thesourceofinfectionisboththepatientandthestaff,thehostmaybedebilitatedandimmunesystem
compromised,thetransportationforthemicroorganismistheairandofsignificantimportancetothehydraulic
servicesengineerandamoresignificantlinkishumanphysicalcontact.Thehighriskareasare

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Intensivecare

CoronaryCare

HighDependency/renaldialysisunit/stepdownunits

Emergencymedicinedepartments

Oncology

Paediatrics

Thebestcombatweaponsatthispointintimeareisolationandmedicalbasins.Theabilityofstafftoreadily
washtheirhandsthroughtheprovisionofanadequatenumberofwellplacedclinicalhandbasinsisbelievedto
minimizethetransmissionofmicroorganisms.

6.4 PATIENTSBASIN

Thebasinprimarilyusedbypatientswillbelocatedintheensuite,inolderhospitalstheremaybepatient
basinslocatedinwards,theuseofbasinsbystafforpatientsisnotastrictlyobservedrule,itisamatterof
convenience.Repetitiveplanningisgoodpracticeforsanitaryfixturelocation,abuiltinmemoryformsfrom
constantuseoffixturesthatarelocatedinaconstantrepeatingpatternwhichsavesstafftime,andthiscanbea
criticalfactorinhealthcare.Thepatientbasinwillhavedimensionallimitationswhichaccommodatewheelchair
use,itwillalsohaveleveractiontaps,singlepointmixerswithaleverhandleandsoftclosedesign(Mattsson)are
desirable,alsoquickchangecartridgeofinternalmovingpartsispreferabletoOringsealsorsimilarhighwear
limitedliferubbercomponents.Patientbasinsmaybefreestanding,notallVanityconfigurationsarecompliant
toBCASoleOccupancyrequirements,tapsmaynotbecapstantype,andtheymustbeleverhandles50mmclear
fromthesurface.

6.5 STAFFBASIN

StaffbasinswillbefoundinKitchens,WetLaboratoriesPharmaciesWorkshopsAnimalHousesStaffToilet
amenities.Stores.Laundries

Inkitchensandsimilarfoodhandlingareasthebasinsmustbelocatedtoprovideanadequateandeffective
meansforfrequenthandwashing,thebasinmustbecompliantwithkitchendesignrulesandbeclearofwalls
providingnouncleanablefissuresforinsecthabitation,thetapsmustbehandsfree,andthewatersupplies
potablewarmandcoldwithapremixedflowtothebasindischargepoint.

WetLaboratoriesshouldbeprovidedwithbasinsforhandrinsing,safetyfeaturessuchasaneyewashspraymay
beacombinedorseparatefreestandingfeature.

Safetysprays,showersandbasinsmustnotbeconnectedtothenonpotablelaboratorysupply;thesuppliesof
warmandcoldwatermustbepotable.

Basinsinworkshopsandlaundriesandheavyanddirtyworkareasmaybesubjectedtomorerigoursuseand
cleaningregimesandshouldbeconstructedofstainlesssteel

6.6 VISITORSBASIN

Itisnotunusualforhospitalstoprovidebasinsforvisitorswithoutawarmwatersupply,thewisdomofthisare
doubtfulinviewofAustralianStandardsHandbookHB2602003HospitalacquiredInfectionsEngineeringDown

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therisk.Itwouldseemprobablethatvisitorscouldbeacontactinterface
forinfectionbothinthehospitalandbeyond,itwouldmakemoresenseforallcontactvisitorstowashtheir
handsasroutinepracticeaftercontactinwards.

VisitorsbasinsandPatientbasinsshouldbesimilar.

6.7 THEFIXTURESERVICEINTERFACE

Thespecialisednatureofthehydraulicservicesindustryappearstohavecreatedfracturelinesattheinterfaces
withotherdisciplinesandalsothemanufactureofthesanitaryfixtureswhicharecreatedfromvariousmaterials
andprocesses.

Thecriticalinterfacebetweentheplumbingandthesanitaryfixtureproductisthefixturesupportsystemandits
connectiontothebuildingfabricandthehydraulicservices.Thisisanomanslandofresponsibility

ThebuildingfabricisdeterminedbytheArchitect;themethodbywhichthesanitaryfixtureisattachedtothe
buildingfabricmaterialisdesignedandprovidedbytheproductmanufacturer,themarriagebetweenthe
productandthearchitectureisundertakenbytheplumber.

Buildingconstructionmethodsvaryconsiderably,asdofixturetrapsandhotandcoldwaterconnections.

Theinterfacebetweenthesuppliedsanitaryfixtureproductandthejoiningandsupportingsystemtothe
buildingfabric,andthewaterandwasteserviceconnections,arenotcurrentlyconsideredtoallowflexibility.Or
beresolvedinanengineeredmannerwhichgivessufficientsupporttothosethatmissstakeabasinfortheir
favouritechair

Itislefttothetradesmansskillandmanagementresourcestoensuresufficientlyrobustnogginsormarineply
panelsareinsertedinstudwallsasasecureandstructurallystablefixing,orthatbacktobackbasinswithPtraps
willnotworkina68mmsteelstudwall,orthatdisabledpersonsshowergrabrailcombinationsneedsecure
fixingpointsthatdonotperforatewaterproofmembranes.

Itshouldafter200yearsofbuilding,beaconceivableinnovationtomanufactureastructurallyrigidUniversal
FixtureMounting(UFM)platefromsteelplasticorconcretethatwouldcoordinatewithservicesandinterface
withanysanitaryfixtureandanywallandfloorconstructionsystemandprovidefloorperforations,wall
mountingandserviceisolationvalvesandconnectionpointsforacompleterangeoffixturesthatmaybe
requiredatanyfuturedate.

Itwouldbeadvantageousforfasttrackbuildingandflexibilitytohaveservicesprovisionsandfixingssuitablefor
anywallmountedfixture,includingabuiltincavityforflushing.TMV.Nursecall.andtoiletroll.Eveninbuildings
thatarenotdedicatedtohealthcare,thepropositionofchangingaurinalforaWCshouldbebeneficial.

.Asnotedinthisdocument,theuseof65mmPVCiseconomicallydebatable.100mmcouldbeauniversal
connectionsizewithaninspectionaccessorreducer,asrequired.

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6.8 W.C

Thehistoricalreferenceforatoiletpanthatoriginatedfromnamingacupboardwithawatersupply.

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HospitalWCpansdonotrequiredoubleflapseats,theseatshouldbeload
ratedto150kgandcontrastingcolourtothebackgroundagainstwhichitisviewedarepredominantlyceramic
construction(Prisonhospitalsusesomestainlesssteelunits)withboxrimwashdownbowlandflushbackwith
concealedplumbingconnectionsandasealedjointattherearwallinterface,WCpansmaybewallhungto
facilitateaboveflooraccesstoplumbingandbettercleaningbelowthepanandalsotofacilitateahigherseat
heighttoconformwithdisabledpersonsstandardsforwheelchairorcommodechairaccess.

Itisimportanttounderstandthatsomepatientswillneedassistanceandthereshouldbesufficientspace,to
AustralianStandards,providedtoaccommodatethepatientscarerandawheelchair

Pedestalpans(Otherthanflushback)withexposedSorPtrapconnectionsarenotconsideredappropriatefor
healthcareuse.FlushingnoisefromWCpansshouldbeconsideredwhereWCpansarelocateddirectlyabove
noisesensitiveareasandlightweightPVCsanitaryplumbingisused.

6.9 BARIATRICWC

AWCPanofrobust(tested)constructionservicethespecialneedsofpatientssufferingfromobesity.

610 THEFOLDAWAYWC

TheAustralianversionofthefoldawaytoiletwasdesignedbyK.V.Bainbrigein1972foruseintheCardiacCare
wardoftheWestmeadTeachinghospital,theunitisconstructedofstainlesssteelandincorporatesasmallhand
rinsebasininabedsidecabinet,theunitisbasedonanAmericanproductandmanufacturedinAustraliaby
DixonandJohnsonPtyLtd.Thefoldawaypanisprovidedtoremovethestressandanxietyofusingabedpan,
cardiacpatientsareparticularlyvulnerabletostress,theyareoftenattachedtomedicalsensorsandintravenous
connectionswhichlimitsmovementtonormaltoiletfixtures,providingameansofselfhelptominimisethe
patientsembarrassmentandstressisseenasapositivetherapeuticinvestment.

6.11 WESTERNHYGIENE

Thesenotesareendeavouringtoexposethereadertothebroaderscopeofhydraulicservicesdesign.Whilst
WesterncultureandHealthcareutilisestoiletpaperasapersonalhygienemethod,otherculturesutiliseswater
forthesamepurpose.

TofacilitatethisculturaldifferencetoiletcompartmentsinArabiaandtheIslamicandCopticChristianworldmay
includeaproportionofEasternsquatstylecompartments,allevacuationtoiletswillbeprovided(SimilartoLocal
practiceforUrinals)withafloordrainandcoldwaterflexiblehoseandsuitablenozzlefixtureinthe
compartmentimmediatelybelowtheflexpipeandnozzle.Thiswashingfacilityisprovidedasstandardpractice
inbothEasternandWesternstyletoilets.

AlsoinmanyIslamicHealthbuildingsaPrayerroomwithfootwashingfacilitieswillbeprovided.

6.12 WCVENTILATION

WCcompartmentventilationcanbeaninnovativeservicesinterface,ventilationsystemsthatconnecttothe
toiletseat,ortheflushingcisternanddrawextractairfromtheWCpanflushingrimcanbeusedwithadvantage
inremovingfoulairfromthepointoforigin,ratherthanremovingairincompetitionwithotheraircirculation
forces.Existingsystemsofthistypefavourconnectionviaaflushingcistern.Howeverconnectionviaaflushing
valvewouldnotseemaninsurmountableproblemtoresolve.

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6.13 FLUSHINGSINK

Theflushingsinkisafixturethatrequiresaflushserviceandbackflowpreventionwherehotandcoldtapsare
providedforinstrumentwashing

Firstintroducedasahospitaldirtyutilityfixtureinthe1970theflushingsinkhasinmorerecenthospitals
replacedthepriorfavouredslopsinkforthedisposalofbedpancontentsandurinebottlesinthedirtyutility
(Alsoreferredtoasthesluiceroom)ConstructedofGrade316Stainlesssteel,theflushingsinkmayalsobea
fixturelocatedinoperatingtheatresthatspecialisedincolostomyoperationsandinadjacentsupportfacility
roomsforfiberopticendoscopewashingandsterilizingfacilities.Theflushingsinkcomprisesasquare450mmX
450mmX200deepsinkbowlHoweverthisbasicshapemaybemodifiedforparticularsurgicalinstrument
washingprocedures,generallyindirtyutilitiesthesinkisincludedasanintegralfeatureofthestainlesssteel
dirtyutilityworktop,thesinkincorporatesa100mmdiametertwopartstainlesssteeltrapandflushingrimat
thetopedgeperimeterofthesink.ThesinkisalsoprovidedwithHotandcoldwaterquarterturnwallmounted
leveractiontaps,thebreechingpipemaybeconcealedorexposedtofacilitatehorizontalleveractiontapsand
moveablecenterspoutwithaerator.

Fecessamplesforlaboratoryanalysismaybetakenatthissink.

Mechanicalventilationincloseproximitytotheflushingsinkandbelowthefixturefloodlevelwouldseemtobe
aninnovativeopportunitytoreduceairbornebacteriariskandimprovehealthworkersOH&Sconditions.

6.14 BEDPANWASHERS

ThetransmissionofacquiredinfectionstohospitalpatientssuchasClostridiumdifficileassociateddisease
(CDAD)canrangefromuncomplicateddiarrhoeatosepsisandevendeath.CDADratesandseverityare
increasing,possiblyduetoanewstrain.TransmissionofCDADdifficileoccursprimarilyinhealthcarefacilitiesvia
thefecaloralroutefollowingtransientcontaminationofthehandsofhealthcareworkersandpatients;
contaminationofthepatientcareenvironmentalsoplaysanimportantrole.

Asourceofcontaminationasdescribedcouldbeinadequatesterilisationofbedpansinbedpanwashers,and
bedpansterilisers/disinfectors.

Thereareavailableanumberofbedpanandurinebottlecleansingsystemsrangingfromthedisposablebedpan
andmaceratordisposalunit,tothehingeddropdownverticallidwashersuchastheRhimaDeko190Ward
DisinfectorwhichiscomplianttoAS/NSZ41872003andENISO158833:2002,

Thechoiceoffixturesusedisobviouslynotwithinthescopeofhydraulicservices.Fordesignpurposesitis
essentialthattheHospitalusergroup,orHealthCareconsultantnominatesthemakeandservicerequirements
oftheselectedplant.Thedesignermayberequiredtoprovideanyorallofthefollowingconnections.

100mmSoilwasteoutletfora100Celsiusflow.

50mmoutletfromadisposablebedpanmaceratorunit.

HotandColdwaterwithbackflowprotectionandtestingfacilities.

50mmFlushingservice

20mmOptionalSteamserviceandreturncondensate

Antivacuumventswhichdonotinterconnectwithsanitaryvents,(Theseunitsarenowdated).

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Electricalservicesmayberequiredforselfcontainedwaterheating,pumps
andcontrolsystems.

6.15 URINESAMPLEWC

AspecialisedWCpanappropriatetothefemaletoiletareaofurologyclinics,theunitincorporatestheadded
featureofaceramicorstainlesssteelattachmenttosecureandremoveasterilesamplebottlewithintheurine
flowforremovalandlaboratoryanalysis,thesetoiletsaregenerallyinstalledinamodestycompartmentwith
washhandbasin.

6.16 FIXTUREFLUSHING

FlushingactivationbuttonsmustbeproudoftheadjacentsurfaceandcomplianttoAS1428.12009Asnoted
previously,thetrendtosavewaterinAustraliapromotedthelowflushtoilet,chokestatisticsinhospitalstendto
indicatethattheremaybesomecorrelationbetweenthereductionoftransportwaterandmaintenanceissues,
thisphenomenabeingreferredtoasDrydrain,nodoubtresearchintothesubjectwillresolvethematter,
howeverthewaterconservationtrendhasalsostimulatedtheharvestingofrainwaterandthetreatmentof
blackwaterbymembranetechnology,thisflushingwatersupplyinconsiderationofpublicawarenessiscurrently
consideredsecondgradewater,thereseemslittlepointinaggravatingdrainageefficiencyandhealthstandards
bystarvingthewatertransportsystemofanavailablesourceofsecondgradewater.

TheUSNationalstandardnowmandatesdualflushof6/3litresASA1172.2.10.3InAustraliathe2004Yarra
ResidentialEndUseMeasurementStudyfoundthatinpracticetheflushingratiosusedwere1to1oronefull
flushtoeveryreducedflush,thusa6/3fixturewouldeffectivelyhaveanaverage4.5flush(orapproximatelyone
imperialgallon).fromthedataavailableregardinghumanbodilyfunctions,flushinghabits,anddrydrainsit
wouldseemthattheoptimumwatervolumeforflushingefficiencyremainselusive.

HarvestedrainwaterandrecycledwaterinHospitalsissubjecttocompliancewithLegionellairradiation
standards.DutyandStandbyUVirradiationunitsareconsideredessential,howeverregulationsonthispointare
vague.

Irrigationisconsideredasecondaryuseforharvestedroofrainwater,hospitallandscapinginrecenthistoryhas
favouredlowmaintenancenativedroughtresistantplanning,theassumptionbeingthatinextendedperiodsof
dryweathertheroofcatchmentwouldnotbeareliablesource.Harvestedrainwatercouldinsomegeographical
locationsbeconsideredabonuslowinvestmentcostwatersource.

Tobecostandenvironmentallyeffectivetheuserateofharvestedwatershouldbebalancedwiththesupply
potential.Thesignificantcost,whichiscompetingwiththebedcost,isintheharvestedwaterstoragevolume.

Anapproximationofthepotentialsupplyvolumeofrainwaterfromaroofcatchmentisreasonablypredictable
frommetrologicalrecords;similarlytheconsumptionofflushingwaterispredictablewithinacceptable
boundaries,

Wherecalculationsindicatethataveragerainfallwillexceedtoiletflushingdemand,thelessfrequentandhigher
runoffstormeventrunoffshouldbedirectedtoanoptionalconsumptionstreamsuchascoolingtowers.

Itwouldseemareasonablepropositiontouseharvestedwateratflushingfixturesinflowquantitiesthathave
historicallyprovedeffective.

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6.17 FLUSHINGCHOICE

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WithregardtoWCPan,BedpanwashersFlushingsinksorflushingor
mortuaryfloordrainsachoiceofwhichofthethreeterminalflushingdeviceswillbeused,mustbemade.

1)Cistern.

2)ConventionalTankfedflushingvalve.

3)Mainspressureflushingvalve.

Allthreeoftheabovewillrequireadedicatedpipesystemandstoragevesselifharvestedrainwateristobe
used.WheretheCisternflushisselectedthecisternitselfcanbeacontributortotheharvestedrainstorage
volume.Acisternof24litresvolumeisapracticalpropositionforconstructioninmostmaterialsandisof
acceptablearchitecturalproportions,witha3litreflushthisgivesan8flushreserveineachcisterninstalled,a
significantcontributiontoreducingtheharvestedrainstoragecost.

Theconventionalflushingvalve,whichpredatesthemainspressureunits,requiresamuchlargerpipediameter
40mm,asagainst25mmforthemainspressureunit.Themainspressureunitserveddirectlyfromacommon
coldwaterservicesupplycanimposeseverespikeloadsinthecoldservicewhichareconsidereddetrimentalto
maintainingsimilarpressurerangesbetweenhotandcoldwaterservices.Wherethemainspressureflushvalve
isinstalledfromatankstoragesystemusingharvestedrain,aboosterpumpingsystemwillberequiredtoserve
thoselevelsinthebuildingthatdonothaveadequatestaticheadfromthestoragetank.Asacosteffective
system,withtheaddedadvantageofreservestoragecapacity,thecisternisinmostinstancesthebestchoice
whenconsideringcapitalcost,runningcostandmaintenance.(ReferalsotoNSWHealthTS11)

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6.18 FLUSHINGVALVES

FlushingvalvesoriginatedintheUSAandareseldomusedintheUKbeingconsideredanextravagantwater
consumptionuse,thefirstversionofflushingvalvesweretanksupplied,thistypeofvalvewillbeencounteredin
manyAustralianinstallations.Thebasicstoragerequirementwas10gallonspervalveor45.4litres.

Theevolutionofflushingservicesappearstohaverevertedbacktothecentralstoragesystemthatuses
harvestedorrecycledwater,theflushingvalvesmaybepressurisedsystemdualflush,andthepipesizing
smaller.

Thechangeawayfromthecommonpipesystemusingmainspressureflushvalvesisseenasanimprovement,
themainspressureflushvalvecanintroduceveryhighdynamicpressurechangesinacoldwaterdistribution
system,changesthatcreatespikepressuresofveryshortdurationandthatcanadverselyaffectthermostatic
mixingvalvesorotherpressuresensitivedevices.

6.19 FLUSHINGCISTERNS

FlushingcisternsasoriginatedintheUKweretermedW.W.P(Waterwasteprevention),thehydraulicactionwas
amanuallyactivatedsiphon,theBurlingtonBellconstructedofcastironmountedathighlevelonornatecast
ironbracketsandwithachainpullactivationprovidedaTsunamiofflushwaterandsomeinterestingsound
effects,suchflushingarrangementsdominatedEdwardianandVictorianplumbing.Theactivatedsiphonflush
cisterncouldnotaccommodatethatinsidiousandconstantleakviatheflushingsupplytothepan(Thatfaint
shimmerofaripplethatcanbeseeninthepanwaterseal)Theoverflowfromcisternswasrequiredtobe
directedtowhereitwouldbeapparent,theintegraloverflowtotheWCflushbeingananathematoanyself
respectingcisterndesigner.

TheBurlingtonBellwassupersededbyashortleveractivatedsiphonpistondesign,morecompactandsuitable
forlowlevelcisterndesigns.Suchhistoryisofpassinginterest,itisnotedbecauseitunderlinesahistoricconcern
aboutwastingwater.

IntheHospitalenvironmentthecisternisasacceptableastheflushingvalve,theinwallunitisconsidered
cleaner,thereisaninnovationopportunitytheremainstobeseizedwhereeachcisterncouldcontributetothe
storagereservoirofharvestwater.Howeverthisinnovationmustcomefrommanufacturers.

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6.20 SIPHONEDFLUSHING

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Theautomaticflushingcisternwithreverseactionballfloatvalvehasforall
intentsandpurposesslippedintohistory,theautomaticcisternwaterwastewascurtailedtosomeexistentby
systemisolationsolenoidvalvesandtimeswitchesalsomodificationsto1970sbylawsandstandardscallingfor
centralisolationTheprincipleofsiphonedflushingmightbeusefulforensuringaregularflushinseldomused
drainagesystems.

6.21 URINALFLUSHING

Urinalflushingislimitedinhospitalstomalevisitorsandmalestafftoilets,theimpactonwaterconsumptionis
notcomparablewithcommercialbuildings,movementsensingactivationofflushingvalvesisonemeans,asis
timercontrolledflushing,howeversuchsystemshaveaconstantelectricaldemandandsophisticated
componentsthataregenerallyreplacedratherthanrepaired.

6.22 ENDOSCOPEFLUSHING

Theendoscopeisasurgicalinspectiondevicethatisinsertedintothebodytoinspecttheinteriorofthebowland
thosepartsofthehumanbodythatarecloselyassociated,itwillinusebecomecontaminatedandisdesignedto
beleanedandsterilised,thelearningprocessinvolvesfirstflushing,wherepotablewaterservicesareconnected
aRPZDisrequired.

6.23 NEPTUNE

TheNeptunewastemanagementsystemcomprisesadockingstationandaRoverwhicharemagneticallylinked,
thedockingstationbeinglocatedinadisposalareaneartheoperatingtheatre.TheRoverisamobileunitusedin
theORtosuctionandcollectsurgicalfluidandsmalldebrisfromthesurgicalsite,optionalfeaturesincludea
smokeevacuationunitwhichcollectssmokefromcauteryorlasersurgery.

Thedockingstationisawallmountedcomponentservedbywateranddrainageandpower,whentherover
interfaceswiththedockingstationitautomaticallyemptiesandrinsesthecollectedwastematerialsfromthe
roversfluidcontainer,itautomaticallyreleasesliquiddetergentintothesystem.

Itshouldbenotedthatthisisaproprietarysystem(StrykerInstruments4100EMilhamAvenueMichigan49001
USA)andistypicaloftheadvancingtechnologyinsurgicalpracticethatinterfaceswithbuildingservicesand
needstobeunderstoodbythehydraulicsconsultantandthepublicutilityoperator,thewastematerial
dischargedbysuchunitsmaynotinallcasesbeanacceptabledirectdischargetoadrainagesystemandmay
requirepipedtransporttoincinerationdisposal.

6.24 POSTMORTEM

Thepostmortemtablecomprisingasurfaceofapproximatesinglebeddimensionswithblooddrainagechannels
andanendspaceforinstrumentsandasinkthesurgeonstaps.Postmortemtablesmaybeheightandtilt
adjustable,theymaybelaminarflowaircurtaincontainedforforensicpostmortemsofdecomposedremains;
thistypeofmortuarytablewillbefoundwherepostmortemsareassociatedwithpoliceinvestigations.
Mortuarytablesmaybethefocuspointofateachingtheatre,andmayhavevideolinkagetoteachingfacilities;
thelightingrequirementsofteachingfacilitiesmayinfluencethechoiceofbrightorsatinfinishtostainlesssteel
sanitaryfixtures.

ThemortuarywillrequireHotwaterandColdwaterFlushingserviceandToolair,significantlighting,and
possiblylocallymountedHepa,andactivatedcarbonfiltersforairtreatment.Alltablepartsmustbe
demountableandcleanabletosterilespecifications.

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Thekeydriverissimplicitytosteriliseandtheabilityrecoverstissue,or
foreignobjectsthatmightotherwisebeflushedaway.

Waterservicestothefixturesmaybeflexpipemountedforadjustablesurfaces,orconcealedwithinthestainless
steelfabricatedstructure.Tablesmayincorporateaperimeterorcentraldrainageherringbonesystem.Water
authoritiesregardpostmortemtablesasabackflowrisk.

Thesinkandbloodchanneldrainswillbe50mmdiameterstainlesssteeluntrappedwastedischargingtoafloor
grateorchannelswitharrestorbaskets.

6.25 MORTUARYFLOORDRAINS

Floorsandsurfacesofthemortuarywillbecleanedfromretractablehosereelssuppliedwithhighpressure(500
kPa)mixedwater,thesupplybeingdedicatedfromaRPZDorplasticRAGstoragetank,thismaybeequipped
withadisinfectant(LiquidChlorine)dosepump.

Thefloorsurfacetreatmentanddrainagedesigninamortuarywillvarywiththeconceptproposedbythehealth
careconsultant,inolderinstallationstilespossiblywithdemountableplasticortimberdeckingsectionsoveran
imperviousfloormaybeused,withspecialtanksforhighchlorinedosesoakingofthefloorsectionand
protectiverubberfootwear,beingasterilisingfeature.

Compositeorvinylseamlessfloorsmaybeusedwithcovedeasycleanfloortowalljunctions.Floordrainsand
channelsrequireremovablebasketstrainersandautomaticwastevalveclosure(magneticreferSPS)shouldbea
feature,alsovinylsealclampsifthisflooringmaterialisused.

Floordrainswithintegralflushingrimstoflushblood.andstainlesssteelchanneldrainswithtapering
wedge(nonclog)barsthatminimiseagglomerationoforganicmaterial,thesemaybefabricatedwithhollow
sectionsquarestainlesssteeltubetofacilitateagridbloodcleaningflushingsystem.

Flushvalvescanbeactivatedbyacleaningattendantfromacentralcontrolpoint.

Floorgradesof1to1.25%areused.(Asaguidetenniscourtsusesimilargrades)

Industrialwastedisposalsystemsarenotgenerallyapprovedforuseinmortuaryandassociatedpostmortem
activities,suchdevicesmaybeapprovedforplacentadisposalinmaternityunits

6.26 URINALS

Urinalsinhospitalsareinmostcaseslimitedtostafftoiletsandvisitorsorpublictoilets,whilstwatersavingmay
beappliedwiththeuseofmovementactivatedflushingandharvestedrainwatertheresultingimpactonoverall
watersavingsfromurinalswillbemodest,theuseofwaterlessurinalsinhealthcareinstallationsisnotseenas
justifiable.

Modernurinalinstallationsfavourwallhungsystemsthatofferimprovedfloorcleaningproperties,andthe
feasibilityofamovingpartitiontoiletdesignstoreadjustmale/femalestaffpopulationratios.

Plumbingdesignconsiderationsextendtofloordrainswithin450mm,hosetapspossiblyteekeyoperatedto
minimisevandalismandthecarefulconsiderationofsightlinesfromentrydoorsthatincludesthereflected
imageofmirrors.

6.27 BIDETSORLITTLEHORSE

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ThebidetapeanutshapedbowlWCfixturewithoutacisternoriginatedin
FranceandwillbefoundinWesternEuropeandformerFrenchcolonies,theoriginalbidetwasequippedwitha
warmedceramicrimandanascendingmixedwaterspray,withvariousattachmentsgenerallyconsidered
appropriateforfemaleuse.

Inhospitalusethebidetinitscurrentdesignformatwithanovertherimdirectionalspray,thatdoesnot
constitutethesubmergedinletofolderdesigns,willbeconsideredusefulinfemalewards,orinwardswhere
surgeryisperformedinareasofthebodythatwillrequiregentlecleansingaspartoftherecoveryprogram.

TheLittleHorsenameisderivedfromthepositionofusingthebidetbysittingonitfacingthewall.

6.28 SHOWERS

Showerinhealthcareareasignificantdeparturefromresidentialdesignandhave,likethetipuptoilet,the
mostimportantandsubtlecontributiontopatientcare,inthattheystimulateafeelingofselfrelianceandself
care,amentallypositiveattitudecanonlybehelpfultorecovery.

Itisimportantthatthepatientcanentertheshowerinawheelchair,orifviable,asapedestrianwithoutthe
hazardofshowercontainmentkerbstostepover,orhardtransparentscreenstonegotiate.

Theshowertemperaturemustbepreregulatedtoa42.5degreeCentigradeupperlimit,thespraytemperature
andlocationtaps,mustbeeasytouseforpersonswithdebilitatedhandsandheightadjustablefromthesitting
positioninawheelchairandinalocationthatwillallowtheusertotestforcomfortthedelugetemperature
priortoenteringthesprayrange.

Thespraymustbeatelephonestylewithplasticflexandpreferablywithasoftspraythatdoesnotcause
oversprayorwatervapourthatcanbeinhaledandthespraymustberobustandbeimpactresistantifdropped
onfloortiles.Theshowerspraymountedona32mmstainlesssteelgrabrailisdesirablewithheightadjustment
oftheshowerspraynegotiablefromanextendedrodaccessibletoawheelchairpatient.

Thehealthcareshowermusthavestrategicallylocatedgrabrailsandanursecallbutton.Thefloordrainfora
heathcareshowermustnotpresentahazardtofoottrafficanditmustbeservedbyaminimum65mmwaste
drain.

(RefertoTherapypoolsforgroupshoweractivation)

6.29 BATHS

Thestandardassistedbathroombathinhospitalsoccupiesapeninsularlocationwithspaceateachlongsideto
assistthepatient,orallowapatienthoistinpositiontolowerthepatientintothebath.Theremayalsobetaps
forashorthoseoverthebathtelephoneshowerset.

Flowcontrolonbathsmayincreasefillingtime,ifavailable20mmtapsareanadvantage.

Thebathmustbeservedbya40mmwasteoutletwhichjoinsa65mmoutletfloordrainwithasealingrim
appropriateforthefloorfinishused.

6.30 BIRTHINGBATHS

BirthingSuitebathsarefibrereinforceddesignedspecificallyforenteringthebathwithsafety,andto
complimenttheposturerequiredforeaseofgivingbirthwithmedicalassistance.Tapsmustnotbehazardsas
protrusionsandgrabrailsarerequiredforpatientreassurance.

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6.31 ARJOBATHS

ArjiobathisaspecialtybathfixturemanufacturedinSwedenthedesignsvaryfromeggshapedbathsthatswivel
aroundasittingpatient(AdventistHospitalHydroTherapyUnit)toaquariumlikeshallowbathsforburnsvictims
ortoallowmedicaltherapystafftodirecthydrotherapyexercisesthatareassistedbyheatedwater.

6.32 BABYBATHS

Thebabybathisaspecialisedmaternitywardfixtureusuallyconstructedofstainlesssteelwithaslopingbase
intothewater,babybathwarmwatertemperatureiscriticalandthewritersexperienceasourceofcontention
fromthepeopleattheworkfacedoingtheworkwhoallegethatthewarmwateristoocool,thismaybethe
effectofthestainlesssteelabsorbingtheinitialinputofheat,alsothelargewatersurfacetovolumeratiothat
wouldpromoterapidcooling.Lookingtoaninnovativebabybathpropositionofajacketedbathwiththermal
insulationtomaintainthecorrecttemperatureofthebathwaterwouldnotseemtobeadifficultproblemto
solve

Thetapsforababybathshouldincludeatelephonesprayheadandflexpipeasanoptionalwatersource,afull
way(Sphericalball)valvedwasteoutletisalsoadesirablefeatureforanybathinstallation.

6.33 TAPS

TapsandbrasswareforhospitalsshouldbeanegotiatedagreementbetweentheArchitectwhohasanaesthetic
interest,theHealthplanningconsultant,whohasaneconomicandfunctionalinterestandtheHydraulics
Consultantwhohasacompliancewithauthoritiesandbestpracticeinterest.

FromtheHydraulicConsultantsview(Thefocusofthisguide)thetapsforpatientsbasinsshouldhavelocal
isolationvalves,minicocksorsimilarandbesuitablefordisabledpersonsuse,singlelonglevermixertapswith
softcloseandlonglifeexpectancyofthemovingpartsMattssonarerecommended.

Bathsrequireaquickfillingtimeand20mmtapsarejustifiediftheycanbesourced.

WCPan.Flushvalvesarethepreferredoption,tanksuppliedtoallowtheuseofharvestedrainfromhighlevel
tanksandtoprovideastoragereserve.

Cisternsmaybeappropriateforpublicareas,vandalproofingisanunfortunaterequirement.

Thermostaticmixervalvesareanoptiontoprovidewarmwatertodebilitatedpersons;allpatientsareincluded
underthisdescription.

6.34 CAGEWASHING

Cagewashingandsterilisationwillbeafeatureofananimalhouse,wheretheanimalsarepathogenfreefor
medicaltestingpurposestheproblemofinfectionisarelevantconsiderationtothehydraulicservicesdesigner.

Thecagewashingmachinemaybequitealargeandspecialisedstainlesssteeltubularframeonwheelsto
facilitateloadingintothewashingbay/ormachine.Theframewillincorporatecadgeracks,thecadgesbeing
insertedupsidedown,theframewillalsobethepipeworksystemfeedingnumeroushightemperaturewater
jetslocatedtocleanandsanitisethecadgesurfaces.

Wastewaterfromthecagewashingsystemwillbehightemperatureandthecoolingsystembeforedischargeto
sewershouldincorporateaheatpumprecoverysystemtopreheatthenextcagewashcycle,cagewashwaste
mustbecomplianttoTradeWasterequirements.

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NoteCageanimalfeedingsystemsforpathogenfreeanimalswillbeUltra
purewater.

6.35 SENSORTAPS

Themovementactivatedsensortaphasmetwithamixedreceptionfromthehealthcareindustry.Primarily
designedformedicalbasins.

Thepracticalproblemsexperiencedhavebeen.

Cost.Thisisahightechdevicethatrequiresanenergysupplytoactivatethesensorelectronicsandthemagnetic
fluxinthesolenoidvalve.

Energy.Whilsttheenergyloadisminute,itisonline24hours7daysadayaweek,theusefullifeofthe
electroniccomponentsarereducedbytheconstantactivestateofthedevice.

Falsesignalsoperatingthevalve,doors,passingtraffic,thesensitivityoftheactivationiscritical.

Maintenance.Twotradesarerequired;replacementratherthanrepairisrequiredforminimumofflinetime.

Timetoreceivemixedwateratthebasindischargepoint.Itispossibleinthepermitted10metresdeadlegpipe
tosupplyuptothreecloseproximitybasins,thetimeframethatthewarmwatertakestotravelthe10metresof
20mmdiameterpipecanbeunacceptable,plusitisagreatwasteofwaterandenergy.Itisdesirabletoruna
muchsmallerpipe7.5mmfromthemixertoasmallmanifoldatthesensortap,thisreducesthelossofwaterto
33%andalsothewaitingtimefrom15secondsto5.

Researchin2000bytheUKThamesWaterResearchhasshownthatover240tapstheaveragewateruseper
visitwasasfollows

Manual0.9litresSensor1.8litresIncrease100%(HotwaterseldomreachesthetapreferalsotoThecasefor
smallborepipes)

6.36 KITCHENSINKSANDWASTEDISPOSAL

Referalsototradewasteinrespecttowastedisposalunits.Thekitchensinkisverymuchaspecialisedindustry
unittogetherwithdishwashingmachinesandicemachinesusedfordrugorspecimenstorage.Thebrassware
forkitchensinksshouldincorporatelocalfixtureisolationvalves

6.37 SAFETYSHOWERS

Delugeoremergencyshowersforspecifiedareasofworkaremandatoryandmustbeservicedfromthepotable
watersupplywithaservicethathasminimalintermediateisolationvalves.

Itisnotedthatotherthancontaminationbayshowers;thelaboratorydelugeshowerisseldomusedforits
designpurpose.

Watertemperatureatdelugeshowerscan,insomecoldclimaticregions,representaproblem,andwhilst
.LaboratoryCodestendtoconfusethisquestion;ithasbeenthewritersexperiencethatinSydneycoldwaterat
15Cdischargingoverpeoplethatarefullyclothed,itisdoubtfultocausehypothermiaandconsideredasa
commonsenseissue,tobesatisfactory.Thesupplyoftemperedwateratoveronelitre/secondflowcould
representahighcostinstallation,theinitialdelugewouldnotbetemperedandtheroutinetestingarduous,the

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advantageoftemperedwatertodiluteacidorbiologicalmaterialisalso
verydoubtful.Suchquestionsarenotoftenraisedandwhentheyareitsusuallytheresultofanoverzealous
peerreview.

TheemergencyshowerandeyewashareanessentialOccupationalHealthandSafetyprovision.

DelugeandeyewashshowersarerequiredtoserveLaboratorieswithChemicalorBiologicaluse,andthatserve
IndustrialareassuchascontaminationbaysandChlorinedeliveryareasareprovidedwithcompliantdelugeand
eyewashandhosedownfacilitiesfromapotablecoldwatersupplyofadequatesize(Minimum25mm).32is
moreappropriatetoflow.

AflowswitchincorporatedintheflowsupplyservicetoemergencyfixturesmaybelinkedtotheBMSasa
meansofdirectingimmediateassistancetotheemergency.Inadditionwherebundingandcontainmentstorage
isafeatureorarerequiredanautomaticFoxdiversionvalvemayberequiredtodivertcontaminatedflowsfrom
enteringrainwaterdrainagesystems.

Thequestionofdrainagefordelugeshowerslocatedwithinlaboratoriescanbeadesignandoperationalissue,it
ismandatorythatsuchshowersaretestedasarecordedroutine.

Thedelugeshowerwilldischargeaprodigiousamountofwaterthatwillinmostinternallocationsexceedthe
capacityofthestandard100x65floorwastedrain,tofacilitatetestingamobilebucketwithshowerspray
curtainisavailable.

Thecleanuptaskanddamagefromemergencyshowerusecanbeminimisedifafloordrainisprovidedinclose
proximityasameansofdrainingabasinorotherfixturethatiswithinrangeandthatwillbeusedaspartof
normaloperations.

Emergencyequipmentandcondensatefromairhandlingunits,bothhavelongperiodsoflittleuse,thereceiving
wastewatertrapshouldincorporateaGratesealorsimilarrubberlipsdrysealtopreventaircontamination
fromtheplumbingordrainagesystem.

Thequestionofcontaminationfromtheresultoftherunoff,andthecleaningprocessresultingfromthe
emergencyshowerdelugeshouldbeconsidered.

Codesandregulationsarespecificinregardtothedrainageandcontainmentofdecontaminationbays,butless
informativeinrespecttodelugeshowersthatservelaboratoryareas.

Wherenodrainageisprovidedbeloworincloseproximitytoadelugeshower,theusergroupandclientmustbe
advisedthattheremaybeasignificantcleanupjobifadelugeshowerisused.Considerationofthenatureofthe
contaminationisrelevant,anaggressivechemicalspillonunprotectedfleshmightbeconsidered,lessdangeras
adilutedsubstance,thanacapsuleofcyanide,averystrongpoison,orabiologicalexperimentspillreleasing
dangerouspathogens.

Thebiologicallydangerousspillsarenotgenerallyconsideredtobeinthedelugeshoweremergencycategory;
thisworkhavingstringentcontainmentprocedures,alsothebenefitofawaterdelugeisdoubtfulandmayeven
exacerbatecontainmentoflivingcultures.

Thetargetgroupforemergencyactionbywaterdilutionistheaggressiveburningchemicals,therediffusioninto
thebuildingfabricinadilutedformandalatercleanupwouldseemtobeareasonableandpracticalapproach,
anadjacentfloordrainthatiswaterchargedandjoinsthetradewastesystemwouldalsoappeartobe
beneficial.

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Thepropositionofaspecialisedwastecollectionsystemisreasonablefora
highriskcontaminationbay,butitwouldseemtobeimpracticaltocapturethedelugedischargefroma
laboratoryfloorbymeansofstandardsurfacedrainsandalsomaintainawaterseal.

Aspecialprovisionofdedicateddrainageforinternaldelugeshowersandeyewashspraysisconsideredtobean
expensiveandimpracticalproposition.

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CHAPTER7TRADEWASTE

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7.1 WHATISTRADEWASTE?

Wastewatercanbedefinedbroadlyasanywastewaterthatisnormallygeneratedbyhumanhabitationthat
includescleaning,cooking,ablutionsandthewashingofclothesandbedlinen.

HealthCareTradewastegenerationwillbefoundasabyproductofthefollowingdepartments.

131IRadioactivetherapytreatment(Dealtwithherein)

Animalhousefacilitieswaste.

Coolingtowerdraindownandbleed

Plasterarrestorsforthecaptureofplasterincastingroomsordentalunits

Greasewastefromkitchens

LaminarseparationofHydrocarbonsfromparingorvehiclemaintenance

Arrestortrapsofalltypes

Chemicaldilutionoflaboratorywaste(Seenotes)

Dangerousviralpathogeneradicationplant

Delugeshowerwastefromcontaminatedwashbay.

CoolingandheatrecoveryfromVeryhotwastewater.(Refercagewash)

Wetdevelopingprocessesfrommedicalimaging(Silverrecovery)

PlacentaDisposalunits(Registrationasatradewasteappliance)

Foodwastedisposalunits(Kitchens)

NOTE:TRADEWASTEISAWELLCOVEREDSCOPEOFHYDRAULICSERVICESDESIGNBY
SYDNEYWATER,ANDACTEW(ACT)

RECOMMENDEDREFERENCELIQUIDTRADEWASTEINSTALLATIONSBYJOHNTESORIEROISBN
095870032X

ThisGuidehasnotamplifiedtheexcellentinformationthatisavailable,otherthannotesrelatedtoheatrecovery
fromgreasetraps,mortuariesandradioactivewastedisposal.

Wherecommercialenterprisesleasetenanciesinhospitalcomplexesthechargesforwaterandtradewaste
treatmentshouldbeaseparableentitywhichmayrequiremeasurementforbilling.

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7.2 PHYSICALCONTAINMENTLABORATORIESPC123

Thestandardofconstructionforcontainmentlaboratoriesofvariousclassificationsandasoutlinedinthe
followingreferenceddataisextensiveandcomprehensivedealingwithallservices,constructionand
management.Thevolumeofmaterialisextensiveandrequirestobecurrent.Forpreciseinformationaboutthe
certificationoffacilitiesoraboutanyothermatterrelatedtotheregulationofgenetechnology,pleasecontact:

TheOfficeoftheGeneTechnologyRegulator

MDP54

CommonwealthDepartmentofHealthandAgedCare

POBox100

WODENACT2606

Ph:1800181030

Fax:(02)62714202

Email:ogtr@health.gov.au

Web:www.ogtr.gov.au

Copies of the Gene Technology Act 2000, the Gene Technology (Consequential Amendments) Act 2000 and the Gene
Technology (Licence Charges) Act 2000 may be obtained from the OGTR or may be downloaded from the following websites:

www.aph.gov.au (Parliament House website)

www.health.gov.au/tga/genetech.htm (IOGTR website)

7.3 RADIONUCLIDESINMEDICINE

REFERTOTHEINTERNATIONALATOMICENERGYAGENCYTECDOCDATEDNOVEMBER2000.

Radioactivematerialshavebeenfoundtobeveryeffectiveinavarietyofmedicalapplicationsandasa
consequenceawiderangeofradioactivewasteisproduced,theamountandtypesofwastesisdependentupon
themedicalapplicationandtheradionuclidesinvolved.

PossiblythemostcommonradioactivewastethatwillbeincludedintheHydraulicconsultantsworkscopeis
treatmenttherapywithisotope131Iodineforcancercaretherapyofthethyroidgland.

Forthiswasteapplicationthesoilandwastepipeswillbeconnectedtoatoiletdedicatedforusebythepatients
beingtreated,thepatientswastewateristobeconveyedbytheplumbingpipestoawastewaterdelaytankby
theshortestpracticalroutefollowingapaththatisaccessibleforinspectionandthepipeshallbeconspicuously
markedwithAustralianStandardRadioActivityHazardsignsatintervalsofnotlessthan1000mmcenters.

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Thepipesfromsuchtoiletfacilitiesshouldbemetallic(castIron)withhigh
mass,thepipesshallbeprovidedwithwarningsignageasnotedandatallaccessdoorsandcleaningpointsthat
wouldbepotentialexposurepoints.

Thehalflifedelaytankwillbeconstructedoftranslucentplastic,thetankroomroof,floorandwallsshallbe
constructedofconcreteofsufficientthicknesstoprovidesafeshieldingoftheradiationcontainedwithinthe
tankandroom.

Shieldingdimensionsandthehalflifetankvolumewillbebasedontheisotopeusedanditshalflife;thiswillbe
determinedbyaspecialistconsultant.(GammasonicsPtyLtd)

Delaytanksinpracticearegenerallyinstalledasduty,standbyandemergencystandby.Howeverthreetanks
arerecommended,thethirdbeingprovidedasafailsafebackupunit.Delaytanksmustbelocatedinabundwith
110%capacityofthelargestdelaytank.Pipesshallnotperforatethewallsofthebund.Thetradewaste
authoritymaylimittherateofdisposalEG8cubicmetresover1hour,andthetimeofthedischargemaybe
critical.Alloperationalfunctionsoftheplantshallberecordedbyalogger.Pumpsandelectricalgearmustbe
explosionproofcompliant.Tanksmustbeflushedafteremptying

Wheretanksurchargecanreleasethetankcontentsprematurelyashutdownsolenoidvalveinterlockedwith
theflushingsystemwatersupplytotheradioactivetoiletfacilitiesshouldbeadesignfeature.

Itisnotedthatthepublicperceptionofradioactivityformedicaluse,isnottotallyalignedtotheactualdanger
ofthesubstance;howeverthepossibilityoflongtermfailuresandthetrendforpublicutilitiestorecycleblack
waterastreatedwaterforirrigation,asanenvironmentallyproactivemeansofseweragedisposal,isa
combinationthatrequiresstringentcontrolmeasuresforpublichealthandtheacceptanceofblackwater
recycling.

TheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)IAEATECDOC1183November2000Pages44/45Clause643
andFig13Delaytankdrawingshowtwo5000litretanksforatwobedwardtreatingpatientswith131Ifor
thyroidcarcinomatodelaywaste6to8halflives(Thehalflifeof131Iisgivenas8.0daysforClinicalTherapy)
,thiswillensurethatabout1%oftheinitialactivityremainsinthetankatthetimeofrelease.Delaytanksare
statedascommonpracticeinIndiaforradioiodinetherapybuttanks(2000)werenotatthatdateusedintheUK
ortheUSA.DelaytanksareinstalledatWestmeadHospital1973.LiverpoolHospital2011andRPA.Thedelay
tankcontentistestedanddischargedbyapositivedisplacementhelicalscrewinterferencefitstatorrotorpump
tothesewersubsequenttothesatisfactorycompletionofradioactivitytestingandsignoffprocedures.

Theprimaryconcernregardingradioactivityistheexposuretopersonnelworkinginthepublicutilitiessewer.
BoneandRenalScanningwillresultinradioactivityfromhumanwaste;thelevelscanbeestimatedandare
generallylessthan1mSvperyearasasourceofexposuretoworkersinthesewer,whichislessthantheannual
backgroundexposurefromnaturalsourcesof23mSv.Inallinstancesofradioactivewastedisposaltothesewer
itessentialthatdetailedinformationisprovidedtothePublicUtilitywhowillascertainthetreatmentrequired,
withverylowdosedischarges,dilutionmixingatahighflowdrainageconfluencemaybeadequate.

Thereare54listedRadionuclideslistedintheIAEApublicationtable1pagethreeasbeingusedinMedicineand
Biologicalresearchfortherapyanddiagnosticpurposes.Byfarthegreatestapplicationofradionuclidesin
medicineisthestudiesperformedonhumanbiologicalsamplesinvivowhichmeansadynamicfunction
withinthehumanbodyusinggammacameraimaging.

UnsealedIsotopesusedinmedicinethathavesolid,liquidandgaseouswasteproductsarelistedforthe
followingapplications.

RadioLabelling

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Clinicalmeasurement.

BiologicalResearch

OrganicSynthesisTheconstructionofsyntheticorganicmaterialaspioneeredbyRobertBurnsWoodward1965
NobelChemistryPrizewinner

Positronemissiontomography(PET)Amongotheruses,theShortlivedisotopesinjectedintothebloodstreamfor
threedimensionsscanningtorevealtheextentofcacogenicactivity

Medicaldiagnosis

ClinicalTherapy

MedicalandBiologicalresearch

Lungventilationstudies

Monoclonalantibodies.Acomplexcellgenerationprocessusedtotreatcancerandotherailments

Nuclidegenerators.Alonghalflifeisotopeusedtoproduceshortlived(60min)daughters,decayproducts.

PalliativeTreatment.FromtheLatinPalliareToCloakThereliefofsufferingthatmaybeexperiencedbypatients
undertakingcuretreatments

7.4 ISOTOPEUSEANDHALFLIFE

TypicalExampleofthetechnicalnameofisotopewhichwillbeusedinthenew2011LiverpoolHospitalClinical
ScienceBuilding(CSB.)

**BasedonincreaseinprovisionofNuclearMedicineandPETservicesby34%in2016/17.

Example:LiverpoolHospital

Typeandtechnicalnameofisotopewereinusepriorto2011

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Radio Isotope Halflife Noof Hospital

nuclide patients
peryear stay
C14 Carbon14 5730.0Yrs 105.86** No
Co57 Cobalt57 271.8Days QConly
Cr51 Chromium51 27.7Days 10.0* No

Ga67 Gallium67 3.26Days 85.76** No

F18 Fluorine18 1.83Hrs 3538.94** No
I123 Iodine123 13.2Hrs 10.0* No
I131 Iodine131 8.1Days 108.54** No
diagnostic
I131 Iodine131 8.1Days 62.98** No
therapy
I131 Iodine131 8.1Days 3roomsX 35days
ablation 36.18**
P32 Phosphorus32 14.3Days 10.0* No

In111 Indium111 2.8Days 26.8** No

Se75 Selenium75 119.8Days 10.0* No

Sm153 Samarium153 46.3Hrs 10.0* No

Tc99m Technetium99m 6.0Hrs 4305.42** No

Tl201 Thallium201 73.1Hrs 10.0* No

Sr89 Strontium89 50.5Days 10.0* No

Y90 Yttrium90 64.1Hrs 10.0* No

Ra223 Radium223 11.4Days 10.0* No
O15 Oxygen15 2.03Mins 50* No
N13 Nitrogen13 9.96Mins 50* No

C11 Carbon11 20.40Mins 100* No

Cu64 Cooper64 12.7Hrs 100* No
I124 Iodine124 4.18Days 50* No

Rb82 Rubidium82 1.27Mins 50* No

Halfliveoftheisotopes.

Pleaserefertothetable.

Approximatenumberofpatients,whichtreated,andtheiraveragehospitalresidenceortreatmentduration.

Pleaserefertothetable.

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Chemicaldatasheetofisotopesifavailable.

Datasheetscanbeobtainedfrommanufacturesorfromstabilisedinstitutions,e.g.
http://www.safety.queensu.ca/radiation/data_sheets/Tc99M.pdf

7.5 LARGELABORATORYBUILDINGS

REFERTOAS29822010LABORATORYDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTION,INPARTICULARSECTION
33.3SERVICESISOLATION3.4EMERGENCYCUTOFF.3.9HYDRAULICSERVICES.

OtherthanI131Radioactivetherapy,thetradewastedrainagefromverylargelaboratorybuildingsthat
specialiseinallmannerofchemicalandbiologicalworkisachallengetotheHydraulicservicesdesigner,there
beingverylittletextbookadvicethedealswiththiscocktailofchemistry.

7.6 AVERAGINGPITSFORLABSWHERETHEDISCHARGEISNOTKNOWN,ORWILL
VARY.

Thesizingoftheaveragingpitisbasedon5litresperlabsinkand300mmofbenchrunneldrainwhichallowsfor
approximately1hourretention

Forlabequipmentotherthansinksallow1hourdetention

Pitinletandoutletat90degrees

Pitoutlet150mmcentrelinefrombaseofpit

Inlet150mmcascade

Epoxypaintacidresistantinternalpainting

Samplecapandoutletroddingeyecombined

AutomaticPHControlwithPHprobetoactivatemotorizedvalve

Neutralizerstoragetankwithmotorizedvalve.

Stirrermixingdeviceinneutralizingtank

SettlementtankafterneutralizingtankBafflesandPHProbecontrolledpumprelease

7.7 WESTMEADTEACHINGHOSPITAL1973

TheInstituteofMedicalResearchatWestmeadHospitalwasachallenge,roomafterroomoflaboratoriesanda
fasttrackbuildingsystemthatcouldnotidentifytheworktobeundertakenineachlab.Theroofofthebuilding
07wasinplacepriortolaboratorydesign.

Thebuildingisthreelevelswithplantroompodssittingabovefirestairsandcorefacilitiessuchastoiletsand
lifts.Thedesigncriteriaforthishospitalwasbasedonastrictmodulardisciplineof900mm1800mm3600mm
7200mm,thelabsweresetoutonthe7200doublecolumnandbeamgrid,thespacebetweenthecolumnsis
aservicesduct.

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PlumbingtradewasteservicescompriseaBorosilicateglasstradewaste
stackandPVCventateachcolumnductthehydraulicservicescomprising

Nonpotablehotwater,coldwater,deionisedwater(AnearlyoptiontoROwater)andgasservicesincluding
medicalandlabgaseswerereticulatedhorizontallyinathreeleggedringmainatthecenterpointofthethree
zonestwooutsidezoneswithwindowsandoneinsidezonewithoutwindowsandtwocorridor

Each3600x3600labmodulewasprovidedwithamultiservicecoreholeineachcorner.ForDepartmental
budgetpurposestheservicestolabsinkswerefixedatacost,servicesrequiredbythedepartmentthatcould
notbeservicesfromthecorepatternprovidedwereanaddedcostpenaltytothefixedfixturecostbudget.

Intheentirebuildingonlyonedeviationwasrequestedandthiswastoserviceanelectronmicroscope
installation.Welosesightofthefactthatlaboratoriesareasophisticatedworkshop,theexperimentsaresetup,
theyaremodified,theyarediscarded,andthebasicbenchworkandservicesareuniversaltoolstoservicethe
needsoftheexperimenters.

Thetradewastefromthisbuildingwasadedicateddraintheservicesalltradewasteinthisbuildingandall
othersinthecomplex,includingthebackwashdischargefromthetherapypool.

Thetradewastetankwasbelowgroundinaremotelocation,morethanthemandatorysixmetersforanyair
intakegrilles,itwasconstructedofepoxylinedconcretewithabaffleracetostimulatemixing,thepHand
temperatureofthemixaremeasuredattheentrypointanddosedaccordinglywithacidoralkaline.Theflow
rateleavingthepretreatmentismeasuredbyaVnotchweir;howevertherearenowmoreaccurateflow
measurementsystemswithtelemetrycommunicationsforremotereadingsandalarms.

Thetankvolumeisbasedonthetotalcapacityofallsinksserved,andtheflowratebasedonthediversified
inflowtothelaboratorywaterservicesystem.Accessintothebelowgroundtankarearequiresconsiderationof
confinedspaceslegislation,meansofsafeexitandadequateventilationtoremovebothchemicalfumesandto
protectmaintenancepersonnelfromanyinherentbiologicalhazard.

Thesystemhasbeeninplacefor30years.

TheBorosilicatestacksanddrainsareallinvisiblelocations,thehydraulicperformanceofthewastewateris
observable.

Thepressurisedservicesringmainsfollowedtheprofileoftheconcreteslabsoffit,thisresultedinaveryflexible
systemthatwasanchoredatthebranchconnections,butabletoabsorbexpansionandcontractionbetween
theseanchorpoints.Valveswereminimised,theconceptwastoutiliseafreezeplugsystemformodifiedpipe
workBecausethissystemwasaFastTrackdesign,loadsonthehydraulicserviceswerebroadbrush,thepipe
sizeofringmainswasresolvedonthebestbuyphilosophy,thiswasa50mmpipeservingasaringmain.

7.8 ANIMALHOUSES

Aresearchhospitalmayrequireananimalhousetoaccommodateanimalsofvarioustypes(Rodents,dogs,pigs
chimps)TheanimalsmaybebredonsiteorraisedatanoffsitespecialisedSpecificPathogenFreefacilityand
transportedinsterilecontainment.

Thewastematerialfromanimalroomsvarieswiththesizeofthecreature,rodentsmaybecontainedinmodular
cagesheldwithinamobilecagerackwhichincorporatesthewateringsystem,andflexiblehoseconnection

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pointsforsterilisingandcleaning,theanimalscleaningroutinetransfersthe
animalstoacleancagemoduleandthemobilerackistakentothecleaningprocessviathedirtysideofthe
animalhouse.Thecleaningprocessremovesanimalbeddingandwasteproductsincludinguneatenfoodwhichis
usuallyamanufacturedtabletofthedietrequired;insomeinstancesrecordsoffoodconsumptionmaybe
required.Beddingremovalmaybeundertakenbyacentralvacuumsystemandtransportedtoacentral
incinerator,ortransportedoffsitefordisposal.

Thecagesandrackarenominallyfreeofbeddingandisconnectedtothecagecleaningdevicewhichwillscour
andsterilizetherackandcagescontainedwithinit.

Thewastewaterfromthecagewashingmachinewillbeat85C+andshouldbedirectedtoacoolingchamber
whichrecoverstheheatforpreheatingthehotwatersupplytothecagewashingmachine,adirectwaterto
waterheatexchangeforheatrecoveryshouldincorporateaperiodicsolidsflushingarrangementtoremoveany
particulatematerial.

Cagewashingandsterilizingforlargeranimalsmayinvolvetotalimmersionofthecageinastainlesssteeltank
whichcontainsinveryhotwater,orChlorinedosedwater,orsimilarbiocideagentItshouldbenotedthatsome
gradesofstainlesssteelarevulnerabletochlorideattack,cagewashtankmanufacturersmustbeadvisedof
proposedchlorineconcentrationstobeused.

Caremustbeexercisedinthedisposalofhighconcentrationchlorine;alsoanOH&Sdelugeshowereyewash
mayberequiredincloseproximity.

HWandCWFillpointsforcageimmersiontanksshallallowquickfilling.Drainageshallbevalvedwithafullway
rubberlineddiaphragmvalve,afloordrainasdescribedmustbeprovidedtocapturespillageandthetankshall
beprovidedwithaheatexchangecircuitandoverflow.

Theroomswheretheanimalsarekeptgenerallycompriseracks,accessislesbetweenracksshouldbefittedwith
floordrainagecomprisingatwostagebasketarrestorfirststageandautomaticclosingsecondstagestrainer.

Thefloorfabricwillinmostcasesbeacontinuousfabricsuchasvinyl,theflooroutletmustbeprovidedwitha
clampingringandwedgewirestylegratingthatdoesnotallowwastematerialtobecomejammedbetweenthe
bars.

Floordrainsealsshouldalsobechargedbyadedicatedpipechargingsystemwhichintroducesabiocideintothe
trapwatersealonaroutinebasisbyactivationofaremotesoftclosesolenoidvalve.Thetransmissionofoutside
airorfromthewasteintotheroomviathefloorwasteorvacuumsystemshouldbeconsidered,theairinthe
roomwillbeUVirradiatedandHepafilteredtohighlevelsofpurity,itispossiblethattheroomisairpressurised
toensureairispushedoutofthesterileareasratherthantheopposite.

Minimumpressure25metresNonpotablehotandcoldhosecockswithbreechandcentralmixedhoseoutlet
shallbeprovidedforawhite20mmhosesuitableforusewithhotwater,hoselengthmustnotbeexcessive,the
hoseshallterminatewithanapprovedbrassandheatresistanthandleflowadjustmentnozzle.Drainageas
describedmustbeprovidedincloseproximitytohosepoints.

ThedrinkingwatersupplyforlaboratorySpecificpathogenfreeanimalsmaybeROtreatedultrapurewater,
suchsystemsareprovidedwithpolypropyleneorpolyethylenereticulationwhichhasstainlesssteelwettedarea
joiningthreadsorcompressionjoints,andisolationvalvesincludingtheterminalwaterfeederwhichmaybeLixit
orsimilar.

Wherestainlesssteelisuseditisnotacceptabletojoinastainlesssteelmalethreadtoaplasticfemalethread.

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Wherethehydraulicsdesignerundertakescentralvacuumsystemplanning,
suchsystemsshouldnotbeusedtodrawbeddingmaterialandsimilarinanupflowverticalriser,onstopping
thesystemanymaterialintheverticalrisewilldropbackontothesuctioninletconnection.Asimplercleaning
propositionisprobablythemobilecartvacsystemwithtreatedrejectair.

7.9 KITCHENWASTE

Hospitalkitchenwasteisappreciablyhotterthanmostotherwastesystemsbecauseoftherequirementto
undertakehightemperaturedishandutensilwashing.

Wheresolidsmayenterthetradewastesystemviaawastedisposalunitinsignificantvolumes,authoritieshave
variedtheregulationsregardingthedisposalofsolidwastefoodtothedrainagesystem,somerequirethewaste
toenterthekitchengreasetrap,presumablytocontainanygreasecontentandwherethisisthecasethegrease
trapwithwastedisposalconnectedissubjecttoadifferentsizescale.

7.10 GREASETRAPS
Line Trap Litres/day Hospital Notes
Volume beds
Maximum
1 1000 1000 69
2 1500 3200 199
3 2000 6400 399
4 3000 9600 599
5 4000 12800 799
6 5000 16000 1000
7 5000+ DissolvedAirFloatationDAF
system
8 TrapswithWastedisposalconnected
9 1000 1100 55
10 1500 3200 159
11 2000 6400 319
12 3000 9600 479
13 4000 12800 639
14 5000 16000 800 A20%allowanceforsolids
material
15 5000+ DissolvedAirFloatation

Theprobabilityofhighvolumesofpartiallydegredatedsolidsbeingremovedinthegreasetrapcleaningprocess
wouldnotseemtobethemostefficientwaytorecyclethisvaluableorganicmatter.

WastedisposalgenerallyinahotclimatedoespresentHealthProblemsWetSolidorganicwastematerialshould
betemporarilystoredinchilledroomstoreduceinsectactivitypriortotheroutineremovalofthewaste.

IntheUAE,whichisanaridcountrylackingfertiletopsoil,anyopportunitytorecoverwasteorganicmaterialfor
compostasarichsourceofbeneficialmaterialisseized.

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Thehospitalkitchenwillincludeanumberofcentralfoodpulverisersand
maceratinghoppersthatareconnectedtoanegativesuctionheadthatwilltransportthewastematerial
efficientlyviaastainlesssteeltubesystemtoarefrigeratedstoragehopperfordailyremovalbythecomposting
agency.

Anywasteconsidereddangerousisincinerated.

Australiaisacontinentwithconsiderablearidcontent,butwepersistinwastingaresourcethathasvalueand
couldwiththewillandmanagementbeselffunding.

AsimilarpropositionforwasteheatrecoveryappliestotheGreaseArrestorwhichisineffectaninefficient
coolingdevice,asthecoolingeffectinthelargevolumeofwaterinthetraptakesplaceandthespecificgravity
oftheliquidcontentchanges,theoilandgreasecontentagglomeratesandthenrisestothesurfaceasacrust,or
layerwhichfurtherinhibitsthermalreleasefromthesurface

Bearinginmindthelackofthermallossthroughtheburiedwallsofthevessel,andthelackofairmovementover
thesurfaceofthewatercontent,therewouldseemlittleengineeringdesignthatpromotestemperaturedropor
heatrecovery.

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7.11 LAUNDRIES

AlargecentralhospitallaundryisaTradeWastedischargethatwillrequireheatremovalfromwastewater,
Screeningofstringsandfragmentedfabric,chemicaladjustmentofpHandpossiblyphosphateremovalfrom
laundrywastewater.

Laundriesforhospitalsarespecialisedandmayinvolvethefollowingfeatures;

Ozonewatertreatmenttodestroybacteria,

Wasteheatrecovery,

Waterrecoverylastrinsecyclebeingreusedfortheinitialcyclewithintheprogramofthemachine

ItiscommonpracticetosoftenlaundrywatertosavedetergentSoftwaterareassuchasSydneywillnotbenefit
fromwatersoftening,

Laundrieshavehighpealloadsandreheatingwhichcanbenefitfromastoredwatersystem.

Thehotwatertemperatureis82degreesC

Therearefiveclassificationsoflaundryandhotwaterdemand

Institutional16.7litresperkg

Commercial16.7litresperkg

Linensupply20.9litresperkg

Industrial20.9litresperkg

Diaper20.9litresperkg

Thetotalmassofwashxtheabovescalegivesthehotwaterrequired.

Thedesignermustconsiderpeaks,forexamplea270kgmachinemayhavea1.3l/secaveragerequirementbut
thepeakcouldbe22l/s.

Withmultiplemachinesystemsitmaynotbepracticaltofillallmachinesatthemomentarypeakrate,large
storagetanksandVSDPumpscanrationalisethisproductionproblem.

Laundriesareideallysuitedforheatrecovery,mostusecommerciallaundrystandardaLuddelltubeintubeheat
exchangewithflowreversevalveforlintandstringsremovaltoadischargeoverashakerscreen.

Wastewaterisreleasedatapproximately57degreesCgiversa42degreeheatexchangetemperature
difference.Withat5742=15CeachKLofwaterisgoingtosave17.44kK

Laundrieshavegoodpotentialforasolarcontribution.Significantstorageisrequiredtobalancetheavailable
solargaincontributiontothehotwaterload.

Laundriesalsohavepotentialforrainwaterrecovery,itisimportanttoensureacatchmentareathatis
reasonablyfreefromexternalpollutionfromorganicmattersuchasleavesandindustrialpollution,Firstflush
andmicromeshstrainingwatertreatmentisdesirable.

Laundriesrequirewastetreatmenttoremoveheatandphosphatesandcanattracttradewastecosts.

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Largecommerciallaundriesmayusesteamorhotoilironingmachinesfor
largeitemssuchassheetsthisdesignworkisnotgenerallyincludedinthescopeofhydraulics,interfacescanbe
belowgroundstructuretohousemachinery,safebundsforoilcaptureandcoordinationofservices.

7.12 CAPTURINGWASTEWATERHEAT

Laundrieshaveasignificantconsumptionofhotwater,asdohospitals,particularlyforpatientshowering,the
captureoflowgradeheatfrompatientshowersinasimilarmannertocommerciallaundriescouldbeachieved
bymeansofasimplistictubeintubeheatexchangerinthewastewatersystemoftheshower,thisproposition
hasnotbeenattemptedinAustralia(ItisdoneinSwedenbySWEP)butcoldwatertemperaturesthereare
lowerwhichenhancestheproposition,theproblemofreturningthelowgradeheatrecoveredbackintothe
centralsystemhadtothisdatenotbeenresolved.

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Thisisachievedby:

Thelowgradeheatmustbecapturedasclosetotheshowerbeingusedaspossible,andreturnedtothesystem
bytemperingthecoldwatershowersupply,theuserwillautomaticallyadjustdownthehotinputtocomfort.

Thecoldwaterat15Cwill,ifsimilarperformancetotheLuddelllaundryheatexchangerisachieved,renderan
approximate10Ctfromthe40Cwastewaterwhichwouldraisethecoldwaterto25Cforeachshower
savingof744w/showerassumingan850bedhospitalshowers75%ofthebedcountdaily744Wx637=473
kW/dayor172,983kW/PAwhichat10cakW=$17298say$1500000PAallowingsomelocalpipeworkloss.

BearinginmindGreenstargivesnocreditpointsforthesavedenergyofPolymerpipescomparedwithcopper
tube,itisdoubtfulthatdesignerswillhavesufficientincentivetopromotewastewaterheatcapture;however
thesamemightnotbesaidofNursesQuartersorHotellikeaccommodationforpatientvisitors.

7.13 BOILERBLOWDOWN

Todeterminethesizeofacoolingpitsuitabletoreceivethedischargeof100litresofhotwaterat55Cwhenthe
requiredtemperatureofthewasteoutflowistakenat38Candthetemperatureofthecoolingpitwateris18C

P=HM/MC

Where

H=Temperatureofhotwaterinflow

M=Temperatureofmixedwater

C=Temperatureofcoolingpitcontents

P=Proportionofcoldwaterrequired

Example55C38C/38C18C=17/20=0.85=Proportionofcold(18C)toreducethetemperatureofthe
100litresto38C

Therefore100litresx0.85=85litres&85+100=185litres(Thecoolingpitvolume)

ThecoolingpitdepthwillbedeterminedbytheenteringdraininvertandsurfaceRL.Thecascadebelowthe
enteringdrainis150mmtothetopwaterlevelofthecoolingpit,theoutletpipecomesfromthebottomofthe
pit150mmtocentreline,somepitshaveremovablebaffles,ortwopitswithsurfaceaccess,thebaffleforcesthe
enteringhotwaterintothecolderwaterzoneofthepitcontents.Thecoolingeffectofthepitcontentsfrom
38Cto18C(Ambientgroundtemperaturewhichmayvarywithlocation)isachievedbyevaporativelosefrom
thesurfacewaterofthepit,hencelargerwatersurfaceareasaremoreefficient.

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CHAPTER8RAINWATERCOLLECTIONAND
HARVESTING

8.1 ANOVERVIEWOFHARVESTING

Rainwatersystemsforhealthcareinstallationsdifferlittlefromthesystemsforotherbuildingtypesandinmost
instancesthedifferencesareamatterofcommonsense.

Therearemajordifferencesgeographicallyinrespecttorainfallintensities,andstormcyclesandinthisregard
referencemustbemadetoMetrologicalrecordsoftheareaconcerned.

InHealthcareinstallationsitwouldbeunwisetolocaterainwateroutletsorhorizontalrainwaterdrainageovera
criticalareasuchasanoperatingtheatre,orcriticalsupportserviceareasuchasaswitchroomor
communicationsfacilityorconcentratedelectronicssuchascomputersupportsystemswithdiagnostic
computers.

Lateralpipesofanydrainagerequireconsiderationinrespecttopermissiblenoiseemissionlevels;theBCAis
probablytherelevantguideinrespecttoacousticmatters.

8.2 RAINWATERDOWNPIPESEN120563

Thewriterhasfoundlittleformalregulatoryauthoritysdatathatispublishedinasimplisticeasyanddirect
formatthatrelatestotheperformanceofrainwaterdownpipes.

Theexceptiontothisis;

EuropeanStandardEN120563

GravityDrainageSystemsInsideBuildings

Part3RoofdrainagelayoutandCalculationsJune2000.

internal Capacityin Capacityin Notes

diameter litres/secondQ litres/secondQ
di RWP(0.20) RWP(0.33)
50 0.7 1.7

65 1.5 3.4 Afillingdegreeof0.33isrecommended

75 2.2 5 Itisnotedthatthecapacityofavertical
rainwaterpipeis
90 3.5 8.1 Determinedbythetypeofinletfromthe
roof
100 4.6 10.7 InAustraliarefertoSPSOutlettestdata

120 7.6 17.4 FlowsBasedonEN1205632000Page6

Table8modifiedfor

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150 13.7 31.6 AustralianCommercialpipesizesandthe

WylyEatonequation
200 29.5 68

240 48 110.6

280 72.4 166.9

300 87.1 200.6 Pipediametersbelow75mmarenot

recommended

8.3 VERTICALFACERAINWATERRUNOFF

ThefollowingdatacomesfromtheUKBuildingResearchStation.ResearchSeries54DrivingRainMapsandthe
onslaughtofrainonbuildingsbyR.ELacyB,Sc(Eng)F.RMetSocpresentedtotheSymposiumonmoisturein
buildingsatHelsinki1619August1965.

Thispaperisaboutdrivingrainonbuildings,winddrivenrainonverticalfaces,andtheeffectsatgroundlevel
whichisofinteresttohydraulicandcivilengineers.Whilsttheexperimentalworkreviewedinthispaperwas
undertakeninEuropewhererainfallcharacteristicsvaryconsiderablyfromthoseinAustralia,theobjectof
readingthepaperandincludingtheessenceofitsconclusionsintothisdocumentwastoarriveatareasonable
proportionofthewinddrivenrainthatshouldbeincludedincatchmentcalculations.Withoutdoubtdetermining
winddrivenrainisnotanexactscience,astandalonebuildingfacingtheoceanandtheprevailingwindisgoing
tobeadifferentpropositionfromaninnercityhighrisesurroundedbybuildingsofsimilarelevationandwind
patternsthatwillliftlightdebristohighaltitudes.Thedesignerneedstoviewthesiteandconsiderthe
surroundingbuildingsorlandcontoursandconsiderthegeometryoftheverticalwallface,ifitformsafunnel
liketraptothedrivingrain,thenaprudentallowanceshouldbemade.

Whereanewbuildingrisesabovetheroofcatchmentofanexistingbuildingthereisalegalresponsibilitytothe
existingownertoprotecttheexistingrooffromdrivingrainthatwouldbeinterceptedbythenewworkand
wouldincreasethecatchmentareaofthelowerroof,Ahorizontalguttertocaptureverticalfacerunoffis
usuallypermittedtoencroachpastthepropertyline,thelogicbeingthatiftheexistingbuildingweretobe
extendedupwardsintotheairspacethentheguttercouldberemoved.

Incircumstanceswherethereisnovalidstandardorestablishedreferenceuponwhichtobaseadesignitis
recommendedthatthedesignerincludesthecalculationsandassumptionsthathavebeenmadeasthebasisof
thedesignonthedrawings,andspecifications.

Thehydraulicsdesignermustalsoestablishtheexistentandlimitsofhisresponsibilityinrespecttodrivingrain,
theHelsinkireportstatedthatinalmosteverycountryoftheworldproblemswereexperiencedwithwaterthat
founditswayintoorthroughthewallsofbuildingsbywinddrivenrain,thewaterproofingofthebuildingsouter
shellandroofisnottheresponsibilityofthehydraulicservicesdesigner.

Thereportstatesthatiftheraindropsinastormwereallofonesize,fallingwithaterminalvelocityvina
uniformwindofvelocityu,theintensityofdrivingrainontheverticalrvcouldbecomputedfromtherainfallon
thehorizontalrhbythesimplerelation

rv=rhxu/v

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Howeverinpracticethereareawiderangeofdropsizes,afurthercomplicationisthatthewindisdeflectedby
theverticalwallandthisdeflectedwindaffectsthedrivenrainpattern,

Page7ofthereportFig2Drivingraincaughtbyaverticalwallexpressedasa%anditsvariationwithwindspeed
(byACNell1946)

Thecharthas.

Averticalscalerangingfromzeroto40%

Ahorizontalscaleofwindspeedzeroto10metres/second.

Readingsare1%@5m/s9%@8m/s21%@7m/s31%@8m/s35%@9m/s38%@10m/s

Bearinginmindthatasquareplanbuildingisonlygoingtoexpose50%ofitsverticalfacetodrivingrain,itwould
beprudenttoallow50%oftheexposedfaceascatchmentandrunoffbasedontheselectedstormfrequency
intensity/fora5minutestormduration.

Inbuildingsthatdischargerainwatertostreetguttersandthathavetwo,ormorestreetfrontagestheimpactof
drivingraincouldoverloadtheguttersservingtheraindrivenface,thiscanbeafeatureoffootpathcanopies,
wherepossiblesuchsystemsshouldincorporateasurchargefloodpathtodiverttheaddedflowtotheleeside
ofthebuilding.

8.4 RAINWATERHARVESTING

RainwaterharvestingisarecentWesternworldenvironmentaltrendassociatedwithclimatechange.

InAustraliathedesireistoconservewaterreservesinourdrycontinentanditisofinterestthatarchaeological
evidenceshowsthecaptureofrainwaterwasasignificantundertaking4000yearsagoandtheconceptof
rainwaterharvestingmaydateback6000yearsinChina.

Aswithmanyenvironmentalinitiativesthatwouldmeangovernmentinstrumentalitiesfacedhighinfrastructure
costs,theactionplantendstobecomeamatteroflegislationandrhetoricthatplacestheburdenofcostandthe
practicalandmoralresponsibilityforconservationwiththeindividualpropertyowner,orpropertydeveloper.
SolarandRainHarvestingaretypicalexamplesofthis.

Whilstthisapproachdoesgenerateacommendableproactivepublicspirittowardsconservationandisalso
muchfasterthantheponderousprogressofthealternativewhichinvolvesexpertreviewsandothertime
consumingimplications,therearesomeconsiderationsthatdoseemtobeoverlooked.

8.5 WHEREISHARVESTEDWATERUSED

TheprobabilityisthattheharvestedwaterinahealthcareinstallationwillbeusedforflushingWCpansand
Flushingsinks,hosedownofgarbageareasandsimilarhardsurfaces,itmayalsobeusedforcoolingtowersor
irrigation.

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Irrigationinmodernlandscapedesignstendstobeminimal,aserviceonly
toestablishtheinitialgrowthofindigenousdroughtresistantplantlife,thereissomelogicinthisbecausethe
rainsourceisprobablynotgoingtobeavailablewhenneededmosttosupportdroughtsensitiveplants.

Supplyingthecoolingtowers,thisrainisgoingtobegivenbacktotheatmosphereasevaporativeloss,itwill
returntotheearthasrain.ThereisalowprobabilityofLegionellacontaminationfrombirdsandfoottraffic.

Theharvestedrainusedforflushingandhosedown,isinmostcoastalcities,goingtotakethefastlanetothe
ocean.

Theimpactofdeprivingthenaturalwatercoursesofrainwatervariesconsiderablywiththelocation,topography
andgeology.

IntheSydneysandstoneareaswherethereisnumerousbushlandcreekswithintermittentflowsalready
prejudicedtosomeextentbyhardroadsurfacesandconcentratedrunoffandmanmadefloodpaths,theadded
lossisgoingtoaffectthebushhabitat.

Inareaswherethesubstrataareporoustheremaybeanaquiferanditsgeologicalstabilitymaybeaffectedand
rechargingmaybemandatorybylocalCouncilrulings.

TheselargerissuescannotlegitimatelybeconsideredtheresponsibilityoftheHydraulicservicesdesigner?

8.6 COSTOFHARVESTING

Thecapitalcosttothetotalbudgetisamajorconsiderationofanyhealthcareproject,ithasbeensaidthata
modernhospitalhasannualrunningcoststhatareapproximateequaltotheinitialconstructioncost.

Whilstitisdesirabletoreducerecurrentcosts,attheendoftheday,healthcareistheprimaryobjectiveandif
rainwaterharvestingisgoingtocostbeds,theoppositionwillbestrenuous.

Thecapitalconstructioncostswillvarywiththedesignandthenatureofthearchitecturetofacilitatecost
effectiveharvestingopportunities.Therecurrentcostwillbeeffectedbypumpingcosts,filtration,andUV
Irradiation,whichisforreasonsnotexplainedtothewriter,currentstandardpracticerequires,disregardingthe
factthatroofcatchmentrainwaterisneardistilledwater,andhasfewopportunitiestocomeincontactwith
Legionella,initsuseforWCflushingthereislittleprobabilityofcausinginhaledvapour.

8.7 HARVESTEDRAINWATERSTORAGE

Isthemostexpensiveaddedcostcomponent,storageisessentialsimplybecauseitdoesnotrainallthetime,
andwhenitdoesrainitcanbeatarateofflowthatisprobablymorethantheinstallationcanuse.

8.8 WATERSTORAGEATROOFLEVEL

isdesirablebecausethetankcovercanactuallyformthewaterproofrooffabricandcollectionsystem,thereare
counterargumentsthatimplytheweightofwaterincreasesthecostofthestructure,howeveriftheroofistobe
aflatconcreteslab,theweightofwaterdistributedasaweightpersquaremetrewillhaveamarginalstructural
impactifthewaterdepthislimited,thedepthshouldbesufficientforcleaning,theoptionofashallowtankthat
virtuallyformsaroofpondmaybeaviableforOnSiteDetentionsystem,butthelongerstoragetimeof
harvestedwaterwouldallowphotosynthesisandthegrowthofalgae.

Thestorageatrooflevelalsoreducestheneedforpressurisingallofthedownstreamharvestedrainwater
reticulationsystem;somepressurisationwillberequiredforfiltration.

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8.9 WATERSTORAGEATLOWLEVEL

Harvestedrainwaterstorageatlowlevelinthebuildingiscommonplace,possiblybecauseofthelowuse
potentialforwindowlessspacesinfluencesthis,alsothepracticalityofaddingsomeconcretetothatbeingused
forexternalretainingwallsmaybeafactor.

Theshareduseoftankwallsasexternalretainingwallsintroducestheproblemofundetectableleakageand
pollutinginfiltrationofcontaminatedgroundwater.

Considerationmustbegiventotheoverflowfrombelowgroundtanks,Itmustnotbepossibletooverchargethe
tankwithaninflowthatcannotberemovedbypumpingsystems,ifthispossibilityexiststheinflowmusthavean
automaticvalvethatfunctionsinmuchthesamemannerasaballfloatvalveinacistern,iftherainwatertankis
fulltheinflowmustceaseanditspathathighlevelwherestormwaterdrainageisavailabletoacceptthe
divertedflow.

ApneumaticallyoperatedKnifeedgedgatevalvewillshearthroughanyminordebrisintheuntreatedrainwater,
oralternativelyaclosewavestainlesssteelscreenstrainerandBermadremotepilotactivatedballfloatvalve.

Thepilotactivatedballfloatvalvepropositionisasimplemechanicaldevisebutrequiresupstreampressureto
operate,theknifeedgedgatesystemrequiresanindependentbutverysmallaircompressorandreserve
cylindertoensureanumberofactionsarefeasiblewithoutpower.Allsuchsystemsshouldhaveanautomatic
testprogramtoensurethesystemfunctionsasrequiredandhasnotdeterioratedbylongperiodsofinactivity.

8.10 TANKCLEANING

Therequirementfortwocompartmentsforcleaningharvestedrainwatertanksisnotconsideredessential;the
harvestedrainsupplywillneeda100%potablewaterbackupfordroughtconditions,thissupplywillbecalled
uponwhentankcleaningisundertaken.Whereprovidedtwocompartmentscanprovideabufferofrawwater
allowinganeconomicalfiltrationsystembetweenthetwocompartments,andnodropinlinepressuredueto
dirtyfiltermedia.

Thetankwillrequirecleaning,muchthesameasapotablewaterstoragetank,thecleaningprocessforpotable
waterstoragetanksallowstheinspectionofthetankconstructionandreplacementofmembranesasrequired,
ortheremovalofcorrosion,orreplacementofcorrodedstaysandsupportingcomponents.

8.11 DEBRISTOBEREMOVED

Thematerialremovedfromapotablewaterstoragetankwhencleaning,willbetheaccumulationofsuspended
solidscarriedintothetankwiththewatersupply,birddroppings,windborneleaves,orcontributedbycorroding
componentsinthepipeworksystem.Afloatingdrawoffpipewillextractwaterfreeoffloatingmaterialand
sediment.

Inarainwaterharvestingtanktherainwaterisessentiallydistilledwater,itcanhaveachemicalreactionwith
metaltankconstruction,andiftherainhaspassedthroughanindustrialatmosphereitmaycontaincarbonic
acidsmakingitaggressiveandcorrosive,rainmayalsocarrysuspendedsolidsifithaspassedthroughextensive
dustclouds,evenvolcanicash,howeverthealtitudeofashisgenerallyhigherthantheformationofrain.

8.12 HARVESTEDRAINWATERTANKMAKEUP

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Dependentontheratioofcatchmentareatoconsumptionload,itismost
probablethatrainwaterstoragevolumewillnotbeavailableasaviablesourceofsupplytomeetthetotalfull
timeflushingrequirementsoftheproject.

Astandbysupplywillberequiredfromthepotablewaterservice;themakeuppotablewatercanbesuppliedto
theharvestedrainwatertankintwoways.

1)ByaRAGmakeupballfloatvalvethatisactivatedtoopenwhentheharvestedwatertanklevelreachesapre
determinedlowlevelofoperation.Thishasthedisadvantageofutilisingpumpenergyiftheharvestedwater
tankoutputispumped(Whichisprobable)andthemainssupplyisnotpumped.

2)AdirectpotablewatersupplyconnectedviaaRPZDunittopreventcrossconnection,thispropositioncanbe
discreditedifthemainssupplyispumpedwhichtendstoreducetheaddedenergycostofpumping.Caremust
betakencheckingthecompatibilityofthedifferentpumpheadsinvolved.

Itshouldbenotedthatthepotablewatersupplymakeupwillinmostinstancescarryaproportionofchlorine
addedintheoriginaltreatmentprocess,alowvolumeproportionaladditionofthissourceofchlorinesupplyto
thestoragetankisconsidereddesirableforresidualsanitisation.

Ifthetankmakeupisaballfloatvalve,theresidualchlorinewillbeadded,ifthemakeupisdirectRPZDchlorine
levelsinthetankshouldoccasionallybedosed.

Asnotedtoavoidthetankoutletdrawingfromthefloatablezoneofthetankorfromthesettledsolidszoneof
thetank,afloatingdrawoffisrecommended.

Argumentshavebeenraisedthatroofstoragetankscanbeexposedtosolargainandzonesofbloodheatwater
couldstratify,alsothepossibilitythatbirdscouldcarryLegionellatorooftops,ascouldoccasionalfoottraffic
whichprovidesthecombinationofingredientsforLegionellacolonisation.

Thedownstreamdistributionsystemofaharvestedwatertankshouldbesubjectedtomicromeshstrainingwith
automaticbackwashandUltraVioletirradiationtokillanydangerousbacteria,orchemicaltreatmentif
preferred.ChlorineorOzone.

Note:

LegionellainfectionistransmittedtohumansbyinhalingthebacteriaintotherespiratorysystemLegionella
bacteriawhichareresidentinwatervapour.

Inpractice.watervapourandhumaninhalationfromflushingmechanisms,wouldseemtobeunlikely,however
thisisnotthecasewithcoolingtowers.

8.13 SIZINGTHERAINHARVESTINGTANK

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813.1 AUTHORSNOTE

Sizingtherainwaterharvestingtankisthecoreissueoftheharvestedwaterdesign,suchworkisarguablymore
appropriatetoCivilEngineeringthanHydraulics(referScopeCreep)Howeveraftersignificantdebatewith
engineersofconsiderableabilityandwhospragmaticopinionsthewriterrespects,itwasconsideredincumbent
upontheauthortoaccepttheresponsibilitythatthiscollectionofHydraulicdataimplies.

Bearingthisinmind,thereaderisalertedthatthejuryisstilloutconsideringthecomplexissuesofharvesting
andthecurrentstateofvalideasytounderstandtechnicalinputonthesubject.

8.13.2 GREENSTAR

ThetanksizemaybedeterminedasaGreenstarinitiative,thetanksdeterminedinthismannercanbeverylarge,
amajorstructuralfeature,abudgetissueofmorestructuralcontentthanhydraulic.

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Manyspreadsheetsystemsexistandarewidelyused(EGBASIX)for
determiningthevolumeofrainwaterharvestingtanksanditishopedthatLocalAuthoritieswilleventually
accepttheresponsibilityforguidanceinrespecttotheenvironmentalimpactofredirectingrainwateranditsuse
andqualitywithinbuildings.

8.13.3 SUTHERLANDSHIRECOUNCIL

InthisrespectSutherlandShireCouncilhaveunderstoodtherealitiesofbudgetrestraintandprovidingthe
homebuilderwithsimplerulesintheirStormwaterSpecificationsDevelopmentControlPlanthatdonot
compromisetheneedtoconservewater.

SutherlandShire.Council2.4RainwaterHarvesting.

a)RainwaterTankCapacity(Q)

ForresidentialdevelopmentnotsubjecttoBASIXisQ=CxLxk

WhereQ=rainwatertankvolumeinlitres

C=100Litresadayxthenumberofbedroomsinthedwelling

L=Themeandryperiodbetweenraineventsadoptedas14days

K=Coefficientderivedfromtheproposedroofareaandthetotalnumberofbedrooms,thisis
determinedbythegraph,Regardlessoftheratiooftheroofareaandtotalbedroomsthemaximumvalueofkis
0.01andtheminimumis0.21

Example

Determinetherequiredminimumrainwatertanksizeforaproposed4bedroomhousehavingatotalroofareaof
120squaremetres.

Roofarea/totalbedrooms=120m/ 4=30

FromtheGraphk=0.89

C=100l/dayx14days=400litres

Q=400l/dayx14daysx0.89=4984litres

8.14 APLAUSIBLEOPTION.

AsanalternativetoBASIXAmoresimplisticdesigndogmawasresearched.

In2005therewasnoNationalRainwaterHarvestingregulationintheUSA.

InAustralia13%ofthepopulation(2.6Million)personsuserainwaterastheprimarywatersupplysource.An
AustralianNationalStandardforsizingstoragerelativetoroofcatchmentandoutflowdemandwasnotfound;
ironicallypriorto1990Rainwatercollectionfordomesticusewasvirtuallyillegal.

8.15 THETEXASMANUALONRAINWATERHARVESTING

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TheTexasManualonRainwaterHarvestingTexasWaterDevelopment
BoardThirdEdition2005incooperationwithChrisBrownConsultingJanGerstonConsultingStephenColley
ArchitectureDrHariKrishnaPEContractManager.

Thisisa58PagedocumentComprising7Chaptersand4Appendix

WhilstthecompleteManualiswellwrittenandworthreading,thereisobviouslysubjectmatterand
geographicaldifferences,howeverTexasandAustraliadohaveclimatesimilarities.

TheWaterbalancemethodusingMedianmonthlyrainfallstatisticsandMonthlyDemandandSupplyisexplored

Thismethodstartswithaninitialstoragevolumeinthetank.Thisisnotexplainedbutitispresumedtobethe
buffercapacitytousewhenrainfallisnotadequate,howeverinapplicationitisaoneoffwhichseemsnotto
havemuchbearingonthesystem.

Thesupplyisdeterminedbymedianrainfallandcatchment.(AnalternativeusingAveragecatchmentis
consideredlessconservative)

Thedemanddictatestherequiredstoragecapacity.

Medianmonthlyrainfallsystem

Assumptions

850bedNotionalHospital

Demandbasedonrecords200m/dayflushingservice700mdayDomesticserviceDesigncriteriaforwater
supply(1m/bed1000bedeventualexpandedmaximum)

1.125m/mperyearrain(Sydneyaverageover76years).

8.16 SAMPLETEXASWATERBALANCECALCULATIONMETHOD

FORSYDNEYUSINGMEDIANRAINFALLDATA

Month Demand Demand Median Roof Rainfall Endof

Day Month rainfall aream Capture month
m/ storage
month

January 200 6000m 102 80 8160 2160

m/day
February 200 6000m 114 80 9120 5280
m/day
March 200 6000m 136 80 10880 10160
m/day

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April 200 6000m 124 80 9920 14080

m/day
May 200 6000m 122 80 9760 17840
m/day
June 200 6000m 132 80 10560 22400
m/day
July 200 6000m 101 80 8080 24480
m/day
August 200 6000m 77 80 6160 24640
m/day
September 200 6000m 69 80 5520 24160
m/day
October 200 6000m 79 80 6320 24480
m/day
November 200 6000m 81 80 6480 24000
m/day
December 200 6000m 78 80 6240 24420
m/day

Balancedonthedemandof200kl/dayandatheoreticalcaptureof100%rainfall,thestoragefortheloadsnoted
wouldrequireatank25,000mvolume.Thesavingwouldbe20to25%ofthedomesticwaterservicecharge.

Ifthetankwere2.5metresdeeptheareawouldbe100metressquare,ifconstructedof150mmthick
reinforcedconcreteitwouldrequire1650mofconcrete.

Thecostofsuchatankmaybeoffsetbyintegrationwithstructuralelementsservingotherfunctions,whichisan
opportunityforStructuralHydraulicsinnovation.Thelargeareaoftheholding/storagetankwouldlenditselfto
apipecollectionsystemdesignofnumerousdirectuntreatedflowrainwaterdownpipedischarge,thussaving
drainageandexcavations.

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8.17 MEDIAN

TheBureauofMeteorologyDepartmentofArtsSportTheEnvironmentTourismandTerritoriesClimaticSurvey
SydneyDecember1991

Thevariabilityofclimaticelementsisasimportantastheiraveragevalues.Ausefulindicationofthisprovidedby
percentilesordecileswhichmaybedescribedasfollows.

Theobservationsofrainfallarearrangedinascendingorder.Thenthpercentileisthevaluebelowwhichn
percentoftherankedobservationsfall.Deciles1to9areequivalenttothe1020..90thpercentiles.Hencein
oneyearinten,therainfallislessthanthe10thpercentile(Decile1)

Orgreaterthanthe90thpercentile(Decilenine)The50thpercentileormedianrepresentstherainfallthatis
exceededonhalftheyearsandnotreachedintheotherhalfofyears.IntheSydneyregionthearithmeticmean
rainfallisgenerallyhigherthanthemedianduetotheeffectofverywetyearsThemedianisconsideredtogivea
betterrepresentationoftheaverageconditionsAgeneraldiscussionofdecilesconceptscanbefoundinLeeand
Gaffney(1986)

Therainfallvariabilitycanbequantitativelyrepresentedbythespreadofthe10thto90thpercentilerangeasa
fractionofthemedianvalue(50thpercentile)

I.e.Variability=(90thpercentile10thpercentile)

50thpercentile

Lowvariabilitycorrespondstoanindexvaluelessthan0.5Variabilityishighwhentheindexexceeds1.25

8.18 TEXASSYSTEMAUDIT

ThesampleoftheTexassystemproducedaverylargestoragetankwhichisconservingtheoversupplyto
augmentthedeficitinsupply;inthesamplethishappensinSeptember,wheretheinflowforthemonthisshort
by480m,theleastmonthlyinputfortheyearinrespecttomedianinflows.Rainfallpatternsandintensities
varyconsiderably,inSydneydryspellsthatlast8to14dayscanoccur,our25000mtankvolumeisgoingtolast
for4drydaysatbest,therecordsusedshowthata3to7daydryspellhashappened727timesoverthe31
yearsofrecordsforObservatoryHill(19951936).

ThevariablesintheTexasexampleandmostothersareasfollows:

Ref Variable Notes

1 Catchmentarea
2 Rainfallpermonth
3 Consumptionpermonth
4 Storage
5 Cost
Practicalitiesmaylimitcollectionsystems
Withoutthisvariationwecoulddowithoutthe
tank
Wehavecontroloverthisbytheselectionofthe
flushingsystem
Wehavecontroloverthisrelativetoeconomic
viability
Thecoreissueofallcapitalexpenditurewhichwe
control

Ofthefivevariablecomponentsofthestorageequation,ref3Consumptionisthemostrelevanttothe
hydraulicsdesign.ThesampledataenteredintotheTexassystemformatoriginatedfromrecordofwater
consumptionatahospitalusing9litresaflushlowpressuregravityfedflushvalves,since20054.53litreflush

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cisternsandsimilarflushingvalveshavebeenavailable,notwithstanding
thecommentsregardingdrydrainsandthesignificanceofverylowflushingvolumes,suchareductionwould
obviouslyeffecttheconsumptionratebyasmuchas50%.

Basedonan850bedcountandthe200,000litreconsumptionover24hours,thesampleconsumptionprorata
tobedswas245l/bed/day,or9.8l/bed/houraverage,forsupplythedatacouldbeextrapolatedas2.3l/saverage
consumptionx3=6.9l/sestimatedpeak.

8.19 FLUSHINGLOADESTIMATION

Theprimaryloadfortheharvestedrainwatersystemwillbeflushingtoiletsandflushingsinks.Urinals,in
hospitalsurinalsarelimitedtocentralstaffamenitiesandvisitorstoilets.mostmalepatientswillbeusingthe
WCflushoftheensuite,ortheurinebottleandbedpanwasherflush.

Bearinginmindthatthehigherflushrateistakentoavoiddrydrainphenomenaandthatahighproportionof
thehospitalpopulationaredebilitatedandalsothatahighproportionofthevisitingnumberswillbeoutpatients
thatmaybestressed,thetoiletusagecouldbeconsideredtobehigherthaninotherbuildings.

8.20 RETROFITFLUSHINGWITHHARVESTEDCONDENSATEWATER

Condensatethatoccurswhenairconditioningcoolingcoilslowerthedewpointofairisineffectrain.Wetendto
regarditaswastewateranddisposeofitviaatundishandfloorwastearrangement,itcouldlogicallybe
transportedbytherainwatersystem,muchthesameasgroundwater,butforreasonsnotknowntothewriter,
itisconsideredasatradewaste.

Thecollectionofcondensatefromairhandlingunitsforuseasrecycledrainwaterforflushingandsimilarisnota
commondesignfeature,retrofittinghasproblemsandtheseproblemsareoutlinedinthefollowing.

TheretrofittingofAHUCondensatecollectiontosupplyflushingsystemsinexistingbuildingscanbeahigh
budgetproposition.

Thecondensatemustfirstbecollectedandthenreticulatedtotheflushingsystemstoragetank;treatmentofthe
flushingwater(UVorChemical)thenbecomesrequired.

AirHandlingUnits(AHU)canrenderharvestedwatertovaluesintheorderof$50,000(2009),ifaviablemeans
ofreticulatingtheharvestedwatertotheflushstoragetankcanbefound.Therearesomedetaildesignissuesto
resolvewiththeAHUcondensate.Thecondensatetraywillbelocateddirectlybelowtheinitialintakeaircooling
coil,whilstprefilteredthisairflowwillcontainacertainamountofairbornedustandparticulatematter,some
ofwhichwilllodgeintheinitialcoolingcoil,thecoilrequiresroutinehosedowncleaningandhosetapsare
providedforthistask.

Theaircoolingcoil,whichisthesourceofcondensate,ishoseddownasacleaningroutineandthedustand
debrisiscapturedinthedraintrayandtheparticulatematterfindsitswaytothewastewatersystem.

Werethecondensatewatertobeharvestedandusedforflushingtheparticulatematterwouldhavetobe
removedorbypassed.

AretrofitmethodofachievingAHUharvestingistohaveacoildrainagetraywithtwodrains,thelowerdrainof
thetrayisconnectedviaaFoxvalvetypeofmechanismthatisactivatedtoopenwhenthecleaninghosetapis
used,thisautomaticallydivertscoildebristothewastesystemviatypethefloorwaste,thesecondbuthigher
drainisconnectedtoashallowsumpwhichhasanoverflowtothefloordrain,andasuctionconnectionfroma
20mmmovingcavitystatorrotorpump(Mono),thepumpiscontrolledbyasmallfloatswitch.

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Thepumpdeliveryjoinsanynearbybranchserviceoftheexistingflushing
system,whenthepumpisactivatedtheflowwillmarginallypressurisetheflushsystemandthewaterlevelin
theflushtankwillriseintothefreeboardspace,thisspacehavingbeenappropriatelyadjusted.

Oneotherissuemustbecateredforinthissystem.ThefloordrainsmustbeairsealedwithGratesealrubberlips
unitstocontainfoulairshouldthefloordraincontentsdryout,analternativeisafloatactivatedlowvoltage
directcurrentsolenoidvalvemakeupcircuit.

8.21 ONSITEDETENTIONOSD

TheauthordoesnotconsiderOSDtobeagenuinepartofthehydraulicdesignersscope,howevercommercial
pressuresdoonoccasioninfluencetheworkwedo,theimportantissueistobeawareoftheextentofexpert
advicethatyourprofessionalindemnityinsurancecovers.

MostMunicipalCouncilspublishaDevelopmentcontrolplanfornewconstructionsandsiteworks,manyof
thesepublicationsinNSWarebasedonWaterSensitiveUrbanDesign(WSUD)basicproceduresforsource
controlofstormwaterAustralianWaterAssociationNovember2004(Thisshouldbecheckedasthecurrent
issue)TheSutherlandShireCouncildealswithmostaspectsofinfiltration,rainwaterharvestingandOSDfor
residentialpropertiesasmightbeappropriateformedicalstaffresidentialquartersthatareinsomecases
locatedinoffsiteincloseproximityprecincts.

8.22 FLAMETRAPSFORHELICOPTERLANDINGPADS

Itisnotconsideredgoodpracticetoconnectsurfacewatercatchmenttorainwaterharvestingsystemsbecause
ofthesurfacecontaminationproblems,rooflocatedhelicopterlandingareasshouldalsobeexcludedfromthe
harvestedraincollectionsystem.

Therainwatercollectionfromahelicopterlandingareashouldbeadedicatedsystemwithallrainwateroutlets
servingthesamecatchmentlevel.

Thesurfacegradeofalandingareaismuchthesameasatenniscourt1.25%,atroofleveltherainwateroutlet
intervalsshouldbesufficientlyfrequenttominimisethewaterdepthrequiredabovetheoutletgratetoachieve
therequiredflowrate,theflowratemustincludetheflowgeneratedbyfirefightinginanemergency.

Pipeworkfittingsandrainwateroutletsmustallbefireratedcastironandstainlesssteelispreferred.

Theflametrapmustbelocatedtopreventthespreadoffireinthestormwaterdrainagesystembyignitedfuel,
mosthelicoptersusekeroseneasfuel;howeverthefuelmustbecheckedpriortothedesign.

Theflametrapisineffectawatersealtrapthatpreventsthepassageoffireandhassufficientwaterdepthand
firesidevolumetocontainthemaximumfuelcapacityofthehelicopter,currentmaximumfuelpayloadis1500
litres(Thismustbecheckedandconfirmedforthedesignrecord).

Thespecificgravityofkeroseneislessthanwater;thedifferenceinthespecificgravitieswilldeterminethe
kerosenestoragedepthofthetrap.

Theflametrapwillnotbechargedwithrainwaterindryweatherconditions,itisessentialthatatrapcharging
makeupwatersupplyisprovided,thisshouldcompriseatimeswitchcontrolfordailyaction,fora
predeterminedtimeframe,sufficienttochargethetraptoseallevelandallowamarginforevaporativeloss
(2.5mm/dayminimum)Thesolenoidvalveshallbeprecededbyastrainer,shallbesoftclose12vDCwitha

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batterysupplyandtricklechargerwithapowersupplyandwatersupply
failurealarmtotheBMS/Firecontrolroom.

REFERENCESHOULDBEMADETONFPA418STANDARDSFORHELIPORTS2001EDITION

8.23 SIPHONSYSTEMS

HDPSiphonsystemsareconsideredtobeacosteffectivefieldofproprietarybrandsupplyandconstruct
endeavorthatwouldservicetheneedsofHealthCareBuildingsinmuchthesamemannerasitdoesother
buildings.Siphonsystemsarebelievedtoachievemorecompetitivesystemcostsbecausethetechnologymoves
fromhydrostaticstohydraulics,themotivatingenergythatconveysthewaterisbigger,thepipesperformbetter
andcarryincreasedflowsatgreatervelocitiesandlowergrades.aswithanypipesystemnoisemustbe
consideredandtheanchorageofhydraulicreactions.

8.24 VSDPUMPINGSTORMWATER

Pumpingstormwaterisnotarecommendedpractice,particularlywherethereisnotanadequateoverlandflood
path.

ThefollowingVSDsystemapproachhasbeenusedforexistingbuildingswhichhadlimitedspaceavailableand
fewotheroptionsexisted.Itisnotedthatinthisinstancetheclientwasmadefullyawareoftheriskinvolved,the
stormintensityandfrequencythatwouldovercomethepumpsystem,theneedforstandbypowerandthe
insuranceburden.

Avariablespeedpumpingsystemhasbeenusedforpumpingstormwaterfromlowlyingfloodpronebuildings
wheretheexistingstructurespreventedtheincorporationofadetentionholdingtanktocontainthepeakflow
untilthestormintensityreduced.

Thesystemincorporatedasmallcentrifugalpumpsforthelowintensitystorms,andlargerVSDpumpstotake
careoftheoncein100yearstorm,theadvantagebeingthelargerpumpscanbeactivatedatlowspeedrange
pumpinglevelsreasonablyfrequentlytokeepthesysteminoperationalstatusatminimumimpacttothe
receivingdrain.ThecontrolsystemfortheVSDpumpmotorcomprisedadigitallevelswitchwhichwillincrease
thepumpspeedtomaximumasthewaterlevelrises,inthiswaythepumpwaspreventedfromhuntingor
drawinghighpowerloadsforsmallstorms,oroverloadingdownstreamsystemswhenthiswasnotrequired.

8.25 PUMPINGBASEMENTSANDDRIVES

Inmanybuildingsincludinghealthcare,thebasementareaswillbeallocatedtoparkingcars,theaccesspathfor
vehiclesmayrequireadiveorrampthatexposurescatchmenttorainfallandisveryoftenatalevelthatisbelow
thestormwaterdrainagesystem.Pumpingisinpracticaltermstheonlyoptiontoremovesuchrunoff.AS/NZS
3500:3:2003Section9providesforsuchareasoflessthan2000marea(Clause9.2)bymeansofapumpedwet
well.

Clause9.3.6Combinedeffectivestorage:Acombinationofpumpcapacityandthewetwellstoragebetween
highandlowlevels.Thecombinedeffectivestoragebeingthevolumetobepumpedin30minutesplusthewet
wellstorageshallnotbelessthanARI=10yearsandduration120minutes,theminimumwetwellstorage
expressedinmshallbe1%ofthecatchmentareainmbutnotlessthan3mandaminimumpumpcapacityof
10L/s.InSydneythe1:10ARIfor10yearsis50mm/hourwhichwoulddeliver27.77l/swhichover30minutes
wouldaccumulate27.77x60x30=49999litresor49m,thislessthepumpingrateofminimum10L/sx30min

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x60sec=18000litresbringingthewetwellvolumedownto32000litres.
Bearinginmindtheriskanddamagethatcanresultfrombasementfloodingatriple10L/seachpumpingset
withprovisionsforstandbypower,wouldgiveagreatermarginofsafety.

MostCouncilwhichpermitspumpingwillrequiretwopumpsthecapacityofeachbeingbasedonthe1%AEP
stormeventwithdurationof6minutes,onepumpisactingasreservecapacity.Alternativepowersupplies
shouldbeconsideredwherefloodingriskwilleffectcriticalservicesorcausesignificantdamage.

RAINWATERQUALITY

Pollutant Treatmenttarget
Suspendedsolids(SS) 80%retentionoftheaverageannualload

TotalPhosphorous(TP) 40%retentionoftheaverageannualload

TotalNitrogen 40%retentionoftheaverageannualload

Faecalcoliforms 90%retentionoftheaverageannualload

Litterandinorganicmatter Totalretentionoflitterandorganicmattergreaterthan50mmstormeventsup
to1in3monthsARI

OilandGrease Totalretentionofoilandgreaseforstormeventsupto1in3monthsARI

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CHAPTER9HOTWARMANDCOLDWATERSERVICES

9.1 THENATUREOFWATER

Waterisnaturessolvent;itwillembraceandabsorbaprofusionoforganicsubstancesandchemicalsand
provideahabitatforauniverseofbiologicalmicroorganisms,orbethenourishmentdeliverysystemforplant
andinsectliferangingfromtreesthatliveathousandyearstofungusthatwillsurviveindarkness.

Waterhasthecapacitytophasechangeandcaptureorreleaseenergyinverysmallorverylargequantities,
waterisvirtuallynoncompressibleandithasaninfiniterelationshipwithgravitytheatmosphereandkinetic
energy.

9.2 HOSPITALWATERSUPPLY

ThemostprobablesupplyofwaterforthehospitallocatedinamajorcitymetropolitanareaisaPublicUtilities
WaterMain.Thewatermainmaybelocatedbelowgroundinafootpathorroadserviceszone.

IntheUAE(AndpartsupplyofsomeAustralianCities)Thewatersupplymaybeadesalinatedsourcewhichhas
highproductioncosts,theU.A.EambientwatertemperaturewillbehigherthanmostAustraliansupplies,where
thewatersupplyissolelyreliantoncomplexmembranetechnologyplantitisdesirabletostoreatleast24hours
consumption.

IntheUAEthesupplymustbedirecttothestoragetank,filtrationandpumpsarelocateddownstreamof
storagetanks,whereconcretewaterstoragetanksareconstructedtheremustbeanontoxiclining/paintseal,
themeansofmaintenanceandnobelowgroundexternalpartywalls.Itshouldbenotedthatwhilstrainfallin
theUAEislowaswouldbeexpectedinanaridzone,itdoeshoweverrainonoccasionsinsignificantintensities,

NSWHealthTechnicalSheet11(TS11)atthetimeofwritingthefirstedition,TS11didnotprovide,guidelinesas
todeterminingwatersupplyreliability,astatementfromthelocalauthoritygivingthepotentialofthesystemto
networkalternatesuppliestothesiteconnection,alsothehistoryofbreakdownsandtheavailabilityofaGrade
2Supply,areissueswhichthedesignshouldmakereferencetoandconsider.

Whilstcoldwaterstorageisconsideredanessentialfeatureofadisasterhospital,forothertypesofhospital
storagemustbeconsideredrelativeasaddedsystemcomplexityandcapitalandrecurrentcosteffect,these
factsmustbebalancedagainstthehospitalsprojectedlifeexpectancy,theageandhistoryofthesupplywater
mainsreliabilityusedasameansofevaluatingtheriskprobabilityofthelocalwatermainsnetworksfailureto
maintainsupply.

Ifthehistoryofthenetworkhasnotincludedamajorsupplyorshutdownproblem,andifthemainsare
relativelynewandwellmaintained,deliveringpressuresintheorderof25metresattherequiredpeakflowrate
fortheprojectunderconsideration,theneedforastoragetankisquestionable.

Themodernhospitalhydraulicsdesign(Incommonwithmostotherbuildings)shouldconsiderrainharvesting
foruseasanonpotablewatersupplyandameansofsubsidisingthepotablewatersupplyloadwithalow
pressuresystemthatwouldinthecaseofcrossconnectionbepressureoverwhelmed.

Wherewetcoolingtowersandtoiletflushingsystemsarededicated,storagetanksystemsbecomemore
relevant.Thepropositionoflowlevelstoragetankwherethetotalweightwillhaveleaststructuralimpactand
whichcanharvesthighpeakrainfallsisconsideredavalidproposition.Howeverifthestructurecantoleratethe
loadwithoutaddedcost,ametallicorcompositiontankathighlevelwithitscovercombinedwiththeroof
fabric,canminimisepumpingcosts,insomeinstancesitiscosteffectivenottoservethefloorsimmediately

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belowthestoragetankthuslimitingthesystemtoalowtomedium
pressurerangesuitableforservicingcisternflushtoilets.

WhenconsideringstoragetheinitialtaskfortheHydraulicsdesigneristoestablish.

Thepotentialreliabilityoftheavailablewatersource.

Thelocationofthesupplyinthenetwork,canaGrade2supplybeprovided?

Thecapacityofthesupplytosatisfytheconsumptionloadforthehospitalasproposed(Recordsofwater
consumptionindicateveryhighloadsformentalcareunits)

Theprobableloadincreasetoservicefutureexpansion,thisbeingbasedonlandavailability,planningrestraints,
andthedemographiccurveofthepopulationcatchmentservedbythehospital.

Thequality,volumeandpressureoftheavailablesupply.

9.3 WATERUSE

Hospitalsmayhaveany,orallthefollowingwatersupplysystemsandneeds

PotablewaterforDomesticandassociatedconsumption.

Coolingsystemsassociatedwithcriticalusediagnosticcomputertechnology

Waterforflushing

Ultrapurewaterfordialysis.CleanSteam.Pathogenfreeanimalfeeding

Hydrotherapypoolandbaths

Sterilizing

Coolingandheatingsystems(COOLINGTOWERSANDSIMILAR)Seawatermaybeviable

Steamservices

Laundry

Irrigation(Indigenousdroughtresistantplantsarepreferred)

FireServices(THERECURRENTDEMANDFORFIREISLIMITEDTOTESTINGWHICHSHOULDBE
RECYCLED)

9.4 WATERCONSUMPTION

DomesticWaterconsumptionrecordsforTheWestmeadTeachingHospitalwhichcomprises850bedsandabout
3000personsstaff/visitorsconsumesanaverage700to1000litres/bed/day.LiverpoolHospitalconsumes
approximatelythesameratiotobedconsumption.

ConventionalIndustrypracticeistoallow3timestheaverageflowrateasthepeakdemand;howeverwhere
storagetanksarepartofthedesignthepeakloadeffectonmainsmaybebufferedtotheaverageconsumption
load.

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SydneyWater2011advise249l/dayaverageuse,assuminga2.5staffto
bedratiothewaterconsumptionxtotalpopulation(Patients+Staff)=740775litresdaywateruse,whichfits
reasonablywellwiththebuildingsBuildingManagementSystemunitsmeasuredastotalwaterconsumption.

TheconsistentWestmeadflushingamountmeasuredis200,000litresor27%ofthetotalwaterconsumptionper
dayforflushingWCpans.DirtyutilityflushingsinksandBedpanwashers

Assumingthe(1973)gravityflushingvalvesystemdelivers9litresperflushthenperdayforthemeasured
200,000litres,thevalvesareactivated22,222timesbyanassumedpopulationof2975patientsandstaff,which
amountsto67.2litresperpersonorat9litresperflushingaction7.Flushactionsperperson/perday.

(Thecalculationhasusedgravityflushvalvesat9l/flush+malepatientswillbeusingensuiteWCflushing.Fora
6litreflushanapproximateestimateof20%oftotalwaterconsumptionforhealthcareflushingwouldseem
reasonable)

Note1:UAEWatersuppliesarerequiredtojoinagroundorbelowgroundwaterstoragetankwith24hours
storage,1000l/bed/dayisaccepteddesignpractice.

Note2UKWatermainsgenerallyrunatlowerpressuresthanAustraliaandlowlevelstoragepeakloadbuffer
tanksmayberequired.

IntheUKwaterfromtanksisconsideredvulnerabletopollutionandassuchisnotconsideredpotable,orfitfor
useasdrinkingwater,forlargebuildingswithstoragetanksaseparatepressurisedmainssupplydeliversdrinking
watertodedicateddrinkingwatertapslocatedintoiletsoratwaterfountains.Activatedcarbonfiltrationmaybe
usedtoremoveChlorinetaste.

InUKdomesticdwellingsthewatermainwillenterthedwellingandfirstsupplythekitchensinktap,thistapwill
beofabiflowdesign,apipewithinapipeuntil5mmfromthespoutexitpoint,themainwillthenrisetosupply
aroofmountedwaterstoragetank454litresapproximatevolume,thistankservesallotherhotandcoldwater
drawoffpoints.Travellerswillbeawareoftheshowerelectricheaterandflowswitchoperatedboosterpump
whichisusedtoovercomelowpressureproblems.

RecenttrendsinloadassessmentincludeonsiteloggersconnectedtoaninternetaddressandWaterSystem
NetworkingwherethebuildinghasanenergyDashboardthatmeasuresenergyandwaterusageandis
accessiblefromtheInternetviaGooglePowerMeterorappswidgets.ForinformationreferJan/Feb2011
PlumbingSystems&DesignAmericanSocietyofPlumbingEngineers.

Asnotedthedomesticdemandforlarge800/1000bedteachinghospitalshasbeenmeasuredatanominal1000
litres/bed/day.Theschedulebelowgivesaccuratereadingsforconsumption.

Bearinginmindtheprobabilityoffutureprivatehospitalsbeingdevelopedthathaveautonomouslymanaged
commercial,residentialandwellnessareas,therearefollowingthescheduleotherbuildingtypesdatawhich
maybeofinterest.

SchedulebelowisbasedontheSydneySouthWestAreaHealthServicesEnergyandWaterManagementAnnual
Report2008to2009PreparedbyStevenCowenAreaEnergyManager.

9.5 SCHEDULEOFWATERCONSUMED.LARGEANDMEDIUMHOSPITALSSOUTHWEST
SYDNEY
Hospital Occupied Beds Water Water Water Flushing Flushing Average Peak
beddays O.B.D myear mday Bed Water Water Inflow inflow
O.B.D 365 Day 27%of 14%of Litres/second Average

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Litres total total x3

day day
RPA 272447 747 285149 781m 1045 282 146 9.039l 27l/s
litres litres
Concord 210602 577 183159 501 869 234 121 5.79 17.37
Liverpool 269746 740 210689 577 780 210 108 6.67 20.1
Campbelltown 115979 317 59764 163 1002 270 140 1.886 5.65

Bankstown 136072 372 74336 203 547 147 76 2.34 7.02

Balmain 25013 68 9499 26 382 103 53 0.3 0.9
Bowral 23378 64 14492 39 609 164 85 0.45 1.35
Camden 20818 57 9619 26 456 123 63 0.3 0.9
Canterbury 57195 156 46874 128 820 221 114 1.48 4.44
Fairfield 58287 159 50531 138 867 234 121 1.59 4.77
Queen 31000 85 15200 41 482 130 67 0.474 1.423
Victoria
Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

NOTECOLUMN2O.B.D(OCCUPIEDBEDDAYS)ISOBD/365DAYS

9.6 SCHEDULEOFWATERANDGASCONSUMEDPEROCCUPIEDBED/DAYANDFLOOR
AREAUSED

LargeandMediumHospitalsSouthWestSydney

Hospital Occupied Beds Natural Water Water Gas Floor Floor Estimated
beddays O.B.D Gas mday Bed Bed Area Area Domestic
O.B.D 365 Used Day DayMj usedM used hotwater
Mj/Day Litres Mper storage
bed litres
with2
hours
reheat
RPA 272447 747 159068 781m 1045 212.94 241043 322 26145
Concord 210602 577 318955 501 869 552.78 87040 150.84 20195
Liverpool 269746 740 172936 577 780 233.69 113232 153.01 25900
Campbelltown 115979 317 70854 163 1002 223.5 24559 77.47 11095

Bankstown 136072 372 59450 203 547 159.81 45722 122.9 13020
Balmain 25013 68 6591 26 382 96.9 NDP NDP 2380
Bowral 23378 64 5304 39 609 82.88 NDP NDP 2240
Camden 20818 57 10735 26 456 188.33 NDP NDP 1995
Canterbury 57195 156 25205 128 820 161.57 5460
Fairfield 58287 159 24132 138 867 151.77 5565
Queen 31000 85 3352 41 482 39.44 2975
Victoria

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Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

NOTE:COLUMN9BASEDON35L/BED2HOURSREHEATT(1565C)

9.7 NAPOOS(NONADMITTEDOCCASIONSOFSERVICE)

WhereHealthCarefacilitiesprovideservicethatdoesnotinvolveadmissionandpresumablybed
accommodationtheactivityofthefacilityismeasuredbyNAPOOS.

9.8 COMMUNITYHEALTHCENTRES

InthepopulationareaofservicerenderedbySydneySouthWestareaHealthServicesthereare81Community
HealthCentrestheYear20089recordedthefollowingstatisticsinrespecttowaterandgasandmore
importantlyservicerendered.

TheobjectofreviewingwaterandgasconsumptionforexistingHealthCareInstallationsistoestablishbyPro
ratacomparisonsausefuldesignguideforfutureinstallations,orforthemodificationorexpansionofexisting
installations.

InthecaseofconventionalHospitalcare,thebedpopulationbecomesagoodindicatorofwaterandgasloads,
Floorarea/bedratiosofthelargerhospitalsappeartohoveraround150squaremetresoffacilityspaceperbed,
howeverinthelargerhospitalswhereresearchandteachingareincludedintherangeofactivitiestheratio
appears(onminimumdata)todouble.

ForCommunityHealthandsimilarsuchoperationstheveryexistenceofthefacilityhasbeendrivenbythehealth
needsofthepopulationcatchmentasunderstoodbythehealthplanners.

Theprovisionsfordrainage,domestichotandcoldwaterandgas,theseserviceswillbedeterminedbythe
provisionofsanitaryfixturestoservicetheanticipatedhumanloadinaccordancewiththeBuildingCodeof
Australia,thecodeworksonpopulationtofacilityratios,itdoesnotneedtoaddressthetransientnatureofthe
shortvisitpatientsandtheincreasedhumanloadimposedupontheservicetothefixtures,itisalsorelevantto
thesanitaryfixtureprovisionsandthehydraulicsdesignthataproportionofpatientswillbestressed,or
debilitated,somewillbechildrenornursingmothers.

9.9 COMMUNITYHEALTH(81)

GasMJ Water Occasionsof Gasperoccasion Waterper

Consumption Consumption service occasion

13963 2494kl 611742 22.82kj 4litres

9.10 DENTALHEALTHCENTRES(16)

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GasMJ Water Occasions Gasper Waterper

Consumption Consumption ofservice occasion occasion

3408052 13951 239624 14.22MJ 58.22litres

9.11 DRUGHEALTHSERVICE(20)

GasMJ Water Occasionsof Gasperoccasion Waterper

Consumption Consumption service occasion

3501 101 269206 13kj 0.375litres

9.12 MENTALHEALTH(30)

GasMJ Water Occasionsof Gasperoccasion Waterper

Consumption Consumption service occasion

3233483 19899 232587 13.90MJ 85.55litres

9.13 INSTITUTEOFFORENSICMEDICINE(1)

GasMJ Water Admissions Gasper Waterper

Consumption Consumption
admission admission

2035504 5418 3289 618MJ 1647litres

9.14 WATERCONSUMPTIONRECORDSFOROTHERTHANHEALTHCARE

SydneyWater2011Oneperson249Three374Four564Five643Sixpersons716litres/dayforthegroup

9.15 SAMPLEBUILDINGSMEASURED

AnchorHouseSydneyNSW

OfficeBuildingPopulation375persons

Consumptionperpersonaverageover5workingdays47.5litresperson/day.

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LendLeaseHouseSydney

OfficeBuildingpopulation470person

Consumptionperpersonaverageover5workingdays47.82litresperson/day.

CaltexHouseSydneyNSW

OfficeBuildingPopulation1150Persons

Consumptionperpersonaverageover5workingdays43.03litres

BluesPointTowerSydneyNSW

150HomeunitsPopulation264averageperday190.68litresunit385.9litres

QuarterDeckSydneyNSW

45HomeUnitsPopulation77averageper.day/personover7days175litres.unit295litres

IthacaGardensSydneyNSW

40HomeunitsPopulation87averageper.day/personover7days149litresunit331litres.

9.16 WATERCONSUMPTIONINHOSPITALLAUNDRIES

Laundrieswaterconsumptionisdealtwithinclause7.11

9.17 WATERSTORAGE

WaterstorageisasubjectaddressedbytheNSWHealthGuidelineTS11(Technicalsheet)

ThisGuidelineisupdatedfromtimetotime;thehospitalservicesdesignerinNSWshouldcheckthemost
recentpublication.

9.18 STORAGETANKCONSTRUCTION

Noncorrodingmaterialsarepreferred.E.G.StainlessSteelGrade316Approvedplastics.

Storagetanksmaybeconstructedofvariousmaterials,acceptance/approvalofwhichmayvarygeographically.
TanksinAustraliamustconsiderEarthquakeresistanceandcompliancewiththeSeismicprovisionscode.

TANKOPTIONS

Castinsituconcretetankswithasuitablenontoxiclining.

Precastconcretetankswithasuitablenontoxiclining,consideralsotheproximityofotherbelowgroundtanks
whichcouldconstituteapollutionsource.

Largediameterrubberringjointedpipelocatedaboveorneartheperimeterwalloftheatrooflevel.material
suitabletoresistsolargainandcorrosionmaybeanyapprovedwaterproduct.

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Internallyorexternallybolted,combinationstainlesssteelandplastic,cast
iron,ormildsteelsectionaltankswithinternalpaintedsurfaces.

Externalboltedsectionaltanksrequirepermanentclearanceonallsurfacesincludingthebaseforconstruction.
Sectionaltanksrequireinternalstrutsandbracing,theseshouldbegrade316stainlesssteel.

AlllargevolumetanksshouldbeEarthquakerestrained,thetankweightisnotconsideredtooffersufficient
structuralsupportinearthquakeconditions.

Combinationstainlesssteel,andthermoplasticboltedplatetanks

.Smallervolumeplastictanks.

Coppertanks.AndStainlessSteeltanksgenerallyroundinplanupto5000litrestofacilitatetransport.

CastIronsectionaltanksproducedinAustralia(GordonMarrandtheUKMatherandPlatt)suchtankshavebeen
supersededbyothermaterialsandcommercialconsiderations.howeverthesetankswereusedformanyyears
andwillbeencounteredinexistinghealthcareprojects.Externalboltedconstructionisconsideredsuperiorto
internalboltedconstruction.

Historicallyeventimberhasbeenusedforbothtanksandpipes

.Thechoicewillbeamatteroflocalsupplyavailability,waterquality,andlocalskillsavailable.

9.19 STORAGETANKDESIGN

Storagetankshavebasicpublicheathengineeringrequirements.

Asnotedinsomecountriesonsitetankstoredwaterisreasonablyconsideredvulnerabletocontaminationand
isnotconsideredacceptableaspotable,thepotablewaterbeingreticulatedbyatotallyclosedandpressurised
systemwithstorageincylinders,asadedicateddrinkingwatersystemwithtapsintoiletsanddrinkingwater
bubblersinpublicplaces,thewateralsomaybefilteredwithactivatedcarbontoimprovetasteandthenchilled
to12degreesCentigrade.

Atmospherictanksbelowgroundconstructedofconcretecanbevulnerabletogroundwatercontaminationif
builtindirectcontactwiththesurroundingground,intheUARsuchanarrangementisnotconsidered
acceptable.InAustraliaitwouldbeconsidereddoubtfulpractice,andmayjeopardiseprofessionalindemnity
insuranceshouldadefectgiverisetolitigation.Connectionstolargestructuralconcretetanksneed
consideration,theconventionalPuddleflangeisnotagoodoptionifanysignificantwaterdepthisinvolved

Inmostinstanceswheretanksareusedthebuildingwillbereliantontheviabilityofthestoragetooperate.All
potablewaterstoragetanksshouldincorporateanalarmsystemtoidentifylowerthannormalwaterlevelsand
loadprofilechangesthatindicatealossorreductionbelownormaloftheincoming,andstoredwatersupply.

Tankalarmsrequirecarefulconsideration,itshouldbeunderstoodthatthelowwateralarmmayonlyfunction
oncein20years,dutypersonnelatBuildingManagementSystemsmaynotrespond,humanerroristheweak
linkofmostwarningsystems.

Asatrainingaidtherandomactivationofalarmtestingfunctionsshouldbeincorporatedtotestemergency
proceduresandensurethatanimmediateresponseisactionedandrecorded.

Exposedtanksatrooflevelmustbeprotectedfromclimateextremes,solargainwhichwillheatthewaterto
facilitateLegionellaandlowtemperaturefreezingwherewindchillfactorsmayamplifylowtemperatures.

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Tanksshouldhaveinsectandrodentproofedopenings(HingedCoverflaps)
suchasoverflows,intheUKasmallflowoverflowisdischargedasawarningpipetoalocationwhichwillbe
noticedandreportedasanuisance.

Tanksmusthavecoverstopreventcontamination,andaccesstoundertakeinspectionsandmaintenanceafter
whichthecontentmustbechlorinetreatedandflushedaway.Caremustbetakenwherecoppertanksand
reticulationmaybeexposedtohighchlorinelevels

Potablewatersupplytanksmustbeduplicatedbyacompartmentstoallow50%draindownforcleaningand
maintenancewhilstthebuildingremainsonline.

Tanksmusthavesiltdrains,andoverflowsasasafeguardagainstsupplymalfunction.

WatersuppliestotanksmustprovideanapprovedairgapregisteredtoCoderequirements,someexceptionsto
thismaybeacceptablefornonpotablewatersupplies,howeverinHealthCareinstallationsthiswouldbe
consideredunconventional.

TanksmustbecompliantwithaccessandconfinedspacesOccupationalHealthandSafetylegislation,in
particularadequatemeansofventilatingwheninternalprotectivecoatingsarebeingreplacedorrepaired.

Tanksintallbuildingsmaybevulnerabletoswayandwavegeneration,orsimilarconditionsmaybepromotedby
cyclicwaterentry,ballfloatvalvesfloatsandfloatswitchesshouldbeprotectedbystillingbaffles.Tanksmay
alsoneedsecuringinaccordancewiththeseismiccode.

Largeballfloatvalvesthroughtankwallsshouldbeavoidedinpreferencetopilotoperatedvalvessuchas
Bermadwhichoperateonlowwaterdifferentialsandcanincorporateadelayedactionfunctiontoensure
requiredpumpruntimes.

Wheretanksareduplicatedthecontrolsystemfloatsorsensorsshouldbesimplifiedbylocatinginafloatswitch
vesselconnectedtothetankmarriagepipe,thevesselshouldbeprovidedwithasightglass,vent,draindown
valveandfullwayisolationvalve,thedrainandisolationvalvewillpermitsitetesting,commissioningand
simulatedalarmtrainingprocedures.

Tankfillingpumpingcontrolsmustconsiderthefrequencyofpumpingwhichpreferablyshouldnotallowthe
tankstoragevolumetodiminishmorethan10%byvolumeandtheacceptableminimumpumprunningtime
(6minutes)forthepumpstarterswhichcanoverheatfromfrequentactivation,ifpumpsareduplicateddutyand
standbyandanalternatingrunpumpingcontrolprogramisused,thistendstoremove,ormaskthestarter
overheatingproblem.

Wherepilotoperatedballfloatvalvesareusedasoftclosesolenoidvalveandglobevalveshouldbeinsertedin
the15/20mmpilotvalvesupply,theglobevalvewillslowdowntheclosingrateoftheremotemaindiaphragm
valve,thesolenoidvalveshouldbeactivatedtoopenwiththedutypumpforonetankandthestandbypumpfor
theothertank,thisensurestwothings.Anequalisedpumpingresistanceforonpumprunning,orinextreme
loadconditionswherebothdutyandstandbypumparecalledupontorun,thewaterinputwillbeanequally
distributedflowofcleanwaterandresidualchlorinecontenttoeachtank.

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9.20 HIGHPRESSUREPUBLICUTILITYMAINS

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Wherethewatersupplymainhasadequatepressuretoservicemostofthe
buildingtheremaybeaconflictofinterestsinthedesiretosaveenergybyusingasmuchoftheavailablemains
pressureaspossible.Theconflictmaybewithastoragetank,ifsuchisrequired,thetankwillrobthemainof
usefulpressure/energyandservicesdownstreamofthetankwillrequireboosting,orifthetankisatlowlevel
theVSDpumpingsystemwillbedisadvantaged.Whenthewaterstoragetankisatlowlevel,thedesignershould
considerasystemwhichbringsthetankandboosterpumpsonlineifthereisamainsfailure.Howeverthere
mustbesomeregulardrawofffromthestoragetanktoensureresidualchlorinecontententersthestoredwater
volume,andsomeuseofthepumpstoavoiddeteriorationfromimmobility.

9.21 COLDWATERRISINGMAINS

Risingmainsfromboosterpumpstorooftanks,orasvariablespeed,orhydropneumaticdirectpressure
boostingsystems,canintallbuildingsinvolvethermalmovementproblemsintheverticalmain,alsowithcopper
tubeoflargerdiameters,thesafeworkingpressureshouldbechecked,bearinginmindthathydraulicshockcan
multiplythestaticsystempressures,andbearinginmindthecoppersofteningeffectofhightemperaturesilver
solderjointing.

WhilstinAustraliahospitaldesigntendstofavourbuildingoflessthan25metreshightominimisetheimpactof
fireregulationsandtorationalisethecostandtimeinvolvedinthemovementofpatientsandotherservices
suchasfoodandwaste,theconstructionofmuchtallerhealthcarebuildingsoverseasisnotunusual.

Arisingmainthatfollowsastraightverticalpathfromgroundleveltoarooflocatedstoragetankcanbe
vulnerabletoexpansionandcontractionactivatedbyseasonalchangeinwatertemperatures.5to15degrees
centigradeispossiblegivingatemperaturedifferenceof10degrees,ina30levelbuildingwith3.6metresfloor
tofloor,a108metrecoppertuberisingmainwillmoveCx0.0177mmxmetresor10degreesx0.0177x108
metres=19.116mm.

Inaconventionalsystemwitha100mmverticaltubesupportedat3.metreintervals(AS3500:4)therewillbe
tensupportsrequiredfortheverticalpipebeingconsidered,thepipewillcontainawatervolumeof7.595kgof
water,thetotalweightofthepipeandthewaterwillbe12.12kgpermetre.

Thetotalweightofcoppertubeandwatertobesupportedinthe30levelbuildingis108mx12.12kg=1309kg
,asnotedthepipewillbesupportedvertically10times,thuseachsupportwillcarry131kg.

Whenthepipeexpandsthe19,116mm(ascalculated)thepipewillmovemostthroughthetopandmost
extremeindistancebracket,itmayrisethroughthebracketclearofitsconnectionwiththestructure,theload
carriedbythebracket(131kg)isthentransferredtothewallthicknessofthepipeandtobelow,ateachfloor
levelsomeverticalmovementwilloccurtransferringthestaticweightofthepipeandcontentstothepipewall
whichisthenbecomingalongcolumn.

Ifthejointsaresilversolderedtheywilldeformquitequicklyasabellowstypebulge,afteranumberofsuch
movementsthecopperwillfatigueandfracture.

Therisingmainasdescribedshouldincorporateprovisionsforthermalmovementandbefittedwithhangers
thatarespringassisted,eachspringofthetensupportsshouldplaceanupwardsthrustof131kgatthefixing
point.

Theexamplebeingseasonalwatertemperaturedifferencesdealswithsignificantlylesstemperaturedifference
andthermalmovementthanwouldadomestichotwatermainofsimilardimensions,themovementand
temperaturedifferencebeingfivetimesasgreat.

Inrisingmainsmaterialselectioniscritical,particularlyifthebuildingispumppressurised.

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AS14322004Coppertubeatthelargerdiametershaslowsafeworking
pressureof1200kPawhichis300kPalowerthanthenormaltestingpressure,andinabuildingasdescribed,if
thetopflooristobeservicedwithaminimum250kPa(25metre)head,atthepumpsthepressurewillbe1303
kPa,whichexceedsthesafeworkingpressureby103kPa,whilstthecoppertubewouldprobablywithstandthis
margin,thesilversolderedjointswouldbelessreliable,andanyhydraulicshockimpartedinthesystemcouldbe
aproblem

Stainlesssteelmaybeconsideredamoreappropriatematerialforrisingmainshavinggreaterphysicalstrength,
lowerexpansioncoefficientandVictaulicjointingsystemswithtoleranceformovement,alsothestainlesssteel
bellowsexpansionjointwhichiswidelyusedinmechanicalservicesinstallationswhereashydraulicservicestend
toshowpreferenceforthenaturalrubberbellows.Inallbellowstypejointsusedonhighpressuresystemsfor
expansionornoiseandvibrationisolationitisadvisabletoalsoinstalllimitofmovementwiresacrossthejointto
safelimitthemaximummovementrange.

9.22 RETICULATIONDESIGN

ThedesignofdomestichotwarmandcoldwaterservicesforHealthCareareincludedunderacommonheading
becauseinmostbuildingstheseserviceslogicallyfollowsimilarrouteswithcommonfixingsforcoordination
simplicityandforacosteffectiveinstallation,theyalsohavealogicalrelationshipinrespectto,isolationvalves
andpressure,whichformixingpurposesshouldbesimilar.

Thesupplydirectionofthewatersupplyisimportant.E.GTankfedsystemsprovideminimumhead(Motivation
energy)atthepointofhighestdemandwhichaffectsthepipediameter,whereasanupfeedsystemhasmost
energy(Pressure)atthepointofmostload,thepipediameterstendtobemoreconsistent.

Inanyinstitutionaltypeofbuildingitisconsideredgoodpracticetodevelopadogmaforthelocationofvalves,
repetitiveplanningofservicesandtheisolationofthoseservicestendstosimplifythecoordinationofservices
problemsintheconstructionphaseandtheongoingmaintenanceintheoccupiedandoperationalbuilding.

Watervelocityiscriticalinrespecttosoftmetalpipessuchascopperthatarevulnerabletoerosioncorrosion
,constantnoiseisalsoasignificantfactorwiththinwalledmetalpipe,generallyvelocityproblemsareassociated
morewithpumpedsystems,particularlywherethepumpinginducedvelocityisconstantandathighvelocity(
Above0.9m/sincopper),velocityproblemsindrawoffreticulationarelessrelatedtocorrosionandmore
relevanttohydraulicshock(Waterhammer)causedbyrapidclosedownofflowbysolenoidvalves,orlever
actionmixerswhichdonotincorporateasoftclosefeature.

Fixingsforservicesareextremelycritical,asnotedherein,verticalrisingmainshavespecialconsiderations,asdo
therequirementsoflateralservicesparticularlyforpolymerpipesandhotwaterreticulationwhichwillrequire
slidingandanchoragefixingsappropriatelylocatedanddesigned.Mostfailuresincoppertubeandrigidpolymer
pipescanbeattributedtostressfromexpansionandpoorfixingdesign.

Designcaremustbetakentoensurethatthepipefixingsareappropriate,pipeclipsoftheUboltconfiguration
willpinchanddistortmostthermoplasticpipematerialandthiswillresultinstressfatigueandpipefailureina
shorttimeframe.

Polymerpipematerialissoftandhasahighcoefficientofexpansion(fibrereinforcedpolypropylenepipehasa
muchreducedexpansionandcontractioncoefficient)andisvulnerabletohoopstressifcompressedbyanover
tightcircumferencebracketofaclampingtypedesignwithoutaresilientlining,orwheretheoperating
temperaturehasexceededdesignspecifications(70C)thelifeexpectancyofpolypropylenedepreciates.

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Wherethermalexpansionandappropriateanchorageisnotawell
consideredfeatureofthedesign,polymerpipeswillexertforcessufficienttoshearpipeconnectionsattee
junctions,orprecipitatestressfatigueandcrackingwithinthepipewallinshorttimeframesoflessthan5years.

9.23 LEGIONELLAPNEUMOPHILA

Legionellapneumophilaisasmallenvironmentalbacteriumfoundinnaturalwaterandsoil,itcausesan
uncommontypeofpneumoniaknownasLegionnairesdiseaseafterbeingdiscoveredin1976inPhiladelphia
where34peopledied,casesdatingbackto1947havebeenidentified,thediseaseescapeddetectionbecauseit
isverydifficulttoisolateusingstandardlaboratorytechniques.Itestimatedthat1casein300,000casesof
identifiedpneumoniaintheU.KisLegionella.

ThesectionofthecommunitymostvulnerabletoLegionellaistheagedandimmunesystemcompromisedand
thegenerallydebilitated,(malesaremorevulnerablethanfemales),thegroupsmostfoundinhospital.

Legionellainfectionpersontopersonisrare,mostinfectionsareinhaledintothereparatorysystemaswater
vapourfromcoolingtowerdrift,orshowers,thebacteriagrowsbestat35Cinthelaboratory,thenearinstant
killtemperatureis60C.Thebacteriaisbelievedtofeedandcoloniseinthebiologicalslimeandsiltinpipesand
tanks.

Warmwatersystemsat43.5CdownstreamofTMVunitsinindividualorcentralwarmwatersystemsare
vulnerablebecausetheyprovideanidealhabitatforcolonisationofthebacteria,thecentralsystemhavingmore
watercontentandmoreusersbeingproportionallymorevulnerableandforthisreasonmustcirculatethe
distributedflowatalltimesthroughanultravioletirradiationsystemwhichwillkillsthebacteriabyexposureto
UV.

UVwillnotpassthroughglass,thetransparentwatertubesusedforirradiationaresilicon,theUVlampmaybe
locatedinthecenterofaflowingpipe,orthewatermaybeinthesiliconpipebombardedfromallsidesbyUV
lamps,thelatterdrysystempreventsshadowingoforganismbysuspendedsolids.

Ozonedosing,assometimesusedinhealthcarelaundries,maybeanoption,ozoneisadangeroustohumans,
unstablegaswhichcannotbebottledandrequiresahightechelectricaldischargeprocessthroughdryairto
generate,thenafterusetheresidualozoneisremovedbyactivatedcarbon,aswithUV,Ozoneisinstantkilland
hasnoresidualsterilizingeffectasdoesChlorine.

VeryhotwatercleanInPlacesterilisationcouldalsobeused,howeververyhotwaterisalsoahealthhazard,and
thepracticalityofreachingallextremitiesofacentralsystemareproblematic.

Chlorinationofwatersuppliestolevelsbetween1and2mg/lhasbeenusedwithsuccessintheU.Ktoirradiate
Legionellabacteriafromstoragetanks.

BearinginmindthattheinthefirstinstancetheLegionellabacteriamustenterthepotabledrinkingwaterofthe
hospitalandthenbeconveyedtothetanksthecoolingtowersoreventuallytheshowerandshoweruserasan
aerosolvapour.

Atfacevaluetherewouldseemtobesomeresponsibilityonthepartofthewatersupplyauthoritytoprevent
thislethalcontaminationfromenteringthesupplysystem?Alsothesupplytoresidentialdwellingswith
debilitatedoragedoccupantswouldseemtofacemuchthesamerisk?

9.24 AUSTRALIANBUILDINGCODESBOARD(BCA)FACILITIESINBUILDINGSCHEDULES
(NOTEALLBUILDINGCLASSESAREINCLUDEDFORCOMMERCIALTENANCIESINHOSPITALS)

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Thisdataisincludedasaguideforreferenceinthoseearlystagesofthe
designprocesswhenonlyfragmentedinformationisavailableandtheinitialconceptsarebeingestablished,it
hasbeenthewritersexperiencethe80%ofthesignificantdesigndecisionsaremadeinthefirst10%ofthe
designtime,itisthetimetobehardnosedandpushforthosefeaturesofthehydraulicsdesignthatwillbeof
longtermbenefittothefinaluserandimprovethestateoftheart.

User WCPans Urinals Washbasins

group
Class356and9otherthanschools
Male 120 1 110 1 30 1
>20 Add1 1125 >30 Add1
per20 per30
2650 Add1
>50 per50

Female 115 1 1 30 1
>15 Add1 >30 Add1
per15 per30
Class7&8
Male 120 1 110 0 1 20 1
Add1 1115 1 >20 Add1
per20 per20
2650 2
>50 1per50
Female 115 1 1 20 1
>15 Add1 >20 Add1
per15 per20
Class6DepartmentStoresShoppingCentres
Male 11200 1 1600 1 1
patrons >1200 Add1per >600 Add >600 Add
1200 1/1200 1/1200
Female 1300 1 1600 1
patrons 301600 2 601 2
1200
>600 Add1/ >1200 Add1/
1200 1200
Column1 2 3 4 5 6 7

User WCPans Urinals Washbasins
group
Class6restaurants,cafesandbars(Thesemaybefranchisedtoprivateoperators
withdiscretestandards)
Male 1100 1 150 0 1 50 1
101 2 51100 2 51 200 2
300

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

>300 Add1/ 101 3 >200 Add

200 150 1/200
151 4
200
201 5
250
>250 Add1/
100
Female 125 1 1 50 1
2650 2 51 200 2
51100 3 >200 Add1/
200
101 4
150
151 5
200
201 6
250
>250 Add1/
100
Class9aHealthCareBuildings
Male 120 1 110 0 1 20 1
Add1 1115 1 >20 Add1
per20 per20
2650 2
>50 1per50
Female 125 1 1 50 1
Patients 2650 2 51 150 2
51100 3 >150 Add1/
200
101 4
150
151 5
200
201 6
250
>205 Add1/
100
Class9bAuditoriumsTheatresCinemas
Male 11200 1 1600 1 1 600 1
patrons >1200 Add1per >600 Add1/ >600 Add
1200 1200 1/1200
Female 1300 1 1 600 1
patrons 301 2 601 2
600 1200
>600 Add1/ >1200 Add1/
1200 200
Column1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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9.25 INRESPECTTOWATERVELOCITY

TheWaterSupplyandDrainageforBuildingssymposiumorganisedbytheInternationalCouncilforResearchand
InnovationinBuildingConstructionSydneyOperaHouse810November2010centredonthenewGerman
StandardDIN1988(4)TechnicalStandardsforDrinkingWaterInstallations.ThepaperdeliveredbyPAngusS
IngleDKingJTurnertheeffectsofusingwatervelocityasatechniquetocontrolbiofilmdevelopmentinwater
supplysystems,isofconsiderableinterestandrelatestotheCaseforSmallBorepipespresentedherein.

Therationalforvelocityofdrawoff,asopposedtoapumpedcirculation,shouldbetoconsidertheworstcase
scenario,shouldthemaximumpossibleloadbeplacedonthepipe,whatwouldbetheresultingvelocitybe?Can
thesystemmaterialtoleratethemaximumvelocitywithoutvelocitycorrosiondamage?Istheresufficient
pressuretomeettheaddedpressuredrop?Andwouldtheresultinglossinflowpressureadverselyaffectthe
system,particularlythehotcoldbalanceatthermostaticmixingvalves.

Asnoted,measurementsofflowinexistingbuildingsshowasignificantdisparitybetweenthedesignpeakload
andtheactualpeakload,watersystemswhicharefoundtobeoversizedbyafactorof10overdesigninthe
largerdiameterservices,(Thismaybetheresultofnowdefunctpipesizingsystems?)

Bearinginmindthatinfullmaximumdemandwithallfixturesrunning,arareeventforotherthanshowers,itis
probablethatalargeproportionofthebuildingpopulationisactiveandbackgroundnoiseisprobablyalso
higherinthehospital,inallareasotherthanstudyandmeetingrooms,andsomecriticalareasofpatientcare,in
realitynoisebecomesmuchlessofanissue.Fornoise,heatreleaseandservicing,arterialdistributionpipesare
bestlocatedabovecorridors.

9.26 CHECKTHELOGIC

Regrettablyandregardlessofourexperiencewedoallmakemistakes.

Wheninvolvedinalargeproject,itisalwaysagoodideatodosomepracticalcrosscheckingonsomeofthe
designconclusions,whereyoucan,andwhereyouhavedatathatmighthelptoconfirmyourdesign
assumptions,datasuchastheconsumptionratesofanyexistingfacilitiesofasimilarsize.

Thewriterhascheckedmanyprojectsofalltypes;inonelargeindustrialprojectthewatersupplyconsumption
rateswereavailablefromtheprojectwatermetersfrompriorwork.

Theprojectwastomodeltheloadonaproposedwastetreatmentsystem,thiswasachievedbytakingthe
fixtureloadandconvertingthistoanoutflow,andhoweverincheckingthecalculations,thepriormeasured
watersupplyinflowwasconsiderablylessthanthecalculateddrainageoutflow,similarly.Ihavecheckedboilers
andchillersthathadmorecapacitythantheconnectedpipeworkandcirculatingpumpscouldreasonably
convey,alsohotwaterstorageinvestedinoneverylargevesselwithnoprovisionformaintenance,orrepair
withoutthetotallossofservice.

OnemajorSydneyteachinghospitalcheckrevealedadomesticcoldwatersysteminstallationwheretheservice
fromthetankrisesabovethewaterlineinthetankandthusthehospitalwatersuppliesaretotallyreliantupon
thecoldservicepressureboosterpump,whichcompeteswiththesiphoneffectandcouldinunusualdrawoff
conditionsplaceanegativepressureonpressuredcylinders.

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Acommonerrorincorporatedinlargereticulationhotwatersystems,to
facilitatetheoneofftaskofflowregulationandbalancingisthelocationofcentralplantroomlocatedbalancing
valves.

Theresultingforestofvalvesandincrediblylonghotwaterreturns,buildsintothesystemsignificantllyand
constantaddedthermallossthatcouldbeavoidedwithabetterconsidereddesign.

Solarsystemsthathavemuchtoomuchcollectionareaforbuildingswhichcanbevacant,orminimumstaffedon
weekendsandpublicholidays.Inextremeweatherconditionsandnearvacantbuildingswithlowuse,thereis
nowhereforthesolarenergytogo,whenpressurisedthehotwatercanbecomeveryhot.

Specificationsthatcallfora15%futureallowanceaddedtoflowcapacityofthesystemcontributelittlewhere
therearelessthansixfixturesbeingservedbyabranch.Suchspecificationsshowasignificantlackof
understandingoftheaccuracylevelsinvolvedindiversitycalculations.

Solarsystemswithdirectmainspressure,orpumpboostedfedhighpressurecollectors,thatifnotprovidedwith
areliefpathwouldunderhighsunloadsproducesteamatthetapsbecausetheeffectofextremeweatherhad
notbeenconsidered.Similarlythefixingsofsolarcollectorswhichcreateaglasssteelandcopperaerofoilwing,
readytolaunchinthefirstgoodblow.

Makecertainyouhavesufficientsolarstoragetoaccommodatethemaximumoutputofasolarsystem;theyare
difficulttoshutdown.Thedesigncalculationsshouldbelogical,evenifwedosuspectsomeoverdesigninsome
ofthebasicdesigndata.

Rainharvestingsystemsthathadlostsightofthehighintensitystormthatwouldoverflowthetankthroughan
inadequateoverflowpath.Wheretherainharvestingisaspreadsheetorigin,thebasicdataneedstobe
publishedaspartofthedesigndrawing.

Designersshouldbearinmindthatthecalculationsareusefultothosethatfollow,putthemOnthedrawing
Theyshouldrelate,theheatingsourceandstoragecombinationandshouldprovethesystemcanmeetthe
estimatedandcalculateddemandinheatriseandlitresperseconddemand.

Thecoldwaterrisingmain,andhighlevelboostersystemmusthavesufficientcapacitytomeetthemaximum
demandfromthereservestoragetank,ordirectpressurisedsystem.Thedutystandbyplantmeansexactlythat,
thesystemshouldbeabletorunonthestandby,ifyouwanttoincorporatealowloadinputforrunning
economy,itmustbeanaddedfeature.Pumpsneedsufficientworktorunforaminimumnumberofminutes,if
notprovided,huntingandoverheatedmotorstartersandcircuitbreakertripswillresult.

9.27 PUMPINGONTHEFLOW

Thissubjectwillnodoubtbethemostcontentioussubjectofthisentirepublication.Ifyoufollowthisadvicethe
systemswillworkwellinpractice,butthedebatesprecedingthedesignwillberobustandongoing.

ThePlumbingIndustryCommission&AustralianStandardHB2632004HeatedWaterSystemsPage17Page23
Page24Page25Page26Page27Page28Showsdomestichotwatersystemswithcirculatingpumpsmountedin
thereturnservice.

TheHandbookoftheAustralianInstituteofRefrigerationAirConditioningandHeatingSection5PipeSystems
Page5.2Fig3a3b3c&3dreviewstheLocationofapumpinthereturn,orflowlineofthesystem

Forcediagramsshowingthepressuredistributioninthesystemaccompanyeachsystemdesign.

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SinceattendingalecturebyaNSWPublicWorksEngineerintheoldState
officeblockauditoriuminthemid1960s.Theessenceofthelecturewastoconvincetheaudienceofservices
engineerstopumpcirculatedomestichotwaterservicesystemsbymeansofapumpintheflowmainwitha
parallelbypasscheckvalvefordrawoff.Ihaveusedthisarrangement.ProjectssuchastheWestmeadHospital
andahostofothersoperateinthismanner.

9.28 QUOTINGFROMTHEAIRAHHANDBOOK

Whenlocatingthepumpcaremustbetakentoensurethatthesystempressureisnotsubatmospheric
especiallyinasystemcontainingtaps,ifatapwerelocatedwheresystempressuresaresubatmosphericair
wouldbesuckedin.

Inthe1960stheStatePublicWorksDepartmentinsistedthatdomesticsystemswithpumpedcirculationshould
bepumpedontheflow,withapumpbypasscheckvalvelocatedtosupplydrawoffloadsthatexceededthe
pumpingsystempipediametercapacity.

WestmeadHospital(Andmanyotherbuildings)isservicedthiswayandahostofotherbuildingsdesignedbythe
writerover50years.

Thecentrifugalpumpisdesignedtopush,thewaterisflungoffoftheedgeofahighspeeddiscandthisvelocity
headisdoingthepushing.onthesuctionsideofthepump,theNPSH(Netpositivesuctionhead)isverysmall.

Wheredidthepreferenceforreturnpumpingcomefrom?

Itprobablyoriginatedwhenpumpsealsalongwithsteamengines.incorporatedsealsatthepiston,orwithpump
sealsatthemovingshaftwhichcomprisedatallowimpregnatedrope,orlateranasbestosropeinwhatwas
knownonpumpsandvalvesasastuffingbox,awashersatabovetheropesealandthiswascompresseddown
ontotheropebymeansofathreadedjoint,theropewascompressedtopreventleakage,italsoimparted
frictionontheshaftandsomeleakagewasrequiredtopreventburningthecompactedrope.

Thebestlocationforthiscrudesealwasinthelowertemperaturereturn,thewaterwasalittledenserandthe
leakageratecostlessenergy.TheAIRAHrealisedsomeyearsagothattechnologyhasmovedonfromstuffing
boxtechnology,wenowhaveprecisionceramicseals,andOrings,thehighertemperatureisnolongera
problem,whynotputthepumpinthesystemwhereitcanpush,andwillalwayshaveafloodedsuctionandwill
nevercavitate?

9.29 THETHERMOSIPHON

Thethermosiphonusedmuchinsolarsystemsatrooflevel,datesbacktothebeginningsofpipedheating
systems,asystemusingnaturalconvectioncurrentsandthedensitychangeinwaterthatisheated,andapump
isnotrequired.

Allthatisrequiredistheheatsourceatthebottomofthesystem,verticaldistance,themorethegreaterthe
circulationhead,andaconsideredpipedesignthatdoesnotformheattraps.

TheSydneyBuildingCentreHWSystemworksthisway,asdidtheStateOfficeBuilding.Itisenergyfree
circulationsystemthatdatesbacktwohundredyearsandinthecorrectprojectisstillviable,butyoumust
understandhowitworks.

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9.30 TABLE:GRAVITYPRESSUREPERMETREAT(T)
SHOWN

t C 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

C Kg/m 985.7 983.2 980.5 977.7 974.85 971.8 968.65 965. 965.25
3

50 988.0 2.3 4.8 7.5 10.3 13.15 16.2 19.35 22.7 26.75

55 985.7 balanced 2.5 6.7 8.0 10.85 13.9 17.05 20.4 24.45

60 983.2 balanced 2.7 5.5 8.35 11.4 14.55 17.9 16.95

65 980.5 balanced 2.8 5.65 8.7 11.85 15.2 15.25

70 977.7 balanced 2.85 5.9 9.05 12.4 12.45

75 974.8 balanced 3.05 6.2 9.55 9.6

80 971.8 balance 3.15 6.5 6.55

d

85 968.6 balance 3.35 3.4

d

90 965.3 0.05

ThepressuresderivedfromtheGravitypressurepermetremultipliedbytheheightofthebuildingmustbe
appliedtothepipesizingchartfortheverylowflowsingravitysystemswhichisincludedinthisbook(Courtesy
ofRogerGibson).

Thepiperesistanceisforpipe,fittingresistancemustbeaddedasapercentagebasedonthedesigners
appreciationofthesystemsdesignandcomplexity,thepipediameterswillbelargerthanacomparablepumped
system,thesizesshownareactualboresizes,anallowancemustbemadeforcoppertubediameters,andflow
regulationisnotrequired,thermosiphonsystemsrequirefullwayvalves,andpipesthatriseandthatdonot
formheattraps.

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9.31 PRESSUREANDFLOW

ThemaximumpressurerecommendationsinAS3500is500.kPa,thepracticalminimumpressureforamodern
hospitalis250kPa,witha3,5metrefloortofloorheightthepracticalnumberoffloorsthatcanbeservedfrom
astoragetanksystemandwithanarrangementthatpumpboostsfromthetankdownthefirstseven(7)floors.
Thefloorsinthisbuildingfromlevelsevendowntoonebeinglimitedtotherecommendedmaximum500kPaat
level1.

Anyadditionallevelsfromsevendowntofourteenwillstartat49.5metresor500kPaapproximatestatichead
fromthetank,thenthedesignerstartsthinkingaboutaseparatestaticheadservicefromthetank,orapressure
reductionarrangementforthefloorsmorethan7levelsbelowthestoragetank.

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InAustraliathetendencytobuildmajorhospitalsmuchhigherthan25
metres7or8floorsislow,possiblybecauseoflandavailability,fireregulations,orcosteffectivedesign?

Thequestionofpressurereductiontobelow500kPaisseldomanissue.

InhighriseHealthCareprojectspressurereductionwillbeaconsideration.Howeverbearinginmindthatflow
ratesarenowlimitedbyflowcontrolvalves,andtherightflowcontrolvalvewillregulateirrespectiveofpressure
.Whatisthepointofpressureregulation?

9.32 WHYDOWENEEDTOPRESSUREREDUCE?

The500kParecommendedupperlimitwasnotafeatureofhydraulicsdesignuntilthe1970s,priortothatdateit
waspracticaltoservice20levels,orhigherrisebuildingwithoutcompliancetothisrecommendation,and
unlimitedpressuredistributionbuildingsarestilloperational.

EGAttorneyGeneralsOfficeChieflySquareSydney.

ThereareboostedwaterareasintheSydneymetropolitanareanorthernsuburbswith1000kPa+water
pressuresthatoperatesatisfactorilysolelywithfittingflowcontrol,itisimportanttoselectaflowcontrolthatis
nottotallyreliantonflowrestriction,theflowregulationdevicethatusestheAustralianinventedprincipleof
interposingjetsandproportionalkineticenergydissipation(Jemflow)isnotreliantonfrictionlossfrom
restrictionandwillgiveanacceptable,andpracticalflowatjustaboutanypressurebecausetheflowrateisby
designcontrolledrelativetothepressure.

MostcommonpracticeistoutiliseaPressureLimitingdeviceathighpressurebranches,thislimitstheeffective
distributionofbranchHWflowandreturnpipes,bothpressurelimitvalvesandsmallpressurereductionvalves
cansufferatlowflowsfromtheminuteseatclearancesandextremevelocities(Withsoundeffects)acrossthe
smallvalveseatareacreatinghighpitchednoise,andwiredrawing.

TheotheroptionisaPRVstationandHWreturnreheatbyasmallplateheatexchangewithcirculationpump
fromonezonetothenextzone,afourportBermadvalvewithcorrosionresistantwettedareacoating,or
nonferrousconstruction,thearrangementishowevercomplex,heatemitting,spaceconsumingdesignprovided
onlytosatisfyadoubtfulrecommendationbyanAustralianStandardthathasnotdifferentiatedbetweenstatic
head,andflowpressure.

Thequestionis:Ifsystemwilloperateefficientlyathighpressurewiththerightflowcontrol,whyarewe
complicatingmatterswiththisarbitrary500kPastaticheadlimitinhighrisebuildingswhichisaddingcost,the
limitforpressureshouldberelativetothesuitableworkingpressureofthepipematerial,withdueconsideration
ofspikepressuresasmaybegeneratedbyhydraulicshock.

9.33 BALANCINGDOMESTICHOTWATERSYSTEMS

Mostofthedomestichotwaterservicefailuresthatithasbeentheauthorstasktoinspectandreportonhave
beentheresultofinadequatecirculationandtheapplicationofaquickfixremedybyturninguptheboiler
thermostat.oratotaldisregardinthedesignfortheexpansionandcontractionmovementthatmustbecatered
forwithmovementpotentialandcoldstressingtominimisethemovementrange.

Thereadershouldbefullyconversantwiththeformulafordeterminingtheamountofwatertobecirculated.

kW=L/sFlowcirculationtoreplaceheatlost

4.186kg/kjxCt(Flowandreturn)

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WherethekWcalculatedthermalemissionfromthepipeworkthroughthepipingsystemandassociatedplant.(Forbranch
returnsthismaybeaverysmallFLOW,MAKEsureitislargeenoughTOBEregulatedwithintheflowrangeofthevalve)

4.186kj/kgistheamountofheatrequiredtoraiseonekilogram/litreonedegreeCentigrade

t/d,or(t)Isthetemperaturedifferencebetweentheflowandthereturnpipeservicewatertemperature,forahot
watersystemthiswillbe5degreesCforawarmwatersystem1.5degreesCentigrade

9.33.1A SANEXAMPLE

APolypropylenehotwaterserviceringmainsystemistobeinstalledinanurseshomefora100bedhospital.

TheNurseshomewillaccommodate250nursesworkingonan8hourthreeshiftroster.

Thepeakdemandisestimatedtobeashiftchangeshowerloadwhere83nursescomeoffdutyandarereplaced
by83nursesgoingonduty,theprobabilityisestimatedasbeing75%willshowerpriortogoingonduty50%will
showerwhentheyleaveduty,theshiftchangewilltake30minutes

Thecalculatedmaximumloadis

75%of83usersmaximum=62.25showers

50%ofloadineachlegoftheringmain=31.25showerslargestflowinpipes

Showerflowrate12l/min50%15C50%65=6l/min

Averageshowerperiod8minutes

Hotwaterconsumed8minx6l/mx31.25showers=1500litres

Flowratefromheatsource62.25x6l/mxshowers=373.5l/mor6.225l/sinringmain

Theshippingsystemringmainallowsflowinbothdirectionsthusthehotservicemustcaterfor6.225l/secina
75mmSDR7.4Fasercompositemainwhichwilloperateondrawoffbetween2.24m/secvelocity,anda
maximum7.24m/bar/mlossthemaximumat3m/sat7l/s.

Thisnotionalnurseshomebuildingistwolevelsandsquareonplanwithaninternalcourtyardandaccess
balcony,eachsideofthebuildinghas32ensuiteroomsateachlevelandaplantroominterfacinganadjoining
building.Eachroomis3metreswideand4metreslong,theringmainis384metreslongwithanadditional20
metresusedforplantroomservices.

9.33.2 THERMALLOSS

Thehospitalisservedfromacentralthermalstation.15Cambient65CHotwaterflow60CReturn

75mmpipe54.4IDSDR7.4Heatloss70.27kj/h/mx(384+20)=28389=7.8kW/hour

UsingkW7.8kW=0.372l/scirculation

4.186kg/kJxt/d

Thisisaverylowheatlossflowratesystem(0.372l/s)a25mm(18mmID)pipewillcarrytheheatreplacement
load,ifforinstancetherewere10branchsecondaryreturnseachwithaglobevalvetheflowratewouldbe

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0.0372l/saflowratethatforpracticalpurposesisnotmanageablewitha
15mmvalve,inthistypeofsituationthetemperaturedifferencemustbeloweredandtheflowrateincreasedto
anamountthatcanbedeterminedbyvalvemanipulation,orbyusingaTAThermorsimilartypeofthermostatic
valve,thesealsorequireaminimumflowforoperationalpurposes.

9.33.3 EXPANSIONCONTRACTIONANDCOLDSTRESSING

ThemeansofdealingwiththermalmovementinacoppersystemisshowninAS/NZS3500andtheAIRAH
Handbook,thesystemandthemethodsofabsorbingpolypropylenepipestressandexpansionmovementis
providedintheAquatherminstallationPrinciplesmanual.

Thelonglegofthe75mmdomestichotwaterringmaininanexampleprojectisgoingtobesay100metreslong
anditwillbesubjectedtoamaximumtemperaturerangeof15Ccoldwaterambienttoanuppertemperature
of65CatCof50degrees,thecoefficientoflinearexpansionforFusiothermstabicompositepipeis0.03
mm/mk(polypropyleneFaserpipeisless).

Theexpansionwillbe100mx50x0.03mm/m=150mm.

Assumetwoexpansionloopsgiving33metresbetween50mmofmovementfromcoldto65

ThecalculationistodeterminetheL.sorlongsideoftheexpansionloop.

Ls=Kxdx(Expansion)

Ls=Kx75x50

Ls=15x61.23

Ls=918.55mmlong

Where

Ls=thelongleg

K=Aconstantforthematerialselected.

D=thepipeOD

Thereoccurringproblemthatthewriterhasobservedwithexpansionloops,istheinstallerslackofexperience
withanchoragefixings(Howanchoragecanbeachievedbyclampingasoftmaterialishardtocomprehend?)and
coldstressing,thelackofunderstandingstressandtensioninthepipesystem,isprobablybecauseinAustralia
Plumbersdolittle,ifany?Heatingwork.

Itisaproblembelievedtobecompoundedbytheexplanationgivenintheplasticpipemanufacturers
instructionsforthematerialsuse,thisimpliespreferenceforstressandnottension,inthesystem,thisoften
resultsinthepoorappearanceofpipesthatareunderstressandinclinedtoflexatanyopportunity,itisnota
goodlookandisinconsistentwithgoodtradeskill.

Inpracticewhenaplasticpipeisinstalledthematerialwillbeattheambientairtemperatureofthelocal
environment.

WhenthepipeisinstalledtheL.slegsoftheexpansionloopshouldbepulledapartby(Colddraw)bythe
amountofthecalculatedmovement,thustheconnectingpipeisincolddrawtensionWhenitexpands,theLs
legwillmovetogethertotheverticallegneutralpoint,thisprocedurewillhelptoensurestraightpipelines

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,ratherthantheexpansionmovementtakingadvantageofanyflexibilityit
canfindinthesystem,whichwillinevitablyresultinverypoorpipegeometry,andbendsimpactingonbuilding
fabricwhereinsufficientclearanceisavailable.

9.34 TRAPSFORYOUNGPLAYERS

Whenpipesizingalargeprojectthedesignermustconsidertheprobabledemand,orthediversity,thisbeingthe
differencebetweenthemaximumpossibledemand,andtheexpectedprobabledemand,itiscriticaltothe
performanceofthesystem,toolittleloadisanextravaganceand,toomuchloadwillimpactonpressuredrop
andmaydestabilizethepressurebalancebetweenhotandcoldservicesandthetemperaturemixingofhotand
coldwater.

Thewritersexperienceisthat,forotherthantheobvioushighusefixturegroups,thediversityorprobable
demandformixedsystemsthatisbasedonaresidentialdemandcanbegenerous,whencomparedwith
measuredflowratesinhealthcareandcommercialprojects.

Thereisamarginoferroravailablethatrelatestothevelocityofflow,whilst1.5metresasecondmaybethe
desirableacousticvelocityinplasticpipe,isnoisegoingtobeaconcernforafewfleetingseconds?.Ifthesystem
hastheviablepressuretofunction,andpressureparityismaintainedwithinlimits,undertheseconditions
considerationofutilisingthe50%safetynetofahighervelocityshouldnotbediscreditedinpolymersystems,or
confusedwitherosioncorrosionproblemsincoppertubepumpedcircuits.

Anunderstandingofhowthebuildingistobeused,theModuseOperandiisimportanttominimisethe
possibilityofoversizedorundersizedpipework.

Thetrapsforyoungplayersarethenonstandarddeparturesfromrecommendedprobabledemandgivenin
standards;thefineprintisnotalwaysread.

Showerswhichhavealongrunningtimearemoreprobabletocoincideinthereuseprofile,wherethereare
groupsofshowersforstaff,assumea100%load,theArchitectwouldnothaveprovidedthemhadhenot
believedthattheywouldallbeused,possiblyatashiftchange,orsubsequenttoaparticularlylongoperating
roomsession.SurgeonsScrubupswillbeused100%andoverapredeterminedminimumtimeframe.

Kitchenscanbeahighpeakcontributor,thepeakmaywellbeinthemiddleofthenight,andaftermealswhen
thecleanuptakesplace.Checktheprogramofthemealspreparationandcleanupoperations.

TMVsliketoworkhard,itisamistaketooversizethem.Theproblemsariseatverylowflows,thevalvethatis
designedforahighflowhastroubleregulatingdowntoaverysmallflowbecausethevalveseatopenings
becomeminuteclearances,watervelocityoversuchclearancescanbeavelocityprobleminbothTMVsandas
significantnoiseinPRVsorPLVs.

Balancinglargehotwatersystemswithmanyreturnflowregulationvalvescanbeaproblemiftheheatlossis
lowandwhensubdividedoverallofthereturnvalvestheflowadjustmentsrequiredaretoosmalltobe
manageable.

Becausethermallosscanbesatisfiedbyquietlowflows,ensurethatthereissufficientflowtosatisfyeach
regulatingvalveat50%opencapacity,thiswillprobablyresultinpumpingmorehotwatercirculationthanis
requiredtoreplacethermalloss,howeverthiswillonlymeanalowert

Bewaryoftheverybighotwaterreticulationsystem(150mm),checkthecirculationheadrequiredat15C
waterdensity,itmayexceedthepumpheadforthesystemat60CStrategicdrainpointstomotivatehotwater
flowcanovercomethisinfrequentstartupproblem.

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Whenthemechanicalengineerisprovidingtheprimaryheatfromthe
comfortheatingsystem,thehydraulicsdesignermustbeawarethatthecomfortheatingsystemisprobably
designedformaximumefficiencyatairheatingcoils,thismeanstemperaturesof75C+,coordinationofthe
thermalcontroltoDomesticsystemsisveryimportant.

Ahighlimit70Cshutdownisrecommendedinthesecondarysystemtoavoidmalfunctiondamagingexpansion
provisions,andthebreakdownofpolymermaterials,byoverheating.

Risingmainsmaybepartofamainspressurisedsystemorastoragetankfeed,thepipewillinsomeinstancesbe
conveyingthetotaldomestichotandcoldwaterloadintothebuilding,itwillbelargediameterAS1432TypeB
coppertubeinlargerdiameters6590100125150200hassafeworkingpressuresthatarelowerthanthetest
pressuresrequiredbytableC1AppendixCAS48092003.Bearinmindthatcoppertubewithannealedjointshas
beensoftened.

CoolingTowersarealargeconsumerofwater,theevaporativelosebeinggreaterinhotdryweatherconditions.

Otheractivitiesthatcanimposeunusualhighpeakloadsonwaterdemandaredecontaminationareas,changing
facilitiesforplayingfieldsthatmaybepartofthehospitalcampus.

TheCommercialBuildingSectorofSydneyhasapproximately6500coolingtowersregistered.Currentbest
practiceinSydneyindicatesaconsumptionof0.8(kl)persquaremetreperyear,thisis22kl/dayfora10,000m
office.

ItshouldbenotedtheCommercialareassuchasofficesandHealthCarelogisticsupportareashaveasignificant
returnaircomponenttoreduceenergycosts.

BiologicallycriticalareasoftheHospitalmaynothavereturnair;theremaybeanairheatingcoolingrunaround
coilsystemtoseparateairbornebacteria?

ThevolumeofwaterusedinHealthCareCoolingTowersisaquestionfortheMechanicalServicesEngineer.

Makeupwatertoacoolingtowerreplacescondenserwaterlostfrom

88%Evaporation

5%Bleedtoreducesalts

7%DriftandSplash

FireCollarsrequiredtopreventthetransmissionoffireatplasticservicespipesasdeterminesbyAS1851.

ReferenceshouldbemadetoClause17.4.9.2andtheTableofthesamereferencenumber.Inspection,Test,
Preventativemaintenance,SurveyandrecordsScheduleFireStoppingHydraulicServicesPenetrations.

Theschedulerequires6monthlyandyearlylabelchecksinaccordancewithClause17.2.4.2alsofiretest
evidencetoAS1530.4andcompliancewithAS4072.1inrespecttoFRI.Thepracticalityofundertakingthistypeof
inspectioneffectivelyinacrowdedfalseceilingspaceisconsidereddoubtful,andcastssomedoubtonthe
authorsunderstandingofmodernbuildingsandtheeconomicsofmaintainingthem.

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AsaConsultantitisconsideredprudenttoexcludesuchinspectionsand
complianceauditsfromthescopeofthecommission.(ReferScopeCreep)

9.35 THERMOSTATICMIXINGVALVES

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ThermostaticvalveswereintroducedasmandatorytotheAustralian
HealthCaresceneinthe1980.theywerenotmandatoryatthetimeofWestmeadHospitalconstructionin1973.

ThethermostaticmixervalveusedinhospitalsinNSWmustbeHealthapprovedandlistedassuch.

ThethermostaticmixervalvedifferssignificantlyfromtheMechanicalmixervalveandtheTemperingvalve,both
ofwhicharenotrecommendedforuseinHealthCare.

Thethermostaticmixervalvehasaninternalthermallyactivatedmotorelement,historicallythesewerefirst
manufacturedasabimetallichelix(RadaLeonardWalkerCrossweller),andthistypeofvalvealsoincorporated
afailsafemechanismtoprotecttheuserintheeventofacoldwatersupplyfailuretothevalvemixingchamber.

MostcurrentapprovedTMVsareoperatedbyabeeswaxfilledcapsule,thecapsuleformostbrandsis
manufacturedbyaFrenchcompany,andtwomanufacturersmanufacturetheirowncapsule.

Thefailsafefeature(Atermtobeusedwithcare)isincorporatedinmostTMVvalves.Itisnotafeatureof
MechanicalmixersorTemperingvalveswhicharenotrecommendedforuseinHealthCareapplications.

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InthehistoryofHealthCareandTMVtherehavebeenanumberofpatient
scaldingfatalities.

9.36 CENTRALCOASTEXPRESSADVOCATE2522000

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JoanneMcCarthyreported.

ThedeathofJillBarker

FatalScaldingdeathswerereportedInJune1998andapriordeathin1992.

The1998deathwasduetothefailureofaRada15BKvalvewhichcarriedarecommendedlifespanofthreeyears
andhadbeeninoperationfor7.5years.

Theunfortunatescaldingdeathspromptedrigorousregulationsinrespecttovalvemaintenance,valvecore
componentreplacementandinstallationtraining,theongoingcostofregularandmandatorymaintenancehasto
somedegree,compromisedtheTMVasacompetitivechoice,particularlyinPPPcontracts.

TMVsareavailablewhichincludeanelectronicmonitorsystemthatreportstemperatureirregularitiestothe
BMS.

TMVunitsmaybethermistorsmonitoredbyaHubsystemwhichpredictsuneventemperaturecontroland
possiblecomponentwear.HoweverEvidencethatprovesmonitoringprovidessufficientprewarningofTMV
failurehasnotbeenfound,aswithallmonitoringsystemsthatsafeguardhumanlife,theriskishighandthe
weaklinkisthehumanparticipation.

Thereisasignificantcostattachedtothisarrangementandanaddedburdenofelectronicfailureandhuman
error.

Mostthermostaticmixingvalveshavelimitationsontheacceptableinputhotwatertemperature(Thisisanissue
toconsiderwithasolarcontribution)andthedifferencebetweenthehotwaterserviceandcoldwaterservice
pressuretotheTMV.

TheSwedishMattssonvalveincorporatesanaddedpressurebalanceshuttlevalvethatnegatespressure
differentialpriortomixing,thevalvewillcompensateforstaticanddynamicpressuredifferences,thisvalveis
recommended.

TMVvalvesinAustraliawhereusedinHealthCareareoftenmountedinaStainlesssteelbox,thisisnotthecase
inEuropewherethevalvemaybeanexposedchromeplatedunitmountedathighlevelintheshowercubical,or
atlowlevelbelowabasinaboveafloordrain,thevalveshavealockshieldtemperatureadjustmentandchrome
platedhexcouplingsforunitreplacementandworkshoprepairofthedefectivevalve.

TheupperlimitsforwatertemperatureinNSWforpatientcarearesetbyNSWHealthasaPractice
memorandum.AsnotedthereisaselectionofNSWHealthapprovedTMVvalvesfordeadlegthermostatic
control,therearealsoapprovedCentralWarmWaterSystems,thecostofmandatorymaintenanceforTMVshas
insomeinstances(MountDruittHospital)turnedtheHospitalEngineersattentiontothealternativeofaCentral
warmWatersystems.

9.37 CENTRALWARMWATERSYSTEMS

ThemostcommonCentralwarmwatersystemsisconsideredtobethetwoorthreeparallelpipedlargeflow
rateTMVsasthesupplysourcewhichisconstantlycirculatedthroughaUVirradiationunitaspartofthesystem.

TheUVirradiationisa24hour7daysaweekrequirement,thesystemmustnotcirculatewithoutUVirradiation
atanyperiod,ifshutdownformaintenanceEGLampchangeisrequired;theUVirradiationsystemmustbe
duplicatedasaduty/standbyconfiguration.

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Thewarmwaterreturnwhichmustbecoolerthanthewarmwater43.5C
upperlimitalsojoinstheTMVcoldwaterportwiththecoldwater,abranchwarmwaterreturnisconnectedto
theheatsourceandinthiswaythesystemreticulateswarmwater.

Thepermissibletemperaturedropthroughawarmwatersystemis1.5C,thisverylowtemperaturedropis
essentialtopreventcomplaintsofcoolwaterattheextremitiesofthesystem,thususingthestandardformula
forcirculation

kWloss

1.5ctx4.186kjSpecific/heat=l/scirculationrequired

Theflowratesrequiredinwarmwatersystemsarehigh,particularlyinahighthermallosssystemofpipework
suchascoppertube.

ThepressuredropthroughthecentralTMVsystemisalsohigh.

Inwarmwatersystemspumpingthemuchlargerwatervolumestomaintainsmalllossesbecomesmore
relevant.Shouldthereaderbea.nevertochangereturnservicepumpingdesigner,thenasamatterofgood
practiceplaceapressuregaugeeachsideofthereturnpumps,thewaveringthatwillbeseenonthesuctionside
ofthepumpiscausedbydrawoffandcavitation.

9.38 ACONVERSIONTOWARMWATER

TheMountDruittHospitalwarmwaterconversionprojectnotedinvolvedanexistingreticulationsystemand
longrunsinanexposedtoambientweatherconditionslocation,thelosswasapproximatelycalculablefromthe
performanceoftheoriginalsystem,thisperformancewasservedasadesigncriteriabaseforanewcirculation
pumpsystemwhichpumpedontheflowmainroundadrawoffbypass(Referpumpingontheflow).The
circulationpumpshaveVariablespeeddrive,withadigitalspeedcontrolsensorreadingthereturntemperature
andmakingspeedadjustmentaccordingtothethermallossvariationinchangingweatherconditions.Such
circulationsystemsshouldbestandardforallhotandwarmwatersystems.

ThemostsignificantdisadvantagewithcentralsystemTMVunitsisasnoted,thepressuredropatmaximum
flow,whichishigh.

TMVunitsperformbestwhentheyworkhard,overloadedisbetterthanunderloaded.

9.39 THERMISTORSANDMOTORDRIVETMV

TheRadaCompanymanufacturedsomeyearsagoalarge32mm(32M)TMVthatwasnotdrivenbyacapsuleor
expandingelement,itwasdrivenbyaprecisionengineeredlowvoltageencapsulatedelectricmotorwitha
reversibledrivetothethermalmixingvalveunit,theopeningandclosingofthevalvefortemperature
adjustmentbeingcontrolledbythermistors

Togiveprecisethermalcontroloverarangeofoneshowerrunning,toallshowersrunning.Inthewriters
opinionthisvalverepresentedamostprogressiveandinnovativedeparturefromthedatedtechnologycurrently
usedSuchavalvecouldbeoverheatprotectedwithathermallyactivatedsolenoidvalveifrequiredHoweveritis
regrettablethatthethermistorscontrolledTMVisnotusedorapproved,forhealthcarecentralsystems.

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PriortothediscoveryofLegionellathestandardNSWPublicWorks
DepartmentDesignforgeriatricpsychiatricandPaediatricwardswasasystemservedbyathermallyinsulated
warmwaterstoragetank,thesystemwasflowpumpcirculatedataverylowtemperaturedifferenceanda
proportionofthepumpflowwasreturnedtothestoragetanktopreventstratification,thestandardfloating
drawoffwasalsoafeatureofthistankedsystem.Inthehastetoremovethepotentialbreedinggroundsfor
LegionellatheStandardwarmwatertankwasnolongerconsideredacceptable.However,bearinginmindthat
reticulatedwarmwatermustbeUVtreated,thevalidityofremovingthissimpleandeffectivesystemfromthe
approvedrangewouldappeartobequestionable.

9.40 MATERIALSFORHOTANDCOLDSERVICES

Wheretemperaturescanexceed70CSuchasSolarinstallationsThermoplasticpipesystemsarenot
recommended.

9.41 PVCAS1477ANDABS

ShouldnotbefixedinUclampbracketsthatstresstheinvertofthepipewallagainstaridgeorflatsurfacewhich
distortsthepipeoutofitscircularshape,PCVunderstressorvibrationwillundergoamolecularchangeand
stressfracture.GenerallyPVCandABSmaterialswillnotbeusedinconnectionwiththedistributionofPotable
Waterforconsumption;moreprobableapplicationscouldbeHarvestedrainwater,orTherapypoolpipework.

9.42 POLYMERPIPES:POLYPROPYLENEPOLYETHYLENEANDPOLYBUTYLENE

Itshouldbenotedthat.

AllPolymerpipesareconsideredvulnerabletotheadverseeffectsofmetaltraceelementsinthewaterflow
carriedbythepipe.

Theadverseactionisacceleratedwhenthewaterisheated.Whencombinedwithstressresultingfromimproper
fixings,orinadequateprovisionforthermalmovementstresscracksarebelievedtoacceleratethechemical
reactionwiththedemetalisersofthepolymer.ReferenceshouldbemadetotheworkofProfessorGraeme
GeorgeUniversityofQueenslandinrespecttothissubject

CrosslinkedPolyethylene(PEX)isamuchusedsemiflexiblehotandcoldwaterservicepipematerialforsmaller
diameterpipesizes,jointedwithbrasstoolactivatedcompressionfittingsfornormalreticulationandstainless
steelforUltraPurewatersystemsthispipeissuitableforhightemperaturesanitisationmethods(CleaninPlace
C.I.P).

PolybutyleneisasimilarproducttoPolyethylene,thecompressionfittingsarealighterdesign,anditisan
approvedmaterialwhichcanbeusedinhospitalbutisassociatedmorewiththeresidentialmarketsector,not
recommendedforUltrapurewatersystems.

Polypropyleneisarigidfusionweldedsystemwithaverywidesizeandproductrange,suitableforhotandcold
waterservices,consideredtobevulnerabletooverheatedwater(65+)andtrace

copperinthewatercausedbyerosioncorrosion,acombinationthatcanresultinstresscracksfollowedby
Polymeroxidisation,achemicalreactiontometallevelsandasecondaryeffectofstresscracksinthepolymer
pipesurface.PPRdiffersinreactionfromPPtheoxidativebeinglessstableinthePP.

9.43 STAINLESSSTEELGRADE316&SAF2304TOAS1432TYPEBDIMENSIONS

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Anestablishedmaterial,butareasonablynewmaterialforgeneralusein
heatexchangersandhydraulicpipeservices,newmechanicaljointingsystemsrenderthisasignificantand
versatilematerial,withhighpuritystandardsforwaterdistribution,particularlywheretracemetalelementsare
consideredahealthhazard,orwherehightemperaturecleaninplacesterilizationsystemsareusedin
conjunctionwiththereticulationofUltraPureWater,orforthegenerationofCleanSteamorreticulationof
reverseosmosiswatertoDialysispatients,orpathogenfreeanimalbreedingfacilitiesinresearchunits

TherearemanygradesofStainlesssteelsuchastheduplexstainlesssteelsorferriticausternitic(Sandvik
SAF2205)thathashighresistancetocorrosioncrackinginchloridebearingenvironments.Stainlesssteelitisa
dynamictechnology,seekadviceinrespecttocorrosionresistance.

9.44 CASTIRONANDDUCTILEIRON

Forwaterreticulationbelowgroundincementlinedrubberringjointedpipesandabovegroundwithflanged
pipeshasbeenusedsincethesixteenthcentury(CastIron),

CastorDuctileironwithrubberringjointsshouldbeelectricallybondedforanodiccorrosionprotectionwhere
groundconditionsareaggressiveorstrayelectricalcurrentsprobableE.GNearrailinstallations

TheintroductionofplasticpipesasHDPEandABShasbeenafairlyrapidchangebecauseofthecorrosion
resistanceandeaseofinstallationofthenewermaterials.

9.45 ASBESTOSCEMENT

Watermainsofasbestoscementwereinstalledforsomeyearspriortothediscoveryofassociatedhealth
problemswhencuttingorworkingasbestos.Itshouldbenotedthatmanyasbestosmainsremaininservice.

9.46 GALVANISEDMILDSTEEL

Thismaterialisvulnerabletocorrosionfromcertainwaterqualities(EGSydneyssoftwater)GMSwillbefound
inhardwaterareasoftheworld,forexampleLondon.

9.47 GLASSLINEDSTEEL

ThismaterialisusedprolificallyforDomesticHotWaterServicestoragevesselswithheatexchangerssuchas
immersionelectricalorgas.Thematerialhasa10yearlifeexpectationandrequiresasacrificialanodesystemto
givecorrosionresistanceinaggressivesoftwaterareassuchasSydney,thesacrificialanodewilldeposittrace
metalandsedimentsofmagnesiumandzincwhichcanbeinsufficientquantitiestoeffectthesmallwaterways
andmeshstrainersofthermostaticmixingvalves,alifeexpectancyof10yearsandextraneousdepositsarenot
consideredsuitableforhealthcare.

9.48 LEAD

WhilstnownotconsideredsafeforcontactwithpotablewaterLeadwasoncewidelyusedformainswater
connectionsandwatermeterconnections.LeadlinedAqueductswhichextendedtoremotePlumboSolvent
watersfromtheexpandingareaofancientRomewerebelievedtohavetransmittedleadpoisoningtothe
aristocracyleadingtothedegenerationofRomansociety.Leadhasasignificantplaceinthehistoryofplumbing
designasevidencedbytheLatinnameforleadandtheTradesmanthatcraftsit.

Asaninterestingsideissuethathaslittleconnectionwithhealthcare,in1987thewriterundertooktheFishLife
supportsystemfortheDarlingHarbourAquariumthatopenedasafeatureofthe1988AustralianBi

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Centennial.TheAquariumspecialisesinindigenousaquaticlifemuchof
whichrequiresaheatedseawaterhabitat.Tracemetalelementsarefatalforfishmetabolism,hencecopper
heatexchangerswereofftheagenda,thewritercontactedthecuratoroffishesatTarongaZoowhoadvisedthe
mostcommonmaterialsforseawaterheatexchangewereTitanium.Borosilicateglass,oraswasthecaseatthe
Tarongaaquarium,lead.Thisinformationcameassomesurprise;howeveritistherapidformingoxidisationof
leadssurfacethatevidentlypreventsthereleaseoftraceelements.

9.49 COPPERTUBEAS1432TYPEB

Thistraditionalplumbingmaterialrequiresahighdegreeoftradeanddesignskilltoachievealonglife
expectancy;itisvulnerabletovelocitycorrosionathotwaterspeedsandElectrolysisorbimetalliccorrosionas
anionexchangereactionwithotherlessnoblemetalifanelectrolyte(water)ispresent.

Coppercanwithexpansionmovementworkhardenparticularlyatthesoftenedsilversolderedjoints;thedesign
mustaccommodatemovementinanAS3500compliantmannerthatdoesnotstressfatiguethematerial
.Attentionisdrawntothesafeworkingpressuresofsomecoppertubediameterswhenannealed.

TherecentpressfitjointssuchastheGermanViegaunitwhichutilisesanOringsealandclampedlinearrestraint
jointareoptionswhichminimisecopperjointheatsofteningproblems.

Jointingcoppertubewithsiteformedjointsandsilversolderneedparticularattentiontothecapillarygapin
interferencefitjoints,agapthatistoolargewillnotstimulatecapillaryaction,Copperisalsovulnerableto
chemicalattackfromhighlevelsofchlorine,copperincommonwithothermetals,isalsovulnerableto
electromagnetic(StrayCurrent)leakageandshouldbebondedandsacrificialanodeprotectedincertainground
conditions.

9.50 COPPERCORROSIONANDPOLYMERREACTION

ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATALLPOLYMERPIPESARECONSIDEREDVULNERABLETOTHEADVERSE
EFFECTSOFMETALTRACEELEMENTSINTHEWATERFLOWCARRIEDBYTHEPIPE,PARTICULARLY
WHENTHEWATERISHEATED.FailureshavebeenrecordedinPolyethylenesystemsandPolybutylene
systems.HoweverPolypropylenebeingsuppliedinamuchlargerrangeofpipediametershasamuchhigher
probabilityofbeinglocatedwithinacirculatingpumpedsystemthatisalsoconnectedtoacopperpipesystem,
oracorrodedglasslinedmildsteelheater.

Coppercorrosionfromvelocityerosionisbelievedtooccurincirculatedhotsystemsatwaterspeedsthatare
over0.9m/swhichishalforlessoftheAS3500recommendedmaximumofthreemetrespersecond.

WatervelocitiesinAustraliaalsoexceedstherecommendationsofauthoritiesinotherpartsoftheworldandthe
AustralianInstituteofRefrigerationAirConditioningandHeating(Inc)HandbookfirstpublishedMay1989ISBN
O949436178

Thevulnerabilityofcoppertube,coppercoreboilersandstoragemildsteelglasslinedvessels,tocorrodeby
erosionandimparttracemetalelementsfromtheparentmetal,orsacrificialmetalanode,intothedrinking
watersystemisavoidableanditisconsideredtobeanundesirablefeaturetoaddanyextraneouschemicalsinto
aHealthcarepotablewatersystem.

TheDesignConsultantshouldconsiderthatfewPublicUtilitiesuseCoppertoreticulatesupply,intheeventofa
healthhazardcontaminationlevelinthedrinkingwaterservicethatcouldbeattributedtocoppertrace
elementstheliabilityandpossiblelitigationwouldbedirectedtotheexpertconsultantandhisprofessional
indemnityinsuranceholders.

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WithSteelCopperorpolymerpipe,expansionandcontractioncancause
problemsifthesystemisnotdesignedwithdueconsideration,thepipewillbestressedandmayruptureatthe
weakestpoint.

CopperandPolypropylenearebothrigidmaterialswithahighcoefficientofexpansion,adherencetothe
manufacturersrecommendationsandAS3500ExpansionandContractionrecommendationsisessential,

ThePolypropylenepipeconfigurationshouldbecoldstressedandallowflexingandsecureanchorage,itis
importantthatbracketsarecomplianttothemanufacturersrecommendations,withsoftinsertstoprevent
distortion,orgrommetstopreventdamagetosmallerpolyethylenepipespassingthroughsteelstud
perforations.

Anadversecopper/polymeroxidisationinteractioncanfollowstressfracturescausedbyconstraintof
expansion,hoopstressfromclampingtypefixingsandcopperdepositsreleasedbyhighvelocitycorrosionand
extremeheatthatexceedPolymerpipespecifications.

ThisisnowawelldocumentedphenomenonuniquetoAustraliaandNewZealandhotwatersystems(Refer
HunterWaterInvestigationHolySpiritHospitalQueensland).

WhythenisitthatsuchfailuresdonothappeninEurope?ManyareasofwesternEuropearehardwaterareas,
heatingsystemsthehightemperatureheatingpipeworkisarecirculatingsystemtoavoidthedepositionof
calciumwhichlinescookingutensilsandpipes,Boilerswithcastironorcoppercoresareseparatedcircuitsto
avoidcalciumdeposits.domestictemperaturesaremuchthesamebutarepreciselycontrolled,multipleheaters
(Boilers)donotcomeonlinesimultaneouslybecauseofpoorcontrolsystems,heatinputismodulated.The
interestingissuetoobservewillbetheincreasinguseofPolymerinHotwatersystemsintheUSA.

Velocitiesincoppertubeconveyingcoldwatershouldbelimitedtonotexceed1to1.5m/slowervelocities
(0.9m/s)arerecommendedinpumpedprimaryhotwatersystems,orcoppercoreboilersandheatexchangers
thatrequireconstantpumpingdutiesandhighwatervelocitiestoachievehighheatexchangeefficiency.

AS3500notesthatpermissiblevelocitiesof3metres/secondareconsideredacceptableindistributionsystems
.ThisvelocityisnotconsistentwiththevelocitylimitsrecommendedbyAIRAHandinternationallyforcopper
tube(RefertoCoppercorrosion).

ThesignificantdifferenceinthepublishedrecommendationsofAS3500andtheAIRAHrecommendationsis
curiousandofconcern,thelatterbeingabouthalfoftheupperlimitsetbyAS3500

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9.51 AIRAHAUSTRALIANVELOCITYLIMITS

AustralianInstituteofRefrigerationAirConditioningandHeating(Inc)

HandbookfirstpublishedMay1989ISBNO949436178

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DesignParametersVelocity

WaterCoilsHeating1to1.5metres/second

Mainspressurewaterservices1to2.10m/s

Gravityflowfromupperlevelstoragetanks1to1.50m/s

9.52 WATERQUALITY

WheremetallicpipeorheatexchangeorstoragevesselsareusedinconjunctionwithPolymerpipestainless
steelisrecommended.Waterqualitythatisconsideredpotable,canhavequalitiesthatadverselyaffectcopper
tube,coppershouldnotbeusedunderanycircumstancesinconnectionwiththereticulationofultrapurewater
fordialysis,oranimalhousewateringsystems,orthegenerationofcleansteam.Considerableinformationon
copperpoisoningisavailableontheinternet,thefollowingareexamplesofinterestinrespecttowaterservices
forHealthCareInstallations

POISONINGASARESULTOFCOPPERTRACEELEMENTSINDRINKINGWATERHAVEBEEN
REPORTEDINGERMANY

TheupperlimitforcopperinAustraliandrinkingwateris2mg/l

TheUnitedStatesofAmericahastheCopperandleadrulewhichlimitsthecoppercontentinwaterto1.3mg/l

CoppercorrosionhasbeenreportedinNSWHospitalsandreportedinaQueenslandHospitalinaninvestigation
reportbytheHunterWaterBoard

InstitutionofHospitalEngineersAustraliaCorrosionReportforthe53NationalConferenceOctober2002Dr
RusselTaylorPrincipalresearchscientistCSRIOreportedanumberofcorrosionissuesinhospitals.

MICMicrobialInducedCorrosion

Itisconsideredreasonabletoassumethatsevercoppercorrosionisgoingtoincreasecoppertraceelementsin
thedrinkingwatersupplyandpossiblyalsothebreakdownofsacrificialanodesconstructedofzinc,oraluminium
magnesiumwhichwillreleaseintothepotablewaterstreamastraceelements.

InrespecttothisDesignGuide,theissuethatisofsignificantinteresttotheHydraulicServicesconsultantor
designeristhehealthriskandtheassociatedprofessionalindemnityriskvulnerabilityofprovidingasystem
designthatisfitforpurpose.Inrespecttoriskitshouldbenotedthatcoppertubeorpipeisnotamaterialused
bypublicutilitywaterundertakings,fewifanyCopperwatermainsexistinstreetsorthepublicdomain.

Asaminimumresponsetotheconsiderableinformationthatassociatescopperwithsignificanthealthissues,we
shouldasaprofessionseekclarificationofthematter.

9.53 THEMUNICHEXPERIENCE

GermanPaperbyRudolfEife,Prof.Dr.med.,KinderklinikderUniversittMnchen{MunichUniversityChildrens
Hospital],Lindwurmstrasse4,D80337Munich,telephone004989516028054,eife@kki.meduni
muenchen.de

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SummaryofthearticleinVGLInformation3/98underthesametitle

DiseasesthatareattributabletocopperindrinkingwaterhavebeenemerginginGermany.Watercontaining
coppershouldnotbeconsumedbyinfantsatallandonlyinsmallquantitiesbyolderchildrenandadults.

Concurrentlywiththeincreasinguseofcopperpipesindrinkingwaterinstallationsillnesseshavebeenemerging
inGermanythatcouldnotbeconnectedwithanyofthediseasespreviouslyknowntoushere.Thesearchfora
causeandblindclinicaltrialswereinitiallyunsuccessful.

In1987itwasprovedforthefirsttimethattheillnessesaretriggeredbycopperpoisoning:copperhadbeen
passingfromdomesticinstallations(copperpipesorboilers)intothedrinkingwaterandbeenabsorbedbythe
patients.

Onlythemostsevereformofcopperpoisoningwasinitiallyrecognisedassuch,namelyfatalorseverecopper
relatedcirrhosis/fibrosisoftheliver.Atthattimewecalledtheillnesscopperinducedcirrhosisoftheliver,a
definitionthathasprovedtobefartoonarrow.Inthefollowingyearsfurtherfindingsledtotherecognitionthat
copperpoisoningcantriggerabroadspectrumofdisorders.

Subsequentlyanoverviewofobservationswascarriedoutbasedon62patients,forwhomtheexamination
findingsandcoursesofthediseaseswereevaluated.

9.54 AUSTRALIANINSTITUTIONOFHOSPITALENGINEERS

ThefollowingpaperreviewstheAustralianexperience:InstitutionofHospitalEngineersAustraliaCorrosion
Reportforthe53NationalConferenceOctober2002DrRusselTaylorPrincipalresearchscientistCSRIO

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9.55 SUMMARYOFSURVEYRESULTS
Region TotalReports Total % Pinholes Pinholes Total Blue line
corrosion Total % Blue water%
problems Water

A.C.T 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

N.S.W 36 17 47.2 14 38.9 10 27.8 2

SydneyCity 5 1 20 1 20 0 0 3

Northern 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Beaches
Western 7 3 42.9 2 28.6 2 28.6 5
Suburbs
Central 1 1 100 1 100 0 0 6
Coast
NorthCoast 4 1 25 0 0 1 25 7

Westof 13 8 61.5 7 53.8 5 38.5 8

Divide
Queensland 3 3 100 2 66.7 1 33.3 9

S.A. 7 3 42.9 2 28.6 1 14.3 10

Tasmania 1 1 100 1 100 1 100 11

Victoria 31 27 87.1 19 61.3 17 54.8 12

Melbourne 16 15 93.8 7 43.8 13 81.3 13

City
Melbourne 15 12 80 12 80 4 26.7 14
Country
WA 15 13 86.7 13 86.7 3 20 15

94 64 68.1 51 54.3 33 35.1 16

Therandomnatureoftheoccurrencesandourobservationssuggeststhatthereisnocorrelationwithcopper
manufacturedatanytimeorfromanyparticularsource.

Corrosionappearedtooccurinbothhotandcoldsystemswithpinholesmoreprevalentindomestichotwater
6575C48occurrences.

AccordingtotheAustraliandrinkingwaterguidelinesthereisahealthlimitforcopperof2mg/labovewhich
someindividualssufferilleffectsincludingvomiting,asmallminorityofindividualsaresusceptibletoWilsons
diseaseaconditionofgeneticorigin.

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Whilstitcouldbeconsideredreasonabletoassumethatcoppercorrosion
mightaddtothecoppercontentinthewatersuppliedfordrinkingandtheAustralianhealthlimitof2
mg/l(USA1.3mg/l)might,asaresultbeexceeded,thereportdoesnotaddressthisissue.

9.56 COPPERCONNECTION

PlumbingConnectionPage26Autumn3012

StudyprovesnewtechnologykillsbacteriathatcausehospitalinfectionsandreducesinfectionratesBostonMA
Resultsfromacomprehensivemultisiteclinicaltrialdemonstratedthattheuseofantimicrobialcoppersurfaces
inintensivecareunitroomsreducedtheamountofbacteriaintheroomsby97%andresultedina41%reduction
inthehospitalacquiredinfectionrate

PresentedFridayOctober21attheannualconferenceoftheinfectiousdiseasessocietyofAmerica.

Theauthornotesthatthereportdoesnothavespecificapplicationtotheplumbingindustry.

Thismightnotbeconsideredtrue?Thetactileinterfacewithcopperanditsdramaticeffectonbacteriaconveys
tothewriterthatthereisindeedasignificantbiologicalprocesstakingplace.

Bacterialiveinthedomainofprokaryoticmicroorganisms,therearemoreofthemthanallotherlifeforms
combinedonthisplanet,theyliveinyourdigestivetractandarevitalinrecyclingnutrients.Notallbacteriaare
harmfultothehumanmachineitcouldbeconsideredmisleadingtoassociatesurfacecontactwithcopper,with
ingestingit?

Mostofusareawarethatthehumanbodyrequireslevelsofchemicalandmetalsubstancesasaregainedfrom
ourfoodintake,wealsoingestlowlevelsofChlorine,butthisdoesnotimplyweshoulddrinkconcentrationsof
it.

Inthefaceofanongoinginternetsurgeofresearchmaterialthatlinkscopperwithbrainactivity,andthelessons
ofthepastwhichsawanambivalentsocialresponsetoleadinpetrol,asbestosandmanyotherapparentlydocile
environmentalsubstances,whichwereaftersometime,discoveredtoimpactonthequalityoflife.

Shouldwe,asagroupofexpertprofessionals,nothaveacareaboutthematerialthatconveysdrinkingwaterin
buildingswhicharedeliveringhealthcare,todebilitatedpersonswhohavenocontroloverthewatertheydrink?

9.57 THESOUTHEASTWATEREXPERIENCE(MELBOURNE)

AspublishedPlumbingConnection2005SouthEastWaterservesmorethan1.3millioncustomersinSouthern
andEasternMelbourne,theoperationswaterengineerstatedthattheyhavelessthan100BlueWaterCasesDr
RogerOHalloranCSIROstatedthattheproblemcanbewidespreadinsoftwaterregions,theCSIROteamhave
beenstudyingtheproblemfor15years,itismostoftenfoundincopperservicesthatareinfrequentlyused,or
thosethatarealongwayintoabuilding.Thereasonforthisisthattheseconditionsleadtoadecayofthe
chlorinecontentwhichallowscertaincoppertolerantbacteriatogrowonthepipewallsanddestabilisethe
naturalprotectivescale.

9.58 THEUKEXPERIENCE

MICMicrobialInducedCorrosioncomprisingpittingofcopperinpotablewatersystemsoperatinginlarge
institutionalbuildingshasbeenthecauseoffailuresinScotlandGermanyandSaudiArabia.Thecharacteristic

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featuresofMICincopperpipesareapparentontheboresurfacewhen
examinedbyopticalandelectronmicroscopy

Discretemounds/tuberculesofblue/greencorrosionproductsconsistingprincipallyofbasiccoppersulphate

Thesurfacebetweenthesemoundsandthemoundsthemselvesarecoveredbyapowderyblackdepositof
cupricoxideandanorganicbiofilm.Removalofthesemoundsrevealsaloosecrystallinecuprousoxideand
beneaththemroughlyhemisphericalpits

Theblackcupricoxidealongtheboresurfacehasbeenshowntobecomposedofroughlyhemispherical
nodules,eachwithanouterlayeroforganicbiofilmmaterialwhichisbelievedtobeassociatedwith
microbiologicalactivity.Alsothepresenceofrodshapedbacteriaisobservedwiththecorrosionproductsand
thebiofilmofexopolmetricmaterial.

9.59 FROMTHEUSA.AREPORTTHATCONFIRMSEXPERTINVESTIGATION

UniversityofRochesterMedicalCentreUSA(2007,November7)

Copperdamagestheprotein.ThatDefendsAgainstAlzheimer's.

ScienceDaily.

RetrievedMarch12,2012,

Fromhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071107074329.htm

Coppercandamageamoleculethatescortsoutofthebrainasubstancecalledamyloidbetathatbuildsupin
toxicquantitiesinthebrainsofpeoplewithAlzheimer'sdisease.Thenewfindingsdemonstrateonewayinwhich
coppermightcontributetothedevelopmentofthedisease,thoughscientistssaymuchmoreresearchneedsto
bedonetoclarifywhatrole,ifany,copperultimatelyplays.

TheresearchbyneuroscientistsattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCentrewaspresentedattheannual
meetingoftheSocietyforNeuroscienceinSanDiegoNov.37,2007.Theworkwashighlightedaspartofapress
conferenceonpotentialenvironmentalinfluencesonAlzheimer'sdisease.

Fordecades,manyscientistshavehypothesizedthatavarietyofmetals,includingaluminium,iron,zincand
copper,mightplayaroleinAlzheimer'sdisease,butnolinkhaseverbeenproven.Inthepastfewyears,several
scientistshavereportedthatcopperisonecomponentoftheamyloidbetaclumpstinytrashheapsfilledwith
allsortsofmoleculesandsubstancesthatspecklethebrainsofpeoplewithAlzheimer'sdisease.

Thenewresultsgomuchfurther,showingthatcopperdamagesthemajorknownsystemthebrainusestoget
ridofamyloidbeta.Thefindmarksperhapsthefirsttimethatscientistshavefoundaspecificwaya"molecular
mechanism"thatametalcouldcontributetothediseaseprocessinAlzheimer'sdisease.

"Metalslikealuminiumhavebeensuspectedforyears,butthemechanismthroughwhichmetalsmightacthas
beenunclear,"saidRashidDeane,Ph.D.,theleadauthoroftheworkwhopresentedtheresultsinSanDiego.
"We'vedemonstratedonemechanismthroughwhichcopperincreaseslevelsofamyloidbetainthebrain,by
damagingthemoleculethatgetsridofthesubstance."

TheteamfoundthatcopperdamagesamoleculeknownasLRP(lowdensitylipoproteinreceptorrelated
protein),amoleculethatactslikeanescortserviceinthebrain,shuttlingamyloidbetaoutofthebrainandinto
thebody.Themolecule'sroleinAlzheimer'swasrevealedmorethanadecadeagobyanotherauthorofthe
work,BerislavZlokovic,M.D.,Ph.D.,professorofNeurosurgeryandNeurologyanddirectoroftheFrankP.Smith

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LaboratoryforNeuroscienceandNeurosurgeryResearch.Zlokoviciswidely
recognizedfordemonstratingthatbloodvessels,bloodflow,andthebloodbrainbarrierarecentraltothe
developmentofAlzheimer'sdisease.

ThestudywasdoneinmiceaswellasoncellsfromthebrainsofpeoplewhodiedfromAlzheimer'sdisease.
Deane'steamcomparedmicethatdrankwatercontainingtraceamountsofwater(.12milligramsperlitre,less
thanonetenththe1.3mg/llevelofcopperallowedindrinkingwaterbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency),
tomicethatdrankdistilledwater.

Micethatdrankwaterwithtracelevelsofcopperhadabouttwiceasmuchcopperinthecellsliningtheblood
vesselsofthebrainasthemicethatdidnot.TheyalsohadaboutonethirdfewerLRPmoleculesinthoseblood
vesselsandaboutonethirdmoreamyloidbetaintheirbrainsthanthecontrolmice,after10weeks.

Usinghumancells,theteamdiscoveredthatcopperdamagestheproteinLRPtosuchanextentthatitstops
working.TheteamhasshownpreviouslythathavingfewerfunctioningLRPmoleculesresultsinhigherlevelsof
amyloidbeta,whichultimatelyaggregatestogetherandkillsbraincells.

"Weallhavesomeamyloidbetainthebrainnormally,"saidDeane,associateprofessorofNeurologicalSurgery.
"Whenyouage,alittlebitmoreaccumulatesinthebrainnaturally.Buttheprocessisgreatlyacceleratedin
peoplewithAlzheimer'sdisease."

Whileit'sclearfromthestudythatcoppercandamageLRP,Deanesaysit'spreliminarytodrawtheconclusion
thatcoppercausesAlzheimer'sdiseasebasedonthestudy.

"There'sagreatdealmoreworkthatneedstobedonetofullyunderstandtherolethatcoppermayplayin
Alzheimer'sdisease,"saidDeane."WeneedtoexplorethemechanismofhowcopperbreaksdownLRPmuch
morefully.Then,ofcourse,wemustseeifthesameistrueinpeople.Therearedifferentwaystomeasure
copperintheblood,andindeed,thereissomeresearchlinkinglowlevelsofcoppertoAlzheimer's,whilethereis
otherresearchlinkinghighlevelsofcoppertothedisease."

Deaneemphasizesthathavingappropriatelevelsofcopperinourbodyiscrucialforourhealth.Copperhelps
keepourbonesourstrongandourskintoned,andithelpsournervesfirecrisplyandourcellstogeneratethe
energyweneedtolive.Ithelpskeepourbloodhealthysowecangettheoxygenweneedtoallourorgans.
Anditplaysaroleinkeepingourimmunesystemstrong.

Whiledrinkingwateristhemostobvioussourceofcopperinourdiet,becauseofcopperpipes,thesubstance
isalsoquitecommoninredmeat,nuts,shellfish,andmanyfruitsandvegetables.

Theresearchhighlightstheimportanceofthebloodbrainbarrier,anintricatefilteringmechanismthatlinesthe
insideofbloodvesselsinsidethebrainandisdesignedtokeeptoxicsubstancesout.It'sasiftheultrasensitive
brainisdesignedtobeisolatedfromthecommonbloodsupply.Thousandsofmoleculesactassentries,decided
exactlywhichsubstancesareallowedintoandoutofthebrain,andwhicharen'tallowedtocrossthebarrier.LRP
isonesuchsentry,specializingintheremovalofamyloidbetafromthebrain.

"Thebodyneedstomaintaintheenvironmentofthebrainpristinelysothatourbraincellsstayhealthyandare
abletofunctioneffectively,"saidDeane."It'sthejobofthebloodbrainbarriertokeepthebrainsafeand
healthy.ItmayverywellbeabreakdownwiththebarrierthatisattherootofAlzheimer'sdisease."

InadditiontoDeaneandZlokovic,otherswhocontributedtothestudyincludepostdoctoralresearchers
AbhaySagare,Ph.D.,MireiaComa,Ph.D.,andItenderSingh,Ph.D.;andtechnicalassociatesBobGeleinand
MargaretParisi.

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TheworkwasfundedbytheAlzheimer'sAssociationandbytheNational
InstituteofEnvironmentalHealthSciences.

9.60 USASTORYSOURCE:

UniversityofRochesterMedicalCentreUSA(2007,November7).CopperDamagesProteinThatDefendsAgainst
Alzheimer's.

ScienceDaily.RetrievedMarch12,2012,fromhttp://www.sciencedaily.com
/releases/2007/11/071107074329.htm

9.61 THECANADIANEXPERIENCE

CanadianCopperandBrassAssociationInformationSheet9702

Thefollowingwaspublishedinresponsetoinquiriesregardingcorrosioninhotwaterrecirculatingsystemsdue
tovelocityeffect.TheCCBAisprovidingthefollowinginformationconcerningfactorswhichmayaffectthe
servicelifeofcoppertubeandfittingsinsuchsystems.

1)Watervelocitiesexceeding5feetpersecond(1.524metres/second).Thisishalfofthemaximumvelocity
permittedbyAS/NZS3500.

2)Undersizeddistributionlinescreatinghighvelocities.

3)Oversizedcirculatingpumpswithnobypasscreatingexcessivevelocities.

4)Multipleand/orabruptchangesindirection.

5)Failuretoremoveburrontheinsideofthetubeaftercutting

6)Impropersolderorbrazedjoints.

7)Improperuseofthrottlingvalvesforsystembalancing.

9.62 EXCESSIVEVELOCITY

Excessivevelocityincirculatedhotwaterreticulation(0.9l/s)canhappenincoppercoreboilers,andisalso
typicallytheresultofoversizingthepump,orundersizingthedistributionlines.

Thereareseveralchoicestoeliminatetheproblemoferosioncorrosionpump.Allarebasedonreducingthe
watervelocityoreliminatingtheexcessiveturbulenceatconnectionsandfittings.Optionsincludeabypass
aroundthepumptoreduceitseffectiveoutput,asmallercapacitypump,orthrottlingbalancingvalve
downstream(Thiscanstimulatepumpcavitation)ofthepumptorestrictflow,andlargerpipesizesintheareas
affected.

9.63 EXCESSIVETEMPERATURE

Limitthedomestichotwatertoamaximum65Csinceincreasingthetemperatureofpotablewatercanincrease
thecorrosioneffectoncopperandbreakdownofpolymer.Inthewritersexperienceofreviewingfailuresin
Polypropylenepipe,areasonablyhighproportionhavebeenattributedtopoorcirculationresultingfroman
undersizedcirculationpumpandlackofthermalinsulation,thequickfixremedyhasbeentoturnuptheboiler

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controlthermostatandincreasethesystemtemperatureto70C+,this
reducesthelifeofpolymersignificantlyandincreasesexpansioninthepolymer.

TheAustralianindustrymaynotbesufficientlywellinformedonthissubject,itcouldbeconsideredprudent
designtolimitrigidpolymerpipesuchaspolypropylenetocoldwaterservicesandlimiteduppertemperatureof
warmwaterservices,fewproblemsareexperiencedwiththeseservices.

9.64 EROSIONCORROSIONBYCAVITATION

Cavitationcanoccurinsystemswhentheflowvelocityishighandeitherthedirectionofflowissharplychanged
orisobstructedbyaburr.Inafittingthecentrifugalforceflowingaroundashortbendradiusathighvelocity
causesanincreaseinpressureattheouterportionofthebendandresultingloweringofthepressureatthe
throat.Thepressureinthelowpressureareaattheinsideofthebendcandropbelowthatofatmosphericwhich
permitsbubblestoform,thebubblesinturncollapsewhentheyflowintoanormalpressurearewithenough
forcetoerodemicroscopicpiecesofmetal.

9.65 WATERSERVICESRETICULATION

Thereticulationofdomestichotandcoldwater(Includingnonpotablewaterforflushingsystems)mustbe
reasonablyaccessibleandhavesufficientcapacitytoservicetheinevitablefuturechangesinhospitalplanning
thatwillberequiredtofacilitatechangesinhealthtechnology.

Theservicedistributionrange,orcoverageprovided,andthemandatorydeadleglimitsofhotorwarmwater
mustbecoordinatedwiththecoverdeterminedforsanitaryserviceswhereacommonserviceductisadesign
feature.

9.66 HOTANDCOLDWATERRETICULATION

Inarepetitivearchitecturalfloorplan,inmostcasestherewillbeanopportunitytostandardisethegeometryof
thepipework,thiswillenhancecoordination,reducecosts,allowoffsiteprefabricationandtheapplicationof
factoryproductionmethodswithqualitycontrolandpretesting.

9.67 THEPREDOMINANTLYHORIZONTALSYSTEM

Theoneortwolevelhealthcarebuildingisgenerallyfoundinrural/countryareas,possiblybecauselandisless
expensiveandpopulationcatchmentsaresmaller.

Thebuildingmaybespreadoveralargeareawithcourtyardstoaccesslightandair,sucharchitecturehaslittle
choiceofservicesreticulationtherearefewifanyviableoptionstoahorizontalsystem,parallelflowandreturn
mainswhichprovidemaximumflexibility

AhorizontalbuildingreticulationsystemforsmallerunitssuchasCancercareunitsorClinicsservingremote
communities,thesystemmayaringmainthatwillfeeduptolevel2anddowntolevel1.

9.68 DEPARTMENTALSHUTDOWN

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Largerhospitals,particularlyoverseaswherelandareaismorelimitedthe
healthcarebuildingmayextendto20ormorelevels

InNSWthebreakpointinfloorheightwouldseemtobethathealthcarebuildingsthatdonotexceedthe25
metrefireregulationchangeindesignrequirementslevel.

Forthelargeareafloorplansdifferentdepartmentsmaybenefitfromzoneisolation,Forexample9AMto5PM
forareassuchasclinicsandotherlogisticsupportdepartmentsofthehospitalthatdonotprovidea24hour
service,forthermaleconomythesedepartmentscouldbeshutdownforoutofuseperiodsbythemanagement
system,tosavetherunningcostsof24hourthermalemissionfrompipework.

Inconsideringdepartmentalshutdownasenergyconservationmeans(Theheatinputissaved),thedesigner
mustconsiderwithconsiderablecaretheexpansionandcontractionrequirementsofhotandwarmwater
systemsandtheinherentincreaseincyclesofexpansionandcontractionthatresult.

TheexpansionofcoppertubeandPolypropylenepipesishighandthetemperaturerangevariationofthesystem
isintheorderof50degreesCentigradeconsideringa15degreeambientwatertemperaturetoa65degree
heatedmaximumtemperature.

Providingadequateprovisionsaremadeformovementthesystemwillnotsuffer,howeverthethermal
movementwillbetwiceperdayfivedaysaweekforenergyconservationshutdowns,thisintroduces
considerablemovementandopportunitiesforstressfatigueinmostmaterials.

Forverylargepipeworkshutdownstheconventionalcirculationpumpsystemsmayrequiredutypoint
consideration,theeffectofshuttingdownalargeportionofacirculatingsystembyvalveswillmeanthatthe
isolatedcircuitwillcoolover16hours,ormorebeforereheating,thewaterdensitywillchangeasthewater
cools,aswillthefrictionalresistanceandthecirculatingpumphead,whenthepumpingisreactivatedinacooled
state.

Inasystemservedfromcentralcirculationpumps,thevalveclosureofasignificantloopinthesystemwillalter
theflowratetoothersectionsofthesystemthatareonline,suchclosureshouldbeachievedinthehotwater
returnwithbypassthreewaysolenoidvalvewithglobevalvetoreduceflowgainandbalancetheremaining
circulatedportionofthesystemtopreventincreasingthethermallossbyaddedcirculationflow,anaffectthat
wouldminimisetheobjectiveofsavingenergy.

Anoptiontozoneisolationvalvesistocirculatezoneswithadedicatedcirculationpumptoeachcircuitorzone,
thishastheadvantageofreducingthesizeofthecirculatedsystempumpingloadandthewatercontenttobe
moved,thisreducescoldstartfrictiondroptolowermargins.

ArecentdevelopmentinGermanybytheWiloGeniaxPumpCompanyutilisesverysmalllowvoltagedirect
currentpumpsthatarelocatedinfancoilunits,orradiantheatingorcoolingpanels,thepumpsarethermostat
controlledandasavingof20%energyisclaimed.

Theconceptwouldappeartobeadaptabletodepartmentalormuchsmallerzoneshutdownofdomestichot
watersystem,orpossiblytheactivationbymovementsensorofhotwaterreturncircuitsthathavelongand
randomperiodsbetweenuses.

9.69 PREDOMINANTLYVERTICALRETICULATION

Theopportunitymayexisttolocatehotcoldandnonpotablewaterinthesameductspaceassanitaryplumbing
adjacenttostructuralcolumns;thislocationhasimmunitytoplanningchange,andwillcomplimentcoordination
withstructureandotherservices.

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Acolumnductintervalofbetween7and8metresintwodirectionswill
facilitatefasttrackconstructionbecauseitisfeasibilitytoundertakeearlyinstallationwhenthepipesarefixedto
structuralfabricthatexists,thisalsohasthecoordinationadvantageofusingasimilarpathtoanestablished
obstacleandelementofthestructurethatmustbeavoidedbyductworkandcabletrays.

Withcolumnsatthecentresnotedthedeadlegrangefordomestichotwaterservices(Currently10metres
irrespectiveofpipediameter)willinmostinstanceshavesufficientcoverfromthecolumncentrepointtofeedin
threedirectionsasacompliantdeadlegbranch,thuseachriserwillbeaflowmain,thissystemconceptmaybe
modifiedtoprovideareturnatalternatecolumnsasameansofextendingtheviablerangeofthedomestichot
watercirculatingsystem.

9.70 MIXEDVERTICAL/HORIZONTALSYSTEMS

Analternativesystemforlessfrequentspacedductscomprisingoneortwomainflowandreturnservicelocated
inthecentralcoreorequalspacedductlocationsandservingoneortwohighlevelcirculatingloopsperfloor
area,suchasystemminimisesfloorperforationsandleavessomeopportunitytoincorporatevalvedzoneshut
downsifrequired

Thecommondenominatorthatdeterminesductspacingandservicessharing,canbethedepthofbeamsand
theviabilityofpipesthatgradebeingcontainedwithinbeampatternsandthefalseceilingzones

9.71 UPFEEDORDOWNFEED

Thequestionbeing,willtherebeanyadvantagetothesystemifitisfedfromahorizontallateralpipeatthetop,
orfromasimilarpipeatthebottomofthesystem?

Assumingthisisalargeteachinghospitalalsodesignatedasadisastercentrehospitalitwillprobablyhaveahigh
levelstoragetank,ifitisover300beds,therewillprobablybeanumberofbuildings,somepatientoccupied
othersdedicatedtotreatmentorlogisticsupport.

Thepropositionofcomingoutofthetankanddistributingtothefloorsfromajustbelowarooflevelmainwould
appeareconomicalinpipereticulation,howeversuchasystemwouldprovideminimalenergy(Orheadpressure)
inthesystemathighlevelwheremostoftheloadwillbe,inpracticethesystemundergravityconditionswould
runintosystemhydraulicgradientproblems.

Thepreferredreticulationshoulddropfromthetankinaverticalductasquicklyaspossiblewithminimallateral
reticulationatthetanklevel;thesupplyfromthetankshoulddroptogroundlevel,ortoanaccessiblebelow
groundfloorlevelplantspaceandreticulateoutfromthispointtothevariousrisersservingthefloorsabove.

Suchasystemplacesmostenergyatthepointofmostload,therisersizewillformostofitsjourneyupwards
remainthesamesize,thisisadesirablefeatureforfutureexpansion,anditcomplimentsfasttrackconstruction
wheredetaildesignofflooroccupationmaynotberesolveduntilmuchlaterintheconstructionprogram.Sucha
systemallowsconsiderablecarcassworktoprogresspriortodetaildesignresolution.

9.72 THESHIPPINGSYSTEM(ATRUEHWRINGMAIN)

AseldomusedsysteminAustralia(Otherthanbythewriter)andprobablybestdescribedbythediagram,this
veryeconomichotwaterreticulationsystemismuchusedinshipsplumbing,butseldomusedinlandbased
installationspossiblybecauseittransgressessomeestablisheddogmawhichthewriterconsiderstobe
erroneous.

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Thesystemcanbedescribedasfollows.Fromtheheatconnectionthehot
waterservicesplitsintoanequalsizedringmain,theringmainissizedbyproviding50%ofthedeterminedload
toeachsideofthering.Immediatelyaftersplittingintoaringmain,eachlegoftheringmainhasanonreturn
valvefitted,thusdrawoffflowtotheconsumercanmoveinbothdirectionstoanybranchconnection.

Circulationisoverlaidontothesysteminthefollowingmanner.

Thecirculationpumpsdrawfromthesectionofpipebetweentheheatsourceandtheringmainsplit,priorto
thenonreturnvalves.Thepumpedflowcirculationjoinstheringmainashortdistancefromoneoftheringmain
nonreturnvalves(SaytheNRVontherighthandside),thereturnconnectionjoinstheringmainjust
downstreamoftheotherNRV(TheLefthandside)andthereturnisextendedtojointheheatsourceatlowlevel
withaglobevalveandNRV,itcanjointhecoldfeedifrequired.

Suchasystemisextremelyefficientandcosteffective,moresuitedtooneortwolevelbuildings,itdoesnot
facilitatebranchreturnpipes,andallbranchconnectionsaredeadlegslimitedtoamaximum10metreslong,or
usingNotionalHospitaltechnology2litrescontent7.5mmdiameterPEXpipeRefertoShippingSystemdiagram.

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9.73 SEPARATINGWATERSYSTEMS

InHealthCareBuildingsthatexceedacertainnumberoflevelsthewaterpressureattheconsumerpoint
becomecriticalandmayrequirebothboostingandpressurereduction,thisisnotasignificanttechnicalproblem
forcoldwaterservices,itdoeshoweverbecomemorecomplexforwarmandhotwaterservicesthatcannot
circulatepastapressurereductionvalveandneedareheatsystemforthelowpressurezone.Refertodiagram.

Similarlyinbuildingsthatundertakeresearchandhavechemicalandbiologicallaboratoriesundertakingwet
research,andanimalhouses,therewillbeaneedforseparationofwatersystemsforreasonsofbiological
containment,thiscontainmentmaybetoprotectdrinkingwater(Potable)frompotentiallycontaminatedwater,
oritmaybetoprotecttheintegrityofonelaboratoriesbiologicalresearchfromcontaminationfromanadjoining
laboratory,oritmaybetoprotectthebiologicalintegrityoftheanimalsusedfortesting..

9.74 SAMPLESEPARATEDSYSTEMS

ALARGERESEARCHBUILDINGWITHPS3LEVELLABORATORIESCOULDENDUPWITHTHE
FOLLOWINGSEPARATEDSYSTEMS.

1)PressurezoneseparationPotablecoldwater(EmergencyshowersEyewashDrinkingHandrinse)

2)PressurezoneseparationPotablehotwater

3)PressurezoneseparationLaboratoriescoldwater

4)PressurezoneseparationLaboratoryhotwater

5)Biologicalseparationcoldwatertoanimalhouses

6)Biologicalseparationhotwatertoanimalhouses.

7)Animaldrinkingwater(Ultrapure)separation

8)BiologicalseparationcoldwaterlaboratorytoPC1PC2&PC3laboratory.

9)BiologicalseparationhotwaterlaboratorytoPC1PC2&PC3laboratory.

Note:APC3Laboratoryratinghasbeendescribedasthreeboxesoneinsidetheother,theinnermostbox
(PC3)beingahermeticallysealedcabinetwithremotecontrolledroboticarms,orrubberglovedandarm
sealedmanipulationoftheactivitieswithinthebox,ormanipulationofapparatusbyremoteelectronicsand
highmagnificationvideo.

ThesecondPC2Boxbeingahermeticallysealedlabroomwithairintroductionlimitedtoatreatedsupply
10mmx10mm.

Thethirdboxbeingtheconventionalseamlessconstructionlaboratorywithstandardfacilitiesotherthan
thosenoted

ThemeansofwaterseparationmaybebyaRegisteredAirGap(RAG)orapprovedReducedPressureZone
Device)HowevertheRPZDismechanicallyreliantupontheactionofthreecheckvalvestocreateareduced
pressurezoneinthevalvethatintroducesadraintowasteactionpreventingbackflow,theseareliterallyback

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flowpreventiondevices,thereisnocurrent(2012)evidenceavailablethat
supportstheconceptthatthesevalveswillpreventthetransmissionofbacteriaagainstthedirectionofflow.
Basedontheassumptionthatbacteriadevelopinamannerconducivetotheirenvironment,itwouldseem
logicalthatbacteriawouldhavemoredifficultyinbridginganairgap?(Itisnotedthatthisisconjectureonthe
partofthewriter.)

TheAnimalhousedrinkingwatercanbeadedicatedROUltrapuresystemasimilarsystemmayalsoserve
surgicalinstrumentsterilisation(Cleansteam)

9.75 GRADEOFWATERCONNECTION

AGrade2watermainsisdesirableforhospitalsupplies,particularlyiftheinstallationistobedirectmainsfed,
theGrade2Supplyshouldallowmanipulationofwatermainvalvestodirectflowfromalternativemains
networksuppliesfromwithinthehospitalwithcheckvalves(RPZD)locatedtopreventbackflowshouldone
servicefail.

DualservicesconnectionsinSydneyareseldompermittedfromdifferentreservoirsupplies.

9.76 WATERMETERSANDAPPURTENANCES

AplantspaceisdesirableforthelargerhospitalwatermeteranditsassociatedandduplicatedvalvesRPZDunits
filtrationandpossiblyUVIrradiation.Plantitemsthatareelectricallyenergisedorcriticaltonormalfunctionand
whichareexposedtotheweatherordamageareconsideredvulnerable.

WhereasintheresidentialsectoraBlueidentifiedwatermeterisrequiredwhenthesystemservesadialysis
patient,similarstatutoryregulationsarenotfoundforhealthcareinstallations..Whilstitmaybeobviousto
thoseinvolvedinthemaintenanceandservicesupplyofalargeHealthCareinstallationthatclosingdownthe
watersupplycouldrepresentadangertothesafeoperationoftheinstallation,itisrecommendedthatalarge
andconspicuousdrawingpostedinthemeterroomidentifiesallvalvesandtherelocationandfunctionin
respecttocriticaleffectsthatmayresultinclosure.Valvesthatareconsideredasathreattolifeandsafety.If
closed.Shouldbelockedopenwithlocalsignagepostedtoadvisetherequiredprocedureandpersonnelto
contactpriortoclosure.

WatermetersaregenerallysuppliedbytheWaterAuthority,electronicpulsemetersmaybepartoftheBuilding
Managementsystem,pulsemetersthatprovidebothaccumulativeandinstantflowratesarepreferred,priorto
anymetershouldbelocatedacoursestrainer,ordirtbox,intheeventofunusualhighpressurelossthisisthe
firstitemtocheck.

Mostauthoritiesandwaterutilitiesregulationsareframedtolocatewatermetersnearoronthebuilding
boundary,thereasonbeingtoavoidlonglengthsofaccessibleandbackflowunprotectedandunmeteredwater
mainlocatedinprivateproperty,theexceptionscanbefireservicesorprivatewatermains.Acompromisewith
authoritiesmayberequiredtofacilitateasecurelocationforthiscriticalplant,orpossiblyaseparationof
componentssubsequenttometeringbythepublicutility.

9.77 WATERMETERS

TheWatermetermaynotbethesamediameterastheconnectingpipework,itwillinmostinstancesbe
precededbyanisolationvalveofthefullwaytypeforlargerdiametersandadirtbox,orcoursestrainer,Itwill
benotedthatmaintenanceworkonwatermainscaninadvertentlyintroducesizeablematerialintothemains

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.Themetermaybeamechanicalhelixdrivedeviceormagneticpulsewhich
providesforelectromagneticmonitoringofflowandconsumption.

9.78 BACKFLOWPROTECTION

Healthcareinstallationsrequireabackflowpreventiondevice,whereamainssupplyiscriticaltheRPZDshould
beduplicated.WithtankstorageandaRAGthemainisnotvulnerabletobackfloworcriticalandfor
maintenancetemporarymainsshutdownisviable.HoweverfewAuthoritiesinpracticeaccepttankswithan
RAGassufficientprotectionofthepublicsystemandRPZDunitsareinstalledregardless.

9.79 PUMPS

TheRPZDinstallationmaybefollowedinthepipeworkbyalowlevelstoragetank(MandatoryintheUAE)
wherethepublicutilitywaterservicecouldnotsatisfytheimmediateorfuturepeakloadestimates(E.G
WestmeadHospital).

Pumpsmaynotberequiredifthemainspressurewereconsideredadequateandreliable,manysmallerhospitals
aremainssupplied.

Wherepumpsarerequiredtheymayservethesysteminthefollowingways

Thepumpswillelevatewaterfromlowlevelstorage,orthewatermaintoanelevatedstoragetank,possibly
locatedatrooflevelwithliftmotorrooms,coolingtowersandsimilarsuchplant.

TheNotank,systemwillbedirectmainsfedpreferablyfromaGrade2supplythatisconsideredreliable;if
pumpingisrequired,thepumpingsystemmaybeatriplexvariablespeeddrivesystemthatiscontrolledbya
digitalpressureswitch.

Thesystemcouldbeahybridofthetwo,storageand,directmainsfeedsystems.Howeversuchsystemscan
resultincomplexpressurezonesandhotcoldmixingproblems.

Storagemaybeprovidedatlowlevelbecauseitismandatorytothelocality,orbecausethemainssupplydoes
nothaveagoodhistoryofreliability,orpossiblytheclienthasapreferenceforstorageatlowlevelforstructural
reasons,orasawatersupplyfailsafefeature.

9.80 VSDPUMPINGSYSTEMS

Variablespeeddrivehasbeenavailableformanyyears,thefirstsuchunitsusedanoilfilledvariableslipclutch
andwereusedmainlyforpressureboostingsystems,someremaininservice,theoperationdoesnotsave
significantenergy,butisaneffectivemeansofpressurisingasystemtomeettheload.

TheVSDweusecurrentlyisanelectronicdevicethechangesthenatureofthepowersupplytothedrivingmotor
andindoingsoreducestheenergyconsumedatlowerspeeds.

Whenlinkedtoapositivedisplacementpump,orhelicalscrewmovingcavitypump,therelationshipbetween
speedandoutputisdirect.

WhenlinkedtoacentrifugalpumprelationshipconformstotheAffinityLaws

Pumpflowrate(Q)variesdirectlywithspeed(N)

Q1/Q2=N1/N2

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PumpHead(h)varieswiththesquareofthespeed(N)

H1/H2=(N1/N2)

PumpPower(P)varieswiththecubeofthespeed(N)

P1/P2=(N1/N2)

Efficiencyintheaboveremainsconstant,inpracticeitvariesalittle,theAffinitylawsdonotapplytoNetPositive
SuctionHead(NSPH)

SpeedcancontrolledaccordingtoadigitalsignalthatwillrespondtoPressure.Level.Temperature

PumpingsystemsthatarecontrolledbytanklocatedfloatswitchesseldomhavejustificationtouseVariable
SpeedDrivesystems,softstopsoftstartpumpmotorswhicharesimilartechnologymaybeusedtoprevent
hydraulicshock

Theonlyjustificationforvariablespeeddrivetoastoragetankmightbethedesiretomaintainaminimum
storagereservelevelatalltimes,thustherequiredreservelevelisthepointwheretheboosterpumpsare
runningatfullspeedandflowoutputinanendeavourtomeetthepeakoutflowdemand.

Themoreprobablescenarioisthatonsomeoccasionsthetankoutflowmayexceedtheinflowandthetanklevel
willfall,abufferingeffectofpeakloads,Itisthewritersexperiencethatinpracticepeakloadsmakeverylittle
impactontanklevels,ourdesignassumptionsofpeakdemandduetodrawoffactivityareoverstated,however
insufficientmeasurementshavebeentakenandcorrelatedtoprovidereliabledatainthissubject,itissufficient
tonotethatwhereexistinginstallationsaremeasuredforactualloadprofiles,theoriginaldesignassumptions
areoftenprovedveryhigh.

Itiscommonpracticeforcriticalpumpingsystemstoinstallaflowswitchinthedeliverymain,theflowswitch
circuitbeinginconjunctionwithatimedelayofafewseconds,thismechanismisanalarmcheckthatthepump
hasbeenactivatedbutwaterisnotflowingthroughthepaddleoftheflowswitch.Whereusedinconjunction
withaVSDpumpmotorsufficienttimemustelapsetoallowpumpmotorspeedtoreachtheoptimumrequired
toactivatethepaddleswitch.

ApumpforapressurisedsystemwilloftencompriseadutystandbyortriplexVSDmotordrivepumpsetwitha
rubberdiaphragmpressurecell,pumpsmountedonrubberinshearmounts,pipevibrationisolatorswithlimitof
movementwiresandnonslamcheckvalves(Rienzirubberdiaphragmarerecommended)Theneedfornonslam
checkvalvesisreducedconsiderablywheresoftstartsoftclosedpumpsareused,thisfeatureisalsoapplicable
tomostVSDunits.

VSDDrivecanalsobeusedinlargefiltrationsystemstomodulatethepumpflowratetoincreaseasfilter
resistancerises.

9.81 PUMPTYPES

Pumpscomeinseveralconfigurationsandtypes,forpumpingcleancoldwateracentrifugalpumpisthemost
commonselection,theperformancecharacteristiccurveofcentrifugalpumpsvarieswiththedesignofthe
impellor,somecurvesgiveconstantflowrateandvariablehead,othersthereverse.Thisselectionisprobably
besthandledbythepumpsupplierwhohasagoodrangeofproductsandagoodunderstandingofthe
performancecurves.

Centrifugalpumpsmaybeverticalorhorizontalormultistagedesign,whichtendstogiveaperformancecurve
that,ismoresuitedtovariablespeeddriveapplications.

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Pumpsmaybehorizontalsplitcase,suchpumpsarefavouredwhereonsite
maintenanceofsealsmotortopumpshaftcouplingsandbearingsisprobable.Thistypeofpumpwillpermit
majormaintenancewithouttheremovalofpipework,itislargerandmorecostlythancomparableperformance
multistagepumps,theverticalsplitcasepumpequivalentisthebackpulloutpumpwhichalsoallowsremovalof
themotorwhilstleavingthepipesinplace.

Themonoconstructionpumpwithacommonshaftforthemotorandthepumpminimisescostandboththe
numberofbearingsandtheneedforamotortopumpcoupling.

9.82 PUMPDUTIES

Careinsizingmainspressureboosterpumpsandpumpmotorsmustbeexercisedwhenpumpinletpressures
arevariable,apumpwhichissizedforagivenflowdeliveryatacertainheaddutywilltrytopumpmorewater
thanthedesignrequirement,iftheinletpressureisincreasedandtheheaddutypointchanged,theaddedflow
ratemayrequiremoreenergysuppliedtothemotor.Thepumpiseffectivelycallingformorecurrentthanthe
designloadandcircuitbreakersmayrespondtoaperceivedoverloadsituation.Pumpmotorsshouldbe
specifiedasnonoverloadtoavoidthisproblem.Circulatingsystempumpsarefoundinultrapurewatersystems
anddomestichotwatersystems.Circulationpumpshavelongrunningtimescomparedwithboosterpumps,the
lifeexpectancyisappreciablyless.SmallhotwatersystemcirculatingpumpshaveaverylowN.P.S.H(Net
positivesuctionhead)aswithmostcentrifugalpumpstheenergyisdeliveredatthedischargeasaresultofa
veryhighperipheralimpelloredgespeed,thesepumpsdelivertheirworkloadbypushingthewaterout,and
theydonotsuckwell.Itispoordesigntosubjectthesuctionsideofthepumptoahighpressuredropfrom
frictionloss,theresultwillbecavitation,animplosionofbubblesattheimpelloredge,thisisdetectablebya
waveringpressurereadingacrossthepumpandpossiblynoise.Cavitationbecomesmoreprobablewith
temperaturerisewhichchangesthevapourpressureofthewater(Referalsotopumpingontheflow).

9.83 PUMPMATERIALS

PumpmaterialsvaryfromCastIron,BronzeStainlessSteelandcompositeplasticmaterialsincludingcarbonfibre
althoughthistypeofpumpisrareinhealthcareotherthanfortherapypoolwork.Castironshouldnotbeused
fordomestichotwaterservicesorultrapurewater.

Standardcentrifugalpumpspeedsvaryfrom1450RPMto2900RPM,highspeedsgeneratehighcentrifugal
forceswhichmakethehigherspeedrangepumpsmoreperformanceandcostcompetitive,bearinglifewillbe
lessthantheslowerpumps.

9.84 PUMPSEALS

Theconstructionofmostpumpsrequiressealswhichrotateandpreventwaterpassingalongthepathofthe
pumpshaftpastthebearingsasaleakpoint.Thefrictionatthesealandtoalesserdegreethebearingsatboth
thepumpandthemotorarethemovingpartsthatconsumepumpefficiency.

Recentadvancesintechnologyhasresultedinspecialmaterialswithlowfrictionhardsurfacesealsthatarethe
patentpropertyofspecialistsealscompanies(Crane)Sealsmayincorporatewatercoolingandsmallcyclone
separatorstoremovesolidsthatmightotherwisescorethemachinedsealfaces.Existingpumpsmaybe
encounteredthathavestuffingboxsealssettoallowaknownleakagerateforcooling.

Insmallerpumpingapplicationsglandlesspumpsareusedforapplicationswhereultrapureconditionsmust
prevailorwherethepumpedmediaiscorrosive,asisthecasewithdomestichotwaterthatmustbepumped
withstainlesssteelorbronze.Theglandlesspumpmayincorporateamagneticdrivewhichremovestheneedfor
sealsandallowswetbearingslubricatedandcooledbythepumpedfluid.Themagneticdrivecomprisestwo

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magneticcoresoneseparatedfromtheotherbyathinpressureresistant
stainlesssteelsheath,themagneticfluxoperatingthroughthesheath.

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9.85 STRAINERS

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Downstreamofthepumpswillbelocatedautomaticbackwashdutyand
standbymicromeshstrainerswhichhavedutiesrangingfrom5to100microncapturesizeofsuspendedsolids
inthewaterflow,considerationshouldbegiventotheacceptablelevelofsuspendedsolids(50micron)asthe
removalofverylowmicronsizedmaterial(5Micronandbelow)canbeanexpensiveuseofbackwashwater
,considerationofutilisingbackwashwaterfornonepotableuseshouldalsobeconsidered.Whereultrapure
watersystemsaresuppliedthedesignwillincorporatepointofusemicrofiltrationasaprimarytreatment.

Theautomaticmicromeshstrainersarelocateddownstreamofthepumpstoensuresufficientpressureis
availablethestrainertoovercomescreenresistanceandoperatethebackwashfunction.

Theautomaticstrainerbackwashmaybeactivatedbyahighpressuredropreadingacrossthemicromesh
strainer,thebackwashfirstflushflowwillbemorepollutedthanthewaterthatfollows,ifbackwashistobe
reclaimedthefirstflushmaybediscarded.Theautomaticbackwashdeviceisvulnerabletofailurewhichcan
resultinsignificantwaterlossifnotrecognised,apaddleswitchinthebackwashdrainlinkedtoatimedelay
shouldbefittedtoalarmexcessiverunningtimes.Inadditiontobackwashoverrun,whenthedutyfilterisin
backwashmodetheflowmustbedivertedtothecleanstandbyfilter,thisautomaticchangeoverfunctionmust
beaseamlesstransferwithoutinterruptionoftheserviceflow.

Theadvantageofsuspendedsolidsremovalisfoundinthewearratereductionofmovingpartsthatinterface
withwaterasthelubricant,valvesoringseals,pumpsandthermostaticmixingvalvesthathaveverysmallwater
pathsandvalveseatclearancesandarevulnerabletosedimentinterferingwiththesensitivemovingparts,in
additionthepresenceofsuspendedsolidstendstoprovideahabitatforbacteria,andcanalsoformashadow
thatprotectsbacteria/virusfromultravioletirradiationinothersystems.

9.86 ULTRAVIOLETIRRADIATION

UVirradiationcomprisesanultravioletemittinglamporlampsbombardingathinstreamofwaterthrougha
siliconsheath,therearebothwetanddrysystems,thedrysystemisrecommended,thissystemusesanumber
oflampssurroundingthesiliconwaterstreamcolumn,fewshadowsarepossible,thewetsystemcomprisesthe
lampasthecoreofthesiliconwaterstream.

UVisusedtosterilizethewaterdeliverystreamofcentralwarmwatersystems,howevertheterminalpointofa
warmwatersystemwillmixthewarmUVirradiatedwaterwithasmallproportionofNonirradiatedcoldwater.

WhilstthemostprobablelocationforLegionellatosurviveandmultiplyisinthenearbloodheatwarmwater
system,theterminallymixedcoldwaterisnottreatedforLegionella,butitiscoldwaterthatisthesourceof
dormantLegionellathatbecomesthecontaminationproblem.

Whilstnotcurrentlypracticedforthepretreatmentofcoldwatertobeusedforpotablewateruse,UV
irradiationatthepotablecoldwatersourcecouldbeconsideredagoodhealthcareinvestment.

UVlampshavealimitedviablesterilisingeffectlifespan,butwillcontinuetoproducevisiblelightwithno
apparentdifference;U.VsystemsmustincorporateusefullamplifewarningsystemstotheBMS,wheremultiple
lampsareusethelifespansshouldoverlap.IntenseUVlightisdangeroustothehumaneye;systemsmustbe
duplicatedforconstantUVexposureandshallincorporateautomaticshutdownasanOH&Sinitiative.UV

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systemsshouldnotbebypassed.

9.87 WATERSTORAGETANKLOCATION

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Wherethewaterauthoritiesmaincannotsupplythepeakdemandofthe
hospitalincludingthefutureprojectedload,itmaybeconsideredcosteffectivetolessenthestructuralburden
imposedbyahighleveltank,andstorethebulkofthewateratlowlevelinthebuildingusingbuildingvolume
thatisconsideredmoresuitableforplantthanmedicalservices,andlocateasmallerDayandpeakloadbuffer
tank,athighlevelinthebuildingtoprovideameasureofreservegravityfedwatercapacity.

Tosavepumpenergyandtotakeadvantageofanyavailableviablemainspressure,theupperleveltankcouldbe
fedfromboththedirectmainsconnection,andthelowertankreserve,suchasystemshouldensurethata
proportionofthedailyconsumptionissuppliedthroughthelowerreservetank,thisistoensureturnoverand
residualchlorinecontent.

Bearinginmindthatthemodernhospitalrequiresaworkingminimumpressureof25metresheadatthemost
disadvantagedfixturelocation,itismostprobablethatthepotablecoldwaterreticulationfromthetankwill
requirealinepressureboosterpump,inmostcasesthispumpwillbeafloodedsuctioncentrifugalwithVSD
motordrivetriplexpumpset,thisshouldbepowersuppliedfromtheessentialserviceselectricalsupply.

Suchasystemimposesacriticalcomponentlabelonthepumpingplant;italsonegatestosomedegreethe
advantageofahighleveltank.

Thecostimplicationstostructureofahighleveltank,andtheabsorptionofprimefloorareaandtheadded
pumpingcoststoraisethewatertothestoragelevelandthenboostthatpressureareconsiderationsthatmay
favourlowlevelmainsfedstoragetank.

9.88 COMPARTMENTS

ThePotabledomesticcoldwatertankmusthaveaminimumoftwointerconnectedcompartmentswhichallow
50%shutdownforcleaningandmaintenance.Thematerialofthetankincludinganyliningsorwaterproof
sealingpaintsmustbenontoxicandapprovedforthepurpose,concretetanksshouldbesealed,thewallsofa
concretetankatlowlevelinthebuilding,shouldnotinterface,orbeastructuralcomponentofanoutside
retainingwallthathasdirectcontactwithgroundwater,orcannotbeinspected.Tanksstoringdifferentuse
watersuppliesshouldnothavecommonpartitions.Thereshouldbealeakdetectingairgap.Boltedsectional
tanksrequireinternalsupportingstaysofgrade316stainlesssteel,sectionaltanksshouldbeexternalbolted
withasmoothfaceinterior.AlllargetanksshouldbesecuredaccordingtothelocalEarthquakeCode.Alltanks
shouldbeprovidedwithOH&Scompliantaccess.

9.89 PIPEWORKTOTANKS

Thetwocompartmentsfortanksinmostcasesmeansamanifoldormarriagepipewithvalvesateachtank
connection,thetankconnectingvalveshaveconventionallybeengatetype,howeverthisisalowpressure
applicationandabutterflyvalveorsimilarlowresistancefullwayvalveshouldbeequallyacceptable.

Eachcompartmentofthetankwillrequireafillpoint,verylargeballfloatvalvesarecumbersomeandtankdepth
demandingvalves,aremotepilotoperatedBermaddiaphragmvalveisrecommended,suchvalvesrequireonlya
15or20mmpilotballfloatvalve,thesystemcanifrequiredaccommodateadelayedactionballfloatvalveto
allowapredeterminedpumpingperiod,andthepilotlinecanincorporateaglobevalvewhichwillregulatethe
closingtimeofthemainvalve.

9.90 CONTROLFLOATS

Controlfloatsorotherlevelcontrol,ineachtankcompartmentispoordesign,floats,orelectromagneticlevel
controlunitsshouldbelocatedinaverticalvesselfedfromthemarriagepipebyavalvedconnection,thevessel

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shouldbeprovidedwitha20mmdrainandsightglassforcontrolsystem
testingandreadjustmentoflevelsasmayberequired.Snapactiononofffloatswitchlevelsmaycomprisethe
following,Digitalfloatswitcheswillrequireamodifieddesign.

Overflowalarm.

LevelAlarm.High

Allpumps(Supplyingthetank)Off

Pump2StandbyOn

Pump1DutyPumpOn

AbnormalLowWaterAlarmnonessentialfixturesuppliesmaybeclosed;thiswillalmostcertainlydraw
attentiontotheproblem.

Dangerouslowlevelalarm.Pumpsdrawingfromthetankdeactivated,alsoalarmgiven

9.91 HOSPITALHOTWATERSTORAGEGENERALLY

Astoragevolumeof35litresperbedwithaoneortwohourreheatpotentialprovidesalevelofcomfortthat
thereisareservecapacityofhotwateravailabletoallowmaintenanceandrepairoftheheatsourcethat
providesthehotwater.

WestmeadTeachingHospitalhasanallowanceof35litresperpatientbed;atotalof35,000litres
approximatelyspreadover7storagevesselseach5000litresvolume.(A5StarHotelmayhavehotwater
storagebasedon70litresaroomresidentialvariestotheprobablepopulation25LitresforaStudiodwelling
goingupthescaleto90litresforalargedwelling,prettymuchaproratatotheshowerload).

Inadditiontothemaintenancefacility,theprovisionofhotwaterstoragewillactasapeakloadbufferthus
spreadingthethermalloadtoanaverageinputandlessexpensiveplant.

PreheatingcoldfeedwatertoDomesticHotwatersystemsisapreferredmethodofcapturingwasteheat,and
solarheatthatwillbeavailableintimeframesoutofphasewithdomesticdemand.Thesizeofcoldfeedpreheat
willbedeterminedbythetemperatureandquantityofwasteheatavailable,forsolarcatchmentarea,itwill
relatetotheconsumptionestimate.

HealthCareResearchunits(Whichhavefew,ifanypatientsorbeds)withverylargelaboratories,andanimal
containment,includingnonhumanprimates,whichhavecagesthatrequirepressurejetwashingand
sterilisationthecagewasherconsumptionwillbeprovidedbytheequipmentmanufacturerorsupplierandit
willrelatetotheanimalpopulationandofthefrequencyofwashingrequired.

LaboratoryFumecupboardsdonotoftenhavehotwatersupplied,laboratoryglasswarewillrequirewashing
machineswhichwillhaveloaddataloadandcycledata.

Wherelabsinksrequirehotwater(Andtheyallmaynotrequirehotwater)theloadestimatingwillvarywiththe
typeofworkundertaken.E.GBiologicalorChemical,theusergroupforthelaboratorymayprovideguidanceon
hotwaterconsumption,howeveralaboratoryisessentiallyaworkshop,theexperimentalworkundertakenwill
vary,anditisaflexibleworkload.

Loadassumptionsbasedonthemaximum,orpeakflowtofixtures,andthenumberofpersonsworkinginthe
laboratorythatmayusethosefixtures,overagiventimeframe,canprovideareasonablebasisofdesign.

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TheGreenStardesignratingtoolbasedonareviewof23internationalcase
studiesshowsamaximumannualenergyuse1650MJ/m(70% proportional lab area)andmaximumannualwater
consumptionof65L/m(Targetreductionsof40%approximatelyequatetoa5starratinginoperation,thisis
consideredanoptimistictarget,bearinginmindthatharvestedrainwateruseinLaboratorieswouldnotbe
consideredanacceptablepropositionbymostdesigners.)

Forhotwaterservicesaheatexchangerthathaspeakloadbufferingcapacity(ROTEXorsimilar)andaonehour
heatupperiodisanearunbreakablesystemofinstantloadcapacityplusabufferfororunusuallyhighloads,or
designerror.HeatlossrecoveryinlaboratorynopotablehotwatermayrequireasmallpumpandSWEPwelded
doubleplateheatexchangercircuit.

Intheinitialestimatingstage,wherelittleisknownofprocessesandpersonalnumbers,theactualvolumeofthe
labsinksserved,multipliedbyaproratavolumeassumptionisasimplisticpreliminarydesignmethodology.

9.92 STORINGHEATORWATER?THATISTHEQUESTION

Theconceptofhotwaterstorageissimplisticandcommonplaceinhospitalinstallations.Howeverby
comparisontheEdwardsandROTEXandmorerecentlyreleasedRinnnaiHEX250unitconceptofthestorageof
heatisnotwellunderstoodandlessusedinhealthcare,whichisunfortunate.Ourmechanicalservicescousins
haveusediceandthermalstoragefordecadestominimiseplantpeakloads.

Theheatstoragesystemhasconsiderableadvantageinrespectpressurebalancingofhotandcoldwater
services,corrosionresistance,andLegionellaresistance.

ThehabitatforLegionellainaheatstoragesystemisverydifficulttoevolvebecausethehighvelocityflowthat
scourstheheatexchangerwallwithvelocitiesupto5.5m/secondforhighgradestainlesssteelexchangers,and
preventstheformationofbiologicalfilm,whereasawaterstoragecylinderwillaccumulatesludgeandwillhave
alowertemperaturezonebelowtheheatsourcethatprovidesanidealhabitat.

Note:

Velocityabove0.9m/sisnotrecommendedincopperheatexchangetubesorboilers

Asnotedthepropositionofstoringhotwaterfordirectuse,orstoringhotwaterasameansofstoringheat
energyisdemonstratedbythe500litreROTEXSanicubeandtheEdwardssystembothofwhichstoreheat
energy,anddifferfromthehotwatercalorifier,orpressurecylinder,oratmosphericinsulatedtank,thatall
storehotwaterfordirectuse.

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9.93 DESIGNDAYCOMFORTHEATINGLOAD

TheDesigndayloadiscalculatedbasedontheoutsideairtemperatureconditionsthatcanbeexpectedat6AM
ontheshortest(Andcoldest)dayoftheyear.

Theheatingappliancesthatdeliverthehotairorradiantheataresizedtoheattheentireaircontent,and
accommodatethethermallossofthesystem,andheatthecoldbuildingfabricinthecoldestpossibleclimatic
conditionsthatthegeographicalareahashistoricallydeterminedasthedesignday.Inmostcaseswhenthe
hydraulicsdesignerrequestsheatforheatingdomestichotwater,itwillbeaddedtothedesigndayload.

9.94 THEDOMESTICHOTWATERLOADPROFILE

Therealityisthatthepeakdomestichotwaterloadisunlikelytobeat6AM,notevenonthecoldestdayofthe
year.Thehospitaldomestichotwaterloadprofilewillcomeonlinewhentheactivepatientswakeupandlater
wishtoshower(Themaindomesticloadotherthanlaundryandkitchenandsterilizing).Thekitchenloadwill
probablyhappeninthenightshiftwhowillpreparemealsforthecomingdayandcleanuptheresidualworkof
thedaybefore,thelaundrymayevenbeoffsiteora9to5operationandsterilizingloadsareconsistentand
steadytomaintainstocksasrequired.

Consideringthedomestichotwaterload,theactivepatientsmaywakeupinasimilartimeframeforbreakfast,
howeversomewillbeunconsciousformedicalreasons,somewillbeincapacitatedandnotabletoshowerand
somewillneedassistancetoshowerwhichrequiresstaffwhoareinlimitedsupply,andsomewillshower
unassistedintheirowntimeframe.

Insomehospitalsthepatientswillnothaveanensuiteshowerandwillbesharing,thesimultaneousdemandis
nothigh.Itisaloadthatwouldinmostsituationsnotimpactonthecomfortheatingloadthathasalreadymet

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itspeakloaddemandprobablytwoorthreehoursbeforeandindoingso
endowedthebuildingfabricwithsomethermalinertia,andisprobablyfacingimprovedoutsideairconditions.

Thepropositiontohavetheboilerflowpassingfirstthroughaveryefficientplateheatexchangerthatfirst
heatedthedomestichotwatercertainlyworksonmodestsizedprojects,aminorproblemmightbethatcomfort
heatingsystemsthatheatair,tendtoneedhigherthan65degreescentigradeforefficientwatertoairheating
coils,theflowmaybeat85degreesC.Howeverthecomfortheatingreturnwouldbeaviablesource,withthree
waymodulatingvalvethermalcontroltoavoidveryhightemperatures.

9.95 PRACTICALCONSIDERATIONSREGARDINGWATERSTORAGEUNITS

Thesizeofthestoragetankmodulesshouldbedecidedbythesizethatcanbetransportedtothesite,thesite
cranecapacity,andthesizethatwillfittheplantspaceandthatcouldbereplacedatafuturedatewiththe
provisionofplantroomaccessforreplacementofmajoritems.

Thelifeexpectancyofhotwaterstoragevesselsthatcontainchangingpotablehotwatershouldbeconsistent
withthelifeexpectancyofthebuilding;vitrifiedmildsteelwithsacrificialcathodecorrosionprotectionas
manufacturedfortheWhitegoodsmarket,isnotconsideredappropriatebecauseofthereleaseofMagnesium
andZincintothepotablewaterstream.Suchsystemshaveasatisfactorydomesticuselifeexpectancyandare
notconsideredsufficientlydurablefortheliferequiredandarduoususethatisimposedinhealthcarebuildings.

FabricatedCopper,particularlyforinsulatedatmospherictanksisahistoricmaterialwithalonglife,buthas
limitedpressureresistance,siliconbronzealloyisasuitablematerialforhotwaterpressurevesselsbutishigh
costwithalonglife,stainlesssteeloftheappropriategradeisexcellent,weldedalloypressurevesselswill
requirestressreliefheattreatmenttopreventlongtermstresscorrosion.

9.96 PRESSUREDIFFERENTIALBETWEENHOTANDCOLDSYSTEMS

PressuredifferentialbetweentheColdwaterservicessystemandthehotwaterservicessystemorwarmwater
systemshouldbeminimal,particularlywhereacentralsystemistobeused,pressureparitywithamaximum
differentialof10%isimportanttoensurethesatisfactoryoperationofthermostaticmixingvalves.

9.97 INSULATEDDOMESTICHOTWATERSTORAGETANKS

ThestoragemethodofdomestichotwaterasfavouredbytheN.S.WDepartmentofPublicworksfromabout
theperiod1950to1975wastheinsulatedInallofthestorageoptionsavailableforhealthcareitisimportant
thatpressureparityismaintainedcorrugatedcoppersheetatmospherictank,thesearemanufacturedto
maximiseeconomyofconstructionbyanumberofspecialistcopper,bronzeandsteelfabricationcompanies.

Thetanks,orhotwellassometimesreferredto,arecircularinplanwithafixeddomedcovertostiffenthe
construction,thecoverwasprovidedwithanaccessport.Thepointofthedomecoverprovidedapointfor
ventingusuallyaShepherdscrooktype,thebaseofthetankwaslocatedonastructurallysufficientfoamglass
padandthesidesandcoverinsulatedwithanoptionofmaterialsrangingfromfibreglasstoexpandedfoam,the
totalpackagebeingzincannealorsteelsheathed.

Connectionstothetankcomprisedaprimaryandoftenthermosiphoncirculatedflowandreturnconnection
,theseconnectionsbeingintheorderof100mmorlargerindiameterarelocatedatlowlevelandatalevelnear
theminimumtopwaterlevel,theprimaryflowandreturnconnectionswouldonmanyprojectsdropseveral
levelstothegroundorbasementlevelplantroomandconnecttoashellandtubeheatexchangerthatwouldbe
suppliedfromthehospitalsmainboilers,thesebeinglowtemperature,orhightemperature,orpossiblyinolder
systemssteam..

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Thermosiphonsystemsdevelopcomparativelylowcirculatingpressures
measuredinmmofwatergauge,an8levelbuildingwith25metresofflowandreturncolumnswoulddevelopin
theorderof300mmofcirculatinghead,hencetheprimaryflowandreturnandreturnmainsarelargeand
fittingresistancekepttoaminimumandthepipesarerequiredtogradeinthedirectionofflow.

Thecoldfeedforthissystemwilljointheheatexchangerandoriginatefromacoldfeedtanklocatedatthesame
levelasthehotwaterstoragetanks.Insomesystemsthecoldfeediscombinedwiththethermosiphonreturn
withtheinclusionofaheattrapinthecoldfeed.

Aswithanyverticalvesselstoringhotwatertheinternalconvectioncurrentsinthevesselwillstratifythehot
waterlayerfromthecoolerwaterbelowit,thisseparationoftemperaturezonesisresolvedbyauniquely
AustraliandeviseThefloatingdrawoffWhichcomprisestwointerconnectedscrewedthreadelbowsatthelow
point,thesecondelbowisextendedtoabellmouthedscoopfacingdowntoovoidvortexing,thearmis
supportedbya225mmcopperfloatwhichraisesandlowersthescoopanddrawoffarmtoapointthatremains
inthehottestwaterzoneofthevessel.

Whilstthethermosiphonandatmosphericstoragetankmayappearantiquated,thereareadvantagestothese
systems.

Theatmospheric65Chotwaterstoragetankisasafeandcosteffectivemannerofcontainingverylarge
volumesofhotwater;thetankshaveaminimumlifeexpectancyof40years.Thetanksdonotrequireanypump
energytocirculate,oranypumpmaintenanceorreplacement,theydonotrequirebalancingvalves,thelawsof
physicstakescareofbalancingandtheydonotrequireanysophisticatedcontrolsystem,thatislimitedtothe
controlattheheatexchanger.

9.98 INSULATEDCYLINDERSTORAGEPRESSUREVESSELS

Themassproducedpreinsulatedvitrifiedglasslinedcorrosionprotectedwithsacrificialanodespressurevessels
arepossiblythemostfamiliarandsuccessfultypeofdomestichotwaterstoragevesselmarketedinrecent
history,usedprolificallyintheresidentialmarketaselectricalheated,gasheated,orforstoragevolumeonly,the
domesticmarketcylinderswhilsteminentlysuitedforthespeculativetrendofthedomesticmarket,asnoted,
corrosionprotectedmildsteelsystemsarenotconsideredtohavealifeexpectancyconsistentwiththe
requirementsofahealthcareinstallation.

Wherepressurisedhotwater(Asopposedtoheat)storageisrequiredthepreferredoptionispreinsulated
stainlesssteelcylindersofasuitablesteelgradeareconsideredsuitableforhealthcareuse(Wilson)

Thenatureofadomestichotwatervesselisthattheyareinfactalargeverticalpipeandinthatlargepipethe
watervelocitywillbeverylow,inthelaminarflowrange.(Alsotrueoftanks).Thedomestichotwaterstorage
vesselissuppliedwithchangingwaterforconsumption,unlikethecomfortheatingsystemthatuseswateronly
asamediumtoconveyheat,inthedomesticsystemtherewillbeanearmaximumofavailabilityofoxygenand
possiblysomechlorineresidual,allofthesefactorscomplimentthecorrosionactivityofglasscoatedprotected
ferrousmetal.

Thechangingwateralsocontainssuspendedsolidssomeofwhicharetheresultofcorrosionduetothe
breakdownofprotectivecoatingsandsacrificialanodes,andsomesuspendedsolidsinthewatersupply,despite
pointofentrymicromeshstraining,thematerialwhichisnotgramnegativehasweightandgravitywhichwillact
onthemandtheywillaccumulateovertimeatthelowpointinvesselsofallkindsthathavenearstationary
watermovement.

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Inverticalhotwatercylinders,muchthesameasintanks,theheatedwater
contentwillstratify.Aheatingtubeelementinacalorifier,ortheelectricalelementofadomesticheaterwhich
arelocatednearthebottomofthevesselwillstimulatetheflowofheatupwards,belowtheheatinginputwillbe
acoolerzone.

Wefindinacorrodiblehotwaterstorageverticalcylinderinahealthcareinstallationthefollowingundesirable
proposition.

Corrosionfedmicroorganisminasludgehabitatinthebaseareacoolzonebelowtheheatinput.

Aresidentuserpopulationthatarephysicallydebilitated,includingpossiblytheirimmunesystems.

9.99 THERMALSTORAGEHEATEXCHANGERS

ThermalstorageheatexchangersorThermalStorageStations,do,asthenameimpliesstoreheatandnotwater.
Thermalstoragecanbeapurposedesignedplantorcanbepurchasedasasupplyitem.Suchheatersare
manufacturedbyRinnnaiBoilerlandEdwardsandROTEXsanicubewhichisaunitimportedfromGermany.

TheThermalStorageStationisacompositeofstandardpartsandwarrantiesforthoseparts,comprisingastatic
waterstoragemediawhichmayinthefuturebeenhancedwitheutecticsaltsphasechangecompartments
,circulationpumpsforexchangeefficiencyandexternalselfcleaningheatexchangers,referdrawing

Theadvantageswiththethermalstorageare.

Theycaneffectivelydeliverhotwaterinstantlytransferredfromastoredvolumeofheat.

Theatmosphericthermalstoragevesselisnotapressurevessel,orbackflowhazard.ReferSydneyWater
diagramdesignedbyRAllertondated2911965approvedWHarrisEngineerHouseservices.Thedesignofthis
diagramwasmanyyearsaheadofitstimeandresolvedthecrossconnectionissueofheatexchangewithHigh
TemperatureHotwaterservicesandSteamservicesbyinterposinganatmospherictransfermediumwhich
wouldremainatalowerpressurethantheprimaryandsecondaryservices,thusinsuringbackflowprotection
havingequalsecuritytothenowpopularRPZDUnit.

Thewatervelocityinthestainlesssteelheatingcoilsorplatesishigh,suspendedsolidsorcorrosionresidueis
notanissue.

Thebucketorcontainercanaccepttwocoilsforprimaryheatinputatahighpressure(steam,HTHWsolar)

TheThermalStorageStation(TSS)canaccommodateanynumberofcontributingheatsources,solar.Hotgasto
water,primaryserviceshightemperaturehotwater,orsteam,itiseminentlysuitableforhospitals,wherethe
domesticloadmayneedtobebufferedinfavourofthecomfortheatingload,orwherenumerouswasteheat
sourcescancontribute.

VeryhighinsulationvalueswiththeROTEXPolypropylenebucket

TheunitscoldfeedcanbethepumppressurisedcoldwatersystemVSDpumpcommonpumpsourcesand
balancedhotcoldpressuresarefeasible.

Theatmosphericpressureoftheheatmedia(water)isverylowpressurecomparedwiththecoil,thisisadded
protectionfromdirectwaterexchangecrossconnectioncontamination

Thebucketorstoragewaterheatcontentcantheoreticallybeamplifiedbyeutecticsaltsorsimilarphasechange
materialsthattakeadvantageoflatentheatoutput.

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Thesystemiseminentlysuitableforsolarcontributionswhereheat
availabilityandloadprofilesdonotsynchroniseandhighheatoutputscandamagecomponentsinthe
distributionsystem.

9.100 THEBOILERLANDSYSTEM

TheAustralianBoilerlandsystemisasophisticatedanduniquesystemthatcombinestheadvantagesofahigh
efficiencydowndraftgasburningboilerwithplateheatexchangertechnologyandqualityautomatictemperature
controlmotorisedvalves.

Thisunitwilldeliverdomestichotwaterupto85+forkitchensorsterilisationdepartments,andwater
controlledto43.5Cforpatientsuse.Theefficiencyofplateheatexchangeiscomplimentedbypumpcirculation
asisthesecondaryreturnreheatingprocess.

Thewatercontentoftheseunitsshouldgiveathermalreservethatpreventshuntingandthepumpedboilerside
circulationshouldminimiseheatlossthroughadeadstandbyunit.

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9.101 THERMALMASSSTORAGEHEATTRANSFER

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AconsultantdesignedvariationoftheBoilerlandEdwardsandRotexand
Rinnaidesignisthethermalmassexchangesystemwhichhashighefficiencyandisveryflexibleinthatitcan
acceptapplicationtovaryingheatsources.E.GWasteheatSolarHeatDirectfiredsteelboilers.

Comprisingbulkthermalstorage(Thebucket)asrequiredandwithaSecondarythermallyengineeredplate
exchangeforthedomestichotwaterdeliverysystem,withaonehourheatupdeliveryofthebaseheatstorage,
thisprovidesanearunbreakabledeliverysystem.

Toacceptthedifferingsystempressuresofcentralheatinghotwatersystemstheprimarysourceisathermally
engineeredSWEPplateexchangerwhichwillacceptprimarytemperaturesof95degreescentigrade.Wherea
localboiler,orasanoptionaninstantgasheateristhedesignerschoicetheseareanacceptableoptionor
auxiliaryheatsource,asiswasteheatorsolarheat.

Themassstoragesystemhasacontrolsystemthatwillregulatebyvariablespeedmotorcontroltheflowrate
throughtheheatexchangertogiveapredetermineddeliverytemperaturetofinelimits.

Themassthermalstorageforthisunitensuresthatchangingwatercorrosionislimitedtothesecondary
reticulationsystem.Themassstoragemaycompriseinsulatedcoppertanks,orinsulatedsectionalsteeltanks,or
shouldtheopportunityprevailconcretestoragetanks.retrofitapplicationswiththesectionalplatetankis
viable,asistheuseofdecommissionedstoragetanksusedforotherpurposes.

9.102 ARTICULATEDSURFACECONTRAFLOWPLATEHEATEXCHANGERS

Plateheatexchangersaremadeintwobasictypes.TheSWEPBrazedheatexchangerwhichcanbeusedfor
watertowaterorforrefrigerantgastowatertorecoverwasteheatfromthehotgaslineofchilliesandsimilar
refrigerationplant.Inhospitalsthewasteheatfromkitchenrefrigerationandmortuariesisavailableforheat
recoveryanduse,butisseldomused.ColesandWoolworthssupermarketshavenoproblemsinunderstanding
thatsuchsystemsareenvironmentallypositiveandcommerciallyprofitable.

TheresistancetohotgastowaterexchangeasadesigninnovationapplicabletoACChillersappearstocome
fromthechillersupplierswhodonotmanufacturethemachineslocallyandpossiblyfearthatsuchmodifications
willcompromisewarranties.

Thesealedandbrazedheatexchangercannotbetakenapartandcleanedinthesamemannerasademountable
plateheatexchanger,thesealedplatedesignisselfcleaningbutwhenusedinveryhardwaterconditionsat
hightemperaturescleaningwith5%phosphoricacidor5%oxaliticacid,thismaybeperceivedasadisadvantage
bythemaintenanceteam.HowevertheSWEPunitsaredesignedtohaveaveryhighandturbulentwaterflow
velocityacrossthearticulatedplatesurface(5.5m/secminimum)Thishighvelocityservestwofunctions.It
increasesthetransmissionofheatbydestroyinganyfilmresistancetoheattransfer,anditpreventsthe
accumulationofminutesuspendedsolidsthatmayhavepassedthroughstrainersorfilters,itisaselfcleaning
design.

Theoptiontoasealedplateheatexchangeristhedemountableplateexchangerwithsealgasketsasmarketed
byAlfaLaval,thedemountableunitscanbeservicedwithareplacementmodulewhichremovesasaunitthe
dirtyplatepackandreplacesanewunitin2hours,thedirtyplatesareacidcleanedtoremovescaleand
returnedtotheprojectforthenextmaintenanceofplates.

Thecostofareplacementpackortheoptionofsitereplacementofcleaningandreplacinggasketsishigherthan
thecostofreplacingasealedplateexchangeunitwhichcanifrequiredbeworkshopcleaned.Aswithmostplant
thatmayrequireservicinga50%or33.3%plantconfigurationisrecommended

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Thecontraflowarticulatedsurfaceplateheatexchangerisamostefficient
device;itrequirespumpedcirculationonbothsidesofthesystem.Alessefficientand25%moreexpensiveplate
heatexchangeversionwithanairgapprotectionlayerbetweenplatesisavailableforbothtypesofplate
exchangerandisusedwheretheprimaryheatingservicewillbeatahigherpressurethanthesecondaryservice,
andtheprimaryserviceischemicallytreatedandconsideredaprobablecontaminationsourceintheeventofa
plateperforation.Thelogicoftheplatefailureassumptionisdoubtfulbearinginmindthequalityoftheplate
engineering;howeverlogicandmandatoryregulationsdonotalwaystraveltogether.

Asnotedminimumconstantflowacrossbothsidesofaplateheatexchangerisdesirabletoallowprecise
calculationoftheheatexchangeefficiency,alsostorageinthesecondary,orcoldsideofthesystemwillactasa
buffertospikeloads,thestoragereducessomeoftheheatexchangevariablesthatwilloccurwhenthehotside
oftheexchangeis6580Candthecoldside1565C.

Thevariationinwatervelocity,aswillbeexpectedwiththevaryingcoldfeedsourceservingthevaryinghot
waterdrawoffload,alsothevariationintemperaturefromthe15coldfeedto60Cthereturntemperature
mix,canberemovedasavariableinminimumflowifabranchconnectionfromtheflowmountedsecondary
systemcirculatingpumpsisalsodivertedtojointhesecondaryreturnandcoldfeed,thisconfigurationgivesa
nearconstantflowratethroughtheheatexchangesystem,howeverthisisnotaconventionalarrangement.

Asanexample.Ifanotionalhotwatersystemrequiresadomestichotwatersupplyof2litrespersecondof
waterheatedfrom1565CthePlateheatexchangermusttransfer

7200kgx4.186kg/kjx(1565)/3600=418.6kW

Theplateheatexchangervariesinitstransferrateefficiencydependentuponthespeedofthewateroverthe
heattransferplatesalsoturbulentflowgivesmuchmoreefficienttransferthanlaminarflow,the2l/ssupply
loadoftheexamplewillbeagraduallyrisingsurgetothepeak,ifthesystemprovidesaconstantflowinthelow
flowtimestherewillnotbeanylowvelocitylowefficiencycoolerflowsthroughtheexchangerplates,whenthe
peakcoldfeeddemandcutsin,itwilldosoatamuchgreaterpressurethanthepumpedflow,thusthe
temperature/demandgradientwillbemoreconstant.

Simplisticallythecirculatingpumpintheexamplewouldbe2l/s+systempipelosssay0.75l/s

ItisnotedthatheatexchangecalculationsforplateheatexchangeshouldbebasedontheLogtobaseemean
temperaturedifference,calculationsofthiscomplexitywillbeundertakenbyAlfaLavalandSWEPifprovided
withthebasicheatingrequirements,alsoSWEPprovidecomputerdownloadspreadsheetdataforthistypeof
calculation

Abnormallyhighpressuredropacrosstheplateheatexchangeratconstantflowisanindicationthatthesmall
waterpassagesofthesystemarebeingobstructedandtheunitneedsreplacingorcleaning,oraplatepack
exchange.

Thedomestictemperaturegradientwillnormallybe65flow60return.

Themechanicalservicesheatingsystemmaydifferfromthedomestictemperaturegradienttoprovidemore
costeffectivecoildesignforairheatingat85flow65returnortemperaturesofthatorder.(Systemsvary)

Theimportantissueonthesecondarysideofthesystemisthatthehydraulicdesignerincorporatesthermal
controlsthatdonotallowtemperaturesofabove65degreescentigradetoenterthedomesticservicessystem.

Thecontroloftemperatureislocatedintheprimarysystemandthecontrolsensorisinthesecondarysystem,a
threewaymodulatingvalveintheprimarysystemgivesbettercontrolforinstantaneouswaterheatingthana
simpleon/offarrangementwhichcanbeappropriatewherestorageprovidesabuffertospiketemperatures.

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NOTE:MOSTTHERMOSTATICMIXERVALVETEMPERATURE
CAPSULESHAVEASAFEUPPERTEMPERATURELIMIT,ASDOESPOLYMERPIPEMATERIALS.
THISISADESIGNISSUEALSOVALIDFORSOLARSYSTEMS.

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9.103 LOCALTOLOADORCENTRALHEATSOURCE

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Somelogicisseeninprovidinggashotwatersystemslocaltoloadasa
meansofavoidinghighthermallossfromextensivepipereticulation.(WestmeadChildrensHospital).

Thepressuredifferentialofmultiplehotandcoldsystems,thethermalandongoingmaintenanceandthe
efficiencyofmanysmalllocaltoloadsystemsofadomesticscaleconstruction,comparedwiththeefficiencyofa
largeindustrialqualityengineeredsystemthatneedstorunfulltimeforvariousloads,wouldonalargeproject
favourthecentralthermalstationdesign.

Howeverformuchsmallerloadswherecomfortheatingwillbeseasonalandprobablyareversecyclesystem,
thesmallmodularlocaltoloadheatsourceandHydronicheatingbothbecomemoreviableandcosteffective.

Itisprobablethatthelifeexpectancyofmodularsystemsusing50kWGasfiredcondensinginstantaneous
heaterswillbe5to7years,howevertheunitsaresmall,portable,andreplacementisanestimatedmaximum2
houroperation,andsuchanarrangementcouldprovetobeacceptableandconvenienttoanisolatedand
modestsizedhealthcareunit.

Itisunderstoodthatflametechnologyrenderstheoptimumefficiencyresultsatsystemswithaheatoutputin
the40to60kWrange,wherethesystemneedstoprovidegreaterthermalpowertheunitsareusedina
modulararrangement,eachheaterunitmayhaveapreheatedcombustionairsupplyusuallybymeansofa
doubleskinstainlesssteelfluewhichisfanpoweredonthecoldairside.Ormayuseacoldfeed(15C)tohot
fluegas(200C)heatexchanger,theresultofloweringthefluegastemperaturewillprobablyresultin
condensationformingwhichwillcontaincarbonicacidandastypicalforallcondensingboilersitwillrequire
drainageprovisionsforcondensate.

SuchboilersareincommonuseintheEuropefordomesticdwellingcomfortheatinganddomesticwatersupply
units,theboilersarecondensingboilersandhaveacondensatetrapthatcapturesfluegascondensatereleased
atthefluegasheatexchangerunit.

9.104 THEROTEXA1BOILER

TheROTEXA1Boilerispossiblythemostadvanced50kWboilerofitstypehavingacastaluminiumcombustion
chamberwithintegralcastinstainlesssteelheatexchangepipeandavariablespeedcombustionairfantoallow
precisecombustionmodulationandcontrol,toindicatethethermalefficiencyofthisboilerthefluepipematerial
isPVC,howeverthehightechnologycomesatahighpricethatcanonlybejustifiedwherehugefuelsavings
recovertheinvestment

9.105 THEKEMCOBOILER

TheAmericanKemcoboilerwhichhasadirectwatertoflameinterfaceandstainlesssteelheatexchangeris
consideredtobethemostuniqueengineeringdesign,fewsuchboilersareusedinAustralia.

9.106 CENTRALENERGY

Wherethepropositionsoflocalorcentralhotwaterplantcomparisonsareresearchedtheadvantageforlarger
projectsisgenerallywiththecentralsystemthatisalsoprovidedforcomfortheatingandsteamgenerationfor
sterilizing.

Asnotedthesmallertomediumsizedsystemmayreapadvantagesfromlocaltoload,orindependentpotable
domestichotwater,someinstallationshaveuseddomestichotwatertoalsoprovidethecomfortheating,
howeverinmostcasestheheatingunitsusedarebasicallydomesticappliancesandthelifeexpectancyisinthe
orderof5to7years.

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TheCentralsystemmaybeboilersorTriGenplantwithwasteheatfrom
steamdrivenelectricalgenerators,orwasteheatfromcompressionignitionenginesorbothorall.

Thecentralsystemboilersareconventionallymuchlargerthanpotablewaterboilersandassucharegenerally
partofthemechanicalservicesengineeringscope;theboilersaremorerobustandutilizebetterengineering
technologysuchaslownoxgasburnersandvariablespeeddrivemodulatedburnerairsupply,andmay
incorporatedualfueluse(GasorOil)

Mostlargemechanicalservicesboilersareconstructedofsteelorsmallerboilersmaybesectionalcastiron,in
ordertolimitcorrosiontoaminimum,theboilerwaterandprimarysystemwatercontentisaclosedsystem,the
waterwillnotchange,andtheoxygencontentoftheprimarywaterisreducedtoaminimumthusthe
oxidisationcorrosionprocessissignificantlylessthanwouldbethecasewithchangingwater.

Insomecasesthecomfortheatingboilerswillbesupportfor,orcoupledtoacogenerationortrigeneration
systemwhichprovidestheaddedbonusofwasteheatrecoveryasapreheatforthedomestichotwaterservice
coldfeed.PreheatcanbeprovidedfromFluegases,oramoreintenseheatfromthehotgaslineoftheAC
chiller,orfromthecoolingsystemofacombustionignitionenginethatdrivesanelectricalgeneratororasa
retrofitpropositionfromthecondenserwatersystemflowtothecoolingtowerwhichwillberunningatabout
38Cgivingatemperaturedifferenceof23Cwhichrepresentsasignificantsavingindomestichotwater,anda
lessersavingincoolingtowerload.WherethereisaCoGenorTriGensystemtheboilermaybeconsideredas
thestandbyunittothegenerationplant.Whilstitisdesirablethatthehydraulicsdesignerhasanunderstanding
ofTriandCoGenplantsbecausemostareusingnaturalgasastheprimaryenergysource,theengineeringin
thesesystemsiscomplexanddevelopingfield,possiblytheimportantcriteriatounderstandisthepossibilityof
anabundantsourceofwasteheat.

Fewonsitegenerationplantsaretotallyreliantontheonsiteplant,somewillprovidepartialpowertoreduce
shoulderloads,andothersmayhaveanemergencybackupfromtheelectricalgrid.

9.107 TRIPLEXBOILERS

Triplexplantforaboilerorheatexchangedesigncanbeacosteffectiveoptionifeachunitis50%ofthepeak
load.thisgivesareasonableredundancy,withsuchsystemseccentricrunningcontrolsarepreferredbecauseit
givesaprewarningofprobableplantlife.

Inaboileronlyinstallationitisoftenthecasethatthreeboilerswillbeafeatureofthedesign.twoat50%peak
loadandoneatthesummerrunningloadwhichmaycompriseDomestichotwater,Kitchenhotwater.Steam
generationforsterilising.Marginalweatherconditioncomfortheating,andpreheatforhumidification.

Boilersformechanicalservicessystemsmaybelinkedtoprimarycirculationpumpsthatallowscontroloverthe
heatinput,thedutyboilerwillcarrythethermalloadinitially,whentheflowtemperaturedropsitindicatesthat
thedutyboilerhasinsufficientcapacitytomeetthethermalloadandthesecondboilerandpumpwillcutin,the
controlsystemwillthenrationalisetheloadasanevendistributionbetweenbothboilersrunning,shouldthere
beathirdboilerthiswillhaveasimilarcontrolarrangement.Thedutyboilerandstandbyboilerroleswillbe
alternatedbythecontrolsystem.

9.108 CONTROLOFMULTIPLEHEATINGUNITS

WheremultiplewaterheatingunitsareusedinPlumbingProjectsthecontrolsystemslackthesophisticationof
themechanicalservicessystems.Threegasheaterswilljoinamanifoldandtherewillbeonecirculatingpump
,ontemperaturedropALLthreeheaterswillactivate,theonlydelaywillbethethermostattolerancedifferences
ofoneortwodegrees

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TheplausibleexplanationisthatPlumbingdesignersareusingdomestic
scaleapplianceswhichthemanufacturershavenotdevelopedsufficientlytomeettherequirementsofindustrial
andInstitutionalhotwaterdesign,alsothereisnocoordinationorfacilitiesinthehardwaretoaccommodate
reasonablysimplefuelsavingcontrols?

InrecentdiscussionswithMr.BrianDollyofRinnaiinrespecttotherecentlyreleasedHEX250combinationunit
ofinstantheaterscoupledtoa250litrethermalexchangevesselthewriterwasadvisedtheintheRinnai
systems.

Multiplegascontinuousflowwaterheatersarecontrolledinvariousways,dependentontheapplicationand
design.

Manifoldedheatersonadeadlegsystemincorporateeitheramechanicalorelectronicstagingsystemsothat
onlytherequirednumbersofheatersareoperatedtomatchtherequiredcombinedfixtureflowrate.Thisis
requiredasalowflowratecreatesinsufficientflowtostarteachheaterand/orstartingeachheaterwillresultin
toohighanoutlettemperature.Stagingstopstheoperationofheatersthatarenotrequiredtomatchtheload.
Asmorefixturesopen,moreheatersfireupandviceversa.

Whenabankofmanifoldedheatersarejoinedtoastoragetank,thereisusuallyoneprimarycircuitcirculating
pump.Inthiscasethepumpisofsufficientflowratecapacitytooperateallheaterssimultaneously.Topreventan
excessiveinputofenergyintothetankwheneverthetankmountedthermostatactivatestheprimarypump,each
andeveryheaterwillmodulateitsgasfiringrateinproportiontotheinlettemperaturefromthetanktothe
heater.Colderinletwaterfromthetanktothegasheaterresultsinahighergasinputrate.Thisloadmatchesthe
heaterstothehotwaterdemandandpreventsexcessivecyclingofthepumpandheaters.

Bothdesignsreducetheunnecessarystartingandstoppingofgascontinuousflowwaterheatersandtherefore
maintainhighestpossibleefficiency.

Note:largescaleclosedcircuitheatingcircuitswithoutatanktostoreenergywillincorporateasolenoidvalve
and/orprimarypumpperheatersothatonlytherequirednumberofheatersoperateinproportiontothe
heatingload.Thisisusuallycontrolledfromthemechanicalservicescontrolsystem.

Itisnotedthatinadditiontotheabove,thesecondaryhotwatersupplyoftheHEX250systemisnotexposedto
aninteractionwithcopperormildsteel,thisisofconsiderableinterestwherepolymerpipesareusedinthe
secondarysystemreticulation,thoseofusinterestedinthisphenomenawillbewatchingthelongterm
performanceofsystemswiththiscombination.

9.109 BOILERCONTROL

Asnotedpreviously,thereexistsasubtleandregrettabledesigndifferencebetweentheMechanicalengineering
andHydraulicservicesengineeringapproachtothewayboilersarepipedandvalvedtomodulateon,oroffline,
asthethermaldemandrequires.

DomesticHotwatershouldnotbepipedthroughall(andcold)boilersorheaterssimultaneouslyregardlessof
thethermalload,asisthecasewithmosthydraulicdomestichotwatersystemdesignswheretypicallythreeor
moreheaterswillactivatenearsimultaneouslyregardlessoftheload.Amidnightbabybottleorcoffeemaywell
triggera200kWsysteminaremoteplantroom.

Insuchsystemstheheatersintegralheatmodulationistheonlycontrolmodulationcapacityprovidedatthegas
burners;mostdomesticstylegasstorageheatershaveatmosphericgasburnerswhichhavealimitedturndown
capacity.Thegasheater(orboiler)shouldrunatitsmostefficientthermalperformancepoint,runningthree

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heaterssimultaneouslyeverytimethereisaloadmeansthatinmany
instancesoflowload,themetalcontentandthermalinertia,andthermallossofallactivatedheatersthen
contributestotheinefficiencyofthesystem.

Thetrainingofhydraulicengineersdoesnotappeartoextendtoamodularandmulti(50kW)heatercontrol
systemsusingmotorisedvalvesandindividualheatercirculationpumpsthatareallcontrollinkedtoactivateand
bringthesystemonlineprogressivelywithamodulatedheatinput.Presumablythephilosophyisthatthe
consumersaccepta10yearplantlifeandthecrudestatusquoidesignworksfine.Whychangeit?

9.110 LARGEDIRECTHEATINGPOTABLEWATERBOILERS

BoilerswhichproducehighkWoutputsandutilisepotablewaterandcoppercoreheatexchangershave
overcomethecorrosionissuesofasteelorcastironboiler,butcoppercoreboilershavethepotentialof
releasingtracecopperasaresultoferosioncorrosionandofmeltingtheconvolutedcopperheatexchange
elementifthewaterflowthroughtheboilerheatexchangerisnotsufficient.

TheTeledyneLaarsCseriesoffersanoptionalCupronickelheatexchangertopreventerosion.

Toavoidtheoverheatingproblemnoted,aminimumboilerworkloadandminimumwaterflowratethroughthe
heatexchangerisessential,highflowratescomplimenthighwatervelocityandhighheatexchangerates,the
highwatervelocitybreaksdownthefilmcoefficientofthewaterflowwithintheheatexchangerwhichgives
efficientheattransferofheat.

Thecopperexchangertubeareahasfinedconvolutionswhichmaximisesthewatertocoppertoflameinterface
areaandheattransferoveraminimisedlength,thepossibilityofhightemperatureandhighvelocitycorrosion
andthedecompositionofthecopperastracemetalinthewatersystemisamatterofconcerninhealthcare
.particularlywhereinfantsarethepatients.

Whereboilersofthisdesignareusedtheyoftenrequireaminimumthermalloadinadjacentstorageto
compensateforthelackofwatercontentintheheatexchangecomponentoftheboiler,wherethestorageis
providedbystoragecylinderstheseshouldbestainlesssteel,wherevitreous(Glasscoated)mildsteelstorage
cylindersareuseditisprobablethatthecylinderswillcontainzinc/aluminiumsacrificialanodesthatwillextend
thelifeexpectancyofthevitreousprotectedmildsteel,intheprocessofcorrodingasthesacrificetheanodewill
releasezincandaluminiumintothepotablewaterflow.

Thehealtheffectofsuchmetalsindrinkingwateratthelevelsinvolvedisnotknown.thesedimentcanbe
sufficienttolodgeinthermostaticmixingvalvesanddisruptthefunctionofthevalve.

Wherecoppercoreboilersandmildsteelstoragewithcatholicprotectionsacrificialanodesareuseditis
recommendedthatforhealthcareinstallations,theboilerpipecircuitisdisconnectedbyastainlesssteelplate
heatexchanger,thisarrangementshouldpreventthetransferofcorrosionbyproductsandincreasethelife
expectancyoftheboilerplantandstorageunitsbyreducingtheoxidisationcontentoftheclosedcircuitwater.

TheChartbelowdrawsattentiontoRaypakmodels2214263431643694whichhaveconstantratepumped
watervelocitiesthatarecompliantwith,butverynear,themaximumvelocitiesallowedbythecurrentversionof
AS/NZS3500.

1 992 1182 1292 1412 1722 1922 2214 2634 3164 3694 RaypakModel
1

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2 65 65 65 65 65 65 80 80 80 80 PipeSizemm
2

3 5.38 6.31 6.31 6.31 6.31 6.31 12.06 12.62 12.62 12.62 L/s
3

4 1.84 2.151 2.151 2.151 2.151 2.151 2.872 2.991 2.991 2.991 m.V/s
4

5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 76.20 76.20 76.20 76.20 PipeI.Dmm
5

9.111 THEHEATPUMP

Theheatpumpisadevicethatusesthevapourcompressionsystemthatrelocatesheat,andamplifieslowgrade
heattohighgradeheat.Essentiallyusingthethermalpropertiesofphasechangeandtheenergyreleaseasheat
whenaliquidevapouratesintoagasorvapour(CoolingTower).ortheenergyrequiredtochangeagas/vapour
intoaliquidbycompression.Inrespecttothesenotesthehydraulicsdesignerdoesnotreallyneedto
understandmorethanthebasicsoftheHeatpump,Shouldthereaderfeelinclinedtoresearchmoreitisa
subjectwellcoveredbyWikipedia,

Theheatpumpusedforheatingrequiresasourceoflowgradeheat,thiscanbewarmairabove5Cbelowthis
temperaturetheCOP(CoefficientofPerformanceispoor),orlowgradewastehotwater,theheatpump
transportmediumisformostsmallersystemsarefrigerantgas(Thesechangedcompositionin1990)Thegasasa
heatcarrierhasanupperlimitof60Cwhichmeansinhealthcaresometoppingupto65C.

Thewasteheatcanoriginateatthecondenserwatersystemreturntothecoolingtowerwhichrunsat28/30CA
singlestagecompressorcondenserliquidexpansionvalveevapouratorcircuitwillhaveaCOPof4.5to5,
possibly6foraverygoodmachine,thismeansthatforevery$thatisspentdrivingthecompressorthemachine
willdeliver$450to$5.00ofheat.

TheACChillerisamassiveheatpumpthatextractsheat(onlyareductionofheatispossible),themachinewill
haveahotgaslinewhichcouldwithagastowaterheatexchanger(SWEP)producehighgradehotwater(
Supermarketchainsusetheirchilledfoodcabinetstoprovidefoodprephotwater)ThemanufacturersofAC
Chillersareveryreluctanttoprovidethisfacilitybecauseitmaycompromisethemachineswarranty,thisbeinga
penaltyofnotmanufacturingChillersinAustralia.

Watertowaterheatpumpshavebeenlinkedtosolarhotwatercollectionsystemsandgeothermalsystems,
howevermostextractheatfromtheair,thelogicofincorporatingaddedmovingpartstoasimplisticsolar
collector,wouldnotseemaviableproposition.

Withmostwasteheatsystems,andsolarsystems,thepeakheatsupplymaynotbeavailableinsufficient
quantitiesinthepeakdemandperiod,theobviousproblemwithasolarcontributionandnighttimeheating
peaks,theheatpumpdrawingfromtheairminimisesthispeaksupply/demandproblem,howeversomehot
waterstoragewillberequired.Thehotwaterstorageefficiencywillbedependentuponthetemperatureofthe

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storedwater,itsvolume,thetemperatureofthewatertobeheated(The
highesttemperaturedifferenceisachievedbyacoldfeedpreheat)

TheHeatedwaterstorageforpreheatmustbecosteffective,thestoredwaterneednotbepotableifapreheat
exchangerisused,thestoredwatercanbelowpressure(Atank),thestoredwatervesselmustbewellinsulated
,includethepreventionofsurfaceevaporationbymeansoffloatinginsulation.

ThestoragevolumecanbeincreasedbytheuseofPhaseChangeMaterialssuchasEutecticsaltswhichwhen
heatedchangefromacrystallisedsolidintoaliquid,thesystemisdated,ithasbeenexperimentedwithby
ROTEXbuttodatethesystemisnotofferedforstorageofheatfordomestichotwatersystemsbyany
Australianmanufacturer.

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9.112 HYDRONICORSHAREDDOMESTICHOTWATERANDCOMFORTHEATINGSYSTEMS

Thewriterhasincludedthissystemwithafairamountoftrepidationhavingarguedthecaseforthesystems
moregeneraluseinAustraliaforover30yearswithonlyafewsuccessfulresultsmainlyduetothesupportof
enlightenedclientsandRogerHurleythenofMechanicalservicesConsultants(TWA).

9.113 THEHYDRONICCONCEPT

Theconceptofashareddomestichotwatersystemisnotnew,andisnotaninventionclaimedbytheauthor,it
ispracticedmoreincoolertemperateclimateswherecentralheatingforsmallerprojectsiscommonplaceandis
withinthescopeofplumbersworkandeducation.ThedesignapproachisthesubjectofapaperPotableWater
SpaceHeatingSystems.TheEconomicStorybyJGrenader(USA)whonotesthatin1971thePacificCoast
BuildersAssociation13AnnualConferenceinSanFranciscopresentedacreativeplaqueawardtotheseries

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loopsystemasanentirelynewconcept(Seriesloopisunderstoodtobe
theAmericantermforsuchcombinedsystems)

9.114 INAUSTRALIATHEFOLLOWINGPROJECTSHAVEUSEDTHISSYSTEM

TheCoxRichardsonObservatoryHotel.IntheRocksSydney(Thelargestsystembutnothealthcare)

ACatholicRetirementhomeinGardenStreetKogarah,

ThenowdemolishedRoyalWomensHospitalPaddingtonSydney.

ThebraininjuryunitRydeRehabilitationHospital.

OneremotebuildingatWestmeadHospitalthatcouldnotbeservicedfromthecentralplant.

9.115 HISTORICIMPLICATIONS

Theseparationofdomestichotwaterservicesfromcomfortheatingsystemprobablyoriginatedinthehard
waterareasoftheUKinparticulartheLondonbasinwithitspopulationof12millionpeople.Itisunwisetouse
hardwaterinheatingsystemsbecauseinashorttimeframethepipeswillbecoatedwithalayerofcalcium
whichasthechangingwaterisheatedwillgrowuntilthepipes,boilersradiatorsarecompletelyblocked,it
is/wasalsocosteffectivetouseblackmildsteelpipeforheatingsystems,muchthesameassprinklersystems
,oncethefreeoxygencontentofthewaterisexhausted,corrosionallbutceases.

9.116 ADVANTAGESANDLIMITATIONS

Thesharedsystemsavesthecapitalcostofacompletesystemofpipework.Theshared
systemsavesthethermallossfromacompletesystemofpipework,itisthereforeenvironmentallyresponsible
andmightinthebroadestsenseofthewordbeclaimedInnovative.

Thesharedsystemsavesboilerduplicationforheatinganddomesticwater

Thesharedsystemservestwodifferingloadprofiles;theloadisnotthesumofboth.

Thesharedsystemmeansthatcomfortheatingisavailableinmarginalweatherconditions.

Thesharedsystemrequiresanincreaseinthereturnserviceandpumpingrates.

Thesharedsystemcanoperateat75CFlow60return,theinstantkilltemperatureforLegionellathedesirable
supplytemperatureforcommercialkitchens,andtheefficientdeltaTforairheatingcoils.

TheSharedsystemmustusethermostaticmixingvalvesthatwillaccept75C(Mattsson).

ThesharedsystemmustusecoppercoreradiatorswithAluminiumdecorativeconvectionboxcovers.

Manufacturer;HydrothermalAustraliaPtyLtd65NorthernRoadWestHeidelbergVictoria3081T4575141

Thesharedsystemmustserveairheatingcoilsconstructedofcopperoraluminium.(Notewatervelocityinsuch
coilsmaybeanerosionissue)

9.117 CONTROLANDRUNNINGECONOMY

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ThesharedHydronicsystemhasonecirculationsystemservinghowever
manycircuitsarerequiredtoprovidecomfortheatanddomestichotwater,themostefficientuseisinward
blockconfigurationswithanensuitetoiletinwhichthereisaserviceductforsoilandvent,coldwaterandthe
insulatedsharedheatingdomestichotwaterserviceflowandreturnpipes,attheupperleveltheheatingmains
willservethebulkheadlocated,coppercoil,fancoilunit,itwillbeprovidedwithaflowregulationreturnvalve
,andaflowisolationvalvestrainerandlowvoltagesoftclosesolenoidvalve.Thefancoilunitheatinputwillbe
controlledbyalocalroomthermostat.Inadditiontothecopperairheatingcoilthefancoilunitmaycontaina
chilledwatercoilforcooling,bothcontrolsolenoidvalvestoheatingorcoolingcoilscanbelinkedtomagnetic
reedswitchesembeddedinwindowsanddoors,thiswillallowshutdownofheatingandcoolingwhendoorsor
windowstooutsideairareopen.

9.118 ELANDK

Thecontentofthesenoteshasassumedthatthereaderisanaboveaveragecompetenthydraulicservices
designer,familiarwithmostaspectsoftheindustry,butdisposedtobeingopenmindedandinterestedinhow
othersseethedesignprocess.

Oneofthesignificantchangesinthedesignindustrythatthewriterhaswitnessedhasbeentheoverwhelming
impactofthecomputer,comingfromtradebeginningsthatwerehandcrafted,thetransfertocomputers
experiencewasnotwithouttrauma,andaresidualmistrustofprogramsthatspitout,atlightningspeed,the
answertocomplexcalculations,withoutmuchbackgroundonhowtheresultwasachieved,tendstofeedthis
lingeringdoubt.

Inpipesizingtherearetwodifferingsystemstoconsider

Thosesystemsdealingprimarilywithconveyingwatertotheconsumerandothernoteshereindealwiththe
humanfactorofusagediversity,itshistory,andthemathematicsofit.

Thosesystemswhichconveyknownloads,withnodiversitytoconsider,anexerciselimitedtodeterminingthe
energyrequiredforthistransportofliquidtoovercomeresistanceandgravity.

ThesecondsysteminvolvesEquivalentLengthandK.Factors,thenomenclaturemaychangetoVelocityHead
VELHDorC.VValue,dependingontheoriginandtheunitsused,mostrelatetoresistancethatmaybehidden
awayinyourfavouritecomputersoftwareprogramme.Itisanadvantagetoknowhowtheprogramme
evolvedandtheoriginsofthecalculations

Theresistanceoffittingssuchasbends,tees,valves,tankopeningswereresolvedbytestingmuchofthisbeing
undertakenbyCraneCoAmericaTechnicalPaper410M.Interestingdataregardingthisworkispresentedin
AustralianPumpManufacturersAssociationLtdPipeFrictionHandbookwhichacomprehensivereferenceis
highlyrecommendedtoresideinanyselfrespectingHydraulicConsultantsLibrary.

MorerecentworkisavailableintheToyoValveCoLtdTechnicalData804FlowCharacteristicsandFlowPressure
DropCharts,anequallyvaluedreferencewhichdealsmainlywithalltypesofvalvesandtheflowcharacteristic
opentoclosed,thesechartsuseELandtheAmericanCvsystemtoshowvalvecapacityinthefullyopen
position,theformulaandthechartsareusedunderturbulentflowconditionssuchthattheReynoldsnumberof
thegivenfluidismorethan3000

Inanapplicationwherethefluidisnotwater,thefloworpressuredropcanbeobtainedusingthefollowing

LiquidQ=CvP

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WhereQ=FlowinUSGallonsperminute

G=SpecificGravity

P=Pressuredrop(psi)

GasQ=42.2CvP(P1+P2)

WhereQ=Flowincubicfeetperhour

G=Specificgravity

P1=Inletpressure(psi)

P2=Outletpressure(psi)

P=Pressuredrop(P1P2)

SaturatedSteamW=2.1CvP(P1+P2)

WhereW=Flowinpounds/hour

P1=Inletpressure(psi)

P2=Outletpressure(psi)

P=Pressuredrop(P1P2)

ApologiesaregivenfortheimperialandAmericanunits

TheCvsystemusedbyToyoValveCoLtdistheflowrateofthevalverepresentedby

USGallonsperminuteat60Fwhenthepressuredifferenceacrossthevalveis1psi

Whicheversystemyouprefertouse,theoriginsarefromexperimentsandtheresultsshouldbesimilar,well
withintheengineeringtolerancesthatprevailintheHydraulicServicesConsultingindustry,thecriteriathatis
importantisTemperatureoftheFluidandtheconditionandresistanceofthepipematerial.

9.119 PIPESIZINGTABLESANDDATA(COMMENTFROMROGERGIBSON)

Historicallypipesizingtablesandchartswere,andstillare,tobefoundintheguideanddatabookspublishedby
thehydraulicandengineeringinstitutesandthelargepipeandfittingsmanufacturers.Itwasalwaysthehopeof
thedesignersthatsuitabledatacouldbefoundcoveringthematerials,sizesandconditionsappropriatetothe
design.Engineerswouldjealouslyguardpersonalfilesofdatacollectedovermanyyearsinasimilarmannerto
thewaythesitetradesmancaredforhistools.

Theadventofpersonalcomputers,laptops,notepadsandthelikehasnowmadeitmuchsimplerfordesignersto
generatetheirowndatafromfreelyavailableformulaeandincorporateitintoprogramstomakethewholepipe
sizingexerciselesstedious.

TherelationshipsbelowhavebeentakenfromtheC.I.B.S.EGuideandusedtogeneratethetablesthatfollow.

FLOWINSTRAIGHTPIPES

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Q=4(N3.p1.d^5)^0.5log(ks/3.7d+N4.d/(N3.p1.d^5)^0.5
N3=^2/(32.)
N4=1.255/(4)
V=Q/A=Qd^2/4
where
Q=volumeflowrate(m3/s)
V=velocity(m/s)
A=crosssectionalareaofpipe(m2)
p1=perunitlengthpressuredrop(Pa/m)
d=internalpipediameter(m)
ks=absoluteroughness(m)
=3.1416
=density(kg/m3)
=dynamicviscosity(Pa.s)

PRESSURELOSSINVALVESANDFITTINGS

Thepressurelossinfittingsandvalvesiscalculatedbymultiplyingafactorobtainedfromtablesbyalengthof
pipewhichwillproduceapressurelossequivalenttoonevelocityhead.Thislengthofpipeisreferredtoasthe
equivalentlengthandcalculatedfromthefollowing:

Elf=EL.
EL=equivalentlengthequaltoonevelocityhead(m)=0.81.Q^2/(p1.d^4)
=pressurelossfactor
Elf=equivalentlengthoffitting(m)

DATA

Datacoveringallofthevariablesintheequationsabovearereadilyavailablefromguideanddatabooks,
manufacturersandtheinternet.Thesampletablesthatfollowusethefollowingdata.

Absoluteroughnessks0.0015mm
DensityofWater10C999.73kg/m3
DensityofWater75C974.85kg/m3
Dynamicviscosity10C1.306mPa.s
Dynamicviscosity75C0.378mPas

PIPEDATAAS1432

NomSize Internaldiameter
diamm diamm

10 7.7
15 10.9
20 17.1

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25 23
32 29.4
40 35.7
50 48.4
65 61.1
80 73
100 98.4
125 123.8
150 148.4

TYPICALPRESSURELOSSFACTORFORFITTINGS

15dia 25dia 50dia 65+dia

Elbow 1 1 0.8 0.5
Bend 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2
Tap 10 10
GateValve 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1
NonReturn 2 2 2 2
Valve
GlobeValve 15 10 7 6
Tee* 0.5plusbendorreductionfactor

MorecomprehensivetablesofpressurelossfactorsareavailablefromAustralianPumpManufacturers
handbook.C.I.B.S.E.andA.S.H.R.A.EGuidesandHandbooks,varioushydraulichandbooksandfittingandvalve
manufacturersdatasheetsandliterature.

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CHAPTER10.THENOTIONALHOSPITAL

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10.1 CONCEPTOFTHENOTIONALHOSPITAL

TheConceptoftheNotionalHospitalisameanstoprovidetheauthorwithademonstrationvehiclethat
incorporatessomeofthemoreradicalideas.

InpracticeaTriGensystemwouldseemtonegatesolarviabilitybecauseTriGenwouldhavesufficientwaste
heattoservicemostdomestichotwaterneeds,theseimpactsonthecommercialviabilityofasolarcontribution,
similarlyheatpumpswhichdrawheatfromtheair,areineffectsolarheaters,alsointhebroadviewarewood
burnersbeingaresultofphotosynthesis.Woodburninginsomecountriesisconsideredcarbonneutral
providingreplacementtreesareplanted.Thecoreissueistosaveenergywherepossible,andtheenergycost
accountshoulddebitthemanufacturingcostoveritsLifeCycleofanydeviceseentobegreen.

TheinterestingphilosophicaldichotomyaboutthecurrentHealthCarepolicyforhospitaldesignisamuchmore
basicissueandnotwithinthewritersqualifiedscope.

IstheHealthCareBattleship(QuotingDoctorBurnieAmos)ThebigTeachingHospitalgoingtosurvive?

OrwillhealthcarebecomeamorebudgetflexibleFrigateClassoperationwithspecialisedlocaltotheproblem
carecentreswithallthehightechplantandstaffrequired.CardiacCare.CancerCare.Obesity.Drug
rehabilitation.AgeIssuesMentalHealthetc.etc.

Thismightbeameanstominimisetheproblemofacquiredinfection,andtheresistantbacteriathatseemto
developinthemultipletreatmentenvironment.Theremightalsobeaplanningadvantageinplacingthe
appropriatespecialistfacilitywheremostneeded,orincreasingtheavailabilityofhealthcentrestodealwith
healthproblemsthatareseentobeincreasing,suchasageingrelatedproblems.

TotheconstructionindustrybuildinganewFrigatemightbeamoreeconomicalproposition,aswouldbe
expandingthefacility,orupgrading,orrelocating,orreplacinginanewpopulationcentre.

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10.2 THENOTIONALHOSPITALSITESERVICES

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TheNotionalHospitalisatraditionalHealthCareBattleShip,itislocated
atthecentreofpopulationgravityinacityofthreemillionpeople,itisateachinghospitalaffiliatedtoaNotional
University.TheHospitalhasextensiveClinicalandBiologicalresearchfacilitatesandithasgoodaccesstothe
suburbanrailsystemandalsoacivilairportisavailableforhelicoptertraffic.

Withinitscatchmentareaofpopulationthereissignificantlightindustryandmanufacturing.Thenotional
hospitalisclassifiedasaDisasterCentrewithfacilitiesfordecontaminationofstaffandvehiclesthatmayattend
chemicalfiresatlocalfactories.

ThearchitecturalconfigurationoftheNotionalHospitalhasamaximumheightabovegroundof25metresgiving
Groundlevelplus7floorlevels,thelowerfloorsarepatientcareandlogisticsupport,theupperlevelscomprises
two370patientblockswithfourwingperfloor20ormorepatient/rooms,averageperwing.

ServicestotheNotionalHospitalcompriseasewerconnectionthatisatalevelthatwillallowallfloorlevelsto
begravitydrained.Howevertheconceptofusingapneumaticorvacuumassisteddrainagesystemwherethe
maximisationofflexibilityorthetransportoftradewasteisrequiredshouldbeanoptionopenforconsideration,
alsowhereanimalcagecleaningisrequired.Theoptionofcentralvacuumcleaningandremovalofbedding
materialfrompathogenfreeanimalcageroomsisanestablishedproposition,suchsystemsshouldpreferably
notriseimmediately,risingairassistedvacuumpipescompetewithgravityandthecontestislesssignificant
whenthematerialbeingtransportedismorediffusedinthesystemandamenabletoairassistedtransport.

Thewritercannotprovideusefulcommentinrespecttowetcentralvacuumassisteddrainagesystems,butsuch
asystemconstructedofchemicallyandheatresistantplasticwouldappeartohavethepotentialforapplication
insomehealthcareservicesapplications.

RadioActivewastewaterfromtheI131NuclearMedicineunitwillbesubjecttohalflifedelaydetentionand
pumpingtotheconfluencepriortothesewerconnectionanddownstreamoftheblackwatertreatmentplant.

RecycledwaterwillbeavailablefromBlackwaterrecyclingplant.

Rainwaterharvesting,whichwillaugmenttheflushingandotherindustrialtypewateruse.ThePublicUtility
supplycomingfromexistinginterconnectedmainsnetworkservingstreetsonallfoursidesofthesite,themains
aremediumtohighpressureandhistoricallyarenotconsideredadequatetomeetextremepeakloads,orthe
longtermpopulationpredictionsloadsofthehospitalpopulationcatchment,Thewateraugmentationplantwill
besufficienttoservicethehospitalsimmediatedemandsandfortheplannedfinalcapacity50yearshence.

AttherearboundaryoftheNotionalhospitalthereisapristinenaturalwatercourseforthedisposalofstorm
waterbytheCivilEngineer.

OnSitedetentionwillnotbeafeatureoftheprojectandsurfacewaterdrainageiswithinthescopeofCivil
Engineering.

10.3 NOTIONALHOSPITALDESIGNDEVELOPMENTOVERVIEW

TheConsultantsandtheNotionalHospitalUserGroupshaveagreedaconceptdesignforfurtherdevelopment;
theconceptdesignwillincorporatemanynew,possiblyradicaldesignfeaturesthatenhanceenvironmental
conservation,rejectwastefuldesign.Theteamhaveundertakennottoresistdeparturesfromtheconventionsof
thelastcenturyinthosecaseswhereadeparturecanbesupportedwithgoodengineeringandanadvantage
thatcanbedemonstrated.

10.4 KEYENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABLEPLANT

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TheNotionalhospitalwillincludethefollowing.

Heatrecoveryfromgreasetraps,

Heatrecoveryfromshowerwasteflows

HeatrecoveryfromAnimalcagewashingmachines

APrimaryrotatingdiscbiologicalseweragetreatmentplant

Rainharvestingsystem

ASolarContribution.

AReverseOsmosismembranetechnologyblackwatertreatmentplant.

Lowthermallosspipesystemsforheatedwater.

Lowwastesmallboredeadlegpipesystemstosanitaryfixtures.

10.5 DESCRIPTIONOFKEYENERGYPLANT

ComfortheatingandpowergenerationwillbeNaturalgasdrivenwithastandbyheatinggasboilerandaTri
GenerationsystemwithintheMechanicalServicesscopeofwork,thisthermalstationwillprovideintermittent
wasteheatfordomestichotwater,andelectricalenergytothehospital.

ThesignificantissuetohydraulicservicesisthattheTriGenthermalplantwillbe,withminorexceptions,central,
andthedistributionsystemofcomfortandprimaryheatinghotwaterwillbebythemechanicalservices
engineerwhowillprovideduplicatestainlesssteelplateheatexchangerswiththreewayvalvethermostatic
temperaturemodulationatthemainhydraulicloadpointsinthenotionalhospitalcampus.

Theconceptdesignforwaterserviceswillestablisharterialpiperoutesystemthatare,wherepractical,
repetitiveandthatalsocompliments,loadpointsandplantlocations,flexibility,maintenanceandexpansion
workaccess,coordinationwithotherservices..

Energyconservationwillbeafeatureofthedesign,thiswillincludeasolarcontribution,heatrecoveryfrom
animalhousecagewashing,Greasetrapcoolingandheatharvesting.Ensuiteshowerwastewaterheat
exchangetempering.Smallborehotandcoldwaterdistribution(7.5mmdistribution)

Theexceptiontothedomestichotwaterservicedesigndogmawillbetheremoteandindependentfreestanding
facilitiessuchasDrugRehabilitationCentreandBrainInjuryUnitwhichwillbeprovidewithalocalNaturalGas
Boilersystemandhydronicheatingsystemwithinthehydraulicservicesscopeofworksanddesign.

10.6 DOMESTICHOTANDCOLDWATERSERVICECONCEPTS

TheNotionalHospitaldesignofhydraulicserviceswilloriginatefromamaincentralriserineachofthetwoward
blocks;theverticalriserswillaccommodatetherisingmain,hotandcoldwater,sanitaryandtradewaste
plumbingandnaturalgas.

Thewatersupplyforthebuildingwillbemeteredbythepublicutilityandfilteredatsourcepriortodischarging
toalowlevelbulkpotablewaterstoragesystem.

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AllpotableandlaboratoryserviceswillbefilteredandUVsterilized.

ThehospitalsCoolingTowerWCFlushandBedpanwasherflushingsystemwillbeharvestedrainsupplied,with
dryweathermakeupfromthePotablesupplyandfromtheReverseOsmosisblackwatertreatmentsystem,the
potablewaterqualityfromthissystemwillalsoaugmentdomesticsuppliesshouldthisbecomenecessaryinan
Emergencysituation.

Thedomestichotwaterthermalstoragewillcompriseastoragevolumeof10,000litresaccommodatedinthree
modularinsulatedatmospherictanksandsuppliedfromanadjacentsolarenergypreheatedcoldfeedtank.

Heatingtothesecondaryhotwatersystemwillbefromlocalhighvelocityplateheatexchangersheatingthe
thermalstoragetankswith70Cheatingwater.

Thesecondarysystemwillcomprisealateralpipinggeometryringmainateachwardwingateachlevel,theflow
andreturnconnectionsbeingatthecentralriser.

BranchSmallPipeSystem(7.5mmdia)Hotandcoldwaterserviceswillsupplyfixturesfromlocalloadpoint
manifoldswhichwillincorporatepressurebalancedthermostaticmixingvalvesandserveupto5pointswith
warmandhotwaterasrequired.

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10.7 PLUMBINGANDDRAINAGESYSTEMS

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Plumbingwilljoinadual(Separatedgroundlevel)backbonedrainage
systemservingsanitaryplumbing,thedomesticdrainageoutflowwaterwillbeprocessedbyalowenergy
enclosedbiologicalfilterrotatingcylindersystemfollowedbymembranereverseosmosistechnologytoproduce
drinkablestandardwater,theplantwilloperateatadutypointof135.000litresperday,or20%offullcapacity,
andwillsupplytheflushingsystemandcoolingtowersinconjunctionwithharvestedrainwater.

ThetradewastefromtheNotionalHospitalkitchensandI131NuclearMedicineunitwillbepretreatedand
dischargetosewerwithotherdrainagenotprocessedbytheblackwaterreverseosmosistreatmentplant

BuildingPlumbingwillbepredominantly100mmdiametertoallfixturesterminatingatauniversalconnection
fixtureinterfacemodemthatwillaccepttheconnectingofanyabovefloorfixtureusedintheproject.

SanitaryPlumbingandVentingwillbedualcentrifugalfanassistedandUVIrradiatedatthedesignatedrelease
pointatrooflevel.

10.8 ASSUMEDFIXTUREUSECHARACTERISTICSINHEALTHCAREINSTALLATIONS

Staffshowersandsurgeonsoperatingtheatrescrubsinks.100%demand.

Infectioncontrolbasinswillhaveasteadyintermittentuseintheworkingday.

Patientensuitesaregoingtohaveawelldefuseddemandresultinginalowproportioninuseatthesametime,
particularlywherestaffassistanceisneeded.

WetresearchlaboratoriesandP.CLabs(PhysicalContainment)willhavealoadconsistentwithstaffnumbers
andlabfixturesavailabletouse.

Wetteachinglaboratoriescangenerate100%loads.

Standardprocedurelaboratoriesalsohavehighandrepetitiveloads.

10.9 NOTIONALHOSPITALSANITARYFIXTURESCHEDULE
Fitting Use No Peakuse Typical
demand
expectation

Basin Toilets 45 High Staffshift P

changeuse

Basin Ensuite 740 Low Patients P

Basin Dirty 40 Low Infection P
utility control
Basin Kitchen 4 High Peakload P
meal
preparation

Basin Laboratory 10 High Infection P

control

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Basin Infection 740 Low NursePatient P

control Doctorin
ward

Basin Infection 80 Low 2perward P

control corridor

WC Toilets 139 Low Staffvisitors H

120ratio

WC Ensuite 740 Low Notacritical H

hydraulicload

WC Assisted 40 Low Oneassisted H

b/room bathroomper
ward

Showers Patient 740 Low Useperiod P

estimated8
minutes
Showers Staff 20 High Peakuseat P
shiftchange

Deluge Emergency 15 V/Low Verylowuse P

shower emergency
provision

Sink Laboratory 150 Low Teachinglabs NP

high
Procedurelow

Sink Fume 20 Low Teachinglabs NP

cupboard highTesting
low

Sink Cleaner 10 Low Outofpeak P

use
Sink Kitchen 20 medium Peakspriorto P
meals

Sink Dirty 40 medium Peakuse NP

utility
Sink Clean 40 medium Peakuse P
utility
Sink Scrub 12 High 12ORrooms P
eachwith3
manscrub

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Sink Specialised 10 Specialisedlab NP

gearcleaning
andmortuary

B/P Dirty 40 High Orflushing H

washer utility sink

Feeder Animal 20 constant Ultrapure U

house water
Cage Animal 2 constant Manufacturers P
washer house data
ROPoint Dialysis 20 constant 0.33l/sOras U
clinic advised

NOTE:

PHotandColdservicespotablewater

HHarvestedrainflushingNonpotablewater

NPNonpotablewaterwithbackflowprotectionincorporated

PC2laboratoryareaswillbebackflowisolatedfromeachother.

UUltrapurewatermembranefiltrationbyreverseosmosis

10.10 NOTIONALHOSPITALSWATERCONSUMPTION

Thenotionalhospitalhas740beds,(basedactualsimilarinstallationconsumptionasmeasured)theprobable
waterconsumptionwillbebetween780and1045litresperbedperday.

TheNotionalHospitalisdesignatedaDisasterHospital,musthaveaminimum24hourswaterstorage,thelocal
waterservicesdohavearecordoffailure.

Over24hoursofconsumptiontheaveragedrawoffofcoldwaterwillbe32500litres/hour541litresaminute
9.027litresasecond.Thewaterstoragetankwillbufferloadsontheincomingmainssupply.Howevertwo
pumpsareconsidertheminimumdutystandbyarrangement,inthiscase5litrespersecondperpumpwitha
controlsystemthatcutsinthestandbypumponleveldrop,andalternatesthedutypumpateachcycle.

10.11 SIZINGOFWATERSERVICESPIPERETICULATIONS

CONTRIBUTEDBYROGERGIBSONM.I.E.A

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Tosizeadomesticsupplydistributionpipingsystemthedesignermust
evaluateboththesystemflowandpressurerequirementsateachpointinthesystem.Themaximumflowisthe
sumoftheflowrequirementsofthefixturesdownstreamofthepointunderconsideration;thisismodifiedbya
factorthataccountsfortheprobabilityofthenumberofthosefixturesthatmayinapeakloadsituationoperate
simultaneously.

Thepressureavailableateachpointinthesystemisthestaticpressureavailablefromanyelevatedstoragetank,
plustheheadimposedontothesystembycirculatingorpressurisingpumps,lesspressurelosesduetofriction
betweenthesourcetankandthepointbeingconsideredatthecalculatedflowrate.

Eachfactorwillbeconsideredinsomedetailinthefollowing,thecoldwaterservicefortheNotionalHospitalwill
besizedbyanumberofmethodstodemonstratethegeneralsizingmethodologyandtheaffectsandsensitively
oftheresultstothesourcedataused.Themethodforsizinghotandheatedwaterpipingreticulationsis
identicalbutcaremustbetakentoensurethatthecorrectpipesizingchartsarebeingusedforeachserviceas
frictionlossesvarywithwatertemperature.

10.12 SIMULTANEOUSDEMAND,ABRIEFHISTORY

Ithaslongbeenappreciatedthatthemaximumsimultaneousdemandfromanumberofdrawoffpointsis
seldomthesumoftheflowswithallpointsoperatingtogether.

Thefulldemandeventcanoccur,forinstancewithinashowerfacilityintheplayerschangingroomsofa
sportingarena,forallplayerscomeoffthefieldtogether,andanincreaseinloadcanbeanticipatedatshift
changes,orwherecontaminationisinvolvedintheworkundertaken.Anotherexamplewherediversityiseasily
predictedisintheensuiteofahospitalward.Theensuiteisspecificallydesignedfortheuseofonepersonata
time,thusonlyoneofthedrawoffpointsprovidedwillbeinuseatatime.

Thesearehoweverspecialcaseswiththegeneralcasebeingsomediversityexistingbetweentheusesoffixtures
thatinvolvealevelofuncertainty.

Sincethe1930sseveralattemptshavebeenmadeandmethodsdevelopedtoprovidearealisticestimateofthis
diversity.Eachhasadvantagesandweaknessesandeachrequiressomelevelofintelligentapplication.

ThoseofBritishbackgroundortrainingareprobablymostfamiliarwiththemethoddevelopedbyL.C.Bullinthe
1950sandpublishedinearlyI.H.V.EGuides,(NowCIBSE).Thisusedtheprobabilityconcepttodevelopa
distributionthatcouldbeevaluatedwithinagivenlevelofaccuracy.Theresultwasthefollowingexpression;

mn(t/T)+1.8{2n(t/T)(1t/T)}

Where;

m=numberofdrawoffpointssimultaneouslydischarging,takentothenearestwholenumber.

n=totalnumberofdrawoffpoints

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t=averagetimedrawoffpointdischargesforeachtimeused

T=averagetimebetweenoccasionsofuse.

Atthetimeofpublicationitwassuggestedthatforbaths,handbasinsandsinkstheprobabilityt/Tcouldbe
takenas0.2reducingtheaboveequationto:

m0.2n+n

Itwashoweverrecognisedthattheuseofafixedprobabilitywasverylimitedinitsapplicationandmethods
weredevelopedtocombinesystemscontainingamixtureofpointswithdifferentprobabilities.Thesemethods
werecumbersome,involveddeterminingequivalentpointsofcommonprobabilityandwereseldomused.
Engineersandplumbersalikeoftenappliedthesimplifiedformula,theresultsofwhichwereproducedintable
form,irrespectiveofaccuracy,andgenerallyachievedworkingbutgreatlyoversizedsystems.

The1959I.H.V.E.GuidewasthelasttimethatthatbodyorC.I.B.S.Ethatfollowed,promotedtheuseofafixed
probabilityfordeterminingthesimultaneousdemandinhotorcoldwatersystems.

The1965I.H.V.EGuidenotedtheconsiderablevariationintheprobabilityt/Tfornormaldomesticequipment
andprovidedamethodofassessmentbasedondemandunitsthateffectivelyallowedthemixingoffixturesof
differentprobabilityandflowratesbyestablishingacomparativescaleforfixturesagainstthatofabasin.

Tableswereprovidedthatconvertedthesumofdemandunitsonasystemdirectlybacktoflowunits.

ItshouldbenotedthattheI.H.V.E.didnotrecommendtheuseofafixedprobabilityorademandunitsystemfor
evaluatingandsizingwatersystemsforhospitalwardunits.Thesewereseenasaspecialcaseandparticular
advicewasofferedbasedonastudybytheHospitalEngineeringResearchUnit,UniversityofGlasgow,1964.

Consideringtheageoftheresearch,thedifferencesbetweenUKandAustralianpracticeandtheadvancesmade
inthedesignofwardunitssincethattimethenthisworkisconsideredtobeoflittlevaluetoday.

TheconclusionsreachedbytheI.H.V.Einthe1960sappeartohavebeenreachedearlierbytheAmericans.In
the1940sDrR.B.Hunterpublishedaseriesofpapersestimatingthediversitybetweentheusesoffixturesto
establishsimultaneousdemand.

Hisworkwasbasedonresidentialbuildingsandusedafixtureunitweightingsystemsimilartothateventually
usedbyI.H.V.E

1979sawthepublicationofSelectionandSizingofCopperTubesforWaterPipingSystemsbytheInstituteof
Plumbing,Australia.Thispublicationmaintainedtheuseofademandunitsystem,relabelledasloadingunits
(L.U)andwasprobablybasedontheearlierAmericanorBritishwork.

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10.13 COMPARISONS

InthisChapterwesizetheNotionalhospitalcoldwatersystemtothetypicalfloorsusingfoursetsofdatathat
arecurrentlyavailable.Howeverthegeneralmethodologyremainsthesame.

OPTIONAPROBABILITYRELATIONSHIPM=0.2N+N

Thiswouldhavebeentherelationshipusedmosthistorically.Itistheeasiesttoapplyandmostfamiliartothose
whohavedesignedplumbingsystemssincethe1980sandbefore.

OPTIONBASHRAE

DataprobablyseldomusedinAustraliabutformsthebasisofmuchofthedatalaterdevelopedandthedemand
unitmethodology.

OPTIONCINSTITUTEOFPLUMBINGAUSTRALIA

AdemandorloadunitmethodpublishedbytheInstituteofPlumbing,Australiandatingbackto1976andthe
workofBarrieSmith.

OPTIONDAS/NZS3500PLUMBINGANDDRAINAGE

TheAustralianStandardisthereferencemostlikelytobereferredtoindesignspecificationsanddesignerslikely
toberequiredtocomplywithasaminimum.

Thetablebelowshowsthedataextractedfromthereferencesourcesandusedinthecalculations.

Data All OptionB OptionC OptionD

Fixture AS3500 ASHRAE AIP AS3500

L/s FU DU LU

HandBasin Public 0.1 1 1 1

Ensuite 0.1 1 1 1

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

Staff 0.1 1 1 1

Shower Ensuite 0.1 2 3 2

Staff 0.1 4 3 2

BathPatient Patient 0.3 6 8 8

Sink Kitchen(aeratedtap) 0.1 10 3 3

Sink Lab/Utility(aeratedtap) 0.1 5 3 3

Maximum 3metres/second
velocity*

ASHRAE.TheAmericanSocietyforHeatingRefrigerationandAirConditioningEngineers

AIPAustralianInstituteofPlumbing

FUFixtureUnits

DUDemandUnit

LULoadingUnit

t/TProbabilityfunctiontimeinuse/timebetweenuses

Identifierstoindicatepipesectionsareshownontheattacheddiagrams.

Ineachinstanceithasbeenassumedthatastheensuitesaredesignedforasingleuserthenonlytheshoweris
inuseandtheensuitecanbeclassifiedashavingonlyonefixtureavailableforsimultaneoususe.

Theindexorleastfavouredcircuithasbeentakentobethatservingthetopfloorofthemostdistantensuite
shower.

TheMaximumAS/NZS3500Waterflowvelocitiesisrelativelyhighbycomparisontovelocitiesgenerallyrequired
foracousticnoiselevelsintheorderof12000.900metrespersecond.

Itwillbefoundthatmanyexistinghospitalsystemsoperatewellbelowthemaximumrecommendedvelocityof3
m/s

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

AS/NZS3500andIPAdataappearstooriginatefromacommonsource,but
therearedifferences,particularlywithreferencetohospitalplumbing,thatmakeitnecessarytolookatboth.
AS/NZS3500requiresalowerflowratefromshowersthanthatrecommendedbyIPAwhichissignificantfor
wardapplicationsbutthegeneralloadingunittableisspecificallyforresidentialuseandcutsoffatonly60units.
TheconversionhoweverintoflowunitsisverysimilartoIPAtables.TheassessmentbasedonAS/NZS3500has
usedAS/NZS3500datawhereavailableandallAS/NZS3500basicfittingflowsbuttheIPAtablehasbeenusedto
converthigherloadingunitsumsbacktoflowunits.

TheIPAassessmenthasbeentruetotheloadingunitdatawhichproducesanidiosyncrasywithrelationtoa
singleshowerrequiringaflowof0.1L/saccordingtoAS/NZS3500and0.22L/saccordingtoIPA.Therespective
loadingunitsare2and3resultinginrequiredflowsof0.12and0.15respectively.Clearlypoliticalnonsensein
bothinstances.0.1and0.15wereusedrespectivelytogivesomeventtothepreferenceofthesebodies.

A.S.H.R.A.Echartstoconvertfromfixtureunitstoflowunitswerefounddifficulttoreadasthebiaswastowards
verylargenumbersoffixtureunitsandtheresearchwasbasedonresidentialuse.

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OPTIONA(UNDIVERSIFIEDFLOWTAKENFROMTHEAS3500)

ProbabilityRelationshipm=0.2n+n

Identifier No Undiv. Diversity Max. Pipe Vel. DP Len. EL Elf Equ.Len.Fitting Total Total
Fix. Flow Demand Size Len. DP
Con'd

L/s % L/s diamm m/s Pa/m m m m m Pa

Shower 1 0.1 100% 100000

akaj 1 0.1 100% 0.1 15 1.04 1700 1.2 0.3 1 0.3 1.5 2550

tap 1 0.1 100% 0.1 15 1.04 1700 0.3 10 3 3 5100

ajheader 1 0.1 100% 0.1 7.5 2.15 8800 1.5 0.3 11 3.3 4.8 42240

Mixer* 4 0.4 70% 0.28 20 0 0 28000

aiah 4 0.4 70% 0.28 20 1.22 1200 0.2 0.6 10 6 6.2 7440

ahae 4 0.4 70% 0.28 20 1.22 1200 3.5 0.7 2.5 1.75 5.25 6300

aead 5 0.5 65% 0.33 25 0.81 400 2.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 2.66 1064

adac 7 0.72 58% 0.42 80 1.5 1.2 0.2 0.24 1.74 139.2

acab 8 0.82 55% 0.45 82 3.5 1.2 0.2 0.24 3.74 306.68

abaa 12 1.22 49% 0.6 140 2.5 1.3 0.2 0.26 2.76 386.4

aaz 14 1.44 47% 0.68 175 1.5 1.3 0.2 0.26 1.76 308

zy 15 1.54 46% 0.71 180 3.5 1.4 0.2 0.28 3.78 680.4

yx 19 1.94 43% 0.83 40 240 12 1.4 2.2 3.08 15.08 3619.2

xw 23 2.34 41% 0.96 Ring 320 3.5 1.5 0.2 0.3 3.8 1216

wv 24 2.44 40% 0.98 340 1.5 1.5 0.2 0.3 1.8 612

vu 26 2.84 40% 1.14 455 2.5 1.5 0.2 0.3 2.8 1274

ut 30 3.24 38% 1.23 500 3.5 1.6 0.2 0.32 3.82 1910

ts 31 3.34 38% 1.27 510 4 1.6 0.2 0.32 4.32 2203.2

sr 35 3.74 37% 1.38 600 0.5 1.6 0.2 0.32 0.82 492

rq 36 3.84 37% 1.42 1.42 620 14.5 1.6 1.2 1.92 16.42 10180.4

qp 144 15.36 28% 4.3 65 1.48 350 3.5 3.1 1.7 5.27 8.77 3069.5

po 288 30.72 26% 7.99 80 1.92 450 3.5 4.1 0.2 0.82 4.32 1944

on 432 46.08 25% 11.52 100 1.52 210 3.5 5.6 0.2 1.12 4.62 970.2

nm 576 61.44 24% 14.75 100 1.8 270 3.5 6 0.2 1.2 4.7 1269

ml 720 76.8 24% 18.43 100 2.29 420 3.5 6.8 0.2 1.36 4.86 2041.2

lk 864 92.16 23% 21.2 125 1.8 210 3.5 7.6 0.2 1.52 5.02 1054.2

kj 1008 107.52 23% 24.73 150 1.43 113 50 9.1 1.6 14.56 64.56 7295.28

TOTALs 107.52 23.00% 24.73 134.4 48.5 233665

OPTIONB

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

ASHRAE

Identifier NoFix. Undiv. ASHRA Max. Pipe Vel. DP Len. EL Elf Equ. Total Total
Con'd** Flow EFU Demand Size Len Len. DP
* Fitting
L/s No L/s dia m/s Pa/m m m m m Pa
mm

Shower 1 0.1 2 100000

akaj 1 0.1 2 0.1 15 1.04 1700 1.2 0.3 1 0.3 1.5 2550

tap 1 0.1 2 0.1 15 1.04 1700 0.3 10 3 3 5100

aj 1 0.1 2 0.1 7.5 2.15 8800 1.5 0.3 11 3.3 4.8 42240
header
Mixer* 4 0.4 6 0.3 20 0 0 16000

aiah 4 0.4 6 0.3 20 1.28 1300 0.2 0.6 10 6 6.2 8060

ahae 4 0.4 6 0.3 20 1.28 1300 3.5 0.6 2.5 1.5 5 6500

aead 5 0.5 7 0.3 20 1.28 1300 2.5 0.6 0.2 0.12 2.62 3406

adac 7 0.72 13 0.5 100 1.5 1.3 0.2 0.26 1.76 176

acab 8 0.82 14 0.5 100 3.5 1.3 0.2 0.26 3.76 376

abaa 12 1.22 20 0.7 180 2.5 1.4 0.2 0.28 2.78 500.4

aaz 14 1.44 26 0.8 240 1.5 1.4 0.2 0.28 1.78 427.2

zy 15 1.54 27 0.8 240 3.5 1.4 0.2 0.28 3.78 907.2

yx 19 1.94 33 0.95 40 310 12 1.5 2.2 3.3 15.3 4743

xw 23 2.34 39 1.2 RIng 460 3.5 1.6 0.2 0.32 3.82 1757.2

wv 24 2.44 40 1.2 460 1.5 1.6 0.2 0.32 1.82 837.2

vu 26 2.84 47 1.35 590 2.5 1.6 0.2 0.32 2.82 1663.8

ut 30 3.24 53 1.4 610 3.5 1.6 0.2 0.32 3.82 2330.2

ts 31 3.34 54 1.4 610 4 1.6 0.2 0.32 4.32 2635.2

sr 35 3.74 60 1.55 750 0.5 1.6 0.2 0.32 0.82 615

rq 36 3.84 70 1.7 1.65 820 14.5 1.7 1.2 2.04 16.54 13562.
8
qp 144 15.36 280 3.75 50 2.02 820 3.5 2.5 1.7 4.25 7.75 6355

po 288 30.72 560 5.6 65 1.9 560 3.5 3.3 0.2 0.66 4.16 2329.6

on 432 46.08 840 9 80 2.15 550 3.5 4.2 0.2 0.84 4.34 2387

nm 576 61.44 1120 10.2 80 2.45 700 3.5 4.3 0.2 0.86 4.36 3052

ml 720 76.8 1400 12.6 100 1.65 240 3.5 5.7 0.2 1.14 4.64 1113.6

lk 864 92.16 1680 13.5 100 1.8 275 3.5 5.8 0.2 1.16 4.66 1281.5

kj 1008 107.52 1960 15.7 100 2.1 360 50 5.9 1.7 10.03 60.03 21610.
8

TOTAL 1008 107.52 1960 15.7 14.60% 134.4 41.78 176.2 252517

OPTIONC

INSTITUTEOFPLUMBINGAUSTRALIA

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Identifier NoFix. Undiv. LU Max. Pipe Vel. DP Len. EL Elf Equ.Len Total Total
Con'd*** Flow Demand Size Fitting Len. DP
L/s No L/s diamm m/s Pa/m m m m m Pa

Shower 1 0.1 3 100000

akaj 1 0.1 3 0.15 15 1.6 3400 1.2 0.3 1 0.3 1.5 5100

tap 1 0.1 3 0.15 15 1.6 3400 0.3 10 3 3 10200

ajheader 1 0.1 3 0.15 15 1.6 3400 1.5 0.3 11 3.3 4.8 16320

Mixer* 4 0.4 8 0.25 20 0 0 20000

aiah 4 0.4 8 0.25 20 1 850 0.2 0.6 10 6 6.2 5270

ahae 4 0.4 8 0.25 20 1 850 3.5 0.6 2.5 1.5 5 4250

aead 5 0.5 9 0.26 20 1.1 1000 2.5 0.6 0.2 0.12 2.62 2620

adac 7 0.72 13 0.3 330 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 1.66 547.8

acab 8 0.82 14 0.31 350 3.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 3.66 1281

abaa 12 1.22 22 0.38 500 2.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 2.66 1330

aaz 14 1.44 26 0.39 530 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 1.66 879.8

zy 15 1.54 27 0.41 570 3.5 0.9 0.2 0.18 3.68 2097.6

yx 19 1.94 35 0.43 25 620 12 0.9 2.2 1.98 13.98 8667.6

xw 23 2.34 43 0.46 Ring 700 3.5 0.9 0.2 0.18 3.68 2576

wv 24 2.44 44 0.47 725 1.5 0.9 0.2 0.18 1.68 1218

vu 26 2.84 53 0.54 930 2.5 0.9 0.2 0.18 2.68 2492.4

ut 30 3.24 61 0.64 1280 3.5 1 0.2 0.2 3.7 4736

ts 31 3.34 62 0.65 1300 4 1 0.2 0.2 4.2 5460

sr 35 3.74 70 0.73 1600 0.5 1 0.2 0.2 0.7 1120

rq 36 3.84 73 0.76 1.8 1700 14.5 1 1.2 1.2 15.7 26690

qp 144 15.36 292 2.26 50 1.1 320 3.5 2.2 1.7 3.74 7.24 2316.8

po 288 30.72 584 3.44 50 1.86 700 3.5 2.5 0.2 0.5 4 2800

on 432 46.08 876 4.3 65 1.48 350 3.5 3.1 0.2 0.62 4.12 1442

nm 576 61.44 1168 4.74 65 1.6 420 3.5 3.2 0.2 0.64 4.14 1738.8

ml 720 76.8 1460 5.64 65 1.95 570 3.5 3.3 0.2 0.66 4.16 2371.2

lk 864 92.16 1752 6.3 65 2.15 700 3.5 3.4 0.2 0.68 4.18 2926

kj 1008 107.52 2044 7.05 80 1.7 355 50 4 1.7 6.8 56.8 20164

TOTAL 1008 107.52 2044 7.05 134.4 33 167.4 256615

OPTIOND

AS3500

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Identifier NoFix. Undiv. LU Max. Pipe Vel. DP Len. EL Elf Equ.Len Total Total
Con'd*** Flow Demand Size Fitting Len. DP
L/s No L/s diamm m/s Pa/m m m m m Pa

Shower 1 0.1 2 100000

akaj 1 0.1 2 0.1 15 1.04 1700 1.2 0.3 1 0.3 1.5 2550

tap 1 0.1 2 0.1 15 1.04 1700 0.3 10 3 3 5100

ajheader 1 0.1 2 0.1 7.5 2.15 8800 1.5 0.3 11 3.3 4.8 42240

Mixer* 4 0.4 6 0.23 20 0 0 16000

aiah 4 0.4 6 0.23 20 1 850 0.2 0.6 10 6 6.2 5270

ahae 4 0.4 6 0.23 20 1 850 3.5 0.6 2.5 1.5 5 4250

aead 5 0.5 7 0.24 20 1.04 900 2.5 0.6 0.2 0.12 2.62 1441

adac 7 0.72 11 0.28 300 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 1.66 498

acab 8 0.82 12 0.29 320 3.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 3.66 1171.2

abaa 12 1.22 18 0.38 500 2.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 2.66 1330

aaz 14 1.44 22 0.39 520 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 1.66 863.2

zy 15 1.54 23 0.41 550 3.5 0.8 0.2 0.16 3.66 2013

yx 19 1.94 29 0.42 25 600 12 0.9 2.2 1.98 13.98 8388

xw 23 2.34 35 0.44 Ring 650 3.5 0.9 0.2 0.18 3.68 2392

wv 24 2.44 36 0.44 650 1.5 0.9 0.2 0.18 1.68 1092

vu 26 2.84 45 0.49 800 2.5 0.9 0.2 0.18 2.68 2144

ut 30 3.24 51 0.52 850 3.5 0.9 0.2 0.18 3.68 3128

ts 31 3.34 52 0.54 940 4 0.9 0.2 0.18 4.18 3929.2

sr 35 3.74 58 0.64 1200 0.5 1 0.2 0.2 0.7 840

rq 36 3.84 61 0.65 1.58 1300 14.5 1 1.2 1.2 15.7 20410

qp 144 15.36 244 1.98 50 1.1 278 3.5 2.2 1.7 3.74 7.24 2012.72

po 288 30.72 488 3.13 50 1.7 600 3.5 2.4 0.2 0.48 3.98 2388

on 432 46.08 732 3.9 65 1.36 300 3.5 3.1 0.2 0.62 4.12 1236

nm 576 61.44 976 4.5 65 1.5 370 3.5 3.2 0.2 0.64 4.14 1531.8

ml 720 76.8 1220 5.11 65 1.8 480 3.5 3.3 0.2 0.66 4.16 1996.8

lk 864 92.16 1464 5.64 65 1.96 580 3.5 3.3 0.2 0.66 4.16 2412.8

kj 1008 107.52 1708 6.23 80 1.5 290 50 3.9 1.7 6.63 56.63 16422.7

TOTAL 1008 107.52 1708 6.23 134.4 32.73 167.1 253967

Thefollowingsummariestheresultingdesignflowsfromtheassessmentofsimultaneousdemandviathevarious
methodsanddata:

Option A(IHVE) B(ASHRAE) C(IPA) D(AS3500)

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DesignFlowL/s 24.73 15.70 7.05 6.23

%ofUndiversified 23 15 6.6 5.8

L/s

Equivalentt/T 0.2 0.12 0.048 0.042

10.14 CONCLUSION

OPTIONA

Resultsinanassessmentofrequiredfloware3to4timesgreaterthanthatwhichresultsfromusingIPA/AS3500
loadunits.

Therehasbeenaclearperceptionformanyyearsthatwaterservicesreticulatingsystemshavebeengrossly
oversized.(Asindicatedbysomeofthesitemeasurementsreferredtoherein).

Consumptiondataforhospitalsgenerallyindicatesaveragewaterdemandatwellbelow10%ofdesignflowand
thecommonlyheldviewamongexperiencedplumbersisthatthemaximumdemandonawatersystems
generallyliesintheorderofthreetimesitsaverageconsumption.

ThehistoricaluseofOptionAisundoubtedlythecause,butthesolutiondoesnotlieinsimplysubstitutinga
lowerusageratio(t/T)backintoBullsoriginalequation.

Theinitialassumptionthatafixedusageratiocouldbeusedacrossthesystemasawholehasprovedincorrect
requiringasystemtogiveweighttobothflowrequirementsandvariableusageratios.

ThisweightingmethodwaspioneeredbyHunterandtheA.S.H.R.A.E.resultshowsaconsiderablereductionin
predictedmaximumflowfromthatresultingfromBull.FurtherimprovementtothedataisevidentfromtheIPA
andAS3500results.

TherebeingnohueandcryofundersizingsincetheIPApublicationinthe1970sandtheintroductionofthe
AustralianStandardthentheuseofAS3500data,supplementedwhererequiredbytheIPAtablesdefinitely
appeartoprovidethemorerealisticestimateofthemaximumflowrequirementsofthesystem.

InshortAS3500/IPAloadingunitsystemofassessmentshouldalwaysbeusedasabasicsystem,modifiedas
requiredfortheobviouspeakloadfixturegroupssuchasshowers.

ItshouldbeborninmindthatwhatwehaveendeavouredtocalculateistheMAXIMUMSIMULTANEOUS
DEMAND,orpeakflowofeachsectionofpipingfromthesourcetanktotheleastfavouredfixture.Thedesigner
mustnowsizealltherestofthebranchesandcalculatethesystempressurelosses.

10.15 SYSTEMPRESSURELOSSES

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Aswatertravelsthroughthesystemunderthepressureprovidedbythe
statichead(Orpump)andthepressureisreducedduetofrictioninthepipes,fittingsandequipmentresulting
inlesspressurebeingavailableatmoredistantpointsthatareatthesameheight.

Thetheoreticallyideallysizedsystemwouldmaintainthesamepressurethroughoutviatheselectionofpipe
sizesaloneresultingintheregulationrequiredfromallflowregulatingdevicesbeingthesameinallinstances.
Eachtap,flowregulatorandmixingvaluemixingvaluewouldbehaveinanidenticalwayhavingexactlythesame
pressureavailabletoit.AnIdealworldindeedbutinpracticeadesignoverkills.

Weshouldattempt,asfaraspossible,tomakethesystemselfbalancingandwithinadesirablewatervelocity
range,whenselectingpipesizestocompensateforthenaturalvariationsthatareoccurringduetofrictionand
elevation,theresultgenerallybeingamoreeconomicalandfunctionallysuperiorsystem.

Tocalculatethepressurelossduetofrictiontabularorchartinformationshowingforeachsizepipetheflow
(L/s),velocity(m/s)andequivalentlength(m)overawiderangeofpressuredrop(Pa/m)ratesisused.Theflow
rateisthemaximumdemandresultingfromthesimultaneousdemandassessmentdetailedabove;thevelocity
andpressuredroparereadfromthetablefortheselectedpipesizewhilekeepingthevelocitybelowthe
reasonablem/slimitandnoisegeneration.Alsokeepinganeyeonthepressuredroprate.

Theequivalentlengthcomesfromthetableandisusedtocalculatethepressurelossinfittings.Separatetables
areprovided(e.g.A.S.H.R.AE.,C.I.B.S.E.PumpManufacturersHandbook)forfactorstobemultipliedby
equivalentlengths(EL)foreachtypeoffitting.

Theproductisthestraightlengthofpipethatwouldresultinthesamepressuredropasthefitting.

Theequivalentlengthforfittingscanbeaddedtothestraightmeasuredlengthofpipefromthedrawingsto
produceatotaleffectivelengthforthesection.Theeffectivelengththenmultipliedbythepressuredroprate
willgivethepressuredropinthatsectionofpipe.

Thismaysoundcomplexbutreferencetothesizingoptiontablescompletedabovedemonstrateittobeasimple
procedureinreality,beingeminentlyadaptabletospreadsheetmanagement.

Whendecidingonthemaximumpressuredropratetousewhensizingthepipesthedesignerhastobeawareof
thepressureratingofthetubingtobeusedandtheheightofthebuilding.Ifforinstanceweareusingtubing
withamaximumsafeworkingpressureof950kPainthelargersizesanddecidetorestrictourselvestoimposing
600kPaontoanypartofthesystemweshoulddeductfromourlimitthepressurethatwouldbeimposedbythe
heightofthebuildingbeforedecidingthemaximumpressureanyrooftoppumpscouldbeallowedtoimposeon
thesystem.

Fora25m(250kPaintermsofwater)buildingitmaybeconcludedthatpumping350kPa(600250)wouldbe
themaximumthatcouldbeimposedbythepumpsandweshouldtrytosizeoursystemtorequirenomore
thana300kPapressuredrop.Allowingaminimumof100kPaforlegislatedflowrestrictorsonoutletsand25
kPaforthepressuredropinthermostaticmixervalvesthenforamostdisadvantaged,highestshower3meters
(30kPa)belowthesourcetankthefollowingwouldbethemaximumpressuredropavailableforthepipe
system.

Pump300kPa+Static30kPaFlowrestrictor100kPaMixer25kPa

Availableforpipingsystem=205kPa

Iftheindexrunis135mlongandallowing25%forfittingsthentheeffectivelengthoftheindexrunis169m

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Andindicativepressuredroprate=205/169=1.2kPa/mor1200Pa/m

Wenowhaveaguideastomaximumvelocityandupperlimitfortheaveragepressuredropratetousewhen
sizingthepipes.

10.16 SUBCIRCUITS

Wecannot,oratleastshouldnot,assumethathavingsizedtheindexcircuitwecanapplythesizesestablished
forthetypical,butindexfloortotheremainingfloorsoreventheothersectionsofthesamefloor.

Fortheindexfloorrepeattheexerciseforanotherwingfedfromtheoppositedirectiontoensurethatthe
correctindexroutewaschosen.Fortheremainingfloorsbemindfulofthefactthatagreaterpressureis
availableforfrictionlossduetothecombinedfactorsofshorterpathandincreasedstatichead.Ifforour
examplewegodownfivefloorsat3.5mfloorheightforOptionDandourAS3500assessmentwefindthatpipe
sectionsltoqnolongerareinourpathsavingatotalof9165Paofpressuredrop.Additionallywehave5floors
at3.5mor17.5mextraheadavailable.Thistranslatesto18.41mor184kPaofextrapressurefromthatwhich
wasavailableonthetopfloor.Thislargeincreaseinpressureavailableshouldbesufficienttostimulateusto
investigatetheeffectsofreducingthesizeofourringmainonthelowerfloors.

ThefollowingtablerepeatstheOptionDsizingprocedureforthetypicalfloorringmainaloneusinga20mmdia.
pipeasopposedtothe25mmpipeproposedfortheindexfloor.

Identifier NoFix. Undiv LU Max. Pipe Vel. DP Len. EL Elf Equ.Len. Total TotalDP
Con'd* Flow Deman Size Fitting Len.
** d
L/s N L/s dia m/s Pa/ m m m m Pa
o mm m

adac 7 0.72 11 0.28 1.2 1200 1.5 0. 0. 0.12 1.62 1944

2 6 2
acab 8 0.82 12 0.29 1.2 1300 3.5 0. 0. 0.12 3.62 4706
7 6 2
abaa 12 1.22 18 0.38 1.6 2000 2.5 0. 0. 0.14 2.64 5280
5 7 2
aaz 14 1.44 22 0.39 1.7 2200 1.5 0. 0. 0.14 1.64 3608
2 7 2
zy 15 1.54 23 0.41 1.8 2390 3.5 0. 0. 0.14 3.64 8699.6
7 2
yx 19 1.94 29 0.42 20 1.8 2400 12 0. 2. 1.54 13.5 32496
1 7 2 4
xw 23 2.34 35 0.44 Ring 1.9 2650 3.5 0. 0. 0.14 3.64 9646
7 2
wv 24 2.44 36 0.44 1.9 2650 1.5 0. 0. 0.14 1.64 4346
7 2
vu 26 2.84 45 0.49 21. 3200 2.5 0. 0. 0.14 2.64 8448
3 7 2
ut 30 3.24 51 0.52 2.3 3600 3.5 0. 0. 0.14 3.64 13104
7 2
ts 31 3.34 52 0.54 2.3 3800 4 0. 0. 0.14 4.14 15732
5 7 2
sr 35 3.74 58 0.64 2.8 5200 0.5 0. 0. 0.16 0.66 3432
8 2

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rq 36 3.84 61 0.65 2.8 5300 14. 0. 1. 0.96 15.4 81938

3 5 8 2 6

193379.
6

48198.6

Theresultingpressuredropontheringfromentrytothemostdistantshoweris193.38kPaasopposedto48.2
kPawitha25mmpipe.Anincreaseof145.18kPaagainst184kPaextrapressureavailable.

Withmaximumvelocitybelowthesetlimitandbearinginminditisbasedonamaximumsimultaneouswater
flowthatmayseldomifeveroccurthenwewouldbejustifiedinadoptinga20mmringmainsizeonthelower
floors.

Ifweneedanyfurtherjustificationwecouldlookatourassumptionofflowpatharoundtheringmain.Wehave
assumedapathfromentrytothemostdistantpointinonedirectionbecausewecannotreasonablypredictin
whichdirectionandinwhatproportionsthewaterwillbeflowing.Wecouldhoweverhavetakenthetotal
numberoffixturesandloadingunitsontheringandappliedthegreaterdiversityassociatedwiththelarger
numbers.Thereareinthisinstant122(2x61)demandunitsontheringthataresubjecttosimultaneoususeand
theresultingflowcouldbeconceivedtobeahalfofwhat122translatestoinflowunits,thatis0.61L/s.Itmay
notseemlikemuchreductionfromthe0.65L/sbutthepressurelossratereducesfrom5300Pa/mto4700Pa/m
givingareductionofover9kPainpipesectionqtoralone.

10.17 REVIEWDISCUSSION

Wehaveconsideredinthesenotestheprobablemaximumdemandofawaterservicesystem,itspressure
requirementsandthemethodbywhichthepipesshouldbesized.

Itisperhapsalsoworthnotingthattheadventofflowrestrictorstoshowersandtheintroductionof
thermostaticmixerstopreventscoldinghasresultedinsomeoldersystemsthatweredesignedtooperatefrom
gravitytankstonowbeingpumpassisted.

Whenpumpsareaddeddesigncriteriachangeswithalargeincreaseinpressurebecomingavailablethroughout
thesystem.

Sluggishindexcircuitscanbemadetoworkwellevenunderthehighestconceivabledemandandtheremainder
ofthesystemneedsflowcontrolrestrictionandregulationtocopewiththeexcesspressure.

Underaverageorlowflowperiodsthevelocitiesinthepipesaresolowastobehardtomeasureandunderlow
flowperiodsthepipesbehaveastanks.Thiswasalwaysthecasebutthepipesweresizedfortheverylow
pressuredropratesthatwereavailabletogravitysystemscompoundedbymanydesignersoverestimatingthe
maximumdemandflowbyusingBullsfixedusageratioof0.2.

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

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10.18 NOTIONALHOSPITALSTAFFSHIFTCHANGES

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BasedonthehospitaldataavailablethisNotionalhospitalwillhaveastaff
tobedratioof2.5givinganestimated740x2.5=1850staffplus740patientstotal2590persons.

Consideringsomestaffareshiftworkerstheactualtotalonsitewillbereducedbytheoffdutystaffassumedto
be33%thusreducingthetotalondutystaffwhowork9amto5pmby33%of1850=616

1850Total(lessshift616)=1234onsite(staffNursesdoctorsclericalmaintenance).

Atshiftchangesthestaffpopulationmayhaveashorttermandpeakloaddemandriseof15%increasingthe
totalto15%of1234=185givinganestimated1419staffattheshiftinterchange.

Patientvisitorsarenotknown(Visitorswillhaveaccesstopublictoiletsandwardensuites)andanallowanceof
1visitorperbedfor30%ofpatientsisestimated=222ofwhich10%mayusethepublicfacilitiesofthehospital
=22persons.

Staffforfranchisedfood,flowersandgiftshopsisestimatedtobe100

Volunteersestimatedtobe100

Bringingtheestimatedmaximumsitepopulationtobe:

740Patients+1419Shiftchange+22visitors+Franchisestaff100+Volunteers100=2381

10.19 WCPROVISIONSBASEDONBCAFACILITIES

Toiletsrequiredforanestimated2381personspeakpopulationfortoiletaccommodation.Thegenderbalance
ofthefemaleandmalepopulationcanchangeinrespecttoallsegmentsofthepopulationcount,assuming50%
ofeachgender,thefacilitiesarerequiredtoserveotherthanthe740patientswhowillhaveanensuitefacility
50%of(2381740)=82150%malesand50%females.The1641usersbasedonaWCto20personsresultsin
40Urinals82WCpansandasimilaramountofbasins,distributedinthehospitalfortheablutionconvenienceof
staffandvisitors.

TheprovisionofEnsuiteWCpansforpatientsisamoveawayfromthehistoricdatausedtodeterminethe
diversityofflushingsystems,theratioofWCtopatientshasalteredsignificantlyfromearlyhospitalswith
sharedfacilitiesandamorefrequentuseofbedpans.

10.20 TABLEOFTHEFLUSHINGFIXTURESINTHENOTIONALHOSPITAL

Staff Patients Dirty MaleStaff& Assisted Totals 1

and En Utility Publicuse Bathroom
Visitors Suite
Urinals WC
WC WC

Fixture 82 740 40 40(20flush) 40 922 2

number

Population 1234 740 111 821 111 2590day 3

totalserved

Est.Shifton 1419 740 200 2381 4

estimated

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sitemaximum personson
site

Useper Basedon2590
person

%onsiteas 54% 29% 5% 7% 5% 100% 5

shiftand
other

%LitresUsed 83516 44851 7733 10826 7733 154660 6

over24h litres100%

9Litreactions 9279 4983 859 1202 859 154660litres 7

24h

6Litre 55674 29898 5154 7212 1145 102075litres 8

flushing
consumption

Ref A B C D E F

Theaveragehealthyhumanbeingvisitsthetoiletabout5timesaday(24hours).

Fromthetableaboveofthe922(F2)Flushingvalvesarepresumedtouse(F6)20%ofthebuildingstotaldaily
waterconsumption,thattotalbeingbetween780/1045litresofwaterperbedperday.

TheNotionalHospitalhas740bedswhichmeanthatitwillconsumebetween577200and773300litresperday
ofpotablewater.Basedonthemeasuredflushingvalveconsumptionof20%for9litreflushvalves,the6litre
cisternflushshouldchangethiswaterconsumptionto102075litres/day.

Theaverageflowrateintothebuildingisgoingtobebetween6.68and8.950litrespersecond.Conventional
wisdomandindustrypracticeestimatesthatpeaksrequire3xaverageflow.

Basedon3xAveragethepeakdemandforcoldwaterisbetween20.04and26.85l/srequiringthree
coldwaterVSDdriveboosterpumpseachonewillhaveadutyof8.95l/s

10.21 NOTIONALHOSPITALFLUSHVALVESYSTEMSIZING

AS/NZS3500:1ProvidesaLimitedBuildingsize(250valves)Tankfedflushvalvetable(Verysimilartothe
NationalPlumbingCodeHandbookbyManus1957)

Notableisprovidedfor25NBMainspressureflushingvalves,orthemorerecentdedicatedharvestedrainor
blackwatertreatedcisternflushingsystems.

BlueTableAS/NZS3500:1Table190.22003andByLaw14BreaktankstoFlushingValveSizing

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RedTableaddeddataincludingflowatlownoisevelocitiesinAS1432
TableBCopperTube

Available Maximum NB mm Areaper mmTube M/SV Pressure Velocity

Headin numberof Pipe of tomax Drop
metresof flush Size tube valve valves m/100 m/second
Water valves served
Area
Thatmay
beserved

3to6m 1to2 40 999 999/2 499.5 1.50 6.926 1.502

3to15 50 1837 1837/15 122 2.90 2.929 1.143

16to50 65 2928 2928/50 58.56 4.50 3.594 1.503

51to150 80 4179 4179/150 27.86 6.50 3.085 1.556

6to9m 1to3 40 999 999/3 333 1.50 6.926 1.502

4to30 50 1837 1837/30 61.23 2.90 2.929 1.143

31to150 65 2928 2928/150 19.52 4.50 3.594 1.503

151to200 80 4179 4179/200 20.89 6.50 3.085 1.556

9to12m 1to4 40 999 999/4 249 1.50 6.926 1.502

5to50 50 1837 1837/50 36.74 2.90 2.929 1.143

51to200 65 2928 2928/200 14.64 4.50 3.594 1.503

Over12m 1to6 40 999 999/6 166.5 1.50 6.926 1.502

7to100 50 1837 1837/100 18.37 2.90 4.899 1.524

101to250 65 2928 2928/250 11.71 4.50 3.594 1.503

250to350 80 4179 4179/350 11.94 6.50 3.085 1.556

351to640 100 7595 7595/640 11.86 11.50 2.048 1.514

641to 150 17283 17283/1500 11.52 26.00 1.235 1.504

1500

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Available Maximum NB mm Areaper mmTube Pressure Velocity

Headin numberof Pipe of tomax Drop
metresof flush Size tube valve valves m/100 m/second
Water valves served
Area
Thatmay
beserved

ThedataprovidedinAS/NZS3500:12003ismuchthesameasthe1960ByLaw14table(Blueasshownabove),
AswiththeNotionalHospital(922flushingpoints,inthiscasecisterns)Westmeadhospitalwas(andis)amuch
largercentralflushingvalvesystemthantheByLaw14tablesizerangecovers.

TheWestmeadsystemwassizedonaproratatopipeareatable,resolvedwiththethenSydneyWaterBoard
ChiefInspectorRAllerton.TheFlushingvalveguidegivesnobackgrounddataastotheoriginsofthetable,the
breakdownofthetableshedslittlelightontothediversitymethodemployed,mostdataofthe1950scamefrom
theUSANationalPlumbingCodebyVincentManusasdescribedinhisHandbook247(2)Applicationofthe
theoryofProbabilitytoaSimpleSystem(Asystemofasinglekindforflushing)AsdiscussedbyRogerGibson
thesystemwasabandonedformixedfixturesystemsmanyyearsago.

Manusmaintainsthatforcompliantsinglekindsystems:p=t/Tandthat9/300seconds=0.03isappropriate
forflushvalves.

TheManusHandbookalsopresentsacurve(ref244)InGallonsperminute(IUSGPM=3.785litres)The922
cisterns(Fullflow922x6l/m=5532l/m=92.2l/s)oftheNotionalHospital,accordingtothiscurverequire200
USGPM=757l/m12.6l/s.

COMPARISONSOFFLUSHINGSYSTEMPIPESIZING

System Cisterns LoadUnits Litres/sec

AS/NZS3500 922(ndwellings Q=0.03n+n 41.48*

VincentManus 922Flushvalves RefertoManus 12.6l/s

Instituteof 922Flushvalves 2=1844LU 6.51l/s

Plumbers

*TheonlyequationdatagiveninAS/NZS3500:1

Table3.2Appliestodwellingswhichhasinallprobabilityinflatedthiscalculation

10.22 NOTIONALHARVESTEDRAINWATERSYSTEM

Theharvestedrainwatersystemwilloriginateatarooflevelplantspaceimmediatelybelowthecatchment.Rain
waterwilldischargeviascreenedinletsto50%ofthetankcapacityimmediatelybelowtheroof.

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Fromtheinitial50%tankvolumeapumpassistedfiltrationsystemwilldraw
fromthetankanddischargetotheremaining50%compartmentofthetankwhichformsthestorageservice
tankandthesuctionpointforpumpsUVirradiationandservicereticulationtotheWCcisternsanddesignated
dischargepointsinthebuilding.

Thefiltrationwillprocessrainatanaverageratetorationalizepumpsandfilterduty,shouldhighintensitystorms
exceedthecapacityofthefilterthetankwilloverflowunfilteredflowforusebecauseinthecircumstancesthe
waterqualitywillbeconsideredadequate

TheHarvestedrainstoragetankshallhaveroofgeometrythatprovidesthesurfaceareaforasolarcollection
system.

10.23 NOTIONALHOSPITALMATERIALSELECTION

TheNotionalHospitalsusergrouphasdirectedthatwithinthescopeofhydraulicservices,nopotableornon
potablewatersystempipework,orfittings,shallbeindirectcontactwithmaterialthatmaybyerosionor
corrosion;contributetraceelementsofanyconcentrationtothewatercontent.

TheClientconsidersthataddinganyunregulatedtracemetalorotherchemicalcontenttothedrinkingwaterof
debilitatedpersons,withoutafullunderstandingofthelongtermeffectonhealth,couldconstituterisk,liability
andpossiblefuturelitigation.

ThehydraulicservicesWatertreatmentandwatertransportsystems,tanksandcomponentswillbeconstructed
ofGrade316Stainlesssteel.Polypropylene,PolybutyleneandPolyethylene.Drainageandplumbingsystemswill
bePVCHDPEPolypropylenewithparticularattentionbeingdirectedatHighwastewatertemperaturesandPVC

10.24 NOTIONALHOSPITALSOLARSYSTEM

AsnotedtheNotionalHospitalhasacentralbasedThermalandEnergyStationwhichcoordinatesthe
distributionanduseofnaturalgas,coolingwater,heatingwaterforcomfortandfordomestichotwateruse,the
thermalstationcomprisesanaturalgasfiredinternalcombustionenginedriversforelectricalenergyandcooling
refrigerationchillercompressors,thegassupplybeingaugmentedwithasmallproportionofmethanegasthe
byproductoftheblackwatertreatmentplant.

TheTriGenerationplantdeliverssignificantbutvariabletoloadwasteheat,thereleaseofwasteheatandthe
coolingloadprofileisbufferedbythestorageoficeforcoolingloadstorationalizeplantsize,butthereremainsa
surplusofwasteheatinsummerconditionswhichcorrespondseasonallytothebesttimeframeforthe
harvestingofsolarenergy.

Theabundanceofheatinsummerconditionstendstonegatethecommercialadvantagesofthesolar
contributionwhichhasrelativelypoorreturnsinwintermonths,compoundingthecommercialdisadvantageis
therecurrentcostsofsolar,thesebeingmaintenanceofcleancollectorsurfacesinanareawheremoderate
industrialairpollutionfalloutisexpected,overheatingisconsideredasignificantissueofsolardesignand
requirescomplexcontrolsystemstoregulatetheinputofsolarheatinextremeweatherconditionsthatcoincide
withlowloadlevelsfortheconsumptionofdomestichotwater,publicholidaysandthelikewherepatient
treatmentnumbersdoreduce.

Inextremeweatherconditionstheprecautionaryreleaseofveryhotwatertoreducetemperaturehasacost,
alsothereisacostfortheprovisionsthatareassociatedwiththis,andthecostofpumpingthesolarcirculation,
asmallbutconstantcost.

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Bearinginmindthatinsummerthesolarsystemiscompetingwithafreeto
verylowcostwasteenergysupply,justifyingthecapitalcostofsolarbecomesmuchmoreofaproblem,the
investmentissupportedmorebythedesiretoprovidetheDisasterclassifiedhospitalwithsystemsthatcan
backuppublicutilitiesthatmayhavefailed.

Basedonthedomestichotwateruseof35l/beddayx740beds=25900litresofhotwaterday.

Basedonanaveragedrawoffloadover16hours=1618litresanhour

Basedonapeakdrawoffof3xAverage=4856litresisconsideredprobableupperlimit

Basedonprobablepeakloadperiodof1hour=4856litres/kgx4.186kj/kgx(1570C)=310kWinputwould
replacehotwateratthecalculatedmaximumrateofuse,bearinginmind25900litresisnotconsideredlarge
storageforadisasterhospital,thesystemwillbeprovidedwithfourthermalstoragetankseach5000litres
20.000litrestotalplus5000litressolarstoragecontributiontobeheatedovera10hourssolardayat6kWyield
permsolarcollectionarea.The5000litressolarpreheatthermalstoragewillbeprovidedwitheutecticsalts
phasechangethermalmodulesgivingthetankaneffectiveheatstoragecapacityofx2

Thethermalstoragetankvesselswillbeconstructedofsteel,withapolypropylenefloatingbeadblanketto
preventevaporativethermalloss.

ThesolarcontributiontotheDomesticHotwatersystemwillbetransferredbyhighvelocityplateheat
exchangers.

Thefinalheatinginputwillcomefromthecentralenergytrigenerationgasdrivenplant,aswasteheatordirect
heat.Theintroductionofheattowaterwillbebymeansofhighvelocitystainlesssteelplateheatexchangers
whichwillmodulatetoprovide70CDomesticHotWaterFlow,thiswillbetemperaturereducedatuserpoint
podsanddistributedtoconsumerpointsby7.5mmsemiflexiblepolyethylenepipewithcompressionorgrabber
fittings.Alldeadlegbranchpipeswillbelimitedtoa2litresvolumetriccapacityanda12secondmaximum
deliverytime.

10.25 SOLARARRAY

10,000kgx4.186kj/kgx(1555C)/3600=465kW/hour

Basedona10hourinputat6kW/m/solarcollectionareayield77mcollectionareaapproximatelywillbe
provided.

TheSolarConstant:recentsatelliteprobesconfirmthatthehourlysunsenergyattheouterlayeroftheearths
atmosphereis4.860+/3.5%MJ/MOfthisabout30%islostpassingthroughtheatmosphereandbyradiation
backintospacesothatthemaximumthatcanreachtheearthssurfaceisapproximately3.406MJ/Mona
horizontalplaneAtanyonetimethiswillvaryconsiderablyfromplacetoplacedependingonlocalclimateand
latitude.Forpracticalpurposesanaveragehourlyinsolationinthe2.271to2.498MJ/Mrange(6kW/daym)

Thesolararrayistoformtherooflocatedabovetheharvestedraintankandsolarstoragetanktheareawill
probablybe17mx20metresallowingforsupportingfabricandshadoweffect.

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Theharvestingraintankisfacilitatingthestructuralsupportingsystemfor
solar,andiscontributingasaroofmembraneforitsarea,alsothetanklocationreducesthepumpingload
requiredforwaterbecauseitislocatedathighlevel7,theseadvantagespointtoacommerciallyviable
proposition.

10.26 NOTIONALHOSPITALSPLUMBINGANDDRAINAGE

TheNotionalHospitalwillcompriseseparateanddistinctplumbinganddrainagewastewatercollectionsystems
forthefollowing.

DomesticSanitaryPlumbingandDrainageabovegroundfloorlevel.

DomesticSanitaryPlumbingandDrainageatgroundlevelshallbeprotectedfromsurchargefromupperlevel
discharges

TradewastecomprisingIsolationWardwaste.KitchenGrease.AnimalhusbandryFacilities.Thermal,chemical,
biological,nuclearwastelevelsthatrequirepretreatmentbeforedischargetothePublicUtility.

Tradewastesubsequenttopretreatmentwillnotbetreatedbythesiteblackwatertreatmentplant.

WastewaterfromisolationandPC3Laboratorieswillhaveprovisionstoengageheatsterilisationpriorto
dischargeaswasteproducts.

AllventsfromtradewasteshallbeseparateanddistinctfromDomesticVents.

BothsystemsofventingwillbeprovidedwithafanassistedsystemincorporatingUVSterilisation,Activated
Carbonfiltration,Hepafiltrationwhereitisconsidereddesirableasapermanentfeaturebeforereleasingthe
ventedairtotheatmosphere.

Wasteheatrecoveryshallbeadesignfeatureofwastesystemsserving.Greasetraps.Cagewashingmachines
PatientandStaffshowers,excludingNuclearmedicinetreatmentareas.

10.27 WASTEWATERTREATMENT

Aspreviouslynoted,theNotionalHospitalisclassifiedasaDisasterHospital.

Thetermdisasterhospitalisopenended,itcanbeappliedtoawiderangeofcircumstancesthewillhavethe
effectofstimulatinglargesectionsofthelocalpopulationtoseekhelpfromthehospitaltoovercomehealth
problemsthathaveexceededthecommunitiescapacitytodealwith.

Therangeofdisasterscanvaryintypeandmagnitude,thekeydesignissueisthatthehospitalretainsthe
capacitytofunctionwhilstnormalpublicutilityservicescannot.

Storageofwaterwillovercomea24hourinterruptionofsupply.

Waterstorageisseenasalimitedprovisiontogiveanengineeringmanagementthetimeframetoundertakea
seamlesstransfertoawatersupplyfromBlackwatertreatmentandrainwaterharvesting.Thenormalpriorities
willchange,harvestedrainwillbecomethefirstchoiceforpotabledrinkingwaterwhenstorageisexhausted,it
willbesupportedbytheblackwatertreatmentsystemservingflushingandnonpotablewatersystems,as
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determinedasadecisionrelevanttotheprevailingemergencyconditions
andthehealthriskasdeterminedbytheHospitallaboratorieswateranalysiscapability.

TheTreatmentsystemsprovidedaspartoftheonsiteplantwillcompriseanumberofstagestoproducea30
mg/lsuspendedsolids20mg/lbiochemicaloxygendemand(BOD).Thiswillbeachievedbyscreening,Primary
settlementandbiologicaltreatmentbymeansofalowenergyBioDiscorBiorollersystem,subsequenttothis
treatmentmaturationlagoonswillprovideaddednaturalUVandoxygen,followedbyReverseosmosis
membranetreatmentandfinalchlorinationtoprovideachlorineresidualof0.5mg/lthroughtheentiresystem
inaccordancewithHealthDepartmentGuidelinesofFinalwaterqualitycriteriaandPermissibleUsesItisnoted
thatthisworkmaynotbeincludedintheHydraulicDesignersscope.

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10.28 IDENTIFICATIONOFPIPES

TheAustralianStandardfortheidentificationofpipedservices.AS1345IdentificationofPipingConduitsand
DuctswasreviewedforitsapplicationtotheproposedservicesrangetobeinstalledattheWestmeadTeaching
Hospitalin1977.TheStandardwasreviewedincomparisonwiththeexistingNSWGovernmentPublicWorks
DepartmentsStandardatthattimeEDSM101,allservicesdisciplineswerepartytothefinalresolutionfor
servicesidentificationwhichwaspublishedasdrawing(04)A1TD(H)001Identificationofpipes.Thedrawing
dealtwithandspecifiedtheGroundcolourandSupplementaryBandsfor66serviceswhicharenotedherein,
withsomeadaptationsforevolutionarychangeadded,itisnotsuggestedthatthisdatedsystemisusedasa
standardorreference,itpredatesROsystemsandHarvestedrainwater,itdoeshowevershowthatthingsdonot
appeartohavechangedmuchinthepastthirtyfiveyearssincetheissueofDrawing(04)A1TD(H)001

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Identificationofpipes,particularlyinrespecttocoordinationbetween
disciplinesortheinclusionofthelinetyperequirementsofcomputeraideddrawingtechnology.

10.29 ANEWAPPROACHTOPIPEIDENTIFICATION

Colourcodingofpipesandvalvescouldbeconsideredamostbasicandfundamentalservicesmanagement
facilitylackinganyelectronicortechnologicalsupportingsystemsuchasbarcoding,orimpressedsignalsthat
nowhavethetechnicalpotentialtobelinkedtobuildingmanagementsystemsanddiagnosticprograms,
howeverbasic,itisprobablethatbecauseofitssimplicityandtangiblepresencecolourcodingwillremaina
featureofservicesdesignfortheforeseeablefuture.

Regardingtherecognitionanddifferencesbetweenthemultitudeofservices

Inmuchthesamewayaswearelackingaviableandfullycomprehensivestandardforallservicespipedrawing
identification,thelegendsweallusefordrawingsandthestandardsgivenbycodescouldbeimproved
considerablyinregardtoauniformandcomprehensivestandardfortheservicesindustrythatextendsintoCAD
/REVITdraftingtechnologyandtheHealthCareClientsAssetsmanagementsystem.

10.30 THENOTIONALHOSPITALCOLOURCODE

(1977VersionofColourCodingforaTeachingHospitalandnowconsideredtobeverymuchaworkinprogress)

line Service GroundColourAS Supplementary Notes

K185RefNumber bands
1 Steam Postofficered538 Aluminium MechanicalService
2 Condensate Aluminium MechanicalService
3 HTHWFlow Middleblue109 MechanicalServicehot
waterhighmedium
4 HTHWReturn Orientalblue174 Temperatureservices
5 PHWF Brilliantgreen221 White Potablehotwaterservice
flow
6 PHWR Eaudenil216 White Potablehotwaterservice
flow
7 NPHWF MiddleBrown411 NonPotablehotwater
serviceflow
8 NPHWR GoldenBrown414 NonPotablehotwater
serviceflow
9 WWF BrilliantGreen221 Black Potablewarmwaterto
TS11
10 Heatingwaterflow MiddleBrown411 NotHydronicsystemwill
effectpotableor
11 HWaterReturn GoldenBrown414 Nonpotablerecognition.
12 PotableColdFeed AircraftGrey693 White
13 NonPotableCF AircraftGrey693 Black
14 SoilandWaste Black Tradewaste Tradewasteidentification
signage required
15 Boilerroompipe Lacqueredcopper Drainsandcoldfeedsto

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boilers
16 NaturalGas Primrose310 Mayalsobetownsgas
17 LPG Primrose310 Black
18 CompressedAir Oxfordblue105 Nonmedicalair
19 Vacuum GoldenYellow356 Nonmedical
20 Acetylene Maroon451 Seldompipedmore
probablealocalbottle
21 Oxygennonmedical White
22 CarbonDioxide DarkGrey632 Black TherapyPoolpH
adjustment
23 Hydrogen DarkGrey632 Red537
24 Nitrogen Darkgrey LightGrey
25 Helium DarkGrey632 Brown
26 Othergases Asdirected
27 LiquidSoap Lightbuff358 Soapforcentralsystems
28 Harvestedrain FrenchBlue166 Purple Referrecycledwatercode
29 Lightoil Beige388
30 Heavyoil;hot Beige388 Postofficered539
31 Heavyoil;hot Beige388 White
32 Condenserwater SkyBlue101
33 Coolingwater Aircraftgrey693
34 Chilledwater Aircraftgreygreen283 White Flowandreturn
35 Refrigeranthotgas FrenchGrey630 Postofficered
538
36 Refrigerantliquid FrenchGrey630 TrafficGreen267
37 RefrigLiquidHot FrenchGrey630 Aircraftgrey
green283
38 Refrigsuction FrenchGrey630 Strongblue107
39 Control/lubeoil Lacqueredcopper Boilerhousesplantrooms
40 Distilledwater SkyBlue101 Black Pointofusestillprobable
41 UltraPurewater Skyblue101 TrafficGreen267 CheckROspecifications
42 FireServices SignalRed537
43 ElectricalServices Lightorange557
44 MedicalOxygen Biscuit369 White&Golden RefertoAs1169forback
yellowwithblack groundcombinationswhich
diagonalstripes arecomplex
45 Medicalair ArticBlue112 Frenchblue
/yellowstripes
46 Nitrousoxide Biscuit369
47 LabCW Frenchblue166 Yellow356 NPCWmaybetreated
48 LabHW Eaudenil216 Yellow356 NPHWmaybetreated
49 FilteredPwater SkyBlue101 Grey632 Potablewater
50 HWPostmortem Brilliantgreen 221 Yellow356
51 HWKitchen BrilliantGreen221 Brown414 75/80Cwaterforkitchen
52 Haemodialysis Skyblue101 Violet796 ReferalsotoUltrapure

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water
53 Chemicalwaste Black Hazardsymbol BiologicalChemicalRadio
active
54 ChilledDrinking Skyblue101 Grey628 Seldomreticulated
55 Flushingservice FrenchBlue166 Black Referrecycledwatercode
56 Filteredwater Skyblue101 Yellow356 NowNPCWorPCW
57 Bidetservicecold Frenchblue166 Yellow356 NowNPCW
58 Bidetservicehot Eaudenil216 Yellow356 NowNPHW
59 Specialwatersupply SkyBlue101 Violet NowNPCWrecycled?
60 Sterilizervent Black Grey692 Oldermachinesonly
61 Risingmain SkyBlue101 RoyalBlue105 Dedicatedsuppliestotanks
62 DomesticCW Aircraftgrey693 PCWDesignation
63 BMCControlair Lightbuff358
64 Dentalvacuumwet Articblue112 Blackband
65 Dentalvacuumdry ArticBlue112 Whiteband
66 TreatedBlack FrenchBlue166 Black Referrecycledwatercode
water
67 TreatedClassA ReferNSWHealthCircular
Water

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CHAPTER11HYDROTHERAPYPOOLS

11.1 DESIGNSCOPE

Thedesignoftherapypoolwastewatersystems,sanitaryplumbinganddrainageanddomestichotcoldand
warmwaterserviceswillbeincludedinthehydraulicservices,thedesignofatherapypoolwatertreatment
systemmaybeundertakenbyaspecialistconsultant,oramechanicalservicesconsultant,orthehydraulic
servicesconsultant.

Thepoolwastewaterdrainagewillbewastewaterfromthepoolconcourseandfiltrationbackwashwater,the
backwashratewillinmostsystemsexceedthecapacityofthesanitarydrainagesystemtoaccept,aholding
delaytankwillberequired,somelocalcouncilsallowthebackwashflowthatfollowsafirstflush,tobedirected
toanirrigationwaterholdingtank.

Wherethehydraulicdesignerisundertakingthewatertreatmentsystemandtheconcreteoutline,itiscost
effectivedesigntoincorporatebackwashholdingandpossiblyharvestinginthegeneralexcavationand
structuraloutlineofthepoolanditssurgetank.

Itisconsideredgoodpracticetodisconnectconcoursedrainageinletsfromthesanitarydrainagebymeansofa
disconnectinggully.

Thepoolshowersmaycaterforstaffactivitiesthatarenotdirectlyassociatedwithhealthcaretherapy,itiscost
affectivetolocateathermostaticcontrolswitchinthemixedwaterpipeservicefromoneortwooftheshowers,
whenthewarmshowerflowactivatesthethermostatthisactivatesacircuittobringonlineadditionalfan
ventilationtothechangeroom.

Thepoolwatertreatmentdesignisacoordinationexercisebetweenthestructuralengineers,themechanical
servicesengineerwhowillbeattendingtotheenvironmentofthespaceabovethepool.Specialistadvicewillbe
requiredfromthesuppliersofwatertreatmentplant.

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112 OVERVIEWOFWETDECKPOOLS

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Therapypoolsareinvariablyalevel,orwetdeckconfiguration,thepool
waterlevelisnearthesameastheconcourselevelattheperimeterofthepool,thepoolperimeterwillcomprise
agratedchanneldrain(300mmx300mmapprox.with1%gradetobalancetank)withplasticcoverhaving
predominantlongitudinalbarswhichinterceptwavemotioncausedbythedisplacementvolumeofpersons
enteringthewater,thewavefromswimming,andtheincreaseinvolumeofenteringfiltered/heatedpool
water.

ThewetdeckpoolwasfirstdesignedfortheMunichGermanyOlympicGames,thebettervisionandlackofside
wavereverberationfromtheendswimminglanesareconsideredanadvantagetocompetitiveswimming,the
easeofaccessfromthewatertotheconcourse,andtheimprovedobservationqualityforstaffwerealsoseenas
significanttherapypooladvantages.

Thecascadeofwateratthepooledgeguttercanbeasourceofconsiderableheatloss;(Andnoise)abypass
pipearrangementshouldbeactivatedtoopenwhenthepoolisnotinuse.

11.3 STRUCTURE

Wetdeckpoolsneedasurge,orbalancetanktoabsorbthevariationsinwatervolumecausedbypatients
immersion,thetankmaybecalculatedinvolumefromanomograminDIN19643(PrintedinEnglish),Surge
calculationsarerelevanttothepoollength,flowintotheedgegutterandpoolvolumefactorsthatinclude
potentialpoolpopulationandmethodofentrymostapplicabletorecreational/sportingpools.

Fortherapypoolbudgetcalculationsthesurgeisabout10%ofthetotalpoolvolume,thepoolvolumewillbein
theorderof50,000litres.Thedepth1200mmandthepoolmayhaveawheelchairrampentryandpossiblya
patientcraneentryfromtheconcoursewhichcouldfeatureundertileheating,

Foraconcretepoolthehydraulicsdesignershouldpreparetheconcreteprofiledrawingsforthestructural
engineertouseasthebasicconceptdesign.

Itisimportantthatallofthepipeworksystemservingthetherapypoolaretechnicallyaccessiblewithoutthe
needtodemolishorchangethebasicstructure,alldistributionpipesoftreated/heatedwatertothepoolmust
behousedinconcretechasesandbackfilledwithcerementmortar,.Inprinciple.Whenthestructureis
completed,thepoolpipeworkinstallershouldbeabletoinstallallofthepipeworkwithoutanyconcretecutting
orsimilarwork.(Pleasenote:Structuralengineersdonotalwaysappreciatethisrequirement).

11.4 MECHANICALSERVICESENGINEER

Themechanicalservicesengineermakesanimportantcontributiontothetherapypool,aswithanyindoor
swimmingpoolorlargewatersurface,thelossofheatfromthewaterisforallintentsandpurposesfromsurface
evaporationfromthewatertotheairinterfacingwiththewatersurface,aswithmostheatexchangeinterfaces
thetransferofheatbyevaporationisdependentuponthetemperaturedifferencebetweentheairandthe
water,thisdifferenceandthedewpointoftheairdeterminethelossrate,theoreticallyifthewaterandtheair
areatthesametemperaturethelosswillbeminimalifany,therecommendedairtemperaturedifferenceis1C
abovethewater,temperatureandanairRHof60to70%Theventilationraterecommendedis15l/sm/pool
surfacearea.

Coldsurfacesinthepoolhallarevulnerabletocondensation,thecondensationhasahighchlorinecontent
makingitverycorrosivetometal,lightfittings,handrails,ductwork,windowframesareallvulnerableproducts.

Heatrecoveryintheairheatingsystemandbackwashpoolwaterdischargeareenvironmentalinnovationsthat
arecosteffectiveinmaintainingthepoolhallenvironmentstable24hoursaday,theexhaustedpoolair.Heated

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shouldpassthrougharunaroundcoilsystemtopreheatinfreshairintake,
thebackwashwatershoulddoasimilarthingwiththecoldwatermakeupthroughaplateheatexchanger.

11.5 WATERTREATMENT

Watertreatmentwillinvolvethefollowingprocessesandplant:

10.5.1Makeupandfill

Therawdomesticcoldwatersupplyatapproximately15CshouldbemeteredandbackflowprotectedbyRPZD
andbefittedwithanautobackwashmicromeshstrainerscreenof50micronandsoftclosesolenoidvalvethat
isactivatedandclosedbyalevelswitchinthebalancetank,withaparallelcontrolcircuittothebackwash
initiationcircuit.

Asaheatrecoveryoptionthecoldfeedat15shouldpassthroughaplateheatexchanger,theothersideofthe
exchangebeing30degreepoolwater.

Theheatrecoveryplateheatexchangershouldbevalvedtoallowthebackwashsidetobeflowreversed
throughablowdownvalvetoremovefiltrationdebrisfromthesystem.

Theprestrained,preheatedcoldfeedmakeupshallenterthesurgetankatverylowlevelincloseproximityto
thepoolpumpsuctionpoint.

11.6 FILTRATION

Filtrationisamechanicalstrainingprocessascomparedwithbiologicalfiltrationwhichismainlyanairinduced
accelerateddegradationprocess,filtrationturnoverratesfortherapypoolsshouldbe1to1.5poolvolumes
throughthefiltrationplantperhourwheninuse,plantdesignmayadjustthisrateforoutofuseperiods.Pool
filtersbecomemoreresistanttoflowasthefilterbecomesdirty,thisphenomenaisundesirableandtendsto
promoteahighinitialrateandalowfinalphaseflowrate,pumpingplantpriortofiltersmaybefittedwithan
automaticcompensatingflowresistancevalve(Rubberlineddiaphragm)oranenergyconservingvariablespeed
drivepump,bothsystemsrequiremodulating/digitalcontroltobalancetheflowtothedesignrate.

Filtrationcanbeundertakenwithdifferentfiltrationplanttypes.

11.7 CARTRIDGEORPADFILTRATION

Alowcostremovablecylindershapedfabricscreenformedinathickwalltube,whichcanbepressurewashed
outofplace,ordiscardedandreplaced,asmallpoolfilterforfiltrationratesofbetween1and25m/hourthe
performanceofthesefiltersisvariableandtheyarenotrecommendedfortherapyuse.

10.61Micromeshscreenstrainingto5micron:Claimedtobeaneffectivemethod?

10.6.2Precoatsdiatomaceousearth.Comprisingapressurecylinderwithastarshapedporousfabric
foundationmodulethatiscoatedwithawaterandpowdereddiatomsmixthatresembleswhitetalcumpowder
andwithwatermilk.

Filtrationrateandbackwashrate4m/m/hour

ThediatomsaretheskeletalremainsofprehistoricseacreaturesminedinpartsofEurope(Probablethat
syntheticsubstancesnowexist)themicroscopicinterlockinggeometryofthediatomsformawaterfilterthat
providesexceptionalwaterclarity.DEBackwashmustcapturetheremovedproductinabagfilter,andnewDE

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powdermustbeadded.Thewaterclarityisclaimedtobesuperiortosand
filtrationandthereareconsideredtobemaintenanceandgeneralrunningadvantagesthatsomehospital
engineersfavouroverthemorecommonsandfilter.

11.8 SANDFILTRATION

Sandfiltrationtypes:

HighRate/MediumRatePressureSandFilters

Thedifferenceinrateisrelativetotherateofwaterprocessed,theconstructionofthemediabedandtheinlet
andunderdrainpipeworkdesign.Sandmediafiltersareaphysicalscreeningprocessdownto510microns,if
colourWherecolloidalimpuritiesareaproblemaflocculentmaybeaddedwhichformsagellayeronthesand
surface,filtrationiscarriedoutunderpressureandratedatrangeof10to50m/mperformancerangerates
above25marenotrecommendedfortherapyuse.

Thefiltersizebeingdeterminedbythepoolcontentsturnoversperhour,thisratebeingdeterminedbythe
maximumusepopulationofthepoolanditsvolumeperpersonassetdowninPublicHealthStandardsand
AS39791991

Designersmustbearinmindthatthepatientsusingthepoolmaybeseverelydebilitatedandnothavefull
muscularcontrol;amethodofrapidlydrainingthepoolisdesirable.

Pressuresandfiltrationisconsideredtobethemostcommonswimmingpoolfiltrationsystembeingcompact
andsimpletooperateorautomate,whilstthewaterqualityisnotaspristineasDEtheclaritydifferenceisnot
consideredtobeanissuetomosthospitalengineers.

Thefiltrationmediabeinga750to1500mmdeepgradedlayerofwashedriversand,preferableasavertical
cylinder,horizontalcylinderstendtopromotechanneling.insomewaterqualitiesflocculantsoradditivegelcan
beusedtoremovecolloidalsubstances(Suchasink).

Filtersshouldifpracticablebeduplicated,andbeconnectedtoadedicatedcirculationpump;thesystemmay
thenbeshutdownto505runningwhennotinuse.

Dependentupontheperformanceofthefilterabackwashpumpmayberequiredasaseparateunit.Flow
reversalofsandfilterstobackwashcreatesfrictionandcleaningofthesandmaterialthebackwashprocesscan
beautomatedtofunctionatasetpressuredropacrossthefilterorbytimeriftheloadsareconsistentafteran
initialfirstflushsubsequentflowcanbedirectedtoharvestingtanksforirrigationandsimilar.

11.9 POOLCIRCULATION

Allareasofthepoolshouldbesubjecttowaterchangefrommushroomrecessedinletsinthebaseofthepool
whichdonotpresentahazardtofoottraffic,thepatternofdistributionmayvarywiththepool,forpoolswitha
depthincreasetheinletsmustbeproportionaltotheincreasingwatervolume(NoteSomepoolinstallations
canserveasanafterhoursstaffamenity)TheSurflosystemwhichisacentralspinedistributiontothesidesis
common,allwetdecksystemshaveanedgegutterpoolreturn,twotypesareavailable

Thesimplegutterwithplasticgrateandtoeholdtileedgegradedwiththetoeholdsubmergedabout20mm,and
theconcoursebeingthehighpointofthegradepointwhichfallsawayfromthepooltoawastedrainagesystem.

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Thesplitchannelsystemincooperatestwoguttersbelowthegrate,one
acceptstheconcoursedrainage,theotherservesthepool.Thepoolconcoursecanbelowtemperatureunder
floorheatedtoassistdrying.

Poolsmayincorporateashowertopreventhydrothermia.orahydraulichoistforstretcherpatients.

11.10 THERAPYPOOLWATERSTERILISATIONCHLORINE

Themostusedchemicalbecauseithasresidualcapacityandremainsinthewaterforaperiodoftimeuntil
exhaustedasaresidualsanitisingeffectAChlorineresidualof1to1.5mg/lfreechlorineandapHof7.27.8is
recommended.ChlorinemaybeaddedtothepoolwaterintheformofSodiumhypochlorite1415%solutionor
Calciumhypochlorite,orBromine(aChlorinederivativethatstandsheatedwaterbetter)andsaltwater
conversion(NotusedinHealthCare).

Chlorineisagasthatcanbechemicallylockedintoacarriersolidorliquidforeaseofstorageanduse.On
contactwithwatertheChlorinegascontentisreleasedintothewatervolumeandfunctionasabiocidekilling
bacteriainthewaterandthatinhabitsthemicroenvironmentintheconstructionmaterials.Thisresidualeffect
ofchemicalsisthefeatureofchlorinethatsupportstheminimummandatorychlorinelevelsrequiredbyPublic
Healthregulations.

ChlorineshouldbeautomaticallyaddedtothewaterbyamodulatingsignalfromaRedoxorPIDsensorsystem;
thiscanbeachievedbysidestreamingpoolflowthroughacontainerofsolidchlorinegranularmaterialor
tablets,theinjectionofliquidchlorine,bypulsedosepump.

11.11 TRCHLOROISOCYANURICACID

AsolidchlorinetabletformwhichhastheadvantageofminimalpHaffect,iseasytohandleandisalesserOH&S
issue,thedisadvantageisthatthetabletswillbreakdowninwetorveryhumidconditionsandreleasechlorine
gas,notaquickresponsetimetosuddencontaminationorhighpeaks,Canincreasethecyanuricacidcontent
andcorrosionandpreventchlorinerelease.GenerallynotusedinHealthCareinstallationsforthesereasons

11.12 BROMINE&BROMOCHLORODIMETHYLHDANTOIN

Veryactivedisinfectionactionandresistancetoheatedwater,involvesstorageandtransportproblems.
Constantimmersionmaycauseskinreaction.

11.13 BALANCEPHCONTROL

ThecontrolofChlorinecontentisanimportantissue,controlbyaRedoxorPIDmeasurementisrecommended.

ThechlorinecontentanditseffectivenessarerelevanttotheheatofthewaterandthepH(Potentialhydrogen)
adjustmentofthetendencyforthewatertobecomealkaline.

ThepHadjustmentcanbeachievedbyaRedoxorPIDcontrolleddilutehydrochloricaciddosepump,thebetter
systemsarepulseoperationandacontrolsystemthatanticipatesthebreakpointrequiredanddosesthewater
reducingtheinputaccordinglytoavoidovercompensation

AsapreferredalternativetoliquidaciddosingwhichisencumberedbyOccupationalHealthandSafetyrules(As
isChlorine)CarbonDioxidegasdosingwillachievethesameresult,regulardeliveriesofCo2beingapartofthe
hospitalsorderforothermedicalgases.

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SoliddolomiticmediacanbeaddedtothefiltrationsystemforpHcontrol
butisnotconsideredsufficientlyflexibleforhealthcareapplications.

11.14 INSTANTKILL

Asthenamesuggests,thebacteriakillisinstantatthepointofexposure,butthereisnoresidualeffect,
theoreticallythebacteriacarriedintothepoolbytheoccupantscanremainactiveuntilcarriedintothewater
treatmentsystemforexposureatthekillpoint.Ozoneisthemosteffectiveinstantkillprocessandisusedin
conjunctionwithchlorineinhighqualityinstallations(TheAdventistsHospitalHydroTherapyClinic)Theuseof
Ozoneimprovesthequalityofthedisinfectionprocessservingthepoolbyremovingalargeproportionofthe
biologicalloadfromthechlorinecontentwhichmeansalowercontentmaybeviableanditwillremainactivefor
alongertimeframe.

Chlorinereductioninthewaterisdesirableifapprovalcanbesecuredfromhealthauthorities,thisapprovalmay
requirebiologicaltestingtoconfirmthelowbacteriacount,aprocessthancanonlybeundertakenonsiteby
suitablyqualifiedpersonnelwiththeappropriatelaboratoryfacilities.Chlorinecontentatthelevelsrequiredcan
afterconstantorrepeatedexposureinwater.affectthemucusmembranesofthehumananatomy,theeyesin
particulararesensitivetothisexposure.

OzoneOisareactivecolourlessodourfreegasthatisnotsufficientlystabletocontaininacompressedstatein
cylinderslikemanyothergases.Ozoneistoxicanddangerous,itwillinsufficientquantities,attackthehuman
nervoussystem.

Ozoneismanufacturednearthepointofusebythecoronadischargeofanelectricalcurrentindryair,the
deliverysystemshallbesuctionoperatedforsafety.Pressurisedsystemsarenotrecommendedforsafety
reasons.;

TheOzoneplantwillproduce18to25gramsofozonepercubicmetreofair.Theozoneisaddedtothewater,it
makesthebacteriakillandforsafetypurposestheozonizedwaterispassedthroughanactivatedcarbonfilter
columntoremovealltracesoftheozone.

OzoneissubjecttotheOzoneProtectionAct1989DIN19643alsodealswiththissubjectandisarecommended
reference

Ozonedoseratearebetween0.8and1.0gramspercubicmetre@28C(Increaseto11.2g/mfor
temperaturesabove28C)ofcirculatedwaterwithacontacttimeof120to150seconds

ControlbyPIDorRedoxpotentialsamplepointpriortotheactivatedcarboncolumn.Aswithmostpoolplant
ozonemanufacture,injectionandcontrolisundertakenbyandmanufacturedbyspecialistcompanies.
Prominentisrecommended.

11.15 WATERHEATING

Waterheatinginputforthetherapypoolisabalanceoftheheatup(fromcold15Sydney,thistemperaturewill
varywiththelocation)totheusetemperatureof28/30C)+Theconstantlossattheoperatingtemperature.

Thermaldynamicsisacomplexfield.Theinputofheattoapoolwillgiveatemperaturerisegraphthatiscurved
,theexchangeratereducingasthetemperaturedifferencebetweentheheatingsourceandthewaterbeing
heatedbecomesless,thecurvecanbecalculatedtothelogbasee,thoselastfewdegreestakemuchmore
timethanthefirstfewdegreesrise,forpracticalpurposesthefollowingisexpedient,consideralso,control
responsetime,plantcostandtheinfrequentheatupfromcoldsituations,heatavailabilityandasnoted,thermal
shock.

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AustralianStandard36341989AppendixECalculationofPoolHeatingLoad
shouldbereferredtoB2EvaporativeHeatLossprovidestheequationforcalculatingtheevaporativeloss
resultingfromphasechange,thisisconsideredtobethelargestlossfromthesystem,thepoolsidesandbase
arelowlossconsiderations,thermallossfrompipeworkmustbeincluded,alsoreheatingbackwashwaterlost
(withheat)andwithleveldeckpoolssomeaddedlosstakesplaceattheairtowaterinterfaceinthegutter.

EvaporationHeatLoss

qe=1.41(3.1+4.1v)(PwPa)

Where

qe=RateofheatlossbyevaporationinMJ/mday

Pw=Saturationwatervapourpressureatwatertemperature(tw)(kPa)

Pa=Partialwatervapourpressureintheair(kPa)

v=Windvelocityataheightof300mmabovethepoolwatersurfaceinm/s(Inindoorpoolsthisisnot
applicable)

Theconstant1.41intheequationhasthedimensionsK.m/s.kgresultingfromtherelationbetweenthe
coefficientsofheatandmasstransfer.

Pa=Partialwatervapourpressurecanbecalculatedfromtherelativehumidityby:

Pa=PsxRH

100

Ps=Saturationwatervapourpressureattemperature(ta)(kPa)ReferalsotoFigB2of

AS3634

RH=%RelativeHumidity

Thewatervapourcontentoftheairmayalsobeexpressedintermsofwetbulbtemperaturewhichmaybe
convertedtoRHbyCurveFigB2oftheAustralianStandard3634Appendix.

Theconstantlossbeingmainlyfromtheevaporationlossatthepoolsurfaceandsomelosstothestructural
fabric,theaveragetotallossforindoorairheatedtherapypoolsisintheorderof300W/mpoolsurfacearea.It
isusualpracticetomaintainairandwaterconditionsinordertoavoidhighhumidityandcondensationoncold
surfaceinterfaces.

Theheatupperiodwillalsobesubjectthepoolstructuralshelltoexpansionandcontractionstress,itis
importantthattheheatupprocessdoesnotdamagethepoolfabric.

BS5385Part41992suggestsamaximumrateofnotmorethan0.25degrees/hourwhichisconsideredover
conservativebymanystructuralengineers,arateof0.5/Chourbeingconsideredamorerealisticproposition
forAustralianconditions.

Athermalrisefrom15Cto30Cwouldtakeover30hoursnotincludingtheprogressiveincreasingthermalloss
fromthesurfaceandtheflowratethroughtheedgechannelwhichshouldbebypassedduringtheheatup
period(Andnonuseperiodswhenthepoolisoperational),alsoincludedtheheatrequiredtoraisethe

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temperatureofthepoolconstructionmass.Thecombinedtotalofheatup
andoperationallosswillprovideamarginoferrorandheatexchangerfouling.

A50,000litretherapypoolwouldrequireaninputof;

50,000x4.186kj/kgx(15C30C)

3600

=872kWforaonehourheatup=29kWforaheatupover30hoursat1C/hour

29.kW/hourwillmeettheheatuploadofthewatercontentonly,tothismustbeaddedthesurfacelossofa
waterareaof41.66/metres.

Thesurfacelosswilladd300Wx41.66m=12.498kWtotal=29+12.498=41.498say43.2kW.(Asnotedthe
natureofheattransferistothelogbasee,thismeansthatthepoolvolumewillheatmorerapidlywhenthet
ishighandmuchlessasthedeltatreduces.

11.16 HEATINPUT

TheheatinginputforthepoolshouldbeprocessedintothepoolsystembymeansofaSWEPgrade316stainless
steelplateheatexchangerdownstreamofthefiltersinabypasslooppipeconfigurationwiththermalcontrol
sensorlocatedinthepoolsuctionlinesystemwellclearofchemicalinjection,thetemperaturesettingbeing
adjustedtocompensateforthermallossinthesystem(Thisshouldbeconstantwithanindoorsystem).

Theheatinputforthepoolinamajorhospitalmayconnecttothecentralcomfortheatingsystem;theheat
exchangerheatinputcontrolwillbeathreewayvalvelocatedintheprimaryheatingsystem.

Wherethecomfortheatingsystemisnotavailable,theheatsourcemaybeaseparateboiler(Coppercore
boilersarenotconsideredacceptablefordirectconnectionorexposuretochlorinatedpoolwater)orheatpump.

Solarcollectionisconsideredviableforpoolsandcouldbeconsideredwhereenergyresourcesarelimited,solar
inconjunctionwithaheatpumpwillincreasethe24hourrunningviabilityandreducerunningcostsignificantly.

Backwashfromheatedpoolsmaybeasourceofheatrecover,thecoldinflowpassingacrossthewarmoutflow
inaplateexchanger,blowdown,andflowreversalisrecommendedtoavoidblockingheatexchangerwater
ways.FinalbackwashdisposaltotheTradewastesystemcanaddusefuldilutiontoaggressivetradewaste
discharges.

11.17 TYPICALTHERAPYPOOLSPECIFICATION

Thefollowingistakenfromatypicalteachinghospitaltherapypoolspecification.clausesdealingwithperipheral
subjectmattersuchasexcavationhavenotbeenincludedandnotesinitalicsareaddedtoadvisethereaderof
thatthereareotheroptionsanddesignconsiderations.

General

ScopeofWork

Thehydrotherapypoolscopeofworkcomprisesbutisnotlimitedtothefollowing

PreliminaryandContractualrequirements

Designdocumentationasfollowsandasstatedinthe(Insertasappropriate)SubContract

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Shopdrawings

Operatingandmaintenanceinstructions

Poolpumpingandcirculationsystems

Poolfiltrationandsterilisationequipment

Supplyofportablepoolmaintenanceunderwatercleaningequipment

Waterchemistrycontrollersystem(s),pumpcontrolpanelssensorsandsoftware

Allreticulationpipework,valvesandautomaticcontrollers

AMMSstandardequipmentmarkingandlabeling

12monthmaintenanceanddefectsperiod

Testing,commissioningandcompliancecertificationofdesignandinstallation

1monthstartupquantityofallpoolchemicalsupplies

Stafftrainingandinstruction

Coldwatersupply(terminatedinplantroomwithRPZD)byplumberforextensionbypoolservicescontractor

TESTS

Supplyapparatusandmaterialsnecessaryfor,andcarryoutthetestsrequiredbytheSpecificationorRegulatory
Authorities,inthepresenceoftheSuperintendentandtheauthorisedrepresentativeoftherelevantauthority
fortheserviceundertest.Exceptforsitetests,havetestscarriedoutbyauthoritiesaccreditedbyNATAtotestin
therelevantfield,oranorganisationoutsideAustraliarecognisedbyNATAthroughamutualrecognition
agreement.Cooperateasrequiredwithtestingauthorities.Useinstrumentscalibratedbyauthoritiesaccredited
byNATA.

ChemicalQualitytests

Submitforlaboratoryanalysiswatersamplesfromfourpoollocationandconfirmsiteinstrumentreadingsare
correctforFreechlorine.(DPDliquid)0.3to0.6mg/LTotalchlorine(Combinedchlorine<0.4mg/L))pH.Redox
Potential.IsocyanuricAcid.Totaldissolvedsolidstrihalomethanes,aslowaspossiblemaximumof20ug/L

Bacteriologicaltests

HeterotrophicColonyCounttoAS4276.3.11995100Colonyformingunits(CFU)perm/lmaximumcount
allowableThermotolerantcoliformstoAS4276.6orAS4276.7Nilper100m/l,maximumcountallowable
PseudomonasaeruginosatoAS4276.12maximumcountallowableNilper100m/l

Hydrostatictests

Testdrainagepipeworkatgravitypressuretofloodlevelforaminimumperiodof24hrs.Checkandrepairall
faultypipeworkandconnections

Pressuretests

Pressuretestsallpressurisedpipesystemsinaccordancewiththemanufacturersrecommendations.Donot
exceedthemaximumdesignworkingpressureofthepipeworksystemduringanytest.Generallyitissufficient

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totestto2timestheworkingcapacityofthesystemmeasuredatthepump
outlet.Atestshallbedeemedsuccessfulifnolossofpressureoccursovera24hrperiod.

Compliancetothefollowingisacontractcondition:

AuthorNotesthatthefollowingwillrequireadjustmenttotherelevantAustralianStateLegislation

RegulationsandConditionsgoverningallcontractorsengagedatHospitalandCommunity

HealthAMS(AssetsManagementSystem)

BuildingCodeofAustralia

NSWCodeofPracticeforplumbinginstallations

Roomusersheets

DAapprovalconditions

NSWHealthDepartmentPublicswimmingPoolandSpaPoolGuidelines

NSWFireBrigadeorlocalfireserviceauthority

CIBSEPublicHealthEngineeringGuideG

DepartmentofHealthTS11Guidelines

Safetyandoccupationalhealth:TherequirementsoftheNewSouthWalesWorkCoverRegulations

NewSouthWalesLocalGovernmentAct

ServicesRules,RegulationsandRequirementsofthelocalElectricalSupplyAuthority

TherequirementsoftheSydneyWaterSupplyAuthority

NewSouthWalesOccupationalHealthandSafetyAct

Unitsofmeasurement:ToASISO1000.

Standards,Codes&TechnicalPublications

Allworksundertakenorprovidedaspartofthecontractworkswillcomplyinallrespectswiththematerials,
workmanship,installationandcommissioningrequirementsspecifiedornominatedinthefollowingpublished
andcurrentversionsofSTANDARDS,CODESANDTECHNICALPUBLICATIONS.

AS3979 HydrotherapyPools

DIN19643 TreatmentandDisinfectionofSwimmingPools

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AS3979 SwimmingPools

AS9000 QualityAssurance

AS3000 Electricalwork

AS21071987 AcousticsRecommendeddesignsoundlevelsandreverberation
timesforbuildinginteriors

AS34971994 AuthorizationrequirementsforplumbingproductsDomestic
typewatertreatmentappliances.

AS3500.11992 NationalPlumbingandDrainageCodePart1:WaterSupply.

AS3500.1.11998 NationalPlumbingandDrainagePart1.1:Watersupply
Performancerequirements

AS3500.21990 NationalPlumbingandDrainageCodePart2:SanitaryPlumbing
andSanitaryDrainage.

AS3500.2.11996 NationalPlumbingandDrainageCodePart2.1:SanitaryPlumbing
andDrainagePerformancerequirements.

AS37001988 SAAMasonryCode

AS3904.21992 QualitymanagementandqualitysystemelementsPart2:
Guidelinesforservices.

AS1357.21998 ValvesprimarilyforuseinwarmandhotwatersystemsPart2:
Controlvalves.

AS2845.21996 WatersupplyBackflowpreventiondevicesPart2:Airgapsand
breaktanks.

AS20321977 InstallationofUPVCpipesystems.

AS39961992 Metalaccesscovers,roadsgratesandframes.

AS4130(Int)1993 PEpipes,pressureapplications.

AS3518 ABSpipesandfittings

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AS/NZS14771996 UPVCpipesandfittingsforpressureapplications.

AS13451982 IdentificationoftheContentsofPiping,ConduitsandDucts.

AS20331980 InstallationofPolyethylenePipeSystems.

AS38551994 Suitabilityofplumbingandwaterdistributionsystemsproductsfor
contactwithpotablewater.

AS1428.11993 DesignforaccessandmobilityPart1:Generalrequirementsfor
accessbuildings

AS2128 GuidetoSwimmingPoolSafety

PIPING

Beforeinstallation,removeloosescale,burrs,finsandobstructions.Duringconstruction,preventtheentryof
foreignmatterintothepipingsystembytemporarilysealingtheopenendsofpipesandvalveswithpurpose
madecoversofpressedsteelorrigidplastic.

Installpipinginstraightlinesatuniformgradeswithnosags.Arrangetopreventairlocks.Providesufficient
unions,flangesandisolatingvalvestoallowremovalofpipingandfittingsformaintenanceorreplacementof
plant.Arrangeandsupportpipingsothatitremainsfreefromvibrationswhilstpermittingnecessary
movements.Minimisethenumberofjoints.Provideatleast25mmclearbetweenpipesandbetweenpipesand
buildingelements,additionaltoinsulation.Joindissimilarmetalswithfittingsofelectrolyticallycompatible
material.

Provideaccessandclearanceatfittingswhichrequiremaintenanceorservicing,includingcontrolvalvesand
jointsintendedtopermitpiperemoval.Arrangepipingsothatitdoesnotinterferewiththeremovalorservicing
ofassociatedequipmentorvalvesorblockaccessorventilationopenings.

Sheathorsleevemetalpipingchasedintomasonryorencasedinconcretesothatexpansionorcontractioncan
takeplacewithoutdamagetothepipeortothematerialorsurfacefinishofthesurroundingelement.

ThermalInsulation

Thermalinsulationistobeprovidedtoallpoolservicereticulationpipework

Thermalinsulationwillcompriseof20mmthickfireretardantflexibleclosedcellpolyethyleneequalto
Thermotec4zerowithfactoryfacedaluminiumfoilandfireperformancetoAS1530.3.

Theinsulationistobemadecontinuousthroughsupportsbymeansofplasticblocksandbecontinuousthrough
floorandwallpenetrationsandshallbeprovidedwithafirestopcollaratfiretreatedperforationjoints.

Flanges

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FlangeswillconformwithAS2129andbeTableEunlessspecified
otherwise.Usestainlesssteelbackingringsonallplasticflangescompletewithstainlesssteelnuts,boltsand
washers.

Valves

AllvalvesaretobeStandardsmarkapprovedbyStandardsAustraliaQualityAssuranceServicesPtyLimited.
ValvesusedaretobeGeorgeFischermanufactureorequalunlessspeciallystatedotherwiseorapproved.
Valvesshallbeplacedineasilyaccessiblepositionsforoperationandrepair.Allvalvesshallbetestedtoa
pressureof2,100kPabyanapprovedtestingAuthority.

CheckValves

Lowpressurepipelinesunder50mmshallbeGeorgeFischerwafercheckvalves.Rienzirubberdiaphragmwafer
typevalveswillbeinstalledonservicesover50mmindiameter.

ButterflyValves

ButterflyValvesshallbeequaltoGeorgeFischer367handwheeloperatedconnectedwithEPDMgasketsand
stainlesssteelbolts

SphericalballValves

SphericalBallvalves(twoorthreeway)shallbeequaltoGeorgeFischertype343or370

PressureGauges

GaugesaretobeK.D.G.type.Thefacesonthegaugesaretobe150mmdiameterandgaugeswillbegraduated
inmetresheadandkiloPascals.GaugeswillregisteronethirdkPamorethanthemaximumpossiblepressure
obtainablefromthesystemserved.Eachgaugewillbecompletewithapprovedgunmetalstopcockand
sufficientpipingforconnectiontothepipeworkgaugeswillbeconnectedtothepipeworkinaccordancewith
CB01968CodeforPumpTests.Gaugesaretobeinstalledonthesuctionanddischargesidesofpumps,filters
andpressurevessels.

Polypropylene&PolyethylenePipe&Fittings

AllpipesandfittingsaretobeSydneyWaterandWatermarkapprovedforuseonthisproject.Productswillalso
conformtoDINstandards8077,8078,16962andAS2642.2/AS2642.3.(PPR)polyethylene(PE)Class12Type50
Polybutylene(PB)Class16CrossLinkedPolyethylene(XLPE)Class16

Themethodofjointingfortherelevantpipesystemsandapplicationincludingtheinstallationtechniquewillbe
strictlyinaccordancewiththemanufacturersinstructions.

Alltradesmenorcontractorsinstallingthesepipeworksystemsaretobecertifiedascompetentbythe
manufacturerandasaminimumattendacertifiedtrainingandinductioncourseforeachparticularproductor
system.ProofofattendanceandorcertificationmustbeproducedbytheContractorondemandbythe
PrincipalortheirConsultants.PolypropyleneandPolyethylenepipeworkinstallationsarenottobeexposedto
directsunlight.

StainlessSteelPipes

Stainlesssteelpipesandfittingswillbeconstructedfrom316gradestainlesssteel,soliddrawntoAS1769.All
pipejointswillbeTIGwelded.

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uPVCPipes&Fittings

UPVCpipesandfittingsforuseinpressurisedsystemswillcomplywithAS1477andratedatclass12inallcases
uPVCpipesshallbejointedwithsolventcementjoints.Cleanerpreparationshallbeusedforalljointsand
appliedtospigotandsocketareas.

ABSPipesandfittings

AcrylonitrileButadieneStyrene(ABS)foruseinpressurisedsystemswillcomplywithAS3518andberatedat
class12inallcasesJointswillbeeithersolventcementweldedorfusionweldedinaccordancewiththe
manufacturersrecommendations.

VibrationCouplings

ProvideflangedrubberbellowstypevibrationcouplingsatequaltoMasonindustriesdownstreamofallisolation
valveswhereconnectedtotanks,filtersorpumps.

Pumpmounts

Eachpoolpumpsetistobepositionedatthesiteateachfixingpointtothestructure,onto,machinerymounts.
Theactualmodelnumberofthemachinerymountwillbeselectedandsubmittedwithcalculationstothe
Superintendent.Eachmachinerymountwillbesecuredtothestructurewithstainlesssteelexpansionfastenings
andwithstainlesssteelsetboltsandwashers.ElectricMotorsSupplyelectricmotorstocomplywithAS1359and
AS1360.Motorsshallbeofatypesuitedtodrivetheequipmentcoveredinthisspecificationinamanner
recommendedbythemanufacturers,andinparticulartothedevelopmentofadequatetorquerelativetothe
startingloadofthedrivenmachine.Therunuptofullspeedshouldbesteady,andwithinatimeperiod
compatiblewithmotorwindingtemperatures,withinthelimitsoftheclassofinsulation,andwithintheratingof
theproposedstartingequipment.

Motorratingshallbecontinuouslyratedatanambientof40C.

Motorsshallcomplywiththefollowingstandardsasappropriate:

Motorsrated0.37kWandaboveshallbethree(3)phasetypeunlessnominatedotherwiseintheMotorsrated
above20kWshallbefittedwithembeddedwindingtemperaturethermistorscomplyingwithAS1023ineach
phase.Tripoperatingtemperatureshallbematchedtomotorwindinginsulationclassification.

Motorsbeingsuppliedfromvariablefrequencydrivesshallbeselectedtoprovidelownoiseandvibration,and
shallhaveclassFinsulation,withclassBtemperatureriseorbetter.

PumpDesign

PoolPumpsshallbemanufacturedfromzincfreebronze(AS1565Designation906D)withphosphorbronze
impeller,Grade316stainlesssteelshaft,andmechanicalsealsthatareasuitableforaheatedchlorinatedpool
water.Alternativeconstructionmaterials(egPlasticwillbeconsidered,ifprovidedwithanunconditionalfive
yearwarranty.Thepumpcastingsshallbeofuniformcompositionandthicknesstoeffectivelywithstandall
normalworkingandsurgepressure.Theimpellershallbesecurelykeyedtothemotorshaftwhichshallbeof
amplediametertoavoidvibration.Therotatingassemblyshallbestaticallyanddynamicallybalanced.

PoolPumps

ShallbeVSDanddigitalspeedcontrolledfromapressuredropsensorlocateddownstreamofthefilterunitand
shallbeselectedsoasnottobegreaterthan90%ofthemaximumdiameterforthatparticularpump.

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Motorsshallbesizedtosuitthepumpcasing;notnecessarilytheselected
impellersize.

Pumpselectionsanddutypointsofthesystemspeedrangeshallbeprovidedwiththistender

Recirculatingpumps

Shallhaveashutoffheadshallnotexceed20metres.Itistheresponsibilityofthecontractortocorrectlyassess
thehydraulicresistanceofthesystemandtodetermineandcommissionthedutypointsaccordingly.

RecirculatingpumpsshallbefactorytestedinaccordancewithAS2417,Part2,ClassC.Certificatesof
PerformancearetobeprovidedwithintheOperation&MaintenanceManuals.Pumpsshallbeinstalledin
accordancewiththemanufacturersInstructionsandshallbecompletewithnecessaryisolatingvalves,flexible
connections,eccentricinletconnector,concentricoutletconnector,vacuumgauge,pressuregauge,and(rubber
insheartype)vibrationpads.Pumpsshallbemountedonapprovedconcreteplinthsthatareprovidedbythe
Contractor.

Pumpmotorsshallbesquirrelcageinductionmotorswithatotallyenclosedfancooledenclosure.Motorsshall
beinsulatedwithClassEmaterials,impregnatedtobesuitablefortropicalconditions.Motorsshallhavea
maximumcontinuousratinginaccordancewithAS1359todevelopthepowerrequiredbythepumpwhen
runningunderanyconditionofdischarge.Forthepurposeofratingthemotor,theambienttemperatureofthe
coolingairshallbetakennottoexceed40degcell

PumpClassification

Contractorsaretoconfirmthehazardzoneclassificationforpumpingunitsandassociatedcontrolssuchasfloat
switcheswiringetc.Allpumpsinstalledwithincarparkareasshallbemanufacturedtoclassonezonetwo
specifications.Pumpsshallbecertifiedbythemanufacturedorsupplierasmeetingtheseconditionspriorto
installation.

Poolfiltrationpumps

Variablespeeddrivepoolcirculationpumpsconsistingof(2number)pumps,,controlpanelandassociated
controlwiringallmountedoncommongalvanisedmildsteelfabricatedbase.

ThepumpsaretobeVSDcontrolsystempumpsetsfittedwithmotorscapableofvariablespeeddrive.TheVSD
pumpswillbecontrolledtoprovideaconstantflowratethroughthefiltrationsystemregardlessofpressure
resistancethroughthefilters.

PumpDuty:providedbycontractorbasedon90minutepoolturnoverrateandsystemresistance

Prepumpstrainers

Providedprepumpstrainers.Prepumpstrainerstoremovelintandothersemifinewaterborneobstructions
aretobeprovided.Prepumpstrainerswillincorporatequickactiontoggleboltsandaswingdavitforeasyaccess
tostainlesssteelperforatedbasket.

PrepumpstrainerswillbeapprovedproductsfabricatedfromGMS..

Backwashholdingwellpump

Supplyandfixadualsubmersiblebackwashpump,levelcontrollers,andflexiblehoseconnectors,guiderails,
controlpanelandassociatedcontrolwiring.Thepumpsrotationwilloperateonatimedbasisfromwithinthe
controlpanel.

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PumpDuty2l/s@5m/h

Heatingwatercirculationpump

SupplyandfixheatingwatercirculationpumponthepoolreturnsideoftheplateheatexchangerIncludecontrol
panel,sensorsgauges,controlpanelandassociatedcontrolwiring.

PumpDuty:providedbycontractorbasedon?kWratingofplateheatexchanger.Parametersareasfollows:

Maximumpoolwatertemperature40C

Mechanicalheatingwatertemperature6570C

Maximumriseperpassthroughtheprimaryheatexchanger5C

Thecompletedpoolplantshallprovidewaterofthefollowingconditions:

Colourwillnotbemorethan5PPMonthePlatinumCobaltScale

Turbiditywillnotbemorethan0.5unitsasdefinedsection5.2oftheDINstandard19643

pHwillbewithintherange7.2to7.6

Minimumfreechlorineconcentrationwillbenotlessthan1.5mg/L

Totalchlorineconcentrationwillnotbemorethan10mg/L

ReserveAlkalinitywillbemaintainedbetween80to140mg/L

CalciumHardnesswillbemaintained80to120mg/L

Totaldissolvedsolidswillbemaintainedaslessthan1500mg/L

Maximumvelocitywithinplasticpipeworkwillbe3metres/second

Coppertubeshallnotbeusedinconjunctionwiththepoolsystem

Maximumsuctionvelocitydownstreamofpumpswillnotexceed1m/s

Maximumvelocityatbottominletmushroominletswillbe0.300m/s

Maximumcyanuriclevelwillnotexceed100mg/L

Maximumbackwashdischargeratetosewerwillnotexceed2litres/second

Watertemperaturewillbeadjustableto40degreesCentigrade

Waterheatingplantwillraisethepoolwatercontentfrom15degreesCto32degreesCin30hoursincluding
balancetankcontent

Thepoolhasavolumeof?cubicmetresandwillhaveafacilitytofillin10hoursanddraindownin24hours

Hydrotherapypooloverview

Thehydrotherapypoolwillbealeveldeckwetedgepool.

Theouteredgeofthepoolwillhave300mmwidedeckgrateonallsides..

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Theguttergrateandtileworkassociatedwiththepoolisnotincluded
withinthescopeofthisspecification.

Thepoolchannelwillincorporatelownoisebalancetankinputwithintegral,andremovabledoubleleaftrash
racks

Thepoolandthepoolbalancetankwillbedrainabletothebackwashtankbygravityandpumpedfromtheback
washtanktothetradewastedrain.

Allchemicalstoragewillbebunded,emergencyfacilitiesaretobeprovidedinthiscontractasrequiredby
regulation.

Returntopooldeliveryshallbefrombottomlowvelocity(0.30m/s)adjustableinlets.

Thefiltrationsystemwillprovide3Pumpswithvariablespeeddrivecontrolledbypressuredropacrossthefilter.

Provisionof3manualbackwashprecoatAtlasD/Efilters

Chlorinationwillbebyautomaticchemicalcontrolaquaticerosioncalciumhypochloritedrygranularsystem
completewithautomaticlocalcontrol(BMSoutput)andremotemodemmonitoring

Backwashcyclesaretoincorporate11kgdebagfilter

Fluropolmerdrylamp30000microwattsecondspercm2UVirradiationsystemwithhoursrunmeterandlamp
replacementadvisetothelocalpanelandBMSsystem

BOCGasmaticCo2pHcontrolsystemwithremotefillandremoteandlocalreadoutattheBMS

CrossflowplateheatexchangerequaltoSWEPwithapoolinputpotentialof150kW

Allpoolwaterheatingcontrolvalves,pumpandsensorsforremotetemperaturereadingattheBMStobe
provided

PoolCriteria

Approx.SurfaceArea(m2) 120

PoolVolume(m3) 123

TurnoverRate(hrs) 1.5hrs

Nom.Recirculation(m3/hr) 83(23l/s)

OperatingTemperature(degcell) 2838

FilterProcess DE:RegenerativePrecoatFiltration

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FilterRate(m3/hr/m2) 9.6mx3

TotalFilterArea(m2) 3x3.2m=9.6m

FilterRate(m3/hr/m2) 3

BackwashRate(m3/hr/m2) 5

BackwashFlow/Filter(l/sec) 4.5

WashWaterConsumption(m3) 4.75x3

pipework

ABSratedto1200kPa(pn12)

DEFilters

ThefiltrationsystemwillconsistofthreeultrafinefiltrationvesselsequaltoATLAS.Thefilterswillbeofthe
regenerativeupflowtypeusingreplaceablediatomaceousearthmediafilteringdowntoaminimumof2
microns.ThefiltrationvesselwillbedesignedforcommercialswimmingpoolapplicationinaccordancewithNSF
approval.

Filtersvesselswillberatedto350kPaandbedeliveredtositecompletewithmedia,liftinglugs,airrelease
socket,samplesocket,flangedinspectionhatch,precoattankfixing,gaugesocket,inletnozzle,backwashnozzle
andfilterwateroutletnozzle.

Chemicaldosinginstallation

ThechemicaldosingsystemwillcomplywiththerequirementsofallrelevantAuthorities.Thechemicaldosing
plantistobesourcedfromonemanufacturer.

Allowancesaretobemadeforthesupplyandinstallationofalldischargetubingfromthespecifieddosing
systemtothespecifiedinjectionpoints.Thedischargetubingwillbeconduitencasedandbeinstalledabovethe
floorslabinaneatworkmanlikemannerusingbends,notshortradiuselbows.

Alllineswillbeinstalledtoavoidairpocketsduringnormaloperation.Alltubing,valves,fittings,etcwillbeof
materialsthatareguaranteedforthespecificserviceconditions

Automaticchemistrycontroller

Supplyandinstallallnecessaryequipmentandassociatedhardwarefortheautomaticcontroloffreechlorine
andpH.

ThecontrolInstrumentwillprovidedigitalreadoutscapableofdisplayingthemeasuredvaluesonacontinuous
basisthroughalocaloutletmonitoring(BMSconnection)andremotemonitoringviaanintegralmodem.

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ControlInstrumentswillberatedtoIP65andshallbemountedona
backboardcompletewithinterconnectingwiringandapprovedprobeholder.Tooptimisethetreatmentcontrol,
thecontrolinstrumentshallbeequippedwithPIDcontrolorHRR.

BenchmarkstandardsfortheselectedchemicalcontrollerwillbetheStrantrol5withremotereadoutcapability
andintercommunicationoutputthroughbothlocaldatapoint(BMSsystem)andremotemodemreadout
capability.

Notethatthepoolwillbestabilisedwithcyanuricacid.Themeasuringprobesaretobehousedinanapproved
flowcellwithpressurereducingvalve,isolatingvalve,flowregulationvalve,rotameterforflowindicationand
adjustableflowswitch.

WaterchemistrycontrollerswillbeasmanufacturedbyeitherProminent(PID),USF:Strantrol(HRR),Wallace
Tiernan:Stranco(PID).Controlunitsotherthantheabovemakeswillnotbeconsideredforthisinstallation

pHcontrol

ProvideaBOCGasmaticCO2systemwithremotefillcapabilityincludingallnecessaryfittings.Lease
arrangementsforthesystemwillbeundertakenbytheclienthoweverallcoordinationandinstallationofthe
systemwillbeprovidedbythecontractor.

Pressureregulationandmeteringsystemswillbesuppliedasacompletewallmountedpanelinterlinkedwiththe
mainfiltrationandpoolcontrolsystem.TheflowofCarbonDioxidewillbecontrolledbyasolenoidvalvethatis
actuatedbythepHcontrolsystem.Theflowratewillbemeasuredandvariedviaacorrectlydesignedflow
meter.ThepHsystemwillincorporateacorrectlydesignedwithdrawableinjectiondiffuserorventurithat
ensuresoptimumgasuse.

ThecompleteCarbonDioxidesystemwillbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthecurrentdangerous
goodsregulationsandlocalauthorities.TheContractorwillalsoensurethattheinstallationcomplieswiththe
recommendedpracticeassetdownbythesupplierofthecarbondioxidegas.

Chlorination

Chlorinationshallbemaintainedwithinthehydrotherapypoolbymeansofacalciumhypochloritedispensing
system.Theentiresystemwillbefullyautomatedandcontrolledbythecentralautomaticwaterchemistryunit

ThecompletedispensingunitshallbeequaltoaPulsarHTH3commercialpoolandspawatersanitationsystem
ortheGranadosGR20E.Thedispenserunitshallincluderecirculationpump,storageanddispensingtank.

Calciumhypochloritewillmaintaina65%hypochloritestrengthupondeliveryandbeequaltothesystem
manufacturersproprietaryproductinallcases.

Flowcontrol

Rateofflowthrougheachpoolfiltersystemwillbecontrolledbymeansofavariablespeeddrivesensor.The
sensorwilloperateviaapressuresensitiveswitchmeasuringthepressuredropacrosseachfilter.Thenominated
subcontractorshallestablishandcertifysystemflow(atbothcleananddirtyfilterloads)byvolumetricanalysisor
ultrasonicflowmeter.

Noflowswitch

Provideanapprovednoflowswitchindischargelineofeachsystem.Thisswitchmaybeapaddletypeflow
switchasmanufacturedbyKelcoEngineeringorapprovedequal.Theseflowswitcheswillbethebasisof
providinganelectricalinterlockwiththechemicaltreatmentandthepoolheatingplant.

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FlowSwitchesarecriticaltothesystemdesignandmustbeconstructedof
materialsthatarespecificallysuitedtoheatedchlorinatedpoolwater.Flowswitchwillbewiredwithan
adjustabletimedelaywherebyallassociatedequipment(chemicaldosing,heatingetc.,)andremainofflinefora
periodofuptofifteenminutesafteraninitialflow(fromatleasttwoflowswitches)hasbeenestablished.Time
delaywillbefinallysetbytheinstallertosuitthesystem'sabilitytopurgestartupairfromthesystem.Inthe
eventthataflowswitchdetectsalossofflowthatequatestolessthan50%ofthetotalsystemflow,the
associatedplantwillautomaticallyshutdowninsamesequencethatwouldbenormallyadoptedforamanual
shutdown.

TosatisfytheaboverequirementsallowforeitherPLCcontrols,oraseriesoftimers&interlocks.Specificdetails
aretobeprovidedwithintenderreturns

Digitalflowmeters

Supplyandinstalldigitalflowtransmitters/metersateachfilter.MeterswillbeequaltoBurkertDigitalFlow
TransmitterType8045inallcases.Themeters(s)willbeinstalledwithaBurkertinsertionfittingcompletewith
associatedwiringandDCpowersupplyasrecommendedbythemanufacturer.IncludeoutputsforBMS
connection.

Fluidlevelcontrollers

WaterlevelswithinthehydrotherapypoolbalanceandbackwashtankshallbecontrolledbyMultiTrodelevel
sensingequipment.Probeswillbeorderedtosuittherequirementsofeachindividualbank.

PoolmakeupwaterwillbecontrolledbyaMultiTrodeprobesconnectedtoaMultiTrodeMTRrelays.Upon
receivingsignalfromtheprobeasinglesolenoidvalvewillbeenergisedtoopenandclosethetankfillline.
BackwashTankoperationandLevelindicationwillbecontrolledbyaMultiTradeprobeconnectedtoaMTZPC
DuplexPumpController.TheMTZPCalarmwillbeconnectedtoanaudiblesounderorbellwithintheplant
room.

UVtreatment

ThehydrotherapypoolwillbeprotectedwithaFluropolmerdrylampUVDisinfectionsystemorProminent
DulcodesPowerlineUVdisinfectionsystem.TheUVCradiationdoseataUVtransmissionof96%/cmattheendof
thelampoperatingtimeshallbe600J/m2.TheunitwillbecompletewithUVdisinfectionsystemcontroller,
sweptstainlesssteelconnectionbendsisolationvalvesandstrainerondischargeline.

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CHAPTER12ENERGYANDCONSERVATION

12.1 ENERGYFROMTHEHYDRAULICSPERSPECTIVE

Themostsignificantpractical,simplisticandcosteffectivedevelopmentinhydraulicservicesenergy
conservationinrecenthistorythathasslippedquietlyintotheresidentialandtoalesserdegreetheHealthCare
market,andhasreceivedminimalattention,istheincreasedthermalresistanceandheat/energyconservation
ofthenowsignificantmarketshareuseofpolymerpipes,polyethylene,polypropyleneandPolybutylneand
polymerthermalinsulation.

TheentryofpolymerintotheHealthCarehydraulicservicesfieldhasbeenofmoreimpactinGermanyandin
WesternAustralia,theMetaltraceelementstoPolymerreactionfailuresinNewSouthWalesandQueensland
havebeenasignificantproblemthathasnotbeenfullyresolved.

ThefocusonenergyconservationformostHeathCareprojectsistheuseofgasdrivenTotalEnergysystems.Co
GenorTriGen,gasfiredpowergenerationsystemsthatalsoutilisetheabundantwasteheatforcomfort
heating,domestichotwaterheating,absorptioncooling,sterilizingsteamproduction,animpressivelist.

EnergyandconservationinHealthCareanditshydraulicsservicescomponentdonotseemtoattractthesame
levelofattentionfromenvironmentalorganisationssuchasGreenStarasdootherserviceandconstruction
disciplines.

TheuseofSharedDomestichotwaterandComfortHeating,orthehighthermalresistancepolymerpipe,which
savessignificantlymorethermallossandenergyconsumptionthanacomparablemetallicpipereapnobenefitin
theEnvironmentallySustainableGreenstarpointssystem.

The25yearsold,andnownearstandardindustrypracticeoffixtureflowcontrolanddualflushcisternsarestill
regardedasinnovative?

Wasteheatrecoveryfromlaundries,kitchengreasewastes,animalcagewashershotwaste,domesticshowers
andACchillers,orcondenserwater,arenotontheagenda,noriswasteheatrecoveryfromthehotgasof
mortuaryandkitchenrefrigeration.

TheseconceptsareviableforColesandWoolworthsSupermarkets,andagedtechnologyincommercial
laundries,buttheyseemtobeachallengeforHealthCareinstallations.

ThecaseforwastewaterheatrecoveryisaclosedcaseinAustralia,notsoinSweden?

ThefollowingpaperThecaseforSmallborePipes,isanexampleofanowdatedreviewbeingsubmittedto
AustralianStandardsforconsideration.

ApipesizesreformwhichincludesNATALaboratoryteststhatshoweda69%savinginwateraloneanda
probablesimilarsavinginenergyandMedicalpersonneltime,atacapitalcostreduction.

TheinterestingquestionisWhatdoesittakeinourindustrytostimulatesomeinterest?

ThepaperwhichwaspublishedbytheAHSCANewsletterandhasbeendrawntotheattentionofAustralian
Standards.Ithasreceivedanearzerodirectresponse,orapparentinterestfromstandards,orthedesignwingof
thehydraulicservicesindustry,curiouslytherewasanarticlepublishedintheAutumn2010Plumbing
ConnectionwhichcarriedthetitleThecommitteeforplumbinginstallations/regulationsisreviewingits
regulationsinhopeofreducingdeadlegwatertoamaximumatanytapoutletatanytimeto2L.Thereviewis
probablystillinprogress?

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TABLE4.6(A)ACCEPTABLEMAXIMUMPIPELENGTHSFROM
HOTWATEROUTLETSORFIXTURESNONCIRCULATINGSYSTEMS

DN 10 15 18 20 25

Internaldiametermm 7.0 10.0 12.5 15 20.5

Lengthmetres 52 25 16 11 6

NoteAlternativesolutionstopipelengthsspecifiedinthetablemaybeusedprovidingtheamountof
deadwaterdrawoffatanyoutletdoesnotexceed2litres

Thearticlegoesontosaythatinatypicalhouseholdtheannualwaterwastedasaresultofexcessivereticulated
pipeworklengthandpoorlylocatedwaterheatersmayaddupto15000litresperhouseperyear.Duetothis
wastethecommitteeiscurrentlyreviewingitsregulationsinhopeofreducingdeadlegwatertoamaximumat
anytapoutletatanytimeto2litres.

ThePlumbingConnectionpublicationadviseditwouldfollowuponthisconcept,itsagoodwhileagonow
andnothinghaschanged,whymightthatbe?

2000yearsagoTheRomanoratorandstatesmanMarcusTulliusCicero,issaidtohaveusedtheexpressioncui
bono(Whobenefits)totheRomanconsulLuciusCassiusLonginusRavillainafamoustrial.Cicerowonand
avoidedthepenaltyofbeingsownintoaleathersackwitharabiddogandapoisonoussnakewhichwasthen
thrownintotheTiber.

12.2 THECASEFORSMALLBOREPIPES

ByLaw14WastheSydneyWaterregulationthatprecededAS/NZS3500.TheByLawwasinImperialdimensions
andincludedaclausethatmaximisedthepermissiblelengthofhalfinchpipe(12.7mm)tosixfeet

Thesixfootrulewasjustifiedbythefollowinginformalexplanation

TheByLawwaswrittenmanyyearsagoandwhenwrittenitwastargetingthecottageindustry,thesixfootrule
wasasimplemeansofensuringthatthefewunscrupulousplumbingcontractorsouttherewouldnotprovidea
halfinchserviceforanentiredwelling

Overlongperiodsoftime,wetendtolosesightofthelogicthatsupportsregulationsandCode
recommendations.Alsoitisnotconsideredvalidbythewriter,tobrandtodayslicensedplumbersas
unscrupulous.

Thereisaplausiblecasetoputforwardjustifyingmuchsmallerpipesinwarmandhotwatersystems,alsotoa
lesserdegreecoldservicepipes,butthereisobviouslynothermaladvantage,orwatersavingadvantagewith
coldservices.

ThefollowingletterwasanapproachmadebytheAHSCAtoAustralianStandards52010

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RW:bw

5thMay2010

StandardsAustralialimited

WS14Committee

ExchangeCentreLevel10

20BridgeStreetSydneyNSW2001

Attn:AlanLaw

DearAlan

RE:THECASEFORSMALLBOREPIPES

WeattachforyourattentionapaperpublishedinarecentAHSCANewslettertomembers.

ThepaperreviewstheCaseforSmallerPipesandprovidessupportingdatafromaNATACertifiedTesting
Laboratory.

ThispaperwaspreparedbyaveryexperiencedpastfoundingmemberoftheAHSCAwhohasapersonalinterest
inconservationofenergyandwater.

Thepapertakesacursorylookatthehistoricreasonsfortheminimumpipediametersthatarecurrentlyusedas
commontradepracticeandoffersanoptionthatisamorecosteffectiveinrespecttobothcapitalandrecurrent
costs,particularlyfordomestichotandwarmwaterservices.Assupportedbythetechnicaldataattachedasan
appendix,theeventualbroadadoptionoftheconceptasoutlinedwouldsavethecommunityconsiderable
energy,plusanaddedbonusofconveniencebeingachievedbyreducingthewaitingtimetoclearresidualhot
waterfromdeadlegbranchconnections.

Historically,andcurrently,domesticHotandColdwaterservicesthatareapprovedforusehavelegislateda
maximummandatorypermissiblelengthanddiameter.ThisisbelievedtohavebeeninheritedfromtheearlyBy
Lawsthatpredatedhighrisedevelopment,theoriginaltargetbeingcottageplumbing,andtheintenttoprotect
homeownersfromundersizedwaterservices.Itisofinterestthathotwaterservicesreceivedlittleattentionin
ByLaw14,whichwaseventuallyrectifiedintheproductionofAS3500.ThemandatoryregulationsorAustralian
Standardsrecommendationsthatcontrolpipediametersandpipelengthshouldberelevantonlyto:

thepressureavailable

theflowraterequired

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thethermalloss

thefrictionalresistance,and

thevelocityofthewaterasanacousticconsideration.

ARELEVENTOBSERVATION

ItiscuriousthatPublicUtilitiesarepressingtheuseoflowflowcontrolfixturedeliveryrates,dualflushtoilets
andlowenergylightingtotheextentthatincandescentlightingfittingsaretobephasedout.

Converselythethermal/energysavingadvantageofusingplasticpipesforhotwaterreticulationhasnot
registeredinthepursuitofenvironmentalsustainability.

TheCaseforSmallPipesOffersthefollowing.

Anewenvironmentallyfriendlydesignconceptforsmallpipediameterswithinthe

constraintsofexistingpractice.

ForExample,theNSWHealthPolicyMemorandum

TS11determinesthataDeadLegshallconsistofa10metremaximumlengthof

pipe(logically,thecooledwaterdrawoffshouldbedeterminedbywatervolume,not

pipediameter).

Adifferent,butnotunique,hotwaterringmainloop.

Thesmallpipeconceptisnotboundtothistypeofcirculation.

Itcouldbeanyofthefollowing:

Conventionalflowandreturn

Conventionalreturnpumping

Noncirculatingsystemwithmultiplebranchservicestoanumberoffixtures

fromasingleheatsource.

AmuchlesservolumehabitatforLegionellacolonisationinwarmwaterreticulation.

Inconclusion,AHSCA(NSW)Inc.believethatAustralianStandardscouldassist

considerablyinadvancingtheprogressofdomestichotandcoldwaterservicesdesignbymakinganenergy
savingrecommendationthatpointsouttheinherentadvantageoftheplasticpipethermalresistanceand
adjustingthecurrentstandardswheretheclausesrestricttheuseofsmallerpipediameters,possiblyreinforcing
theadvantagesofsourcetopointreticulationoversequentialbranchconventionalsystems.

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WetrustthattheforgoingisofinteresttoAustralianStandardsandwelook
forwardtoyourconsiderationofourproposalpleasecontacttheundersignedshouldyourequireanyfurther
informationon(Telephonenumberdeleted).

YoursFaithfully,

AHSCA (NSW) Inc.

Rod Ware

1stVicePresidentTechnical

Enc.

cc.DavidCreasey

POBox583,NORTHSYDNEY,NSW2059Phone:1300797101Fax:1300797353

Email:ahsca@ahsca.com.auWebsite:http://www.ahsca.com.au/site/index_nsw.php

ABN23031331289

OVERVIEW

Asmallborepointtopointsystemisvalidforbothhotandwarmwater.Howeverthegreateradvantagesare
morerelevanttowarmwatersystemsusedinHealthCaresystemsinconjunctionwithautomaticactivating
sensortaps.

ThegrowthofhandwashingbasinsandtheuseofsensortapsintheHealthCarefieldhasinrecenthistory
expandedsignificantlyaspartofthedrivetocontainHospitalacquiredinfections,manyofwhichareseento
originatefromhandcontact.

Acountoffixturesinpartoftheintensivecarewardinamodernteachinghospitalrevealed16bedsand25
adjacentbasinswithsensortapsandThermostaticmixingvalves,(TMV)someTMVsareservinguptothree
basins,andasfarasthecurrenthealthrulesallow,providingtheoverallpipelengthiscurrently10metresorless
thenthisispermissiblepractice.

Ontestingthesensorvalvessometakeupto9activationstoobtainwarmwater.Ittakesalongtimeat6litres
perminuteorless,toremovethecoldwaterthatisinthesectionofpipefromtheTMVtotheTap

12.3 AS/NZS64002400STARRATINGS

Table3.1isincludedtodemonstratethetrendinusinglessflowofwateratconsumerpoints,Thistrend
complimentssmallerpipes,andsmallerpipesmeanslessdraindown,andlesswaste,alsolessenergylossin
thermalemissionfromthepipewall,andforheatingupthewastedwatercontent.

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AS/NZS64002006FLOWRATESANDSTARRATINGS

AS/NZS6400:2005
Table3.1Ratingspecificationsforshowers(extract)
Rating
0Stars 1Star 2Stars 3Stars 3Stars 3Stars

Item Product Water (warning)

type Consumption
unit

1 Showers L/min Morethan More More More More
16.0 than than than than
12.0 9.0 7.5 6.0
orfailingthe butnot butnot butnot butnot
more more more more
performance than than than than
16.0 12.0 9.0 7.5
requirements

5 Tap Morethan More More More More Not

Equipment 16.0or than than than than more
12.0 9.0 7.5 6.0 than
flow failingthe butnot butnot butnot butnot 4.5
controllers more more more more
performance than than than than
16.0 12.0 9.0 7.5
requirements

12.4 AS3500.1.2

Table1.1ListsDN1015182025324050

AsthepipesandTubesforuseinAustralia(TubesareusuallyODpipesID)TheTablefollowingsetsoutwater
volumesin10metresofpipeortubeatthediametersconventionallyusedfordeadlegreticulation,andwith
waterflowingat6litresperminutethroughthesystemtoasingletap.Itisnotedthat10metresistheallowable
deadleglengthmaximumasdeterminedbyClause2.4Page3NSWPolicyDirective,

DNSize Actual Volumein10 Timeto PressuredropFor WaterVelocity

Internalbore metres evacuate 10metres m/sec

Seconds

7.5 5mm 0.196litres 1.96 140kPa 5.0911

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

(See Estimated
footnote)

10 7.7mm 0.465litres 4.65 69kPa 2.147

15 10.9mm 0.933litres 9.33 13.15 1.076

20 17mm 2.270litres 22.77 4.15 0.440

Footnote:7.5mmPolyethylenepipeisnotcurrentlylistedasastandarddiameterinAS3500.alsothewater
velocityexceedsthe3metrespersecondupperlimitrecommendedbyAustralianStandardspracticaltesting
doesnotrevealexcessivenoisegenerationfromthiswatervelocity,thevalveinternalsaresubjectedtosuch
velocitiesinnormaluse.

125 HEALTHCARESAMPLE

Basedona25Basinsand16bedexample

TheratioforStafftohospitalpatientsisintheorderof2.4to3staffperbed.Usingthisratiothe16bedswould
besupportedbyabout40persons,notallindirectcontactasmedicalpersonal,basedonatheoreticalaverage
of1doctorand4nursesondutymostofthetime,andcontactvisitingthepatientsay4timesaday,thebasin
usagecouldbeintheorderof16bedsx4timesday=64tapusages.

BASEDONTHISAVERAGERATEOFUSETHECONSUMPTIONPERDAYWOULDBEASBELOW

DNPipe Waterwaste EnergyWaste Waitingtime

7.5 12.544litres 364Watts 2.09minutes

10 29.76litres 865Watts 4.96minutes

15 59.71litres 1736Watts 68.8minutes

20 145.28litres 4224Watts 1457minutes

EXPRESSEDOVERAYEAR(16BEDS)

7.5mmpipewastes4578litresand66.43kWperyearand12.71hourswaitingtime

10mmpipewastes10862litresand157kWperyearand30.17hours

15mmpipewastes21794litresand316kWperyearand418hours

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20Mmpipewastes53027litresand1541.76kWperyearand8863hours

Asaproratarelationshipbetweenconsumptionandbeds,andbasedonwatercostsof$100kland6centsa
kWgasenergytheforgoingcalculationsindicatethatan800bedhospitalcouldconsumeandcostasshownin
table3

TABLE3PRORATACONSUMPTIONCOSTSPAFOR800BEDS

DNPipeused $WaterCost $Energy ManhoursWaiting Consumables

Time cost

7.5 $228 $199.29 635.5hours $427

10 $543 $471 1508hours $1014

15 $1089 $948 20900hours $2037

20 $2651 $4625 443150hours $7276

12.6 THEJEMFLOWTESTRIG

TheJemflowTestrigverifiessatisfactoryflowforshowersandbasins.Italsodemonstratesthatthereisahidden
costinusingmetallicpipessuchascopperbecauseofthelargeramountofheatenergyabsorbed,andlostbythe
copperThespecificheatofcoppermetalis0.385J/gK.Howmanyjoulesofheatarenecessarytoraisethe
temperatureofa1.59kgblockofcopperfrom21.0Cto86.8C?

E=massxspecificheatxchangeintemp.

As15432TypeB15mmx.0.9mass=0.302kg/m

10metres15mmtube=10x0.302=3.02kg
specificheat=.385J/gKx3.02kg=1.1627385J/kgk
changeintemp=1550C=35

E=(3.02kg)(385J/kgK)(35K)
E=122897.39J=122.89kJ

Thisistheadditionalenergylossoverandabovetheheatlossfromtheactualwaterthatcanbeexpectedafter
heatingacoppertube10metreslongwith50degreewaterandallowingthatwatertocool.thetimeframeof
coolingwillvarydependentuponthevalueofthermalinsulationandtheairtemperaturesurroundingthepipe.
Thereisofcoursealossfromthesamediameterplasticpipefromthewatercontent,howeverthethermalloss
isabouthalffromplasticthancopper,oranyothermetal.

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12.7 POINTTOPOINT7.5MMHOTANDWARMWATER
RETICULATION

TheproposedpointtopointfromaTMVmanifoldsmallboresystemshowsclearrunningcostadvantages,not
notedisthepracticalpropositionofrunning10metresofsmallborepipetoeachindividualtap,whichincreases
thepotentialoftheTMVtoservepossiblyfouruserpointsasagainstthecurrenttwo,orpossiblythreepointsif
theplanningpermits.Theconceptisequallyvalidforcentralwarmofhotwatersystems.

Thetimeconsumedbymedicalstaffrepresentsthemostsignificantsavingandwouldremovetheobvious
frustrationofwaitingforthewarmwatertoarrive,thisfrustrationappearstobeamplifiedbytheuseofhands
freesensortaps,withmoderntechnologytheexpectationisinstantservice,failuretocomplywiththis
expectationusuallydiscreditsthesensortaptechnologyratherthanthetrueculprit.

Theforgoingnotesconcentrateonthesavingofwater,energyandtime;thenotesdonotincludethecostof
sewerageremoval,whichisavalueaddedbonus.

TheJemflowLaboratorytestisattachedasthefollowingappendix.

JEMAustraliaPtyLtdP.O.Box3161Putney.Sydney.Australia.2112

Phone:+61298078592Fax:+61298078594.EMAIL:admin@jemaustralia.com

12.8 TESTINGCOMPARATIVEPERFORMANCEOFSMALLBORETOCONVENTIONAL
PIPING

Aim

Todeterminetheamountofwaterthatisdischargedfromaheatedwaterpipingsystembeforethedesired
temperatureisdeliveredtotheuserdischargepoint.Eachpipingsystemhasamaximumdeadlegof10metres
fromthetemperaturecontrollingdevicetotheuserdischargepoint.

HeatedWaterSystemsTested

System1(ConventionalSystem)

Thisisaconventionalheatedwaterpipinglayoutthatiscommonlyusedinhealthcarebuildingstoprovide
heatedwateratatemperaturenogreaterthan43.5degreesC.Itissupplyingthreedischargepointsthrougha
combinationofcoppertubecomplyingwithAS1432insizedDN20andDN15(seefigure1).

System2(SmallBoreManifoldSystem)

Thissystemconsistsofamanifoldontheoutletofthetemperaturecontrollingdevice,threeindividual10metre
runsof7.15mminternaldiameterPEpipetoeachofthedischargepoints(seefigure2).

Testprocedure.

Eachsystemwastestedusingthefollowingprocedure:

1.Provideacontinuoussupplyofheatedwaternotlessthe60degreesCtotheinletofthetemperature
controllingdevice.

2.Provideacontinuoussupplyofcoldwaternotgreaterthan25degreesCtotheinletofthetemperature
controllingdevice.

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3.Runcoldwaterthroughthepipingsystemuntilthedischarge
temperatureatthefurthestpointisequaltothetemperatureofthecoldwatersupplytothetemperature
controllingdevice.

4.Operatethefurthestdischargepoint(10metrelength)measureandrecordthequantityofwaterdischarged
untilthewatertemperaturereaches43.5degrees.

NOTE:Thistemperatureismaximumheatedwatertemperatureforhealthcarebuildings.

5.Repeatstep3and4.

6.Operatethefurthestdischargepoint(10metrelength)measureandrecordthequantityofwaterdischarged
untilthewatertemperaturereaches38degrees.

NOTE:Thisisapracticaltemperatureforheatedwaterusage.

7.Repeatstep3

8.Repeatstep6

9.Calculatethetimeandvelocityofthewatertodischargeataflowrateof4litresperminute(6starWELS)and
6litresperminute(5starWELS).

Oncompletionofthetestonthemanifoldsystemmeasureandrecordtheflowratefromthefurthestdischarge
point(10metrelength)atadynamicpressureof150kPaandthenat250kPa.

RESULTS

SYSTEM1(ConventionalSystem)

Temperature Test1 Test2 TestAverage

43.5degreesC 5.5litres 4.7litres 5.1litres

38degreesC 2.6litres 2.55litres 2.58litres

SYSTEM2(ManifoldSystem)

Temperature Test1 Test2 TestAverage

43.5degreesC 1.9litres 2.0litres 1.95litres

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38degreesC 0.8litres 0.8litres 0.8litres

COMPARISONOFTHETESTAVERAGES

Temperature 43.5degreesC 38degreesC

System1(conventional) 5.1litres 2.58litres

System2(manifoldsystem) 1.95litres 0.8litres

UsageReduction 3.15litres 1.78litres

PercentageReduction 62% 69%

TIMETODELIVERHEATEDWATERAT38DEGREESC

FlowRate System1(Conventional) System2(ManifoldSystem)

4litresperminute 39seconds 12seconds

6litresperminute 26seconds 8seconds

SYSTEM2FLOWRATE

(a) Flowrateatadynamicpressureof150kPatheflowrateis12litresperminute.

(b) Flowrateatadynamicpressureof250kPatheflowrateis16.2litresperminute.Thisflowrateismost
likelylimitedbythedeliverycapacityofthetemperaturecontrollingdevice.

12.9 TESTCONCLUSION

System2(manifoldsystem)providessignificantreductioninwaterusageandhastheabilitytoreducewater
consumptionperuseby69%.Inadditionthereisasignificantreductioninhotwaterenergyconsumption.The

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manifoldsystemastestedcouldsupplyupto4separatebasins
simultaneouslyandona40%diversitycouldbeconnectedto10basins.

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13SOLAR

Note.AphilosophicalapproachtotheinclusionofasolarcontributiontotheDomesticHotWaterServiceloads
ofHospitalshasbeenaddressedintheNotionalHospitalChapter.Howeverthereisamuchbroader
considerationofsolartobeaddressed.

Asolarcontributiontoanyprojectusingdomestichotwaterservices(Andwarmwaterservices)should
logicallyreducetheproductionofcarbondioxideandotherbyproductsoffuelcombustionandtheactual
manufacturingprocesstocreatethesolarcollectionsystemandbeofacommercialbenefittotheenterprise
usingtheplant.Lifecyclecostingisacriticalprerequisite.

Thereareatthispointintimesixprominentmanufacturedproductmethodsofcapturingsolarenergyavailable
todesigners.

Theglazedflatplatecollector.

Theevacuatedtubeorinertgasfilledtubecollector.

Theplasticmultipipewebbedcollectorstripsystem.

Thefocusingparaboliccollector.

Thephotovoltaiccell.

Therefrigerationcycleheatpump.

Reviewingtheabovelistinreverseorder.

6)REFRIGERATIONTECHNOLOGY

Usingtheheatgatheringphysicsofstatechangefromliquidtogas,andgastoliquidbycompressionandde
compression(Thevapourcompressioncycle)hasbeenusedinAustraliasince1861JamesHarrisonBoywonRiver
GeelongAustralia.

Theheatpumpusesthesametechnologybutreversesthedirectionoftransfer,thelowgradeheatbeing
gatheredfromtheairandamplifiedanddeliveredtowaterbyahotgastowaterheatexchanger(Airtowater
heatpump).Thedomesticsizedheatpumpunithasbecomepopularinthatmarketincreasingmarketshareover
thepast10yearsasenergycostsincrease.

InhealthcaretheopportunitiesofusingthehotgaswasteheatfromAirConditioningchiller,Mortuary
refrigeration,andMedicalicemakingmachineshasbeenarareevent,possiblybecausefewchillersare
manufacturedlocallyandmodificationshaveanimpactonwarranties.

Asnotedpreviously,ColesSupermarketsusethistechnologyasstandardpractice.Theheatpumphasthe
advantageofextractingthesunsenergyfromtheheatedair,ratherthanfromradiantheat.Theadvantageof
thisarrangementisthatheatpumpsworkatnight,alsotheyhavenoproblemswithextremeweather,andit
wouldbedifficulttooverheatwithaheatpump.HeatpumpperformanceismeasuredbytheC.O.P(Coefficient
ofPerformance)thiswillrangefrom3to4

Meaningthata$todrivetheheatpumpwillreturn$3to$4ofequivalentheatvalue.

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Asecondaryandrelatedheatextractionfromtheairconditioningcooling
systemisadirectcoldfeedtoCondenserswaterflowheatexchanger,condenserwaterflowcanoperateat35C
whichgivesthepotentialtohaveapreheatingcoldfeedsupplybasedon(1535C)t=20C,Severalnonhealth
carebuildingsutilisethisfeature.DeutscherBankSydney.SailsintheDesertHotelintheNorthernTerritory.
SuncorpBuildingSydney,possiblythereareothers.

AswithanyenergyconservationsystemLifecyclecostingshouldbebasedonthevalueoftheenergyreturned
overthelifecycleoftheplant,abalancebetweentheenvironmentalcostofmanufacturingandtransportingthe
plant,itsactualrunningcost,maintenance,andinterestonthecapitalcostareallnegativeissues,someofthese
costswillbesubjecttoinflationestimates,thereturnmustexceedthecosttoclaimviability.Howeverthe
reductionofotherplantandthereducedcostthatisassociatedwiththatreductionarepartofthecredit
column.

5).THEPHOTOVOLTAICCELL.

Thepriorphilosophicalchapterwhichtouchedontheneedtounderstandsomeaspectsofotherdisciplinesdoes
relatecloselytothismethodofharvestingsolarenergy,itmustobviouslybeacompetitorforsolarcollection
space.

AspublishedintheNovemberNewScientistandavailableasaMultimediaguidetoenergyproduction,useand
sustainabilityatwww.energyrealities.orgThebetterandmoreexpensivesiliconcellscurrentlyproducedare
around28%efficientinturningsunlightintoelectricity.Atthelowendofthecostandefficiencyscale11%most
commercialcellsavailableare16%approximatelyandcurrentlytheycanbeinstalledforabout$1perwattof
capacity.

Newdevelopmentsinthedesignofcells(ETAExtremelythinabsorber)areunderstoodtobeverycost
competitiveandrenderabout11%.Theabsorberisafewnanometersthickandproductioncostsof$0.50watt
areanticipated.

Thepropositionofcombiningthisverythincellwithotherbuildingsurfacematerialsisnotreviewedinthedata,
ifpracticalsuchapropositionwouldhaveasignificantimpact.

Theadvantagewithdirectpowergenerationfromthesunistheverylowlinelosswhencomparedwithusinghot
waterasthetransportmedium.Alsothedistributionandmanagementoftheendproductofelectricalenergyis
accommodatedbyexistingtechnology.

4).THEFOCUSINGPARABOLICCOLLECTOR.

Thefocusingparaboliccollectormaycomprisealongandparabolicshapedcrosssectioncollectingsurfacewhich
hasthegeometricqualitythatallsolarradiationcapturedbyitssurfaceareaisfocusedatasinglepoint,this
beingaglassandvacuumsheathedpipethatmaycontainwaterorthermaloil.

Thecollectorsangleisadjustableeasttowestpointingatthenorthernsunspathcrossingfromhorizonto
horizon.Thecollectingparabolicshellisdesignedtofullyrotateinrainorhailandprovideaprotectivecoverto
thereceivingelement,andalsoprotectthehighlyreflectiveandvulnerableinternalsurfaceoftheparabolic
shape.Thesearecomplexandveryhighheatproducingsolarsystemsthatwillproducetemperaturessufficient
torunabsorptionACchillers,orgeneratesteam.

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3)THEPLASTICMULTIPIPEWEBBEDCOLLECTORSTRIP
SYSTEM.

ThiswebbedPolybutylenepipesystemwhichclipstorooffabricstripcollectorisverymuchacaseoflowcost
withmodestyefficiencyandbigcollectingarea,thetargetusersaredomesticswimmingpoolswherethe
temperaturerequiredis27Corlessandtheruleofthumbareaistoduplicatethepoolsurfacearea.Afringe
benefitisthecoolingeffecttotherooffabricandtheproblemofindustrialfalloutfromairpollutionobscuringa
transparentsurfaceasisthecasewithglazedcollectors.

2.)THEEVACUATEDTUBEORINERTGASFILLEDTUBECOLLECTOR

Reputedtobemoreefficientthanflatplatecollectors.HoweverSydneyUniversityStudiesdidnotconfirma
significantdifferenceinperformance,otherthanwheretheevacuatedtubesystemismountedinavertical
configuration,thistogetherwithmoreresistancetofreezingmightbethereasonthatthistypeofcollectoris
popularinEurope.ThesalesdatafortheAPevacuatedtubecollectorisextensiveandcomprehensivetechnical
dataandisincludedinthefollowingundertheheadingEnvironmentalSustainability.

1)THEGLAZEDFLATPLATECOLLECTOR

TheoriginalmassproducedsolarcollectorwhichremainsthemostusedmeansofcollectingtheSunsradiant
heatforDomesticHotWatersystems.Thewelltriedthermosyphonsystemfromcollectortostorageis
recommended,regrettablyarchitecturedoesnotalwayscomplimentstoragetanksatalevelaboveanorth
facingsolarcollectionarrayandthecomplexityofpumpcontrolsystemsthatactuallydoworkwellisdelicate
andvulnerableequipment.Flatplatecollectorsaregenerallyanumberofverticalcollectingtubessilversoldered
toablackmetalsurfaceareatocaptureasmuchradiantheatasispractical.Impressedpatterncollectors,much
thesameasthecoolingcoilsinthewallofadomesticrefrigeratorsfreezerweremanufacturedinstainlesssteel
inthe1970sbyacompanycalledSnowside,aninnovativeandidealunitforChlorinatedpoolwater.

Theglassforplatecollectorsiscriticalformaximumradiationtransfercoupledwithsufficientstrengthtoresist
hailstones.

Thebigissuewithflatplatcollectorsistheheatbalance,particularlyforlowloadsinextremeweather,thedrain
downpropositiontoshutoffheatinputcanrevealmanyproblems,suchasrefillingasystemthatstillholds
thermalcapacityinmetalpartssufficienttogeneratesteamonrefilling.

Solarsystemsdesignedtodraindownshouldhaveairinletvalvestopreventpartialvacuumsandtoallowfilling.
Wherevalvedthesolararraymustbefittedwithapressurereliefvalve,andincoldclimatesaprotectionsystem
topreventfreezing.

13.1 SOLARINHEALTHCARECOSTINTHEUSA

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Hydraulic Services Design for Health Care Installations

AveragecostperkWhinUnitedStatesfromEnergyManagementSystemsforCommercialBuildings,Pike
Research,2009

2EnergyInformationAdministrations

3ProfitMargins:ASHEHealthcareenergyguidebook,2003

4EnergyIntensity:EnergyInformationAdministration

OriginalcompiledbySchneiderElectricHealthcareSolutionsMichaelSullivan30April2010

13.2 ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY

ItwouldseemareasonablepropositionforprivateenterprisetosetupwithinaPublicHealthCareamenitya
PPPPrivatePublicPartnership,solarsystemthatsoldheatasaproduct,leasingplantspaceatapeppercornrate,
buyinggasandaugmentingthatprimaryfuelwithasolarcontributionanddeliveringenergyatacompetitiveand
profitableratethatsustainstheenterprise,ifweareacapitalistsocietyandweneedcleanenergy,whydoesthis
nothappen?

TheuseofaSolarcontributionforheatingdomestichotwaterandforPhotoVoltaicpowergenerationisnowin
Australiaasawellestablishedgovernmentsubsidisedsociallyacceptablearchitecturaldisfigurementof
residentialstreetscapesandrooftops.

ItdoesnotappeartobethecaseinHealthCare?

ThismaybebecausetheGastariffforverylargeusersistoocompetitiveforsolarinvestment?

Thefollowingevacuatedtubedataisfromamanufacturerandisconsideredtobeanexcellentdatareviewofa
mostadvancedsystem,otherthanpossiblythefocusingparaboliccollector.

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Thefocusingsolarcollectorasnotedpreviously,generatessufficienthigh
gradeheattorunanabsorptionchillerunitforairconditioning,thebestandpossiblytheonlyexampleofsucha
systemsitsontheroofoftheROTEXAustraliaPtyLtdUnit4560FairfordRdPadstowNSW2211,fabrication
workshop,anexampleofaquietachieverinaction.

ThefollowingisborrowedfromZaneSolarPoolHeartingSystems

TheSolarConstant:recentsatelliteprobesconfirmthatthehourlysunsenergyattheouterlayeroftheearths
atmosphereis4.860+/3.5%MJ/MOfthisabout30%islostpassingthroughtheatmosphereandbyradiation
backintospacesothatthemaximumthatcanreachtheearthssurfaceisapproximately3.406MJ/Mona
horizontalplaneAtanyonetimethiswillvaryconsiderablyfromplacetoplacedependingonlocalclimateand
latitude.Forpracticalpurposesanaveragehourlyinsolationinthe2.271to2.498MJ/Mrange(6kW/daym)

USEFULSOLAR

Thesignificantdisadvantagewithsolarisitstiming,thebestsolarresultsarenotwellcoordinatedwiththe
highestdemandperiodsforHotwater,weovercomethisbystoringtheenergyinwater(Orbatteries).

Hotwaterisaconvenientmediumandhasanobviousaffinitywiththehydraulicservicesdesigner.Hotwater
alsohassomedisadvantages.

Itiscorrosive

Itwillinthecorrosionprocessabsorbtraceelementsthatarenotwelcomeinhealthcare.

Ithashighlinelossesbothbydirectthermalemissionandpumpingcost.

Ithasalimitedvolumetoenergycapacity4.186mj/litre/C

Theusefultemperaturebandissmall

Itisspaceconsumingandexpensive.

EUTECTICSALTS

ThirtyyearsagoDrMariaTelkasofDelawareUniversityprovedthatEutecticSaltstechnologywassoundEutectic
salts,alsoknownasGlauberssaltscanbea60%mixtureofsodiumnitrateand40%potassiumnitrate
(Commonlycalledsaltpetre)whenheatedgothroughaphasechangefromsolidtoliquid,aswithanyphase
changethisrequiresheatenergy,whilstthesaltsremainliquidtheyretaintheheat,whentheheatisrequired
thesaltsrevertbacktoasolidandreleasetheheat,theadvantagebeingthatthephasechangestoresinthe
regionoftentimestheheatthatacomparablevolumeofwaterwouldcontain.

Phasechangematerialsdohavetheabilitytostorethethermalenergythatmotivatesthechangeofstate,iceto
water,watertosteam,liquidwaxtosolid.eutecticsaltscrystalssolidtoliquidandthevapourcompressioncycle
ofcompressedgastoliquidgas.

Theicestoragesystemhasbeenusedtocomplimentchillerproductionandrationalizethepeakloadtoan
averageload.Onamuchlargerscalepumpingtoelevatedmountainlake/reservoirsstoreskineticenergyfor
lateruseinhydroelectricturbines,butonacommercialscalethebulkstorageofheathasbeenlimitedtothe
veryefficientthermalinsulationoftheROTEXhotwaterunit.

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Phasechangethermalreleaseevidentlytakestimeandthisinpracticehas
provedtobeaproblem.

SOLAR CONTROL

Thestandardflatplatecollectorwillcollectabout6kW/mday,unlessthesystemoperateswithanatural
thermosiphon,itisgoingtoneedameansofcirculatingthewaterthroughthecollectorwhensolarradiationis
available,theobviouschoiceistouseapump,howisthepumpcontrolled?

TheauthorwenttoFijiin1968toreviewtheperformanceofsolarunitsonasmallhotel,thesystemhada
thermostatatthehighpointofthesolarcollectorarray,whenthethermostatregistered40Cthepumpstarted,
aslugofcoldwaterpumpedroundthesystem,itfilledthecollectorsandeventuallyreachedthethermostatand
shutdownthepump.Itwasabatchloadingsystem.Theresultswerenotimpressive

Theauthorhascheckedanothersystemitwasfittedwithadifferentialthermostat,thewaterflowtothe
collectorswasmeasuredandtheflowoutwasmeasured,iftherewasatemperaturegainthepumpstayedon
linepumpingaway,thissystemwasshowingbetterresultsbuthadoneproblem,itneededatrialrunofthe
pumptomakethedifferentialmeasurement,ifthepumpstoppedbecausewaterinwashotterthanwaterout,it
neededtorecheckthesituationperiodically.

Fijiisagroupofislandswhichhavefewnaturalmineralresourcesandzerooilresources,energyisahighcost
itemwhichmakessolarveryattractive.Fijiisnotanindustrialisedsociety,hightecproductsarenot
manufacturedandreplacementisfavouredoverrepair,thereishoweveraninterestingleveloflocalinitiativein
manipulatingthetechnicalproductsofthewesternworldtomeetlocalexpertise.Themosteffectivesolar
controlsystemwasresolvedinthisway.

Ablackmildsteelboilerplate300mmsquareinaglazedframewasmountedontheroof,thebackoftheplate
hadanadjustablecontactthermostatsetat50Cstartedthepumpandstoppeditat45degrees.

Theadvantagewiththissystemwas

Itwascheap.

Itwaseasytounderstand.

Ifacloudpassedoverthesunthethermalinertiaofthesteelplatekeptthepumponline.

Itstartedwhentherewassolargainandstoppedwhentherewasnogain.

Itwascycloneproof.

A.PEVACUATEDTUBESOLARCOLLECTORS

ThefollowingisconsideredanexcellentTradepresentationofdata

TheAPrangeofsolarcollectorsusetwinglassselectivelycoatedevacuatedtubesasthesolarabsorber.

Eachevacuatedtubeisfittedwithametalheattransferfin,whichservestwopurposes,firstlytoaidheat
transfer,andsecondlytosecurethecopperheattransferheatpipestightlyagainsttheinnerwallofthe
evacuatedtube.

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Thecopperheatpipesareevacuatedandcontainasmallvolumeofpurified
H2O,which,duetothevacuum,atlowtemperatures(>30oC)boilsandvapourizes.

Theexcellentheattransferpropertiesoftheheatpipesfacilitatethetransferofthermalenergyfromwithinthe
evacuatedtubestothecollectorheader.

Theheadercomprisestwo18mmcopperpipes,whichhavecopperportsbrazedbetweenthem.The18mm
copperpipesarecontouredtotheshapeofcopperportsinordertoincreasecontactarea.Inadditionthe
contouredshapeoftheheadercreatesturbulentwaterflow,thusfurtherenhancingheattransfer.

Theheatpipesplugintotheheaderports,whicharetaperedattheendtoensurefirmcontactforoptimalheat
transfer.Theheaderisinsulatedwithcompressed(~70kg/m3)glasswoolandhousedby0.8mmthickaluminium
outercasing.

Themanifoldandevacuatedtubesaresecuredtoaframeconstructedof1.5mmthick3042Bstainlesssteel,
withallboltsandfittingsalsomadefromgrade304Stainlesssteel.

Forinstallationonaflatsurface,aflatroofadjustableangleframeisavailable,whichisalsomadefrom1.5mm
3042Bstainlesssteel,withattachmentfeetmadefrom2mmthicknessstainlesssteel.

TheAPsolarcollectorissuitableforinstallationinanactive,splitsystemconfiguration,ineitheraclosedoropen
circulationloop.

Theheaderissuitableforpotablewaterflow,ortheuseofglycolwatermixforenhancedfreezeprotectionin
climaticconditionsthatrequiresuchprotection.

Themanifoldisdesignedtobeabletowithstandwetordrystagnationwithoutdamagetothesystem;however
inawelldesignedsystemstagnationshouldrarelyoccur.Atemperaturereliefvalvesetat<99oC/212oFshould
beincorporatedintothesolarloopplumbing(oronthestoragetank)toallowdumpingofhotwater/pressureif
thesystemstagnates.

Thecopperheaderisratedtowithstandamaximumpressureof800kPa/116psi.SPFandSRCCtestedaccording
to600kPamaxpressure(thestandardinEuropeandUSA.

Collector 10tubes 18tubes 20tubes 22tubes 30tubes

Size
Overall 1980mm/80
Length1
Overall 156mm/6.14(manifold+standardframe)
Height2
Overall 796mm 1356mm 1496mm 1636mm 2196mm
Width3 /31.3 /53.4 /58.8 /64.4 /86.4
Absorber 0.8m2/ 1.44m2/ 1.6m2/ 1.76m2 / 2.4m2 /
Area4 0.86ft2 15.5ft2 17.2ft2 18.9ft2 25.8ft2
Aperture 0.94m2/ 1.69m2/ 1.88m2/ 2.07m2 / 2.82m2 /
Area5 10.1ft2 18.2ft2 20.2ft2 22.3ft2 30.3ft2

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Gross 1.57m2/ 2.68m2/ 2.96m2/ 3.24m2 / 4.35m2 /

Area 16.95ft2 28.8ft2 31.8ft2 34.8ft2 46.8ft2
GrossDry 34.8kg/ 58.2kg/ 63.5kg/ 71.3kg/ 94.8kg/
Weight 76.5p 128p 139.7p 156.8p 208.5p

(Standard
Frame)
Fluid 290ml/ 490ml/ 520ml/ 550ml/ 710ml/
Capacity 9.8oz 16.57oz 17.58oz 18.6oz 24oz

CUTAWAYVIEWOFMANIFOLDSHOWINGCOPPERHEADERANDHEATPIPEINSERTION

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COMPONENTSPECIFICATIONS

CopperHeader

Material >99.93%Copper

Sn<0.012%,Zn<0.04%,Pb<0.003%,Fe<0.004%,Ni<0.003%,As<0.002%,
S<0.003%,Bi<0.001%,Sb<0.002%

Length(mm)RearPortModels L=(X1)x70+80(X=No.tubes)

(Inletcentretooutletcentre) L=(X1)x2.759+3.15

Length(mm)EndPortModels L=(X1)x70+240(X=No.tubes)

(overalllength) L=(X1)x2.759+9.45

HeaderPipeDimensions 18mmODx1.2mm

0.7ODx0.047

BrazingRodMaterials 45%Silver,30%Copper,25%Zinc(BAg45CuZn)

&93%Copper7%Phosphorus(BCu93P)

Inlet&Outlet 22mmOD0.866OD

(Attachmentbysuppliedbrasscompressionfittingsonly)

TemperatureSensorPort 10ODx1.0mm

0.39ODx0.039

RecommendedFlowRate 0.1L/tube/min(10tube=1L/min)
0.026G/tube/min(10tube=0.26G/min)

MaxFlowRate 15L/min/3.9G/minregardlessofcollectorsize.

MaxOperatingPressureRating 800kPa/116psi

(850kPa/123psiPRVacceptable)

ManifoldCasing

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ManifoldLength L=(X1)x70mm+160mm(X=No.tubes)

L=(X1)x2.759+6.3

LidLength(mm) ManifoldLength+6mm/0.236

Height(lidon) 131mm/5.157

Width 140mm/5.512

TubeSpacing 70mm/2.759

ManifoldMaterial 0.8mmAluminium(Grade3A21)
SilverEnamelPaintedor
BlackPowderCoated(PFPhenolFormaldehydeResin)

Frame

Material 1.5mm/0.059thick3042BStainlessSteel

SSTubeClips 301StainlessSteel

Bolts,WashersandNuts 304StainlessSteel

Insulation

Material CompressedGlassWool

InsulationFactor K=0.043W/mK

EvacuatedTubes(SolarAbsorber)

TubeLength 1800mm/70.8

(Actuallengthtotip=18101830mm/71.2572)

OuterTubeDimensions 58mmx1.6mm/2.28x0.063

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InnerTubeDimensions 47mmx1.6mm/1.85x0.063

Weight 2kg/4.4pounds

SolarTubesMaterial BorosilicateGlass3.3

SolarTubeCoating GradedindexcoatingAlNonAlonglass

ThermalExpansion 3.3x106oC

Absorptance() >92%(AM1.5)

Emittance() <8%(80oC)

Vacuum P<5x103Pa

StagnationTemperature >200oC>395oF

HeatLoss <0.8W/(m2oC)

MaximumStrength 0.8Mpa120psi

AbsorberAreaperTube 0.08m20.86ft2

HeatPipes&HeatTransferFins(HeatTransfer)

Length 1800mm70.8

Material OxygenFreeCopper(TU1)Cu+Ag>99.99%(O2<16ppm)

CopperPipeDimensions 8mmODx0.7mmthick

CondenserDimensions 20mmODx30mm

HeatTransferMaterial PurifiedWater(NonToxic)

MaximumWorkingTemperature 300oC577oF

StartupTemperature <30oC<86oF

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Vacuum P<5x103Pa

VerticalInstallationAngle 2070o

HorizontalInstallationAngle 0o+/5o

HeatTransferFins 0.2mmthickHotDippedZnCoatedIron

(Q235gradesteel,100g/m2Zncoating)

FreezeProtectionSleeve 8mmODx1mmx150mm304SS

RubberComponents

Material HTVSiliconeRubber

Density 1.15g/cm3+/0.05

DurometerHardness(ShoreA) 60

Elongation 320%

Rebound 54%

MaximumWorkingTemperature 300oC577oF

TensileStrength 6.4Mpa

TearStrength 12.5KNM

PERFORMANCEANDQUALITY

Stagnation 245oC,whenG=1000W/m2,AmbientTemp=30oC
477oF,whenG=317Btu/ft2,AmbientTemp=86oF
SPFReportNo.C632LPEN

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Efficiency o()=0.717,a1(W/m2K)=1.52,a2(W/m2K2)=0.0085

SPFReportNo.C632LPEN G=800W/m2/253Btu/ft2basedonAbsorberarea.

QualityCertifications SPFSolarCollectorQualityTestCertificateNo.C632QPEN

(SPFQualityTestAccordingto:EN129752:2001,Section5)

SRCCOG100AwardofCollectorCertification

CertificationNo.1002004003A,B,C,D

TestingconductedbyBodycoteMaterialsTestingCanadaInc.

AustralianStandardsMarkPlumbingAS2712(LicenseNo.SMKP20405)

IncidenceAngleModifier 0o 10o 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o 80o 90o

K(longitudinal) 0.93

K(transversal) 1.0 1.02 1.08 1.18 1.37 1.4 1.34 1.24 0.95 0.0

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Daily L
Light Expo
osure Curv
ves

1.2
Light Exposure Factor

1.0

0.8

0.6 Apricus AP
A Collector
Standard Flat Plate
0.4

0.2

Morning Midday Afternoo

on
0.0

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PRESSUREDROP

ThepressuredropoftheAP20andAP30solarcollectorsisshowninthegraphbelow.Inadomestic
application,thepressuredroplevelsareveryminimal.Pressuredroplevelsforothermanifoldsizescanbeeasily
estimatedbasedonthecurvespresented.Forinstallationswithmorethanonecollector,simplymultiplebythe
numberofmanifoldsusedtoobtaintotalpressuredrop.

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EMBEDDEDCARBONEMISSIONS

Thefollowingtableprovidedapproximateenergyusageandresultantcarbonemissioninvolvedintheproductof
thevariouscomponentsoftheAPsolarcollector,thereforeprovideatotalembeddedcarbonvalue.

Material Weight(kg) RawMaterial Manufacturing Energy TotalEnergy Total

StandardEnergy Factor* Usage Usage(kWh) CO2
UsageValues (kWh/kg) (kg)**

304StainlessSteel 8.1 0.98kgC/kg 2 6.44 52.2 52.2

Aluminium 2.6 15kWh/kg 1.2 18 46.8 46.8

Copper 11.8 1.123kgC/kg 2 7.78 91.8 91.8

Glass 65 0.257kgC/kg 1.2 1.01 65.7 65.7

SiliconeRubber 2 1.2kgC/kg 2 7.89 15.8 15.8

CardboardPacking 18.5 1.57kgC/kg 1.2 6.19 114.5 114.5

TOTAL 386.7 386.7

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CHAPTER14ULTRAPUREWATER

14.1 ULTRAPUREWATER:

Ultrapurewaterusedinhospitalsfordialysistreatment.PathogenFreeanimalwateringsystemsandmore
recentlyforthewatersupplyforthemanufactureofCleanSteamforthesterilisingofsurgicalinstruments.Ultra
purewaterisprocessedmainswater;theprocessinvolvespreliminaryfiltrationandmembraneosmosiss

14.2 RAWWATERQUALITY:TABLEOFMAXIMUMACCEPTABLETRACEELEMENTS

Contaminant MaximumConcentrationmg/L

Calcium 2(0.1mEq/L)

Magnesium 4(0.3mEq/L)

Potassium 8(0.2mEq/L)

Sodium 70(3.0mEq/L)

Antimony 0.006

Arsenic 0.005

Barium 0.10

Beryllium 0.0004

Cadmium 0.001

Chromium 0.014

Lead 0.005

Mercury 0.0002

Selenium 0.09

Silver 0.005

Aluminium 0.01

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Chloramines 0.10

FreeChlorine 0.50

Copper 0.10Seenoteb

Fluoride 0.20

Nitrate(AsN) 2.00

Sulfate 100.00

Thallium 0.002

Zinc 0.10

NOTEAThePhysicianhastheultimateresponsibilityforensuringthequalityofthewaterusedindialysis

NOTEBCoppertubeisnotrecommendedasaservicetoROandisnotpermittedtoconveyUltraPureWater
underanycircumstancesascopper,oracopperalloy.

14.3 ABRIEFHISTORY

TheReverseOsmosisplantwillbedeliveredtositeasaskidmountedplantandwillbeinstalledbyexpertsinthe
field,itisimportantthattheHydraulicsdesignerhasanunderstandingofthehistoryandtheprocessandthe
newdevelopmentsthatareavailable,mainlythesedevelopmentsfocusonthedurabilityofthemembrane..In
19578thefirstAustralianKidneytransplantteamweretraininginHammersmithHospitalWestLondon,the
kidneymachineusedatthattimetosupportthepatientsurinarysystemduringtheoperationreliedona
membraneofFrenchsausageskinsthatwereinfactpartofapigsinternalintestinalorgansandperformedthe
osmosisfunctionastheyhadfortheiroriginalowner.Wehavetravelledalongwayinhalfacentury.

14.4 THEKIDNEY

AhealthyKidneymaintainsthebodysinternalequilibriumofwaterandmineralsandremovesfromthebloodthe
dailymetabolicloadoffixedhydrogenions.TheKidneysalsofunctionasapartoftheendocrinesystem
producingerythropoietin,dialysisdoesnotreplacethisfunction, itisanimperfecttreatmenttoreplaceby
diffusion(Wasteremoval)andconvection(Fluidremoval) itdoesnotcorrecttheendocrinefunctions.

14.5 BASICSOFTHEURINARY SYSTEM .

TheurinarysysteminthebodyofmammalscomprisestheKidneyswhichareapairoforgansforfiltering
impuritiesfrombloodandmaintainingthebodysinternalequilibriumofwaterandminerals

Sodium,Potassium,Chloride,Calcium,Phosphorus,Magnesium,Sulphate.

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Thekidneyalsofunctionsaspartoftheendocrinesystemproducing
erythropoietinandcalcitriolinvolvedintheproductionofredbloodcellsandboneformation.

TheKidneyhasthreelayers

Cortex

Medulla

Pelvis

TheCortexandMedullacontaintinybloodfiltrationunitscallednephrons(Morethanamillion)foreachkidney.
Urinethemainwasteproductofkidneyfiltrationcollectsinthekidneys(pelvis).

Thebloodplumbingtothekidneyoriginateswiththerenalarteryenteringthemedullainanumberoflocations
andfurtherdividesintoanumberoftinycoiledbloodvesselscalledglomerulus.

SurroundingtheglomerulusisasaccalledBowmanscapsule,pressureforceswateranddissolvedchemicalsfrom
thebloodinthisarea,thefilteredresultcontinuesthroughatubalsurroundedbycapillaries,thesereabsorbinto
thebloodmostofthewaterandusefulchemicalsasaminoacids.

Thetreatedbloodthenleavesthekidneybytherenalvein,wastesremaininginthetubalflowtothepelvisand
leavesthekidneyasanamberfluidviatheuretertubeandontothebladder.

Apairofkidneyscanprocess190litresofbloodperday.

THEAUTHORTHANKSDOCTORALANPASSMOREFORHISINTEREST,REVIEWANDASSISTANCE
WITHTHEMEDICALINFORMATION.

14.6 DIALYSIS

ThewordoriginatesfromtwoGreekwordsmeaningthroughandloosening

TheDialysismachineperformssomeofthefunctionsofthehumanKidney.

Asnoted,itisanimperfectsystemtoreplacekidneyfunction,anditwillnotprovidetheendocrinefunctionsof
thekidney.

Dialysismaybeusedasaholdingmeasure(Prerenaltransplant)forpatientswhowouldotherwisediefrom
renalfailure;itmayalsobeusedinothermedicalapplicationsandmayberequiredasaserviceconnectioninthe
following.

Haematology(1)

Cardiothoracic

Cardiology

CardiacAcuteCare(2)

ICUIntensiveCareUnit(1)perbedspace

Surgicalspecialcare(1)ateachspecialcarebed

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Medicalspecialcare(1)

CentralSterilizingDepartment(Asadvisedforcleansteam)

SomemedicalauthoritiesmayrequireROintheInfectiousdiseasesunit.

Pathogenfreeanimalbreedingunits

ResearchlaboratorieswillinmostinstancesdeterminetheextentofROservicesinthebrief

Dialysisworksontheprincipleofthediffusionofsolutesacrossasemipermeablemembrane..Bloodflowbyon
onesideofthesemipermeablemembraneandthedialysateorfluid(ROWater)flowsontheothersideofthe
membrane.

Theconcentrationofundesiredsolutes(PotassiumCalciumandUrea,theurineofmammals)arehighinthe
blood,andloworabsentinthedialysis,constantreplacementofthedialysissolutionensuresthatthe
concentrationofundesirablesolutesiskeptlowonthissideofthemembrane.

14.7 HAEMODIALYSIS MACHINE

TheHaemodialysismachineisaseparateandfreestandingunitownedbythehospitalandconnectedtotheRO
watersupplyandaTundishdrainprovidedinthehydraulicsservicesscopeofworks.

Thepatientisconnectedtothemachineforanumberofhoursperweekinwhichtimethepatientsbloodis
pumpedthroughthebloodcompartmentofthedialyzerbyaperistalticactionpumpandexposedtothesurface
ofasemipermeablemembrane(Sulphoneplasticrecentsandwichtechnologyhasincreasedthelifeexpectancy
ofmembranes),thecleansedbloodisreturnedbacktothebody.

Ultrafiltrationoccursbyincreasingthehydrostaticpressureacrossthedialyzermembrane,thisisusuallydone
byapplyinganegativepressuretothedialysatecompartment.

Thepressuredifferentialorgradientcauseswateranddissolvedsolutestomovefromthebloodtothedialysate
andwillremoveseverallitresofexcessfluidduringa3to5hourtreatmentsession.

NoteDwellingswithHomeDialysismachinehaveBluewatermeters.

14.8 ANOUTPATIENTSDIALYSISCLINIC

ThefollowingdescribestheReverseOsmosisinstallationfortherenaldialysisclinicofalargegeneralhospitalfor
thetreatmentof17patientsand2auxiliarypointsformachineandsystemtesting.

TheROMachineoutputduty:

Onelitre/minute/patient,(Plusaddedoutletsfortestoremergencyuse).

ClinicNumberofdialysis(Connectormodulepoints)required17patientlocations.Additionaloutletsindirty
utilityroom3(max2inusesatanyonetime)MaximumPointsinusesimultaneouslyis19thePlantdutyis20
litresperminute

NOTE:ROMACHINESARETOBEREGISTEREDWITHARTGASAMEDICALDEVICEASPER
AUSTRALIANREQUIREMENTSFORTHISTYPEOFEQUIPMENT.

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TheROPlantwillbelocatedneartheclinicwithaccessforstaffandan
accesspathvianonpatientareasformaintenancestaffanddeliveriesofconsumables.Allessentialmonitoring
shallbeduplicatedwithasatellitepanelinthesisterinchargesofficeorworkstation,particularattentionis
drawntoalarms,andwarningsofplantperformancechangesthatwilleffectthewellbeingofthepatientsinthe
clinic,(orward).

14.9 THEROPLANT

AllMedicaluseROPlantsaresubjecttoanAustralianRegistrationprocedure.TheAmericanNationalStandard
ANSI/AAMIRD62:2006WaterTreatmentequipmentforHaemodialysisapplicationsmaybetherequired
standardforprojectsoutsideofAustralia.

ThecoreoftheROplantisthemembranethatseparatesanyothersubstancebutwatercrossingthe
Nanocompositemembranebarrier.Membranesarevulnerabletobiofoulingwhichhasadetrimentalaffecton
theefficiencyandlifeofthemembrane.Thefirstviablemembraneswerecelluloseacetate,thecurrent
generationofmembranesarepolyamidethinfilm,recentdevelopmentsincorporatesynthesisednanoparticules
intoathinfilm,thistypeiscalledaThinFilmnanocompositeorTFNmembrane,thesemembranesareadaptable
toexistingmachines.

14.10 ROPLANTANDPROCESSMETHODOLOGY:

EachROmachineunitwillbedesignedasadoublestagereverseosmosisprocesssystemwiththeabilityto
operateinbothmodes.Permeatewillpassthroughafirstandsecondstagemembraneineffectadualpass
throughthemembranespriortodistribution.

ThesystemwillproducepermeatecomplyingwithorexceedingEuropeanandAAMIrenalstandardsinboth
singleanddualpassmodes.ROMachinesaretoberegisteredwithARTGasamedicaldeviceasperAustralian
requirementsforthistypeofequipment

Eachmachinewillbecapableofoperatingineithersingleordoublestagepassmode,effectivelyallowingsome
redundancywithintheunit.Undernormaloperationtheunitwillideallyoperatecontinuouslyindualpassmode.

Permeatemaycycledirectlythroughthedistributionloopnetworkoralternativelyviaastainlesssteelpermeate
storagevesselcontainedwithintheunit.Pressurewithinthesystemwillberegulatedviaverticalmultistage
pump(s)withabuiltinadditionalcapacityof25%overthedesignatedROmachinecapacityandoutputforeach
warorclinic.

AllpumpandmetalpipematerialswillbeGrade316stainlesssteelsuitableforcontactwithROpermeate.

Theentireunitwillbecontainedwithinarobustprefabricatedpainted(enamel,powdercoatedorsimilar)metal
cabinet.Thecabinetwillallowfullaccesstoallsidesoftheunitwithremovablepanelsontheback/sidesofthe
unitandhingeddoorsonthefrontface.

Sharedpretreatedwatersystemsarenotacceptable.

14.11 SYSTEMPRESSURE

Theminimumestimatedincomingpressureatthecoldwaterinletpointtothepretreatmentfiltertrainis250
kPa

ROmachineequipmentsuppliersaretoensureadequatepressureisavailableatalltimestoensurecorrect
operationandbackwashofthepretreatmentfilters.Ifthepretreatmentfilterscannotoperateatthe

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minimumdesignatedavailablepressureattheconnectionpoint(250kPa)
themachinesuppliermustallowforaseparateboosterpumpattheinlettothefiltertrainandpretreatment
system.

14.12 BUFFERTANK

Providea300litrebuffertankinfrontoftheboosterpump.

Thebuffertankwillbecompletewithfloatvalveassembly,removabletopandoverflow.

ThepressurepumpunitwillbecontrollerbytheROmachinePLC/microprocessor.

14.13 FILTERS

EachfilterwillbesizedtohandledoublethemaximumROpermeateproductioncapacityofthemachinethey
areconnectedtoandpreferablysizedtoallowforslowratefiltrationthrougheachunit.Inallcasesfiltration
rateswillbeinaccordancewithboththeEuropeanandtheAssociationfortheAdvancementofMedical
Instrumentation(AAMI)standardsforrenaltreatmentsystems

14.14 MULTIMEDIAFILTER(S)

Filterswillcaterfortheremovalofallsuspendedsolidsandcolloidalmatterremovingallparticulatematter
downtominimumratingof25microns.

Asoftenerandbrinetankwillbeprovidedtofacilitatetheremovalofwaterhardnessfromtheincomingsupply.

14.15 ACTIVATEDCARBONCOLUMN

DualGACfilterswillbeinstalledtoactaspartofthewaterpolishingprocessandremovealltraceschlorinegas
fromthewatersupplysystem.UnitswillbeinserieswithanEBCT5mins/bedwithminimumtotalcontacttimeof
10minutes.

LowmicronfilterswillbeprovidedatthecompletionofthefiltrationtraintoremovefinespriortoROpermeate
production.

Theunitwillbeconfiguredinparallelandconsistofa5micronfilterandasecond1micronfilter

14.16 PLCAUTOMATEDR.OMACHINECONTROL

EachROmachineunitwillbefullycontrolledbyaprogrammablelogiccontroller(PLC)ormicroprocessorunits.
ThePLC/microprocessorunitwillcontrolallfunctionswithintheROmachineincludingbackwashcycles,re
generationcyclesheatdisinfectcycles,pumpsandswitchgear.TheunitwillfeatureaLCDdisplayscreenor
similarcapableofprovidingcomprehensivedataofalloperationparametersofthemachine.Thefacepanelwill
besimpleandeffectiveinitsdesignandideallyfunctionasauserfriendlytouchscreen.
Dailyoperationalparameterswillbeavailableincludingtimes,datesandallrelevantoutputdata.Thesystemwill
becapableofanalysingallcyclesofthemachineprocesswithasuccessfulorunsuccessfuloutputnotice
incorporatedwithinthedataoutput.Datawillbecapableofdownloadviaaninbuiltmodemwithintheunitor
connectionportforaportablenotebookcomputer.

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Emergencyautodialfunctiontoa24hrserviceoperatorintheeventofa
criticalfaultnotificationinthePLC/microprocessorenablingremotefaultdiagnosis/correctiveactionfunctions
willbeconsideredanadvantageanddesirablefeaturewithinanymachine.Theunitwillbecompletewithpre
programmedmachinesetpointsforalloperationalparametersoftheROsystem.Ofhighimportancewillbe
systemparametersthatarecriticaltopermeatequalityandpatientsafety.Allalarmswillregistervisuallyatthe
machinedisplaypanelandbeaccompaniedbyanaudiblealarmtoneandindicationattheremotenursestation
module.Thealarmtonemaybemuted,butcannotasafeature,bedeletedbypersonnelotherthanaqualified
servicetechnician.Sensitiveelectricalcomponentsaretobehousedwithinaseparatesealedmetalcabinet
withinthemainmachinecabinet.Allwiringwillbeclearlymarkedandidentified.InadditiontothemainPLC/
microprocessorcontrollerasinglenursestationremotecontrolmodulewillbeprovidedforeachunit.Thenurse
stationunitwillbecapableofdisplayingmachinerun,machinefault,heatdisinfectioncyclerun,emergency
machinestopandheatdisinfectstop/machineresetfunctionsignalviaindicatorlights.

14.17 UVIRRADIATION

Theprovisionofultravioletirradiationtreatmenttothefilteredpretreatmentwatersupplyisrequiredaspart
oftheinstallation.TheUVprocessmustbeconstant,maintenancefortheremovalandreplacementoflamps
mustnotremoveUVirradiation,thesystemmustbeshutdown,ortheUVplantduplicated.UVwillassistin
deterringbacterialproliferationwithintheassociatedhydraulicpathways,pressurevesselsandmembrane
elements.TheUVunitwillbesizedtomeetthemaximumROmachinepermeateoutputandcapableof
neutralisingbacteriaandwaterbornepathogenswithintheincomingrawwatersupply.Asecondand
independentUVunitwillbelocatedwithinanyrecirculatedROwatersystemloop.

TheROunitshallincorporatealamplifeindicatorandlampreplacementwarningsystemwhichisactivatedby
lamplifehoursrunandUVemissionstrengtheithershalltriggerthewarningsignal.

TheUVsystemshouldpreferablycompriseacentralquartzsiliconcoreofwatertobeirradiatedwithfour
equallyspacedUVirradiationlampsthatreducesthepossibilityofshadowing,andareremovablefromadry
housing.

NoteForplantmaintenanceconsistencyUVPlantforwarmwatershallbeofthesamemanufacture

14.18 HEATDISINFECTION

EachofthehospitalsUltraPureWatersystemsshouldbecapableofundertakingandwithstandingadailyfully
automatichightemperatureheatdisinfectioncycleofthedistributionloop(andpermeatestoragevesselwhere
provided).Theheatdisinfectionwillbeundertakenataminimumtemperatureof85degreesC.Theheat
disinfectioncirculationpumpshallbeconstructedtowithstandthetemperaturenominatedandshallcirculate
thesystemwatercontentatatemperaturedifferencenotexceeding5degreesC.

Theentiredisinfectingoperationistobeundertaken(includingcooldownperiod)inafourhourtimeperiod.

HeatwillbeprovidedthroughIncalloyorGrade316Stainlesssteelshieldedelectricelementscontainedwithin
theunitateitherthedistributionloop,permeatestoragevesselorsupplementaryholdingtank.

TheheatdisinfectioncyclewillbeprogrammedthroughtheROMachinePLC/microprocessortooccurona
minimum2daycyclebasis(oratgreaterintervalsifrequiredbytheoperatingstaff)duringmachinedowntime.

Thecyclewillbemonitoredtoensurecorrectfunctionanddataloggedtoindicateperformanceofthesystem
withapass/failfunctiononaLCDfacepanel.Theheatdisinfectioncyclewillbecapableofemergencystop
functionviathenursestationcontroller.Thisfunctionwillincludeautomaticcooldownandnotificationwhen

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systembecomesfullyoperation.EachROmachineunitwillbefully
controlledbyaprogrammablelogiccontroller(PLC)ormicroprocessorunits.ThePLC/microprocessorunit
willcontrolallfunctionswithintheROmachineincludingbackwashcycles,regenerationcyclesheatdisinfect
cycles,pumpsandswitchgear.

14.19 UPGRADINGEXISTINGROPLANT

TheROmachineshouldbecapableofupgradingforfutureadditionalcapacities.Theunitwillwithoutalteration
totheexisting,cabinet,circulationpumpsordistributionloopbeabletoupgradedtoproduceapermeate
outputatleast25%abovethespecifiedoutputsrequiredunderthiscontract.

Thisitisenvisagedanyfuturecapacityupgradeswouldbefacilitatedbytheinsertionofadditionalmembranes
intothemachine.Allinternalpipeworkandelectricswithineachmachinewillbesizedtohandlefuturehigher
outputcapacities,withtheentiremachineconfiguredtoensureminimaldisruptionatthetimeofmachine
upgrade.

14.20 DISTRIBUTIONNETWORK

Eachsystemwillincorporateacrosslinkedpolyethylene(PEX)tubedistributionloopwithhighgradestainless
steelfittingsthroughout.Theloopwillbeheatinsulatedandsizedtoaccordingtothesystemloads.Velocities
withinthedistributionloopwillnotbelessthan1.5metrespersecondandnotexceed3.0m/sinanycase.

Distributionloopswillbethermallyinsulatemaximumlengthfromtheheatsource150metreswithanydeadleg
branchpipeskepttoanabsoluteminimumlengthwithaguaranteedmaximumtemperaturedropthroughthe
loopdisinfectionprocessof5degreesCelsius.

14.21 ULTRAPUREWATERDELIVERYANDDIALYSISWASTEREMOVAL

Ateachnominatedbedheadservicesandcommunicationsconsul,providededicatedconnectormoduleswith
instantcouplingsandnewtundishes.

Allowforextensionsfromexistingdrainagepointswhererequired.Thepermeatesupplypointandhaemodialysis
waste(SwaglockorHocke)connectorsaretobemanufacturedfrom316gradestainlesssteelwithdifferent
diametersnapconnectorsforwasteandpermeatelinestoavoidpossiblecrossconnection.

Eachpermeateconnectorwillhaveablue10mmouterring(wastered)aroundtheconnectorwhereitjoinsthe
facepanel.Tundishesshallcomplywithauthoritystandardsinparticularairgapandcrossconnectionregulations
asdefinedintherelevantAustralianStandardsandHospitalguidelines(AS3500,TS11)

14.22 CLEANSTEAMANDTHEDISINFECTINGANDSTERILIZINGOFSURGICAL
INSTRUMENTS.

CleanSteamforSterilisationwasfirstpublishedbytheUKNationalHealthService(NHS)HealthEstatesin1997
asHealthTechnicalMemorandum2031bytheLondonStationaryOffice.

Therequirementforsurgical/medicalcleansteamfirstcametotheauthorsattentionin2009duringtheconcept
designstageofamultistoreyhospitalintheUAE.

TheUKmemorandumnotesthatimpuritiesinsterilisingsteamcanhaveanadverseeffectonthepatientif
introducedintothebloodstreamascontaminantscarriedonsterileinstruments.

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14.23 PYROGEN

Pyrogensareofparticularconcernbecauseunlikeothercontaminatestherearenocontrolsonthelevelsof
Pyrogensinthepublicwatersuppliesfromwhichsteamisgenerated.

Pyrogensareextremelyheatstableandareonlydestroyedafterprolongedexposuretohightemperaturesof
180Cfor3hoursor250Cfor30minutes;theyarenotinactivatedbyanyofthestandardsterilizationprocesses

AN/NZS41872003

Cleaningdisinfectingandsterilizingreusablemedicalandsurgicalinstruments.

Section2Clause2.1WaterQualitypage17doesnotaddressthePyrogenissue,howeveritdoesaddresswater
hardnessandtheeffectsofmineraldepositsgivingthefollowingtableandcautionsretheeffectsofcalciumand
magnesiuminthewatersupply(ItisnotedtheLondonUKwaterishard)

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WaterHardness Range.g/g

Softtomedium 0to75

DialysisMediumtohard 76to140

Hardtoveryhard 141to240

Veryhardtoextreme >240

TheHeathIssuesthatareinvolvedinthissubjectarenotconsideredtobewithinthescopeofthehydraulic
consultants/designersscopeofexpertise,norisitreasonableforthehydraulicsdesignertoofferexpertadvice
inrespecttothismatter,howeveritisconsideredproactiveandpossiblyincumbentuponthehydraulics
designertodrawhisclientsattentiontothematterinamannerthatisrecordedforfuturereference.

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