( .2 .

182-216)

. ..

-


NAT - Network Address Translation

DNS Domain Name Service
HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management
Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
FTP File Transfer Protocol

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NAT Network Address Translation
 NAT OPERATION

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. ..
 N AT

10.0.0.101
18.181.0.31

NAT
(128.34.22.8)

A port 7009 S

TCP port 5000

TCP port 22

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 NAT

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. ..


NAT ?
NAT ?
, NAT
o Cone NAT, Full Cone NAT
o Address-Restricted cone NAT, Restricted cone NAT
o Port-Restricted cone NAT
o NAT (Symmetric NAT)
NAT RFC3489

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 F u l l C o n e ( F C ) N AT

NAT
A (128.34.22.8) S
10.0.0.101
18.181.0.31

18.181.0.31 18.181.0.31
10.0.0.101 10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8 128.34.22.8
80 4512 4512 6641 80 6641

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 R e s t r i c t e d C o n e ( R C ) N AT

NAT
A (128.34.22.8) S
10.0.0.101
18.181.0.31

18.181.0.31 18.181.0.31
10.0.0.101 10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8 128.34.22.8
80 4512 4512 6641 80 6641

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 P o r t R e s t r i c t e d ( P R ) N AT

NAT
A (128.34.22.8) S
10.0.0.101
18.181.0.31

18.181.0.31 18.181.0.31
10.0.0.101 10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8 128.34.22.8
80 4512 4512 6641 80 6641

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 Symmetric N AT

18.181.0.32
10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8 S
4512 3311 9821 18.181.0.32

NAT
(128.34.22.8)
A
10.0.0.101
18.181.0.3
18.181.0.31 1 S
10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8
10.0.0.101 4512 3311 6641 18.181.0.31

3311 4512

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 (Hairpinning):

10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8 NAT

(128.34.22.8)
4512 6641

A B
10.0.0.101
10.0.0.99

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 NAT :

B
18.181.0.32

ssh
NAT
A (128.34.22.8)
S
10.0.0.101
18.181.0.31

18.181.0.31 18.181.0.31
10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8
10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8
4512 6641
80 4512 80 6641

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 :N AT
(hole-punching)
Server
(18.181.0.31)

NAT NAT
NAT
(128.34.22.8) (76.18.117.
(76.18.117.20)
20)

Client A Client B
(10.0.0.101) (10.1.1.9)

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 NAT =
!

NAT
A (128.34.22.8) S
10.0.0.101
18.181.0.31

18.181.0.31 18.181.0.31
10.0.0.101 10.0.0.101 128.34.22.8 128.34.22.8
80 4512 4512 6641 80 6641

.
01.05.2017 15
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 Strong End-t o -End

The network's job is to transmit datagrams as

efficiently and flexibly as possible. Everything else
should be done at the fringes.

Internet

171.64.15.55 157.166.226.26

.
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..


ICMP TCP UDP

IP

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 NAT

o
o (
)

o
o NAT VoIP
NAT , !

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DNS Domain Name Service
 DNS
:
o IP

o

DNS (Domain Name System)

o ,

Internet
o
Internet

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 DNS:

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.aero , ;
.arts ;
.biz , ;
.com ;
.coop ;
.firm ;
.gov ();
.info TLD- ( )
.org ;
.edu ;
.jobs ;
.mil ();
C ,
.mobi

.museum
.name
.net ;
, . RegistryPro
.pro
(http://www.nic.pro/);
.int ;
.rec ;

.tel
;
.travel ;
. bbc.tv,
(. Ru center,
.tv TLD . IANA
(.
TUVALU
.arpa , IP-

01.05.2017 22
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 DNS

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 DNS:

DNS- DNS-
DNS-





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DNS

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 DNS:

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 DNS

01.05.2017 27
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 DNS:

(NAME) ,

TTL (Time To Live)
DNS-
(TYPE)

(RDLEN)
(RDATA),
.

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 DNS:

A (address record) IP

AAAA (IPv6 address record) IPv6

CNAME (canonical name record) ()

MX (mail exchange) ()

NS (name server) DNS-

PTR (pointer) IP

SOA (Start of Authority) ,

, ,

TXT

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 DNS

Authoritative data for cs.msu.ru

cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN SOA ns.cs.msu.ru. root.cs.msu.ru. (2001082400,
10800, 1800, 3600000, 259200)
cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN TXT CS Dept of the Moscow State University
cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN NS ns.cs.msu.ru.
cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN NS ns1.cs.msu.ru.
cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN NS ns1.barrnet.net.
cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN NS ipsun.ac.msk.su.
cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN NS ns.radio-msu.net.
cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN MX 10 mailhost.cs.msu.ru.

mailhost.cs.msu.ru. 86400 IN HINFO Sun Enterprise 450, Solaris 10

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 DNS:

,
,
( )

:

. ,
, -
,

01.05.2017 31
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 HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
 Hyper Text

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 World Wide Web (HTTP)

Internet

Client Server

34
. .. 01.05.2017
 HTTP Request Format

request method URL version -L

header field name : value -L

headers

header field name : value -L

blank line -L

body

Server: Apache/2.2.11 (Win32) PHP/5.3.0;

Last-Modified: Sat, 16 Jan 2010 21:16:42 GMT;
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset : windows-1251;
Content-Language: ru;
X-Powered-By X-Cache

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 HTTP Response

status version status code phrase -L

header field name value -L

headers

header field name value -L

blank line -L

body

01.05.2017 36
. ..


: :
GET /wiki/ HTTP/1.1 Host: HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Wed, 11 Feb 2009
ru.wikipedia.org User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 11:20:59 GMT Server: Apache X-Powered-
(X11; U; Linux i686; ru; rv:1.9b5) By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5wm1 Last-Modified:
Gecko/2008050509 Firefox/3.0b5 Accept: Wed, 11 Feb 2009 11:20:59 GMT Content-
text/html Connection: close ( Language: ru Content-Type: text/html;
) charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 1234
Connection: close
( )
(
HTML)

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SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 E-mail

:
o

E-mail
o , ,
o
o

01.05.2017 39
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 E-mail



o

o


o
o ,

o ,
,
..

01.05.2017 40
. ..


01.05.2017 41
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 E-mail:
Return-Path
Received . (MTA)

MIME-Version MIME,
From: return-path SMTP MAIL
FROM:
Sender: . , - (from)
(, )
To: . (
). SMTP RCPT TO
cc: ( carbon copy). ,
bcc: ( blind carbon copy). ,
. (
, bcc , ).
Reply-To: , . , , ,
Reply-To ,
Message-ID: . - (
). : AAB77AA2175ADD4BACECE2A49988705C0C93BB7B4A@example.com.


In-Reply-To: Message-ID, (
)
Subject:
Date:
Content-Type: . (HTML, RTF, Plain text)
,
01.05.2017 42
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 MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extension

o ,
o

01.05.2017 43
. ..

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 01.05.2017 45
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 E-mail:

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

3 (Post Office Protocol)

.

IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol)

, ,

vs.

vs.

01.05.2017 46
. ..

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 E-mail:

PGP PEM -

01.05.2017 48
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SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
 SNMP
:
o

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

o

o

01.05.2017 50
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 SNMP:

,
, ,

(Network Management System,
NMS) ,

01.05.2017 51
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 SNMP

01.05.2017 52
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 SNMP:

SNMP ,


ASN.1
:
o NMS
o

. .. 01.05.2017 53
 ANS.1

01.05.2017 54
. ..
 SNMP:

01.05.2017 55
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FTP File Transfer Protocol
 FTP

:
o
o
o

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

o

01.05.2017 57
. ..
 FTP:
FTP:
FTP TCP 21,

"User-PI" - "Server-PI

.
o FTP- :
( ), ( "User-DTP",
"Server-DTP"), , ,
, , , ,
, ,

(, "User-DTP")
.
(, "Server-DTP")

:
o "Server-DTP" "User-DTP" ,
"Server-PI"-"User-PI" .
o , FTP, ,
..

01.05.2017 58
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 21

01.05.2017 59
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 TFTP SFTP
TFTP-
o .
UDP


o TFTP :
Read request (RRQ) -
Write request (WRQ) -
Data (DATA) -
Acknowledgment (ACK) -
Error (ERROR)
SFTP-
o ,
, TFTP
, FTP
o ,
, ,
,

01.05.2017 60
. ..