INPUT

Pipe Temperature Internal Pressure Span

Installation Operation Min Max
Measured
Outside Wall Pipe Length Deflection at
Diameter Thickness Grade! Min Max Min Max Value Value Span Center

mm mm MPa C C C C kPa kPa m mm

508 20.6 241 -20 25 5 20 0 5806 19.812 35.1

Suggested values if no detailed

information available -15 20 0 30

The calculation sheet supports maximum 5 cases. An example case has been shown in the first row.
The calculation sheet does not assess the failure mode of local buckling.
Notes
!
Pipe Grade: Input the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). "Reference" sheet list the default SMYS for various pipe grade
* The critical longitudinal stress appears under the maximum pressure, please check the report for further discussion.
&
This recommended criterion is equivalent to the allowable stress criterion in B31.4-2009 for Class 1 design.
$
SMTS: specified minimum tensile strength. The value of SMTS is determined by the input for SMYS.

Flow Strength = 0.5 (yield strength + ultimate tensile strength).

 APPLIED STRESS COM
Span Total Longitudinal Stress* ASME B31.4 - 2012
Compressive Stress
Catenary Tensile Stress
Min Max Tresca Von Mises
Stress
Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable
MPa MPa MPa MPa Allowable MPa Allowable MPa
0 -125.2 118.5 216.9 55% -145.3 86% -172.1
0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0

ult SMYS for various pipe grades following API 5L.

or further discussion.
ss 1 design.
 COMPARISON OF APPLIED AND ALLOWABLE LONGITUDINAL STRESS
CSA Z662 - 2011 CRES Recommended Upper Bo
e Stress Compressive Stress
Tensile Stress Tensile Stress
Von Mises Main Body (Tresca) Annex C (Von Mises)

Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable

Allowable MPa Allowable MPa Allowable MPa Allowable MPa
73% 241 49% -169.4 74% -197.1 64% 327.5
0% 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
TUDINAL STRESS
CRES Recommended Upper Bound& (Critical Stress = Flow Strength) Structure Properties
Compressive Stress Tensile Stress Criteria for
Tensile Stress Girth Welds
Section
Tresca Von Mises Modulus
Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied /
Allowable MPa Allowable MPa Allowable MPa Allowable m3
36% -255.9 49% -285.8 44% 192.8 61% 3.69E-03
0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.00E+00
0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.00E+00
0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.00E+00
0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.00E+00
 INTERMEDIATE RESULTS
Structure Properties Temperature Differential Res
Bending Hoop Stress
Ultimate Moment
Moment of Tensile Flow from
Min Max
Inertia Strength Strength Deflection Min Max
(SMTS$)

m4 MPa MPa C C Nm MPa /SMYS MPa

9.38E-04 414 327.5 -20 40 1.75E+05 0.0 0.0% 71.6
0.00E+00 0 0.0 0 0 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0% 0.0
0.00E+00 0 0.0 0 0 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0% 0.0
0.00E+00 0 0.0 0 0 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0% 0.0
0.00E+00 0 0.0 0 0 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0% 0.0
ULTS
Resulting Stresses
op Stress Longitudinal Stress Components

From Max From Max. From Min.

Max Internal From Bending Temperature Temperature
Pressure Differential Differential
/SMYS MPa MPa MPa MPa
29.7% 21.5 47.4 -99.2 49.6
0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0% 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
 INPUT
Pipe Temperature Internal Pressure Span
Installation Operation Min Max
Outside Wall Pipe Product
Length
Diameter Thickness Grade! Min Max Min Max Value Value Density

mm mm MPa C C C C kPa kPa m kg/m3

508 20.6 207 0 20 0 25 0 4137 22.866 1000

Suggested values if no detailed

information available -15 20 0 30

The calculation sheet supports maximum 5 cases. An example case has been shown in the first row.
The calculation sheet does not assess the failure mode of local buckling.
Notes
!
Pipe Grade: Input the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). "Reference" sheet list the default SMYS for various pipe grade
#
Input "Yes" or "No". Please check the "Reference" sheet to determine the input for various scenarios.
* The critical longitudinal stress appears under the maximum pressure, please check the report for further discussion.
&
This recommended criterion is equivalent to the allowable stress criterion in B31.4-2009 for Class 1 design.
$
SMTS: specified minimum tensile strength. The value of SMTS is determined by the input for SMYS.

Flow Strength = 0.5 (yield strength + ultimate tensile strength).

 APPLIED STRESS
Span Total Longitudinal Stress* ASME B31.4 - 2012
Compressive Stress
Is Pipe Tensile Stress
Catenary
Submerged Min Max Tresca
Stress
in Water#
Allowable Applied / Allowable
(Yes/No) MPa MPa MPa MPa Allowable MPa
Yes -76.7 94.9 186.3 51% -135.3
0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0% 0.0

-0.37056454 0.4585054396

ault SMYS for various pipe grades following API 5L.

for further discussion.

ass 1 design.
 COMPARISON OF APPLIED AND ALLOWABLE LONGITUDIN
ASME B31.4 - 2012 CSA Z662 - 2011
Compressive Stress Compressive Stress
Tensile Stress
Tresca Von Mises Main Body (Tresca) Annex C (Von Mises)

Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable

Allowable MPa Allowable MPa Allowable MPa Allowable MPa
57% -155.5 49% 207 46% -156.0 49% -176.7
0% 0.0 0% 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0.0 0% 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0.0 0% 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0.0 0% 0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0

-0.6535768
OWABLE LONGITUDINAL STRESS
CRES Recommended Upper Bound& (Critical Stress = Flow Strength)
ve Stress Compressive Stress Tensile Stress Criteria for
Tensile Stress Girth Welds
Annex C (Von Mises) Tresca Von Mises

Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable Applied / Allowable

Allowable MPa Allowable MPa Allowable MPa Allowable MPa
43% 310.5 31% -259.5 30% -281.8 27% 165.6
0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0 0% 0.0
 INTERM
Structure Properties Temperature Differential Bending Momen
Tensile Stress Criteria for
Girth Welds Ultimate
Section Moment of Tensile Flow Buoyant
Min Max
Modulus Inertia Strength Strength Force
(SMTS$)
Applied /
Allowable m3 m4 MPa MPa C C N/mm
57% 3.69E-03 9.38E-04 414 310.5 -20 25 1.99
0% 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0 0.0 0 0 0.00
0% 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0 0.0 0 0 0.00
0% 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0 0.0 0 0 0.00
0% 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0 0.0 0 0 0.00
 INTERMEDIATE RESULTS
Bending Moment from Loading Resulting Stresses
Hoop Stress Longitudinal Stress compo
Bending
Steel Pipe Product +
Product Moment From Max
Steel Pipe
Weight Weight from Min Max Internal
Weight Loading Pressure
N/mm N/mm N/mm Nm MPa /SMYS MPa /SMYS Mpa
1.68 2.43 4.11 1.11E+05 0.0 0.0% 51.0 24.6% 15.3
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0% 0.0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0% 0.0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0% 0.0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00E+00 0.0 0.0% 0.0 0.0% 0.0
Resulting Stresses
Longitudinal Stress components

From Max. From Min.

From Bending Temperature Temperature
Differential Differential
MPa MPa MPa
30.0 -62.0 49.6
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
 Material Constants
Following table lists the material constants used in the calculation sheet. The modification of these values
will be reflected in the calculation sheet automatically.
Steel
Gravity Thermal Density of Factors for Soil
Acceleration Young's Modulus Expansion Density Water Condition at
Poisson's Ratio Coefficient Span Ends
N/kg MPa /K kg/m3 kg/m3
9.81 206700 0.3 1.20E-05 7850 1000 10

Factors for Soil Condition at Span Ends: used to estimate the bending moment in the pipe span. Fill "8" for
very soft soil, "10" for medium soil, and "12" for hard soil or rocks. The default value is "10". A softer soil
assumption results in a conservatively higher bending stress estimation if the bending stress is assessed by
the loading conditions; however, a stiffer soil assumption results in the conservatively higher bending stress
estimation if bending stress is assessed by the measured deflection at the span center.

Symbols for Material Constant

To facilitate the expression of formulas in the following "Reference of Columns in Calculation Sheet" section.

Gravity Acceleration (g)

Young's Modulus of Steel (E)
Poisson's Ratio of Steel (v)
Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Steel (a)
Density of Steel (rsteel)
Density of Water (rwater)
Factors for Soil Condition at Span Ends (l)
Default Strength from API 5L
Following table lists the default specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) and specified minimum tensile
strength (SMTS) from API 5L (2004, Table 3B).
Pipe Grade/Specified Minimum Specified Minimum Tensile
Yield Strength (SMYS) Strength (SMTS)
MPa MPa
B 241 414
X42 290 414
X46 317 434
X52 359 455
X56 386 490
X60 414 517
X65 448 531
X70 483 565
X80 552 621
References of Columns in Calculation Sheet
The calculation sheet provides the estimation of the stress demand inside the pipe span. The critical stress
values are then compared with allowable values by the industrial standards or the CRES recommendation.

Input

All the data related to the pipe span under investigation should be filled in the INPUT block. Please refer the
explanation of each item to determine the proper input value.

Pipe information
Outside Diameter (D): nominal pipe outside diameter
Wall Thickness (t): nominal pipe wall thickness
Pipe Grade (sY): Input the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the pipe. The default values in API 5L
(2004) have been listed in the table above.
Temperature (The default values are listed below the table in the "Calculation" sheet)

Min Temperature at Installation (TInsMin): minimum temperature experienced during the pipeline installation

Max Temperature at Installation (TInsMax): maximum temperature experienced during the pipeline installation

Min Temperature at Operation (TOpMin): minimum temperature experienced during the pipeline operation

Max Temperature at Operation (TOpMax): maximum temperature experienced during the pipeline operation

Internal Pressure (The default values are listed below the table in the "Calculation" sheet)
Min (PMin): minimum internal pressure in the pipeline during the operation.
Max(PMax): maximum internal pressure in the pipeline during the operation.
Span
Span Length (L): length of the span segment
The following three inputs are only needed for one of the two options

Measured Deflection at Span Center (d) (only in "By Span Deflection" sheet): the deflection at the center of
the bended span.
Unit Weight of the Product (WProd) (only in "By Span Loading" sheet): unit weight of the product carried
inside the pipeline, 0 for gas pipeline.

Is Pipe Submerged under Water (only in "By Span Loading" sheet):

If there is no water or the entire span is above the water, input No.
If the entire span is submerged in the water, input Yes.
If only a part of the span is under the water, there are two scenarios.
a. If the buoyant force is expected to be smaller than the weight of the pipe and its content, input No.
b. If the buoyant force is expected to be larger than the weight of the pipe and its content, two separate
checks should be made. One assumes that pipe is completely under water by inputting Yes; and the other
assumes the pipe is completely above the water by inputting No.
Catenary Stress (sc): Additional catenary tensile stress that will be added to the resulting applied longitudinal
stress.
APPLIED STRESS
This block outputs the stress demands in the pipe span. The positive values represent tensile stresses and
negative values represent compressive stresses.
Longitudinal Stress (s L)
Longitudinal stress generated by the pipeline and product weight, buoyancy force if submerged, internal
pressure and temperature differential. The critical longitudinal stress appears under the maximum pressure,
please check the report for further discussion.

Min (sLMin): sLMin = sp+sthDTMin-sb+sc. Please refer to the "Resulting Stresses" part in the "INTERMEDIATE
RESULTS" section near the bottom of the sheet for the estimation of sp, sthDTMin and sb.

Max (sLMax): sLMax = sp+sthDTMax+sb+sc.

COMPARISON OF APPLIED AND ALLOWABLE LONGITUDINAL STRESS

The output longitudinal stress are compared with allowable stress following existing standards to assess the
integrity of the pipe span in this block.

The combined stress (se) in standards are determined by two yielding criteria including

Tresca: se = max(|sH-sL|, |sH|, |sL|), where "| |" represents absolute value and max() represents the
maximum value

Von Mises: se = (sL2+sH2-sLsH)1/2

ASME B31.4 - 2012
Follows Table 403.3.1-1 in ASME B31.4-2012
Tensile Stress

Allowable (sATen): sATen = 90%sY, following the "Sum of Longitudinal Stresses from Sustained and Occasional
Loads" for "Restrained pipeline" in Table 403.3.1-1

Applied/Allowable: sLMax/sATen
Compressive Stress (Tresca)

Allowable (sACom): Solving {se = 90%sY, se = sHMax-sACom}, following the "Equivalent Combined Stress" for
"Restrained pipeline" in Table 403.3.1-1 and Tresca yielding criterion

Applied/Allowable: sLMin/sACom, only if sLMin < 0

Compressive Stress (Von Mises)

Allowable (sACom): Solving {se = 90%sY, se2 = (sACom)2+(sHMax)2-sAComsHMax}, following the "Equivalent
Combined Stress" for "Restrained pipeline" in Table 403.3.1-1 and Tresca yielding criterion

Applied/Allowable: sLMin/sACom, only if sLMin < 0

CSA Z662 - 2011
Main Body (Tresca)
Tensile Stress
Allowable (sATen): sATen = sY
Applied/Allowable: sLMax/sATen
Compressive Stress
Follows clause 4.7.2
Allowable (sACom): Solving {se = sY, se = sHMax-sACom}
Applied/Allowable: sLMin/sACom, only if sLMin < 0
Annex C (Von Mises)
Tensile Stress
Allowable (sATen): sATen = sY
Applied/Allowable: sLMax/sATen
Compressive Stress
Allowable (sACom): Solving {se = sY, se2 = (sACom)2+(sHMax)2-sAComsHMax}
Applied/Allowable: sLMin/sACom, only if sLMin < 0
CRES Recommended Upper Bound (Critical Stress = Flow Strength)
Please check CRES report for details
Tresca
Tensile Stress
Allowable (sATen): sATen = sFlow
Applied/Allowable: sLMax/sATen
Compressive Stress
Allowable (sACom): Solving {se = sFlow, se = sHMax-sACom}
Applied/Allowable: sLMin/sACom, only if sLMin < 0
Von Mises
Tensile Stress
Allowable (sATen): sATen = sFlow
Applied/Allowable: sLMax/sATen
Compressive Stress (Von Mises)
Allowable (sACom): Solving {se = sFlow, se2 = (sACom)2+(sHMax)2-sAComsHMax}
Applied/Allowable: sLMin/sACom, only if sLMin < 0
Tensile Stress Criteria for Girth Welds
Please check CRES report for details
Allowable (sATen): sATen = 80%sY
Applied/Allowable: sLMax/sATen
INTERMEDIATE RESULTS

This block presented the important quantities during the analysis. These quantities are calculated by the
data in the INPUT block and used to determined the stresses in the APPLIED/RESULTING STRESS block. All
the quantities in the block are for information purpose and should not be modified by the user.

Structure Properties

Section Modulus (S): S = I/(D/2), where I is the moment of inertia as calculated below. The bending stress,
sb, is then determined by sb = M/S

Moment of Inertia (I): I = p[D4-(D-2t)4]/64

Ultimate tensile strength (sT): use specified minimum tensile strength (SMTS). The default value is
determined by the pipe grade (SMYS) and the table of "Default strength from API 5L" above.
Flow Strength (sFlow): sFlow = (sY+sT)/2
Temperature Differential
Min Temp. Difference (DTMin): DTMin = TOpMin-TInsMax, negative value representing the minimum operation
temperature is lower than maximum installation temperature
Max Temp. Difference (DTMax): DTMax = TOpMax-TInsMin
Bending Moment from Deflection (M) (only in "By Span Deflection" sheet)

M = 384EId/(48-l)L2 if l < 12; Md = 32EId/L2 if l = 12. The default values of E and l are listed in the above
table of "Material Constants".
Bending Moment from Loading (M) (only in "By Span Loading" sheet)
Buoyant Force (FB): If "Is Pipe Submerged Under Water" is "Yes", FB = rwatergp(D/2)2; if "Is Pipe Submerged
Under Water" is "No", FB = 0.
Product Weight (wProd): wProd = rProdgAI, where AI = p[(D-t)/2]2 is the internal area in the cross section
enclosed by the pipe

Steel Pipe Weight (wPipe): wPipe = rSteelgA, where A = p(D-t)t is the area of the steel pipe cross section

Product + Steel Pipe Weight (w): w = wProd + wPipe

Bending Moment from Loading (M): M = wL2/l. The bending moment in the pipe span is generated by the
weight of the pipe and the inside product, as well as the buoyant force if submerged.
Resulting Stresses
Hoop Stress
Hoop stress generated by the internal pressure. No contribution from other resources, such as the pressure
of soil, is considered.
Min (sHMin): sHMin = PMinD/(2t) hoop stress generated by the minimum internal pressure. The ratio of the
resulting hoop stress over the yield strength of the pipe is also provided.
Max (sHMax): sHMax = PMaxD/(2t) hoop stress generated by the maximum internal pressure. The ratio of the
resulting hoop stress over the yield strength of the pipe is also provided.
Longitudinal Stress Components
From Max Internal Pressure (sp): sp = vsHMax
From Bending (sb): sb = M/S
From Maximum Temperature Differential (sthDTMax): sthDTMax = -aDTMaxE, thermal stress due to the maximum
temperature differential DTMax

From Minimum Temperature Differential (sthDTMin): sthDTMin = -aDTMinE, thermal stress due to the minimum
temperature differential DTMin