Simple Duct Design Method

A. Fundamental Knowledge

1. Pressure Classification
Static pressure – pressure acting vertically upon the duct wall surface, PS mmwg;
Dynamic pressure – pressure generated by air velocity, Pd mmwg;
Total pressure – sum of static pressure and dynamic pressure, Pt mmwg;

Pd = (γ/2g)• V2 = (V/4.05)2
Pt = PS + Pd

where, γ – specific gravity of air, kg/m3

V – air velocity, m/s

动压
Static静压
pressure Total全压
pressure Dynamic pressure
气流
Air flow Duct
风管

细孔
Pore Pt
Ps Pd

Pt

型管
U-pipe

2. Air volume
Common unit for air m3/min m3/H ft3/min
volume 1 60 35.32
CMM — m3/min
CMH — m3/H 0.0167 1 0.5881
CFM — ft3/min 0.0283 1.6989 1

Air velocity in the duct can be measured in the following two ways:
• Measure dynamic pressure with pitot, and then calculate out the air velocity;
• Measure air velocity directly with a hot-wire anemometer;

3. Relations between frequency and the rotation speed of motor:

Theoretically, the rotation speed of motor and the frequency of power supply have
following relations:

Rotation speed = frequency ╳ 2 ╳ 60/number of poles, (rpm)

(Synchronous speed)
Rotation Speed of Electric Motor (rpm)
No. of
poles
2 poles 4 poles 6 poles

Frequency
50HZ 3,000 1,500 1,000

60HZ 3,600 1,800 1,200

Actual motor rotation speed has a drop of 3-7% due to sliding ratio.

4. Relations between motor rotation speed, air volume, pressure and shaft power:
• Relation between pressure (P) and air volume (Q):
Air volume increases Static pressure decreases

• Relation between rotation speed (N) and pressure (P):

P2 = (N2/N1)2╳ P1

• Relation between rotation speed (N) and air volume (Q):

Q2 = (N2/N1) ╳ Q1

• Relation between rotation speed (N) and shaft power (L):

L2 = (N2/N1)3 ╳ L1

• Aerodynamic A(kw):
A = Q ╳ Pt/6120, where: Q—air supply, m3/min
Pt—full pressure of the supply air fan, mmwg

• Shaft power L (kw)

L = A/η , η—full pressure efficiency of the fan

The motor capacity needed by the fan will have an allowance of 10-20% when
compared with shaft power.

B. Classification Of Duct

1. Low-speed duct
• Air velocity in the duct is below 15m/s (static pressure is below 50mmwg);
• Most widely applied (for A/C and ventilation);
• Smaller error for resistance calculation and less noise;
• For the same air volume, the low-speed duct has larger sizes but simpler structure (seal
 etc.), when compared with high-speed duct.

Recommended max. air velocity in various parts of the low-speed duct, m/s
Main duct Resistance reference
Application (noise Main duct Branch duct
reference) Air supply Air return Air supply Air return
Residence 3 5 4 3 3
Apartment, guest
room of hotel, sick 5 7.5 6.5 6 5
room in the hospital
Theater,
4 6.5 5.5 5 4
audio-visual hall
Library,
6
personal office
General office,
high-grade
restaurant, 7.5
10 7.5 8 6
high-grade shops,
bank
Common shop,
coffee bar, 9
common restaurant
Workshop 12.5 15 9 11 7.5
Note: Reference noise refers to the limited air velocity set for preventing hazardous
noise.

Recommended Values for Allowable Noise and Max. Air Velocity, m/s
Allowable Main duct, Sub-main duct, in
Branch duct End duct
noise machine room the ceiling
NC-15
NC-20 ≤8m/s ≤6m/s ≤4m/s ≤3m/s
NC-25 ≤8m/s ≤7m/s ≤5m/s ≤3m/s
NC-30 ≤10m/s ≤10m/s ≤10m/s ≤10m/s

Allowable Blow-out Air Velocity at Blow-out Outlets

Blow-out air Blow-out air velocity
Place Place
velocity (m/s) (m/s)
Office (personal)
Studio ≤3 ≤4
Office (general)
Residence ≤4 ≤6
Apartment ≤4 Workshop ≤10
Guest room in hotel ≤4
Theater ≤5
 Allowable Air Velocity at Intake Inlets
Surface air velocity of effective opening ratio
Intake location
(m/s)
Above residential area 3—4
In the residential area, away from the seats 3—4
In the residential area, close to the seats 2.0—3.0
Opening below the door, shutter above the
1.0—2.0
door

• Calculation on intake and fresh air/air outlet shutter:

3
Surface air velocity = Q(m /h)/[W(m) ╳H(m) ╳ effective opening ratio ╳3600], (m/s)

3
Core air velocity = Q(m /h)/[W(m) ╳H(m) ╳3600], (m/s)

(External)
(外部)
(Duct)
(风管)

Core air
核心风速
velocity
Surface air velocity
面风速 (Air velocity
(风管内风速)
in the duct)

<面风速与核心风速>
<Surface air velocity
and core air velocity>
 Characteristics of Various Blow-out Outlets
Performance

Adjustment of blow-out
Noise Blow-out air flow
Allowable

air flow
Noise at blow-out
Type Characteristics air
the same Air
Distance
blow-out velocity Diffusion flow
reached
air for noise form
velocity NC30—
35
⊙ Mostly installed at the back
wall in a large space for long
Nozzle Very Below
distance it reaches; No Long Small Axial
outlet low 15m/s
⊙ Mostly used in TV (radio)
studio for its low noise;
⊙The blow-out air flow is
similar to that of nozzle outlet. Very
Ball outlet Due to its rotary head, air flow Yes 15m/s Long Small Axial
low
direction can be changed
Point Outlet

freely.
⊙ Good diffusion;
Diffuser ⊙Particularly suitable for No Medium 6m/s Short Largest Radial
rooms with low ceiling.
⊙ Air flow blows out
horizontally after passing
through disk baffle;
Disk ⊙ Simple structure, low price. Yes Medium 7m/s Medium Large Radial
outlet As air flow blows out evenly in
all directions, it is difficult to
adjust air volume in a
particular direction.
Strip ⊙ The outlet is like a seam
with large L/W ratio; Yes Low 5m/s Short Large Axial
outlet
⊙ Mostly installed in the
Line outlet

Strip ceiling along the wall or

outlet of window. It is popular among No Low 5m/s Short Large Axial
lighting designers for its non-obvious
appliance outlet.
Air
No Low Long Smallest. Axial
curtain
Perforated ⊙Small effective opening ratio
No High 5m/s Short Large Axial
board requires a large outlet area.
Surface outlet

Fixed ⊙As the grille is fixed, it is

No Medium 6m/s Medium Medium Axial
grille usually used as intake inlet.
Grille ⊙As the air direction and
with distance is adjustable, it is Yes Medium 6m/s Variable Variable Axial
adjustable usually used as blow-out
direction outlet.

2. High-speed duct
• Air velocity over 15m/s (static pressure over 50mmwg)
• Mainly used as smoke exhaust duct
• Also used where duct space in the ceiling and pipe shaft can not be ensured
(The main duct is often designed as high-speed duct, which turns into low-speed
duct after passing through the sound-attenuating chamber)
• Pay attention to duct strength.
C. The Layout Of Duct

1. Main duct type

• This is the most common method, in which one or more main ducts are connected to
the blow-out outlet.
• Due to the large main duct, it is necessary to check if there is sufficient space under
the beam.

(a) (b)

2. Layout of header type duct

• This type is adopted in ultra-high rise buildings or those with short floor-to-floor
distance when the main duct has to pass through iron beams (such as honeycombed
beams).
• It is passed through by passing the branch duct (spiral duct) through the round
section below 1/3 of the beam height.

l 1
h1

Honeycombed
( 蜂房状梁) Beams
Header(Type
集管式风管)
Duct

3. Single duct type

• Air is supplied directly from the A/C to the blow-out outlets.
• It is easier to balance air volume. But the cost is high due to many ducts.
Single Duct Type
Duct Static pressure
风管
chamber
静压箱

吹出口
Blow-out
Machine at the end outlet
末端机器

D. Ventilation patterns

<1st ventilation method> • Equipped with supply air fan

and exhaust air fan;
送风风机
Supply air fan Exhaust
排风风机 air fan
• It is easy to control the air
exhaust volume and air flow
VD VD distribution;
过滤器
Filter
• Balance between air supply
volume and exhaust volume
室内
Indoor
can be adjusted with the air
volume regulating valve (VD);
• An coarse filter is usually
needed at the fresh air inlet.
• Usually used in large-scale
kitchen, laundry, boiler room
and parking yards.
<2nd ventilation method > • Equipped with only supply air
送风风机
Supply air fan fan. Air is exhausted through
the outlet at proper locations
VD
Filter
过滤器 on the wall;
Indoor positive
室内
Air 排气口
outlet
• It is positive pressure indoor,
pressure
正压 suitable for rooms where it is
((outdoor
屋外或他室) or other rooms)
unexpected to be polluted by
air from other rooms, or for
ventilation in rooms where air
combustion is needed;
• An coarse filter is usually
needed at the fresh air inlet.
 • Usually used in small-scale
substation, boiler room and
warehouses.
<3rd ventilation method> • Equipped with only supply air
Exhaust fan. Air is exhausted through
排风风机air fan
the outlet at proper locations
on the wall;
VD • It is positive pressure indoor,
suitable for ventilation in
给气口
Air inlet 室内
Indoor toilets and bath rooms, where
<负压>
<negative pressure> odor or vapor should not flow
into other rooms.

• Usually used in toilets, tea

room and garbage piling
places in a building.
<Natural ventilation> • Ventilation is enabled through
natural ventilation force such
as wind power and buoyancy.
• Air inlet and exhaust funnel
can be combined.

• Full area ventilation – ventilation for the whole room with large ventilation volume.
• Local ventilation – ventilation for the vicinity of the contaminant source by using
exhaust hood and ventilation cupboard with limited ventilation volume.
• Ventilation frequency = ventilation volume (m3H)/ room volume(m3), (time/H)

Example: Volume of warehouse = 5m╳10m╳3mH = 150m3

Ventilation volume of warehouse = 5 times/H ╳150m3 = 750m3/H

E. The Calculation Method For Duct’s Pressure Drop

1. Constant pressure methods (Constant Pressure Method)

• This is the most common method, with the full name as constant friction loss
method with total pressure reference;
• The pressure drop per meter duct is determined based on the air velocity and air
volume of the main duct. The size of ducts in each section can be calculated out
based the obtained pressure drop;
Low-speed duct (for A/C ventilation) 0.08—0.15 mmwg/m (avg. 0.1mmWg/m)
High-speed duct (for smoke exhaust) 0.3—0.6 mmwg/m (avg. 0.4mmWg/m)
• Duct’s sizes can be determined by using a duct-meter or pressure drop graph.

2. Constant Speed Method

• This is a method for calculating duct sizes, where the air velocity in the duct is
 assumed to be constant, mainly intended for design of industrial exhaust ducts.

3. Total Pressure Method

• The total pressure drop of the paths from the fan outlet to each blow-out outlet is all
the same. For its minimum error of air volume, it is the most reasonable design
method.
It is mainly intended for calculation of pressure balance of duct systems designed
with constant pressure method.

F. The Decision Of Fan’s Static Pressure

• For static pressure, the pathway with the largest pressure drop (the longest pathway
for instance) is selected;
• Constant friction method is adopted for calculation (including air supply and air
return).The blow-out dynamic pressure need not be deducted at the fan outlet.

1. Straight Duct Part

Air Volume Conditions for Duct-Meter and Pressure Drop Graph:

Standard Status Temperature=20℃DB
Duct-meter Humidity=60%RH (γ=1.2kg/m3)
Duct Pressure Drop Graph Absolute Roughness=0.18mm
≒ Galvanized Steel Plate

Derating Under Different Conditions

Absolute Roughness k1 Temperature. k2 Humidity k3 Air Pressure k4

(usually not considered) (usually not considered) (usually not considered)
Absolute roughness Derating factor k1
ε
Galvanized steel plate 0.15 1.0
Plastic pipe 0.005 0.83
Glass wool duct 0.8 1.27
Cement duct 2.0 1.60

Calculate duct sizes according to air volume and friction loss (mmwg/m)

Size of straight duct

Example: Q=10,000m3/H, △P=0.1mmwg/m (galvanized steel plate), L/W ratio 1:2.5:

① For duct-meter
Size of the rectangular duct directly read: 1000mm╳400mm
Size of the round duct: 650mm
 For cement duct, unit friction loss in case of same air volume and size
= 0.1mmwg/m╳1.6 = 0.16mmwg/m
② For duct pressure drop graph
10000 d=cm
Q
m3/ h

0. 1 摩擦损失
Friction Loss

a) Find the crossing point of vertical axis 10,000m3/H and horizontal axis 0.1mmWg;
b) Read the size of the round duct =650mm;
c) The size of the rectangular duct can be found in the following conversion table
≈1000mm╳400mm.

K1 is the derating factor for duct materials

Duct materials K1
Galvanized steel plate 1.0
Plastic pipe 0.83
Glass wool duct 1.27
Cement duct 1.60
 Pressure Drop Graph for Ducts of Galvanized Steel Plates
Q （m3/h）
Air Volume

Friction Loss (mmwg/m)

Note:
Condition: 20℃DB, 60%RH, 760mmHg
Left – recommended for low-speed ducts
Right – recommended for high-speed ducts
 Pressure Drop Graph for Glass Wool Ducts
Air Volume Q （m3/h）

Frication Loss (mmwg/m)

Friction Loss (mmwg/m) Pressure Drop Graph for Flexible Ducts

Air Volume Q (m3/h)

 Pressure Drop graph for Spiral Ducts
Q （m3/h）
Air Volume

Friction Loss (mmwg/m)

Note: The joint of the spiral duct in the above table is connected by inserting.
Conversion Between Rectangular Ducts and Round Ducts
de=1.3[(a╳b)5/(a+b)2]1/8
Where: de: equivalent diameter, m (diameter of the round duct with the same resistance as the rectangular duct)
a: Long edge of the rectangular duct, m
b: Short edge of the rectangular duct, m unit: cm
b 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150

5 5.5

10 7.6 10.9

15 9.1 13.3 16.4

20 10.3 15.2 18.9 21.9

25 11.4 16.9 21.0 24.4 27.3

30 12.2 18.3 22.9 26.6 29.9 32.8

35 13.0 19.5 24.5 28.6 32.2 35.4 38.3

40 13.8 20.7 26.0 30.5 34.3 37.8 40.9 43.7

45 14.4 21.7 27.4 32.1 36.3 40.0 43.3 46.4 49.2

50 15.0 22.7 28.7 33.7 38.1 42.0 45.6 48.8 51.8 54.7

55 15.6 23.6 29.9 35.1 39.8 43.9 47.7 51.1 54.3 57.3 60.1

60 16.2 24.5 31.0 36.5 41.4 45.7 49.6 53.3 56.7 59.8 62.8 65.6

65 16.7 25.3 32.1 37.8 42.9 47.4 51.5 55.3 58.9 62.2 65.3 68.3 71.1

70 17.2 26.1 33.1 39.1 44.3 49.0 53.3 57.3 61.0 64.4 67.7 70.8 73.7 76.5

75 17.7 26.8 34.1 40.2 45.7 50.6 55.0 59.2 63.0 66.6 69.7 73.2 76.3 79.2 82.0

80 18.1 27.5 35.0 41.4 47.0 52.0 56.7 60.9 64.9 68.7 72.2 75.5 78.7 81.8 84.7 87.5

85 18.5 28.2 35.9 42.4 48.2 53.4 58.2 62.6 66.8 70.6 74.3 77.8 81.1 84.2 87.2 90.1 92.9

90 19.0 28.9 36.7 43.5 49.4 54.8 59.7 64.2 68.6 72.6 76.3 79.9 83.3 86.6 89.7 92.7 95.6 98.4

95 19.4 29.5 37.5 44.5 50.6 56.1 61.1 65.9 70.3 74.4 78.3 82.0 85.5 88.9 92.1 95.2 98.2 101.1 103.9

100 19.7 30.1 38.4 45.4 51.7 57.4 62.6 67.4 71.9 76.2 80.2 84.0 87.6 91.1 94.4 97.6 100.7 103.7 106.5 109.3

105 20.1 30.7 39.1 46.4 52.8 58.6 64.0 68.9 73.5 77.8 82.0 85.9 89.7 93.2 96.7 100.0 103.1 106.2 109.1 112.0 114.8

110 20.5 31.3 39.9 47.3 53.8 59.8 65.2 70.3 75.1 79.6 83.8 87.8 91.6 95.3 98.8 102.2 105.5 108.6 111.7 114.6 117.5 120.3

115 20.8 31.8 40.6 48.1 54.8 60.9 66.5 70.7 76.6 81.2 85.5 89.6 93.6 97.3 100.9 104.4 107.8 111.0 114.1 117.2 120.1 122.9 125.7

120 21.2 32.4 41.3 49.0 55.8 62.0 67.7 73.1 78.0 82.7 87.2 91.4 95.4 99.3 103.0 106.6 110.0 113.3 116.5 119.6 122.6 125.6 128.4 131.2

125 21.5 32.9 42.0 49.9 56.8 63.1 68.9 74.4 79.5 84.3 88.8 93.1 97.3 101.2 105.0 108.6 112.2 115.6 118.8 122.0 125.1 128.1 131.0 133.9 136.7
 b 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150

130 21.9 33.4 42.6 50.6 57.7 64.2 70.1 75.7 80.8 85.7 90.4 94.8 99.0 103.1 106.9 110.7 114.3 117.7 121.1 124.4 127.5 130.6 133.6 136.5 139.3 142.1

135 22.2 33.9 43.3 51.4 58.6 65.2 71.3 76.9 82.2 87.2 91.9 96.4 100.7 104.9 108.8 112.6 116.3 119.9 123.3 126.7 129.9 133.0 136.1 139.1 142.0 144.8 147.6

140 22.5 34.4 43.9 52.2 59.5 66.2 72.4 78.1 83.5 88.6 93.4 98.0 102.4 106.6 110.7 114.6 118.3 122.0 125.5 128.9 132.2 135.4 138.5 141.6 144.6 147.5 150.3 153.0

145 22.8 34.9 44.5 52.9 60.4 67.2 73.5 79.3 84.8 90.0 94.9 99.6 104.1 108.4 112.5 116.5 120.3 124.0 127.6 131.1 134.5 137.7 140.9 144.0 147.1 150.3 152.9 155.7 158.5

150 23.1 35.3 45.2 53.6 61.2 68.1 74.5 80.5 86.1 91.3 96.3 101.1 105.7 110.0 114.3 118.3 122.2 126.0 129.7 133.2 136.7 140.0 143.3 146.4 149.5 152.6 155.5 158.4 161.2 164.0

155 23.4 35.8 45.7 54.4 62.1 69.1 75.6 81.6 87.3 92.6 97.4 102.6 107.2 111.7 116.0 120.1 124.1 127.9 131.7 135.3 138.8 142.2 145.5 148.8 151.9 155.0 158.0 161.0 163.9 166.7

160 23.7 36.2 46.3 55.1 62.9 70.0 76.6 82.7 88.5 93.9 99.1 104.1 108.8 113.3 117.7 121.9 125.9 129.8 133.6 137.3 140.9 144.4 147.8 151.1 154.3 157.5 160.5 163.5 166.5 169.3

165 23.9 36.7 46.9 55.7 63.7 70.9 77.6 83.8 89.7 95.2 100.5 105.5 110.3 114.9 119.3 123.6 127.7 131.7 135.6 139.3 143.0 146.5 150.0 153.3 156.6 159.8 163.0 166.0 169.0 171.9

170 24.2 37.1 47.5 56.4 64.4 71.8 78.5 84.9 90.8 96.4 101.8 106.9 111.8 116.4 120.9 125.3 129.5 133.5 137.5 141.3 145.0 148.6 152.1 155.6 158.9 162.2 165.3 168.5 171.5 174.5

175 24.5 37.5 48.0 57.1 65.2 72.6 79.5 85.9 91.9 97.6 103.1 108.2 113.2 118.0 122.5 127.0 131.2 135.3 139.3 143.2 147.0 150.7 154.2 157.7 161.1 164.4 167.7 170.8 173.9 177.0

180 24.7 37.9 48.5 57.7 66.0 73.5 80.4 86.9 93.0 98.8 104.3 109.6 114.6 119.5 124.1 128.6 132.9 137.1 141.2 145.1 148.9 152.7 156.3 159.8 163.3 166.7 170.0 173.2 176.4 179.4

185 25.0 38.3 49.1 58.4 66.7 74.3 81.4 87.9 94.1 100.0 105.6 110.9 116.0 120.9 125.6 130.2 134.6 138.8 143.0 147.0 150.9 154.7 158.3 161.9 165.4 168.9 172.2 175.5 178.7 181.9

190 25.3 38.7 49.6 59.0 67.4 75.1 82.2 88.9 95.2 101.2 106.8 112.2 117.4 122.4 127.2 131.8 136.2 140.5 144.7 148.8 152.7 156.6 160.3 164.0 167.6 171.0 174.4 177.8 181.0 184.2

195 25.5 39.1 50.1 59.6 68.1 75.9 83.1 89.9 96.3 102.3 108.0 113.5 118.7 123.8 128.5 133.3 137.9 142.2 146.5 150.6 154.6 158.5 162.3 166.0 169.6 173.2 176.6 180.0 183.3 186.6

200 25.8 39.5 50.6 60.2 68.8 76.7 84.0 90.8 97.3 103.4 109.2 114.7 120.0 125.2 130.1 134.8 139.4 143.8 148.1 152.3 156.4 160.4 164.2 168.0 171.7 175.3 178.8 182.2 185.6 188.9

210 26.3 40.3 51.6 61.4 70.2 78.3 85.7 92.7 99.3 105.6 111.5 117.2 122.6 127.9 132.9 137.8 142.5 147.0 151.5 155.0 160.0 164.0 168.0 171.9 175.7 179.3 183.0 186.5 189.9 193.3

220 26.7 41.0 52.5 62.5 71.5 79.7 87.4 94.5 101.3 107.6 113.7 119.5 125.1 130.5 135.7 140.6 145.5 150.2 154.7 159.1 163.4 167.6 171.6 175.6 179.5 183.3 187.0 190.6 194.2 197.7

230 27.2 41.7 53.4 63.6 72.8 81.2 89.0 96.3 103.1 109.7 115.9 121.8 127.5 133.0 138.3 143.4 148.4 153.2 157.8 162.3 166.7 171.0 175.2 179.3 183.2 187.1 190.9 194.7 198.3 201.9

240 27.6 42.4 54.3 64.7 74.0 82.6 90.5 98.0 105.0 111.6 118.0 124.1 129.9 135.5 140.9 146.1 151.2 156.1 160.8 165.5 170.0 174.4 178.6 182.8 186.9 190.9 194.8 198.6 202.3 206.0

250 28.1 43.0 55.2 65.8 75.3 84.0 92.0 99.6 106.8 113.6 120.0 126.2 132.2 137.9 143.4 148.8 153.9 158.9 163.8 168.5 173.1 177.6 182.0 186.3 190.4 194.5 198.5 202.4 206.2 210.0

260 28.5 43.7 56.0 66.8 76.4 85.3 93.5 101.2 108.5 115.4 122.0 128.3 134.4 140.2 145.9 151.3 156.6 161.7 166.7 171.5 176.2 180.8 185.2 189.6 193.9 198.0 202.1 206.1 210.0 213.9

270 28.9 44.3 56.9 67.8 77.6 86.6 95.0 102.8 110.2 117.3 124.0 130.4 136.6 142.5 148.3 153.8 159.2 164.4 169.5 174.4 179.2 183.9 188.4 192.9 197.2 201.5 205.7 209.7 213.7 217.7

280 29.3 45.0 57.7 68.8 78.7 87.9 96.4 104.3 111.9 119.0 125.9 132.4 138.7 144.7 150.6 156.2 161.7 167.0 172.2 177.2 182.1 186.9 191.5 196.1 200.5 204.9 209.1 213.3 217.4 221.4

290 29.7 45.6 58.5 69.7 79.8 89.1 97.7 105.8 113.5 120.8 127.8 134.4 140.8 146.9 152.9 158.6 164.2 169.6 174.8 180.0 185.0 189.8 194.5 199.2 203.7 208.1 212.5 216.7 220.9 225.0

300 30.1 46.2 59.2 70.6 80.9 90.3 99.0 107.3 115.1 122.5 129.5 136.3 142.8 149.0 155.5 160.9 166.6 172.1 177.5 182.7 187.7 192.7 197.5 202.2 206.8 211.3 215.8 220.1 224.3 228.5
 b

a 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300

150 164

155 166.7 169.4

160 169.3 172.1 174.9

165 171.9 174.8 177.6 180.4

170 174.5 177.4 180.3 183.1 185.8

175 177.0 180.0 182.9 185.7 188.6 191.3

180 179.4 182.5 185.4 188.4 191.2 194.0 196.8

185 181.9 184.9 188.0 190.9 193.8 196.7 199.5 202.2

190 184.2 187.4 190.4 193.4 196.4 199.3 202.1 204.9 207.7

195 186.6 189.7 192.9 195.9 198.9 201.9 204.8 207.6 210.4 213.2

200 188.9 192.1 195.3 198.4 201.4 204.4 207.3 210.2 213.1 215.9 218.6

205 191.1 194.4 197.6 200.8 203.9 206.9 209.9 212.8 215.7 218.6 221.3 224.1

210 193.3 196.7 199.9 203.1 206.3 209.3 212.4 215.4 218.3 221.2 224.0 226.8 229.6

215 195.5 198.9 202.2 205.5 208.6 211.8 214.8 217.9 220.9 223.8 226.7 229.5 232.3 235.0

220 197.7 201.1 204.5 207.7 211.0 214.1 217.3 220.3 223.4 226.3 229.2 232.1 235.0 237.7 240.5

225 199.8 203.3 206.7 210.0 213.3 216.5 219.7 222.8 225.0 228.8 231.8 234.7 237.6 240.4 243.2 246.0

230 201.9 205.4 208.9 212.2 215.5 218.8 222.0 225.2 228.3 231.3 234.3 237.3 240.2 243.1 245.9 248.7 251.4

235 204.0 207.3 211.0 214.4 217.8 221.1 224.3 227.5 230.7 233.8 236.8 239.8 242.8 245.7 248.5 251.4 254.1 256.9

240 206.0 209.6 213.1 216.6 220.0 223.3 226.6 229.9 233.0 236.2 239.3 242.3 245.3 248.2 251.1 254.0 256.8 259.6 262.4

245 208.0 211.7 215.2 218.7 222.2 225.6 228.8 232.2 234.4 238.6 241.7 244.7 247.8 250.8 253.7 256.6 259.5 262.3 265.1 267.8

250 210.0 213.7 217.3 220.8 224.3 227.8 231.1 234.4 237.7 240.9 244.1 247.2 250.2 253.3 256.2 259.2 262.1 264.9 267.8 270.5 273.3

255 211.9 215.7 219.3 222.9 226.4 229.9 233.3 236.7 240.0 243.2 246.4 249.6 252.7 255.7 258.7 261.7 264.7 267.5 270.4 273.2 276 278.8

260 213.9 217.6 221.3 225.0 228.5 232.1 235.5 238.9 242.2 245.5 248.7 251.9 255.1 258.2 261.2 264.2 267.2 270.1 273.0 275.9 278.7 281.5 284.2

265 215.8 219.6 223.3 227.0 230.6 234.1 237.6 241.1 244.5 247.8 251.0 254.3 257.4 260.6 263.7 266.7 269.7 272.7 275.6 278.5 281.3 284.2 286.9 289.7

270 217.7 221.5 225.3 229.0 232.7 236.2 239.8 243.2 246.7 250.0 253.3 256.6 259.8 263.0 266.1 269.2 272.2 275.2 278.2 281.1 284.0 286.8 289.6 292.4 295.2

275 219.5 223.4 227.2 231.0 234.7 238.3 241.9 245.4 248.8 252.2 255.6 258.9 262.1 265.3 268.5 271.6 274.7 277.7 280.7 283.6 286.6 289.4 292.3 295.1 297.9 300.6

280 221.4 225.3 229.2 232.9 236.7 240.3 243.9 247.5 251 254.4 257.8 261.1 264.4 267.6 270.8 274.0 277.1 280.1 283.2 286.2 289.1 292.0 294.9 297.8 300.6 303.3 306.1

285 223.2 227.2 231.1 234.9 238.6 242.3 246.0 249.6 253.1 256.6 260.0 263.3 266.7 269.9 273.2 276.3 279.5 282.6 285.6 288.7 291.6 294.6 297.5 300.4 303.2 306.0 308.8 311.6

290 225.0 229.0 232.9 236.8 240.6 244.3 248 251.6 255.2 258.7 262.1 265.5 268.9 272.2 275.5 278.7 281.9 285.0 288.1 291.1 294.1 297.1 300.1 303.0 305.8 308.7 311.5 314.3 317.0

295 226.8 230.8 234.8 238.7 242.5 246.3 250.0 253.7 257.3 260.8 264.3 267.7 271.1 274.5 277.7 281.0 284.2 287.4 290.5 293.6 296.6 299.6 302.6 305.5 308.4 311.3 314.2 317.0 319.7 322.5

300 228.5 232.6 236.6 240.6 244.4 248.2 252.0 255.7 259.3 262.9 266.4 269.9 273.3 276.7 280.0 283.3 286.5 289.7 292.9 296.0 299.1 302.1 305.1 308.1 311.0 313.9 316.8 319.6 322.4 325.2 328.0
2. Very Rough Estimation Method

PS = PD+PA
PD = R• L(1+K)

where: PS: Necessary static pressure of the fan (mmWg);

PA: Sum of pressure drop of filter, coil and automatic air damper (mmWg);
PD: Pressure drop of the duct (mmWg);
R: Friction loss of straight duct (mmWg/m), usually R is 0.1mmWg/m;
L: Total length of supply air duct and return air duct of the longest path, m;
K: Proportion of local resistance loss.

• For small systems (total length below 50m) or large systems where there is much
bending, K=1.0-1.5;
• For a large system, K=0.7-1.0;
• When there are many sound suppressing devices, K=1.5-2.5.

Pressure drop at blow-out outlet, inlet and shutter Air volume unit: m3/H
Pressure Drop Remarks (reference value:
Machine name
(mmWg) Xin Huang)
Air volume 195 260 H: horizontal blow-out
#15 H 0.7 1.2 (cooling);
V 1.6 2.8 V: vertical blow-out
Air volume 350 465 (heating);
#20 H 0.7 1.2 ⊙ With air volume
V 1.2 2.2 regulating valve, add
Diffuser pressure drop by
Air volume 550 730
2.5mmwg.
#25 H 0.6 1.0
V 1.2 2.2
Air volume 790 1055
#30 H 0.6 1.0
V 1.2 2.2
Air volume 150 240 ⊙Including pressure drop
Single
H 4.7 12.5 of the static pressure
column
V 2.1 5.2 chamber at the blow-out
Air volume 240 420 outlet.
Strip Double
H 3.0 9.5
outlet column
V 1.4 4.0
Air volume 360 540
3
H 3.0 7.0
column
V 1.4 2.9
W H Air Air
Remarks
(m/m) (m/m) volume volume
 (Pressure (Pressure
drop ) drop)
650 975 ⊙Air valve fully open;
300 300
0.8 1.9 ⊙Blow-out angle =45º.
VHS 1080 1620
500 300
0.8 1.9
260 520 ⊙ With air volume
152ø
Nozzle 0.4 1.4 regulating valve, add
outlet 450 900 pressure drop by
200ø 1.0mmwg.
0.4 1.4
85 171
#8
Ball 0.6 2.5
outlet 222 445
#12
0.6 2.5
Air supply 1.4, Surface air velocity
Shutter
Air exhaust 0.9 v=2.5m/s.

• Local pressure drop for sound-suppressing elbow (reference value: Linggong)

Inner Surface: Glass Cloth Lining
内表面：玻璃布内衬
Glass
玻璃棉 Wool
Outside: galvanized steel plate
外面：镀锌钢板
L 50 Guide
导流叶片 Vane
25
Ln=w+50
w
L

25
50

25 w 25
w+50
25
H+50
H
25

Glass玻璃棉25m
Wool m
Glass玻璃棉50m
Wool m+导流叶片
Guide Vane
 Pressure Drop of Sound Suppressing Elbow, mmwg
Average Air Velocity at Inlet Damping
Elbow size
system
W L/L0 2.5m/s 5.0m/s 7.5m/s 10.0m/s
Ζ
Below 300 1.5 0.3-0.4 1.4-1.8 3.1-4.0 5.5-7.1 0.9-1.2
350—500 1.5 0.3-0.4 1.2-1.5 2.6-3.3 4.6-5.8 0.8-1.0
550—750 1.5 0.3 1.0-1.3 2.3-2.9 4.0-5.2 0.7-0.9
800—1200 1.5 0.2-0.3 0.9-1.2 2.1-2.8 3.7-4.9 0.6-0.8
Above 1250 1.5 0.2-0.3 0.9-1.2 2.1-2.6 3.7-4.6 0.6-0.8
Note: The pressure drop values in the table correspond to flatness (H/W)=1.0-0.5. If
the flatness (H/W)>1.0, use the lower limit value:

v
Damper (split vane) L/R θ 4m/s 6m/s 8m/s 10m/s 15m/s
ζ
L/R=W╳叶片枚数/2(H
L/R=W× +W)
Vane number/2(H+W) 0 0.52 0.5 1.2 2.1 3.2 7.2
0.6
20 2.3 2.3 5.1 9.0 14.1 31.6
0 0.52 0.5 1.2 2.1 3.2 7.2
v 1.0
20 2.7 2.7 6.0 10.6 16.5 37.1
H
θ

0 0.52 0.5 1.2 2.1 3.2 7.2

1.5
W 20 3.2 3.2 7.1 12.5 19.6 43.9
Same area
Fresh air — 0.8 2.8 6.0 10.4 16.9
ratio
Shutter
Same area
Exhaust air — 0.5 2.0 4.0 7.1 11.0
ratio
Air velocity: surface air velocity