Lecture 7

Lecture 7
Bending in Beams
Professor Jonathan Q.S. Li

Dept. of Architecture and Civil Engineering
City University of Hong Kong
Tel: 34424677, E-mail: bcqsli@cityu.edu.hk
Room: B6309
[CA3632: Mechanics of Structural and Materials] 1

Mechanics of Structures and Materials
Other names:
Mechanics of Materials, Structural Mechanics,

Engineering Mechanics, Applied Mechanics
To prevent failure of structural or engineering components by

fracture or deformation
Strength and Rigidity of engineering components should be adequate
to meet the loading conditions.
Objective of the study of Mechanics of Materials

To provide engineers with the means of analysis and design of various
building components and load-bearing structures
[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 2

Recommended Text Books : Any Text Book
of Mechanics of Materials or Structural Mechanics
Based on the same principles, use one of them.
Mechanics of Materials
F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston, J.T. DeWolf
Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, London, 2002.
J. M. Gere, S.P. Timoshenko
PWS Publishing Company, Fourth Edition, 1997.
R.C. Hibbeler
3/E, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1997
Types of Structural Components
Tie
Column
Strut
Cable
Beam

Types of Structural Components
Point Load
Cantilever
Distributed Load Shaft
Plate Shell
Type of Supports and Connection
for Structural Components
Equivalent force system
A
A
M
Fx
Built-in Fixed Support
Fy
Support force in any direction and moment.

Fx
Pin Connection Fy
Support force in any direction and but not moment.

Roller Support Fy
Can support force only in the vertical direction

Fx
Frictionless Sliding Support
Can support force only in the horizontal direction

Stress Key Role in Mechanics of Materials
Why ? Because every material should be used below

an Ultimate Stress (Ultimate Strength)
which can be determined by materials testing.
How far below ?

Allowable Stress = Ultimate Stress / Factor of Safety
Factor of Safety > 1
Criteria for Design

Working Stress Allowable Stress []

Arrows
Must be satisfied!!
In critical situations, you can consider
i) changing the service conditions,
by decreasing F ? ?
ii) changing the size of the member, by increasing A ? ?
iii) Using a stronger material , by increasing [] ? ?
solution for ii)

solution for i)
solution for iii)

Use of Allowable Stress in Practice
Design of Cross Section
for the known load and the selected material
F
A

Calculation of the allowable load,
for the known structural components
F A
Check the Safety of structural components
under known service conditions

Example: Shenzhen Universiade Center
(Global University Student Sports Game)
Simulation of Wind Effects on the Stadium by Computational Fluid Dynamics

13
13
View of mesh arrangement
The computational
region contains all
major surrounding
buildings and hills
within a diameter of 10
km. The total number
of grid is more than 10
millions
14
Mesh for hills
Mesh for buildings
15
15
Velocity
distribution
Pressure
distribution
16
16
Local distribution of velocity
17
17
Mean pressure coefficient on Mean pressure
outer faces coefficient on inner faces
WD
WD
WD WD
RMS pressure coefficient RMS pressure 18

on outer faces coefficient on inner faces 18
Topics in this Lecture
Bending of Beams
Pure Bending (symmetric and linearly elastic member)
Normal Stress Distribution
Deformation
Neutral Axis and Second Moment of Area
Nonprismatic Beams
Shearing Stress in Beams
Deflection of Beams
Nonsymmetric Bending & Biaxial Bending

Bending of Beams (Animation)

Pure Bending
F F On the studied section CD,
A B there is no shear force Q.
a C D a The bending on that section
Q called pure bending, would
x only result in normal stress.
A B
Shear force
mx In contrast, nonuniform
x bending refers to flexure in
A B the presence of shear forces.
Pure bending
Bending moment This is a general case.

Pure Bending Deformation
o1o2
m1m2 becomes shorter

Radius of
Curvature
n1n2 becomes longer

o1o2 remains
y the same length
Neutral Axis y =0
m1 m2 m1m2 y
y x
oo1 1 oo oo2 2
n1 n2 m1m2 o1o2 y

o1o2

Stress Distribution in Pure Bending
Hookes Law
y
E
y Supposition of Elasticity
y
E
z
x
y
?
x

Assumptions for bending
Plane cross sections remain plane and
perpendicular to its neutral axis after
bending.
Elongation occurs on one side and
shortening on the opposite side.

Calculation of , Radius of Curvature
y
E
y
dF dA
dA 0 ydA 0
A A
z E 2
ydA m x dA m x
y
A
A
x
J z y 2 dA
A
y Second Moment of Area
dF
E mx
JZ y
mx Jz
dF dA
Stage Summary
Bending Moment yields Normal Stress in the Cross
Section, which is proportional to the distance to the
Neutral Axis and to the Bending Moment, but
inversely proportional to the Second Moment of the
Area. y
M z
y
Jz x

Bending Moment and Normal Stress in Beams:
Two Possibilities
A

M
A Positive Normal Stress

M Moment
y
B Jz

M
B Negative Normal Stress

Moment
Sign for the shearing force Q Sign for the bending Moment M
R M M positive
Q
R Q
Q R Q
R
negative
positive negative
clockwise anticlockwise M M

Stress and Deformation in Pure Bending
y
M 1
Radius of Curvature, : z
EJ z
x
M
Normal Stress*: y
Jz
*The sign of this formula is dependent on the definition of normal

stress. In structural engineering, tension and compression stresses
are defined as positive and negative, respectively. The direction of
normal stress can be judged according to the bending moment
direction and the location in a beam.
Exercise 1(a simple question to warm everyone up)
A steel bar of 20mm x 65mm.

rectangular cross section is
subjected to two equal and
opposite couples acting in the
vertical plane of symmetry of
the bar. Determine the value of
the bending moment M that
cause the bar to yield. Assume
Y 248 N mm 2 M
y
Jz

Exercise 1
1) Second Moment of Area
1 3 1
J z bh 20 653 457708mm 4
12 12
2)Bending moment
Jz 457708
M y 248 3492664 N mm
ymax 32.5

Calculation of the Centroid
1
The centroid of any Area u c
AA udA v

is at the point O(uc, vc), with O(uc, vc)
u
1
c

v
AA vdA
1 y
A A
yc ydA 0
means the Neutral Axis o1o2 should

lie in the plane of centroid. z
O
A
It is convenient to pose the origin O of the coordinate system
on the centroid of the cross section
Determination of the Centroid (Neutral Axish )
r 1 1
y s
AA rdA
A0 r bdr
h
1 1
s rdA r bdr
AA A0
z
(1) After the position of Centroid is O
b s
determined, we place the origin of the w
coordinate system xyz on the
Centroid; y
(2) The Neutral Axis should lie in the y = h s
plane of centroid.
(3) It becomes possible to calculate the
Second Moment of Area; mx y=s
y
(4) Finally the Stress Distribution can be
Jz
obtained.
Second Moment of Area Iz
Different from I p in Torsion
(Polar Moment of Inertia of Cross Section)
o
r
I p moment about a point I p r dA 2
A dA
r is distance to the rotating point O
y
I z moment about an axis
J z y 2 dA y is distance to the
A neutral axis z dA y z

Exercise 2
A beam with trapezoid cross section is to be used.
b
It is known for the material that the ratio of the
y allowable stress for tension and that for
z compression is
h
s Select the optimal ratio for b/B, so that the
B material can be most efficiently used.
(hints: calculate the location of neutral axis first)
M
Tips: The normal stress follows y
Jz
In the case of a trapezoid cross section the ratio of the maximal tensile
max s
stress to the maximal compressive stress is
max h s

If this ratio is equal to
, the tensile stress and the compressive
stress reach the allowable value and material can be most effectively used.

Exercise 2
r
h
1 1 b
Solution: s rdA r 2 wdr
AA A0
h
A B b
2
h 2w
B r br
w 1
2 h 2h w
B
h
2 B b
s B r rdr
h B b 0 h
h 1 Bb
2 1 1 B b 3 s 1
Bh 2 h 2 3 Bb
h B b 2 3 h
h 2
B B b
Bb 3
Exercise 2
1 1 B b

max s Bb
2 6
max hs 1 1 B b
2 6 Bb
B 2b b 2 1

2B b B 2
It suggest a triangular beam for 0.5

Centroid and Second Moment of Area of
Common Geometric Shapes
y 1
y A bh
A bh 2
z 1
h sh 2 h z s h
s s 3
b 1 b bh 3
I z bh 3 Iz
12 36
rectangular triangular
y
y
A h2
h A d2
z 4
sh 2 d d
z s
s s 2
h h4
Iz
12 Iz d4
64
cubic circular

Centroid and Second Moment of Area of
Common Geometric Shapes
y
b y
A r2
Bb 2
A h h z z 4
2 r
s s s r
h B b 3
s 1 B
2 3 I z 0.11r 4
B b h 3 1 B b
2
Trapezoid Semicircular
Iz 1
24 3 B b
y A ab

y 2 2
A D d
4 2b z sb
D d D s
s
s z 2
Iz ab 3
2a 4

Hollow Iz
64
D 4
d4 Elliptical
Nonprismatic Beams
The beam theory described above was
derived for prismatic beams, that is,
straight beams having the same cross
section throughout their length.
However, non-prismatic beams are
commonly used to reduce weight and
improve appearance.
Such beams are found in automobiles,
airplanes, machinery, bridges, building,
tools and many other applications.
Exercise 3
A cantilever beam of length L is being designed to support a concentrated load P

at the free end. The cross section of the beam is rectangular with constant width
b. To assist them in designing this beam, the designers would like to know how
the height of an idealized beam should vary in order that the maximum normal
stress at every cross section will be equal to the allowable stress allow.( A beam
meeting this condition is called a fully stressed beam or a beam of constant
strength.). Considering only the bending stresses obtained from the flexure
formula, determine the height of such a beam.
Exercise 3
Solution:
1)Bending moment and section modulus at distance x from free
end of the beam
M=Px I=bhx3/12
Where hx is the height of the beam at distance x.
My Px(hx / 2) 6 Px
2)The allowable stress allow 3
2
I bhx / 12 bhx
3) The height of beam hx 6 Px

b allow
6 PL
4) Fixed end of the beam(x=L), the height hB is hB
b allow

Exercise 3
4) Therefore we can express the height hx in the following form
x
hx hB
L
Note:
1. At the loaded end of the beam (x=0), the theoretical height is zero,
because there is no bending moment at that point. However, the
beam of this kind is not practical because it is incapable of
supporting the shear forces near the end of the beam.
2. Nevertheless, knowing the properties of a fully stressed beam can
be an important aid to engineers when designing structures for
constant maximum stress.
Effect of Shear Stress
Shear stresses exist

between the contact surfaces
of two beams glued together.
If there is no friction between
the two beams, the upper
beam will slide.

Shearing Stress in a Rectangular Beam
mx0 mx1
Bending Moment relates to
Q0 Q1
the Normal stress y t
mx y Q0 s Q1

Jz 0 1
x
Shearing Force Q also exists.
How is the shearing stress distributed?
Select the upper part of q0

the Beam from q1
0 P 1
an arbitrary y to t, and then
take the unit x

q0 y
q1 b
0 y t
P 1 y t z
s
x
For this unit we have: Fx = 0
t t
P 0 b dy 1 b dy 0
y y
t t
y
P 1 0 b dy mx1 mx 0 b dy
y y
Jz
t
m x Q
Q m x1 m x 0 Qx P x y b dy
x Jz y

t
Q
q0 P x y b dy
Jz y
q1
0 y t P 1 P yx x b
x QS zy
xy yx
y J zb
t
t b yx S zy y dA first moment
y b z y
s J z y 2 dA second moment
A
Complementary Property of Shearing Stress

QS zy
xy yx xy
J zb
QS zy is a function of y. The maximal value for Sz occurs

J z b always at y =0. y b
For a rectangular, beam we have
1 h2
bh 2 2 y 2 z
J z bh3 y
S z ybdy 1
12 h
y 8 h
3 Q 2y
2
y 1
2 bh h
We can write for general cases

h/2
3Q
max
QS z
with
Sz ydA
max J zb 0
2 bh J z y 2 dA
A
Shearing Stress in Beams
y
b y
3Q
z max
h 2 bh
y
SQ Q(2r 3 / 3) 4Q 4Q
A
max
B B Ib (r / 4)( 2r ) 3r
4 2
3A
2r
z Assume the stresses act parallel to the y
axis and have constant intensity across the
width of the beam from A to B
Two Equations for Beams

mx
y
Q
ly Q l
Jz Jz
QS zy Q S zy

J zb Jz b
Q
For a rectangular Beam
y y 2l
mmax Ql
1) Maximal normal stress

on the edge; Maximal
shearing stress on the
neutral axis;
h
3Q 2 y
2 2) The ratio max

Q ly
12 2 1 is very small max 4l
bh h 2bh h
Shearing Stress in a W-Beam
W-Beam is frequently used for Application with Bending
bf
tf S zy Q

tw b Jz
y y z
z
d
Flange
Web
1 d
S zy bf 2
2
t f y
S zy1 d
2 b tw 2 2
2
y
b 2 2 1 d d
S zy 2
1
2
t f t f d t f
b 2 2 2 2

Shearing Stress in a W-Beam
As Shearing stress on the Web is
bf much larger than that on Flange
y
tf
As Approximation, we can use
tw
z
d
Q Q
Flange
Aweb t w d
Web

Example
A W15018-shape beam is to be f
used for the structure. For the rolled-

steel we have []=170MPa and
C D
[]=100MPa. From the handbook we A
1.5m 3m 1.5m B
can find d=153mm, tw=5.8mm,
Jz=9.2 10-6m4, Sz=1.2 10-4m3.
Determine the allowable intensity of
bf
load in the middle of the beam. tf
z
tw d
Description : The problem is for design
considering normal and shear stress. First of all
we need to find the maximal bending moment
Example
f
(1) Supporting Force
3
R A RB 3 f R A RB f C D
2 1.5m 3m 1.5m RB
RA
(2) In the part AC Q
mx
3 3 f
Q f mx fx A
2 2 x
mx
(3) In the part CD A C
RA 1.5m
3 3
Q x f 3 x f RA x Q
2 2
2
3 1 3 1 9
m x fx f x 3 x x 2 f mx
2 2 2 2 8
(4) In the part DB B
3 3 Q 6-x
Q f m x f 6 x
2 2 RB
Example
Q
(5) From the shearing force and the bending
3f/2
moment diagrams we find the maximal
shearing force 3f/2N and the maximal bending x
moment 27f/8N.m.
(6) Design considering Normal Stress 27f/8 -3f/2
y d 27 mx
max max m x f 9f/4
Jz 2J z 8
8 2J z 16 9.2 10 6
f 170 10 6 x
27 d 27 0.153
6057 Nm 1
QS z 3 S z
(7) Design considering Shearing Stress max f
bJ z 2 t w J z
2 tw J z 2 5.8 10 3 9.2 10 6
f 100 10 6
29640 Nm 1
3 Sz 3 1.2 10 4 f 6kN / M
Parallel Axis Theorem
Suppose we have calculated the values of Ixx (i.e., about
the centroid). The // axis theorem allows us to make use
of this result to calculate Ixx about any other given axis
without starting from scratch. A (area)
The same is also true for Iyy
y' y
lx x
2
I x ' x ' I xx A l y
I y ' y ' I yy A l x
2 d ly
I p' I p A d 2
x'
I x ' y ' I xy A l x l y
56
Example:
2nd Moments of Area
Calculate I xx (i.e., about the centroid)

yy
3
Ans:
bh
I xx
12 h
2
0
x
x
h
2
b b
2 2
57
Example:
2nd Moments of Area
Calculate I x ' x ' I xx A l y

2
bh 3 h 2
Ans: I x'x' (hb)( ) I xx (Area) (shifted y : distance) 2
12 2
y
y
0 x
x
58
2nd Moments of Area for Composite Area:
Provided the 2nd

moments of area of
each part is known,
then the moments of
inertia for the
composite area equals
the algebraic sum of
the moments of area
of all its parts.
59
Example:
Composite Area
Determine Ixx of the

composite section. A1
I xx A y 2 dA A y 2 dA A y 2 dA A y 2 dA A1
1 2 3
1 2
6 1 6 1 4.5
3
12
1 1 A2
2 8 6 13 6 1 4.52
3
12 12
122 85.33 122 329.33in 4
A3
60
Example
These two sections have the same areas but different

shapes. Calculate and compare their 2nd moment of
area about the x axis.
61
1
I xx ,1 A y dA 144.2 144.2 3 36031288 mm 4
2
12
1 2
I xx , 2 y dA 200 40 200 40 80
2 3
A
12
1 1 2
40 120 200 40 200 40 80
3 3
12 12
110293333 mm 4
I xx, 2 I xx,1
62
Neutral axis and second moment
250mm
To find the neutral axis (N-A), the cross-
section is divided into three parts, we have 20mm
y
yA N C A
200mm
A
2[0.1m](0.2m)(0.015m) [0.01](0.02m)(0.25m) 15mm

2(0.2m)(0.015m) 0.02m(0.25m)
0.05909m 59.09mm
The second moment of the area using the parallel-axis
theorem applied to the three parts
1
I (0.25m)(0.02)3 (0.25m)(0.02m)(0.05909m 0.01m) 2
12
1
2 (0.015m)(0.2m)3 (0.015m)(0.2m)(0.1m 0.05909m) 2 42.26(106 )m4
12
Stage Summary
Shearing Force yields Shearing Stress in the Cross Section. Its
Maximal Value is at the Neutral Axis and proportional to the First
Moment of the Area, but inversely proportional to the Product of
the Second Moment of the Area and the Breadth of the Neutral
Plane
The ratio of the Shearing Stress to the Normal Stress is small,
except in the W-shape Beam. bf y
tf
t
S z ydA tw
QS d
z
max z 0
J zb
J z y 2 dA
A

Deflection of Beam
3
PL
max
3 EJ

Deflection of Beam (Animation)

Deflection of Beam
Geometric Relationships and resulting equations:

d1
d ds
ds
dv
dx
tan

Deflection in the Beam
Assuming small deflections and rotations
d
1 dv d 2 v d
ds dx tan 2

dx dx dx dx
d d 2 v
1
So that 2
dx dx
Now, from a previous derivation M d 2v

1
2
v is vertical displacement EI dx
Deflection of Beam
(S represents vertical displacement)
d 2s mx 1
dx 2

EJ Z
s
EJ z m dxdx
x
For any Part with only Concentrated Load

1 3 2
mx x s x x C1 x C 2
EJ z 6 2
For any Part with Distributed Load of Constant Intensity f
2 1 4 3 2
mx x x s x x x C1 x C 2
EJ z 12 6 2
Problem is
how to simply determine the unknown C1 and C2 (integration constants)
Deflection of Beam
Method to Determine the unknown C1 and C2

1) Continuity Condition
At the Boundary between two Parts
two Continuity Conditions have to be satisfied
ds
Both s and must change continuously
dx
s from Left s from Right ds

ds
dx from Left dx from Right
n parts n-1 boundaries 2(n-1) equations
Deflection of Beam
Method to Determine the unknown C1 and C2

2) Restraint Condition
Pin Support or a Roller Support can restrict
Displacement, so that s=0 is satisfied
2 equation for two ends.
Fixed Support can restrict Both Displacement
and Rotation, so that s=0 and =0 are satisfied
2 equations.
From supports we always have 2 equations.
Deflection of Beam
From Continuity 2(n-1) equations
From supports 2 equations.
Totally 2n equations for n curves s(x) in n Parts
All unknown C1 and C2 can be found.
For practical application, the
Maximal Deflection and
Maximal Change of Angle are of interest.

Example
F for x <q mx F q x
1 1
EJ z s Fx 3 Fqx 2 c1 x d1
A q C B 6 2
l for x >q m x 0 EJ z s c2 x d 2
x
Q At the point A x=0, s=0, ds/dx=0
s F x d1 0 and c1 0
At the point C
ds 1 2
mx from left EJ z Fq
dx 2
ds 1 2
from right EJ z c2 c Fq
x dx
2
2
1 3
Fq from left EJ z Fq
s
3
mx x 1 3 1 3
3 2 from right EJ z s Fq d 2 d 2 6 Fq
EJ z s x x C xC 2
6 2 1 2
Example
A q C B
l 1
Fx 2
3q x x q
x 6 EJ z
s
1
Fq 2 3 x q x q
s 6 EJ z
Fq 2 2
smax 3l q B Fs
6 EJ z 2 EJ z
Deflection in Beam
Governing equation for the elastic curve
EI is known as the flexural rigidity and is constant for a

prismatic beam, integrating both members in the above
equation in x, we have
The constants C1 and C2 are determined from the

boundary conditions

Deflection of Beam
q q
A B A D
L x
Drawing the free-body diagram of the portion AB of the beam and

taking moments about D 1 1
M qLx qx 2
2 2
Substituting for M into the governing equation for elastic curve, we write
d2y 1 1
EI 2 qx 2 qLx
dx 2 2
Integrating twice in x, we have
dy 1 1 1 4 1
EI qx3 qLx 2 C1 EIy qx qLx3 C1 x C2
dx 6 4 24 12
Deflection of Beam
Observing that y=0 at both ends of the beam, we first let x=0 and
y=0 in the previous equation and obtain C2=0. We then make x=L
and y=0 in the same equation and write
1 4 1 4
0
qL qL C1 L
24 12
1 3
C1 qL
24
1 4 1 1 3
The equation of elastic curve is EIy qx qLx qL x
3
24 12 24
Check the slope of the beam is zero for x=L/2 and that the elastic
curve has a maximum at the midpoint, we have
q L4 L3 3 L 5qL4
yC ( 2 L L )
24 EI 16 8 2 384 EI
4
5qL
So that y max
384 EI
Symmetric Bending (plane bending)
Bending Moment
(vector) :
perpendicular to
the y Axis
y
z
x
Bending moment lies
in the x-y plane
Unsymmetric Bending & Biaxial Bending
In the situation where the bending moment does not act in plane of
symmetry of the member, either because
They act on the different plane (Fig. a and b)
Or the member does not possess any plane of symmetry (Fig. c)
We cannot expect
1) the member to bend in the plane where the moment acting on, (plane bending)
2) or the neutral axis of the section to coincide with the axis of the moment.
Unsymmetric Bending (Anination)

Consider an arbitrary shape
section (The neutral axis
coincides with the axis of
the couple M, thus the
formula used in plane
bending can be utilized here) x dA 0

x components

From equilibrium equation, we get z x dA 0 moments about y axis

( y x dA) M moments about z axis
Assume the stresses to remain within proportional limit of the material,
we have x m y / c
And substitute it into the second equation, we have
my
z ( ) dA 0 or yzdA 0
c
Based on the definition of product of inertia I yz

yzdA
Thus I yz 0
Iyz equals to zero only when the y and z axes are the principal
centroidal axes of the cross section.
Since in this case, the M coincides with neutral axis z, and the
above conclusion indicates that axis z is also one of the
principal centroidal axis. Thus, only when the couple vector M
is directly along one of the principal centroidal axes of the
cross section, the neutral axis and the axis of the couple M
acting on are coincided.
The principal centroidal axis reflects the geometry property of

the member, which is easy to be identified; while the neutral axis
is related to the force acting on the section, which may require
tedious calculation.
Therefore, the above conclusion makes us easy to find whether

the axis of couple M acting on coincides with the neutral axis.
Because only when we assure this, the formulas for plane
bending can be used.

Centroidal Axes of Various Cross Sections
For the cross section which are
symmetric at least one of the
coordinate axes, the y and z axes
are the principal centroidal axes of
the section
If neither of the coordinate axes is an

axis of symmetry, the coordinate axes
are not principal axes. The principal
axes can be determined analytically.

In the above cases (couple vector M is directly along one of

the principal centroidal axes of the section, the neutral axis will
coincide with the axis of the couple), the equations derived in
the above sections for the symmetric members can be used to
determine the stresses.
In other cases of unsymmetrical bending which are more usual,

the principle of superposition can be used. The moment is first
divided into components directly along the principle axes. The
results from the separate components are finally superposed.
The details will be presented as follows.

Consider a member with a vertical

plane of symmetry, which is
subjected to bending couples M
and M acting in a plane forming
an angle with the vertical plane.
The couple vector M representing

the forces acting on a given cross
section will form the same angle
with the horizontal z axis

Resolving the vector M into component vectors Mz and

My along the z and y axes, respectively
M y M sin
M z M cos
Since the y and z axes are the

principal centroidal axes of the cross
section, we have stresses resulting
from each component of the couple
represented by Mz and My
Mz y My z
x x
Iz Iy
The distribution of the stresses caused by the original couple M
is obtained by superposing the stresses determined above,
Mz y My z
x
Iz Iy
Note:
The above equation is valid only if the conditions of applicability
of the principle of superposition are met.
In other words, it should not be used if the combined stresses
exceed the proportional limit of the material, or if the
deformations caused by one component of the couple significantly
affect the distribution of the stresses due to the other.

As indicated previously, the neutral axis of the cross section will not,
in general, coincide with the axis of the bending couple.
Since the normal stress is zero at any point of the neutral axis, The
equation defining that axis can be obtained by setting x 0
Mz y My z
Thus 0
Iz Iy
Iz Iz
y ( tan ) z tan tan
Iy Iy
Note: from the equation, we note that when I z I y and

when I z I y Thus, the neutral axis is always located between the
couple vector M and the principal axis corresponding to the minimum
moment of inertia
Exercise
A 16 N.m couple is applied to a wooden

beam, of rectangular cross section 1.5cm
by 3.5cm, in a plane forming an angle of
30with the vertical.
Determine:
(a) the maximum stress in the beam,
(b) the angle that the neutral surface
forms with the horizontal plane

Exercise
1
M z 1600 cos 30 13.86 N.m Iz bh 3 5.359 cm 4
(a) Maximum stress 12
M y 1600 sin 30 8.00 N.m
1
Iy hb 3 0.9844 cm 4
12
The largest tensile stress due to Mz occurs

along AB and is
M y 1386 1.75
1 z 4.526 MPa
Iz 5.359
The largest tensile stress due to My occurs

along AD and is
M y z 800 0.75
2 6.095 MPa
Iy 0.9844
The largest tensile stress due to

combined loading at A max 1 2 10.62 MPa
Exercise
(b) Angle of Neutral surface with horizontal plane
Iz 5.359
tan tan tan 30 3.143
Iy 0.9844
72.4
The distribution of the stresses

across the section

Lecture 7 - Bending in Beams

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Lecture 7 - Bending in Beams

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Professor Jonathan Q.S. Li

[CA3632: Mechanics of Structural and Materials] 1

Mechanics of Materials, Structural Mechanics,

To prevent failure of structural or engineering components by

Objective of the study of Mechanics of Materials

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 2

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 4

Distributed Load Shaft

Equivalent force system

Support force in any direction and moment.

Support force in any direction and but not moment.

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 7

Equivalent force system

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 8

Equivalent force system

Frictionless Sliding Support

Can support force only in the horizontal direction

Why ? Because every material should be used below

How far below ?

Criteria for Design

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 10

solution for ii)

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 11

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 12

Simulation of Wind Effects on the Stadium by Computational Fluid Dynamics

Mesh for buildings

RMS pressure coefficient RMS pressure 18

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 19

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 20

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 21

m1m2 becomes shorter

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 22

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 23

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 24

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 26

A Positive Normal Stress

B Negative Normal Stress

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 28

*The sign of this formula is dependent on the definition of normal

A steel bar of 20mm x 65mm.

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 30

1) Second Moment of Area

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 31

means the Neutral Axis o1o2 should

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 34

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 35

It suggest a triangular beam for 0.5

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 37

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 38

A cantilever beam of length L is being designed to support a concentrated load P

3) The height of beam hx 6 Px

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 42

Shear stresses exist

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 44

Select the upper part of q0

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 45

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 46

Complementary Property of Shearing Stress

We can write for general cases

1) Maximal normal stress

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 51

[Mechanics of Structures and Materials] 52