[OPTIMUM RECEIVER DESIGN AND EVALUATION FOR AWGN] Dr.

Muqaibel

Optimum Receivers for the AWGN

channel
Contents
Optimum Receiver ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Optimum Demodulator................................................................................................................................ 2
Correlation Demodulator .......................................................................................................................... 2
Matched filter Demodulator ..................................................................................................................... 5
The Optimum Detector ............................................................................................................................... 11
Minimum Distance Detection ................................................................................................................. 12
The Maximum Likelihood Sequence Detector ........................................................................................ 15
A symbol by symbol MAP detector for signals with memory. ................................................................ 17
Performance of the Optimum Receiver for Memory less Modulation....................................................... 17
Probability of Error for Antipodal Binary Modulation ............................................................................ 17
For Binary orthogonal signals ................................................................................................................. 18
Comparison of Digital Modulation Methods .............................................................................................. 20
Performance analysis for wire-line and radio communication Systems .................................................... 21
Regenerative repeaters .......................................................................................................................... 21
Link Budget analysis in radio comm. Systems ........................................................................................ 21

AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise

Objective :
Receiver design
Performance evaluation (memory, No memory)

Note: These notes are preliminary and are posted by the request of the students. Please,
report to me all the mistakes that you find in the document. (muqaibel@kfupm.edu.sa).
This material is for the sole purpose of in class usage. Please observe the copyright of the
original authors for any content in these notes.

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Optimum Receiver

sn (t ) r(t)

n(t)

r (=
t ) sm (t ) + n(t ) 0t T
{sm (t ), m = 1, 2,..., M }
1
nm ( f ) = N0 W / Hz
2
Objective: Upon observation of r(t), what is the optimum receiver design in terms of
probability of making error.
receiver

demodulator detector

Demodulator : converts the received waveform r(t) into an N-dimensional vector

r = [r1 r2 rN ] where N is the dimension of the transmitted signal.

Detector: Is to decide which of the M possible signals waveforms was transmitted based on r .
Types of detectors
1. The optimum detector
2. Maximum likelihood sequence detector
3. Symbol by symbol MAP

Optimum Demodulator
1. Correlators
2. Matched filters

Correlation Demodulator
Decomposes the received signal-to-noise ratio into N-dimensional vectors.
Linearly weighted orthogonal basis functions {fn(t)}, where {fn(t)} spans the
signal space but not the noise space.

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We can show that the noise terms that falls outside the signal space is irrelevant to the detection.

f1 (t ) r1
T

(
0
)dt

f 2 (t ) r2
r (t ) T

(
0
)dt to the detector

f N (t ) rN
T

(
0
)dt

T T

r (t ) f=
0
k (t ) dt [s
0
m (t ) + n(t )] f k (t )dt

rk =+
smk nk k=
1, 2, N
where
T
=smk =
0
s (t ) f (t )dt ,
m k k 1, 2, N

T
=nk =
0
n(t ) f (t )dt ,
k k 1, 2, N

N N N

=
r=
(t )
k 1=k 1
smk f k (t ) + nk f k (t ) + n=
'
(t )
=k 1
r fk k (t ) +n ' (t )
N
n ' (t ) =n(t ) nk f k (t )
k =1

n ' (t ) is zero mean Gaussian noise process. It is the unrepresented part of noise inherent.
n ' (t ) is Gaussian because it is the sampled output of a linear filter excited by a Gaussian input.

T
=E (nn ) =
0
E[n(t )] f (t )dt k 0 for all k

T T
E (nk mk ) = E[n( )n( )] f k (t ) f m ( )dtd
0 0
T T
1
= N
2 0 (t ) f
0 0
k (t ) f m ( )dtd

T
1 1
= = N 0 f k (t ) f m ( )dt N mk
2 0
2 0
mk = 1

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mk = 1 , when m=k and zero otherwise.

{nk } are zero mean uncorrelated random variable with common covariance
1
n2 = N 0
2

E[rk ]= E[ smk + nk ]= snk

1
N0 =
2
r =
2
n
2
Gaussian uncorrelated implies statistically independent.

r = [r1 r2 rN ]
N
=p (r/ sm )
= p ( r/ s )
k =1
m mk 1, 2,..., M

1 (rk smk ) 2
when
= p (r/ smk ) = exp[ ] , k 1, 2,...N
N0 N0

The joint conditional pdf

1 N
(rk smk ) 2
p (r/ sm ) = N / 2 exp[ ], m=
1, 2,..., M
( N 0 ) k =1 N0

As a final step we can show that (r1 , r2 ,..., rN ) are sufficient statistics.
No additional relevant information can be extracted from n ' (t ) .
E[n ' (t )rk ] = 0 uncorrelated proof p 235
Gaussian and uncorrelated implies statistically independent which implies ignore n ' (t )

Example

M-ary PAM
g(t)

t
0 T
T T

g =
2 2
Eg
= t )dt
(= a dt a 2T
0 0

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PAM one basis function

f(t)

1
T

t
0 T

1 1/ T 0 t T
=f (t ) = g (t )
a 2T 0 otherwise

The output of the correlator

T T
1
r =
T 0
= r (t ) f (t )dt r (t )dt
0

The correlator becomes a simple integrator when f(t) is rectangular .

T T T
1 1
= r { [ sm (t ) + n(t )}=
dt [ sm (t )dt + n(t )dt ]
T 0 T 0 0

r sm + n
=
E[n] = 0
T T T T
1 1
[ n(t )n( )dtd ]
T 0 0
= E= 2
n E[n(t )n( )]dtd
T 00
T T
N0 1
=
2T (t )dtd=
0 0
2
N0

1 (r sm ) 2
pdf of the sampled output p (r/ sm ) = exp[ ]
N0 N0

Matched filter Demodulator

We use N filters
f (T t ) 0 t T
hk (t ) = k
0 otherwise
t
yk (t )
= r ( )h (t )d
0
k

t
= r ( ) f
0
k (T t + )d=
k 1, 2,...N

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If we sample at the end the period t=T

T
yk (T )
= r ( ) f =
0
( )d
k rk=k 1, 2,...N

Matched filter: A filter whose impulse response h(t)=s(T-t) or s(t) where s(t) is assumed
to be confined to the time interval 0tT.

s(t)

y(T)
t
T T 2T

f1 (T t )

r (t )
f 2 (T t )

f N (T t )

Property of Matched filter: If a signal s(t) is corrupted by AWGN, the filter with an impulse
response matched to s(t) maximizes the output signal to noise ratio (SNR).
Proof :

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t t t
y (=
t) r ( )h(t )d=
0
s ( )h(t )d + n( )h(t )d
0 0
at =
t T

T T
y (=
T) s( )h(T )d + n( )h(T )d
0 0

= ys (T ) + yn (T )
ys2 (T )
SNR0 =
E[ yn2 (T )]
where E[ yn2 (T )] noise var iance
T T
E[ yn2 (T )]
= E[n( )n(t )]h(T )h(T t )dtd
0 0
T T
1
2 0 0
= N 0 (t )h(T )h(T t )dtd

T
1
= N 0 h 2 (T t )dt
2 0
T T
[ s ( )h(T )d ]2 [ h( ) s (T )d ]2
=SNR0 = 0
T
0
T
1 1
N 0 h 2 (T t )dt N 0 h 2 (T t )dt
2 0 2 0

Can we maximize the numerator while the denominator is held constant.

Cauchy-Schwarz inequality:

[ g1 (t ) g 2 (t )dt ]2 g12 (t )dt g 2 2 (t )dt

With equality when g1 (t ) =c g 2 (t )

g1 (t ) = h(t) , g 2 (t ) =s(T-t) more when h(t) = c s(T-t), c2 drop from the numerator and
denominator

T
2 2E
SNR0
= =
N0 0
s 2 (t )dt
N0

Property: The output SNR from the matched filter depends on the energy of the waveform s(t)
but not on the details (shape) of s(t).

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Frequency domain interpretation of matched filter

2
Y ( f ) = S ( f ) e j 2 ft

2
=Ys (t )

=
Y ( f )e j 2 ft df

S ( f ) e j 2 ft e j 2 ft df

at t = T

2
=
2
Ys (T )
= S=
( f ) df s (t )dt E Pasaval ' s relation

Noise at the output of the matched filter
1 2
( f ) =H ( f ) N 0
2

1 2 1 2 1
( f )df =
Pn = N 0 H ( f ) df =
2
N 0 S ( f ) df =
2 2
EN 0

Ps E2 2E
Ps =Ys2 (T ) =
> SNR0 = = =
Pn 1 EN N0
0
2
Matched filter and correlator at equivalent at t=T but matched filter is immune to time jitters.

Example 5.1.2
M=4 bi-orthogonal signals
f1 (t ) f 2 (t )
2 2
T T

t t
T
T T T
2 2

h=
1 (t ) f1 (T t ) h=
2 (t ) f 2 (T t )
2 2
T T

t t
T T T T
2 2
y1s (t ) y2 s (t )

1 2 1 2
AT AT
2 2

t t
T T
T
2
Note the response to s1(t) is evaluated at T

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=r [r1 =
r2 ] [ E + n1 n2 ]
( E )2 2 E
SNR
= =
1 N0
N0
2
Additional Example (Matched Filters)
Consider the signal s(t)

A
2

t
T T
2
A

2

a) Determine the impulse response of a filtered matched to this signal and sketch it.
h(t)=s(T-t)
A
2

t
T
T
2
A

2

b) Determine the matched filter output as function of time.

c) This is done by convolution, we may ask about the values at the peak (figure)
A2T/4 = E2
A

2
1 2
AT
4

T 3T
2 4
t
T
1 2
AT
8

A pair of pulses that are orthogonal to each other over the interval [0,T], are used for two
dimensional matched filter
A
2
A
2

Filtered match to s1(t) Output 1 t

t
input T T T
4
T
2
T
2
A A
Filtered match to s2(t) Output 2
2 2

What is the output of the matched filter at T?

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a) When s1(t) is applied to the two branches.

b) When s2(t) is applied to the two branches.

First branch is shown in problem 4.1

Second branch is zero [ generalize to all orthogonal signals].

Additional Problems on Matched filters.

Another method for approximating realization of matched filter is the (RC) low pass filter
[integrator].
R

input output
C

1 1
=H( f ) = , f0
1+ j f 2 RC
f0
The input signal is rectangular of pulse amplitude A and duration T.

Objective: Optimize the selection of 3-dB cutoff frequency f0 of the filter. So that the peak
output SNR is maximized.

Show that f0=0.2/T is the optimum. Compared to matched filter 1dB loss.
s(t)

A[1 exp(2 f 0T )]

The peak value of the output power is T

Pout = A2 [1 exp(2 f 0T )]2

f0 is the 3-dB cutoff frequency of the RC filter.

N0 df N 0 f 0
=N out =
2 1 + ( f ) 2 2
f0
The corresponding value for the SNR
2 A2
( SNR)=out [1 exp(2 f 0T )]
N 0 f 0
Differentiating with respect to (f0T) and setting the result equal to zero.
The maximum value of (SNR)out is at f0=0.2/T.

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The Optimum Detector

r Detector
assume no memory

Objective: Maximize the probability of correct decisions.

Posterior probabilities.
P(signal s m was transmitted| r ) = P (s m | r ) where m =1,2,..M
Hence the name maximum a posteriori probability (MAP)
P (r | s m )P (s m )
Using Bayes rule: P (s m | r ) =
P (r )
th
P (s m ) a priori probability of the m signal.
M
P (r ) = P (r | s m )P (s m )
m =1

When the M-signals are equally probable P( sm ) =1/M for all m.

The same rule that maximizes P( sm | r ) is equivalent to maximizing P(r | sm )

Likelihood function: is the conditional PDF P(r | sm ) or any monotonic function of it.
Maximum likelihood (ML) criterion.

MAP = ML if { sm } is equi-probable.

For AWGN , the likelihood function is given by 5.1.12

1 N (rk smk ) 2
P(r | sm )
= exp
( N 0 ) N / 2 k =1 N0
or
1 1 N
ln P(r | sm ) = N ln( N 0 )
2

N 0 k =1
(rk smk ) 2

Maximizing ln P (r | sm ) is equivalent to minimizing
N
D(r=
| sm ) (r
k =1
k smk ) 2

where

D(r | sm ) is Euclidean distance and m= 1,2,M

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Minimum Distance Detection

Another interpretation of ML criterion.

N N N

rn 2 2 rn smn + smn 2
D( r, sm ) =
= n 1= n 1 =n 1
2 2
=r 2 r . sm + sm where m = 1,2,3M

2
'
D (r , sm ) =
2 r . sm + s

Let C (r , sm ) = D ' (r , sm )
To get rid of the minus. Now, we maximize C rather than minimize D.
2

C (r=
, sm ) 2. r . sm sm

sm can be eliminated if energy is fixed for all m =1,2,M, but cannot if signals have uequal

energy (PAM).
T
C (r , sm ) 2 r (t ) sm (t )dt Em m= 0,1,2,,M
=
0

An alternative realization of the optimum AWGN receiver.

1
s1 (t ) E1
T
2
(
0
)dt

1
E2
s2 (t ) 2 Select
r (t ) T

( )dt the
0 Largest

1
sN (t ) EN
T 2
(
0
)dt

Summary:
Optimum ML

1) compute D(r , sm ) or D ' (r , sm ) distance metrics and chooses the smallest or

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2) compute C (r , sm ) correlator metrics and choose the largest

3) ML= MAP if eqiprobable { sm }, otherwise

PM (r , sm ) = P (r | sm ) P ( sm )
Example:

T
t
T
2
2

C (r=
, sm ) 2. r . sm sm eq. (5.1-44)

T
t
T
For 2

C (r=
, sm ) 2. r . sm sm eq. (5.1-44)

C (=
r , s1 ) 2.(4).(2)
= 4 12

C (r=
, s2 ) 2.(4).(6)
= 36 8

T
t
T
For 2

C (=
r , s1 ) 2.(3).(2)
= 4 8

C (r=
, s2 ) 2.(3).(6) =
36 0

Example:

In binary PAM s1 = -s2 = Eb

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Prior probabilities P(s1) = , P(s2) = 1-

Determine the metrics of the optimum MAP for AWGN.

1
Eb + yn (T ) zero mean and n2 =
r= N0
2
Note: the variance of the sampled noise is N0/2. In general the noise power, P=N0B, According to
Nyquist B=1/(2T), When looking at the energy we E=PT
1 (r Eb ) 2
P(r | s1 )
= exp
2 n 2 n2
1 (r + Eb ) 2
P(r | s2 )
= exp
2 n 2 n2

PM
= (r , s1 ) =
p (r | s1 )

exp
(
r Eb ) 2

2 n 2 n2

1
r + Eb
(1 ) p (r | s2 ) =exp
PM (r , s2 ) =
( ) 2

2 n 2 n2


If PM (r , s1 ) > PM (r , s2 ) then choose s1
s1
PM (r , s1 ) >
1
PM (r , s2 ) <
s2
s1
PM (r , s1 ) (r + Eb ) 2 (r Eb ) 2 >

= exp 1
PM (r , s2 ) 1
2 n
2
<
s2

s1
(r + Eb ) 2 (r Eb ) 2 >
ln
2 n 2
< 1
s 2
s1
> 1 2 1
Eb r n ln = N 0 ln
< 2 1 4 1
s2

Eb Eb
R2 R1
s2 h s1

1) If = , h =0

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N0
2) If , knowledge of N0 or is required for optimal detection.
Eb
If the M signals are equi-probable.

The maximum Likelihood (ML) minimize P(correct decision)

M
1
P (c ) = p(r | sm )dr ML
m =1 M Rm

M
1
P (c ) = p( s m | r ) p (r )dr MAP
m =1 M Rm

Rm is the region for correct decision. Explain the Union bound Concept of QPSK
P(e)=1-P(c)

The Maximum Likelihood Sequence Detector

If no memory (symbol-by-symbol detector) is optimal (minimum probability of error)

Memory => successive symbols are interdependent.

The maximum likelihood (ML) sequence detector: searches for the minimum Euclidean
distance path through the trellis that characterizes the memory in the transmitted sequence.

Example NRZI

(PAM) (zero : like before, one : flip)

s1 = -s2 = Eb
= +
1 (r Eb ) 2
P(rk | s1 )
= exp k
2 n 2 n2
1 (rk + Eb ) 2
P(rk | s2 )
= exp
2 n 2 n2
k
K 1 K (rk sk( m ) ) 2
r2 ,...rk | s ) exp
(m) (m)
P(r1 ,= = P(rk | s ) k
k =1 2 n k =1 2 n2
Maximize the above probability.
By taking the logarithm and consider only those relevant term.
K
(m)
D(r , s= ) (r
k =1
k sk ( m ) ) 2

For binary we need to search 2k sequences, where k is the sequence length.

Viterbi algorithm: is a sequential trellis search algorithm for performing ML sequence detection
Used for decoding convolutional codes
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Assume initial state s0

The example of Binary NRZI

0 / Eb 0 / Eb 0 / Eb

1/ Eb
1/ Eb
1/ Eb

1/ Eb

0 / Eb

t T 2T 3T

At 2T and so on there are two arrows entering the state, we choose the minimum distance
survivor.
D0 (0, 0) = (r1 + Eb ) 2 +(r2 + Eb ) 2
D0 (1,1) = (r1 Eb ) 2 +(r2 + Eb ) 2

For state 1 we do similar

D0 (0,1) = (r1 + Eb ) 2 +(r2 Eb ) 2
D0 (1, 0) = (r1 Eb ) 2 +(r2 Eb ) 2
At t=3T Suppose the survivors are (0,0) and (0,1)
D0 (0, 0,=0) D0 (0, 0) + (r3 + Eb ) 2
= D1 (0,1) + (r3 + Eb ) 2
D0 (0,1,1)
and
= D0 (0, 0) + (r3 Eb ) 2
D1 (0, 0,1)
0) D1 (0,1) + (r3 Eb ) 2
D1 (0,1,=

Using Viterbi in this example the number of path searched is reduced by a factor of two at
each stage.
The memory length is L (L=1 in the previous example)
You make a decision when the survivor path agree. Variable delay negative ??
Practically at 5L and then make decision at k even then before k-5L is almost identical.
Make a decision.

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Example (in the previous NRZI)

Let Eb=1 and the demodulated sequence is (0.9,-0.8,0.3,-1.1,1.2,1.5,-0.7)

D 0 (0, 0) = (0.9 + 1) 2 + (0.8 + 1) 2 =1.92 + 0.22 = 3.61 + 0.04 = 3.65

D 0 (1,1) = (0.9 1) 2 + (0.8 + 1) 2 =(0.1) 2 + 0.22 = 0.01 + 0.04 = 0.05

D1(0,1)=(0.9+1)2+(-0.8-1)2=1.92+1.82=3.61+3.24=6.85
D1(1,0)=(0.9-1)2+(-0.8-1)2=0.12+1.82=0.01+3.24=3.25

D 0 (1,1, 0) = D 0 (1,1) + (0.3 + 1) 2 = 0.05 + 1.69 = 1.74

D 0 (1, 0,1) = D 0 (1, 0) + (0.3 1) 2 = 3.25 + 0.49 = 3.74

D1 (1,1,1) = D (1,1) + (0.3 1) 2 = 0.05 + 0.49 = 0.54

D1 (1, 0, 0) = D (1, 0) + (0.3 + 1) 2 = 3.25 + 1.69 = 4.94

A symbol by symbol MAP detector for signals with memory.

Optimum (minimize symbol error)
If M is large => large computational complexity.
Used for convolution codes and turbo coding.
Beyond the scope.

Performance of the Optimum Receiver for Memory less Modulation

Probability of Error for Antipodal Binary Modulation

Eb Eb
R2 R1
s2 h s1

PAM antipodal s1(t)= -s2(t)

r = s1 + n = Eb + n AWGN

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1 (r E b )2 / N 0
P (r | s1 ) = e
N 0
1 (r + E b )2 / N 0
P (r | s 2 ) = e
N 0
0 0
1 ( r + E b )2 / N 0
P (e | s1 )
= =

P (r | s1 )dr
N 0 e

dr

r Eb2 N
By replacing variables x = , dx = dr =
> dr = 0 dx
N0 / 2 N0 2
x = , = > r =
2 Eb
r ==
0 >x=
N0
2 Eb / N 0
1

2
= e x / 2 dx
2

1

2 Eb

2
= = e x / 2 dx Q
2 2 Eb / N0 N0

1
e dx
2
x /2
Q( x) =
2 x

Assuming s1 and s2 are equiprobable

1 1 2 Eb
Pb = P (e / s1 ) + P(e / s2 ) = Q
2 2 N0
1
d12 =2 Eb => Eb =d12 2
Eb 4
Note Pe depends on the ratio d 2
N0
Pb = Q 12
2 N0

For Binary orthogonal signals

s1

2 Eb
Eb

s2
0 Eb

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s1 = [ Eb 0]
d12 = 2 Eb
s2 = [0 Eb ]

If s1 is transmitted
=r [ Eb + n1 n2 ]
2
C ( r=
, sm ) 2r .sm sm
C (r , s2 ) = 2.[ Eb + n1 n2 ].[0 Eb ] Eb (1)
C (r , s1 ) = 2.[ Eb + n1 n2 ].[ Eb 0] Eb (2)
(1) Can be further simplified to 2n1 Eb Eb and
(2) Can be further simplified to 2E b + 2n1 E b E b = E b + 2n1 E b

Probability of error
C (r , s2 ) > C (r , s1 )
P[e | s1 ] P[C (r , s2 ) > C (r , s1 )]
=

2 Eb + 2n1 Eb Eb < 2n2 Eb Eb

Eb + (n1 n2 ) Eb < 0
n2 n1 > Eb
P(e | s1 )= P[n2 n1 > Eb ]

n1 and n2 are zero mean Gaussian random variables

x= n2-n1 is zero mean Gaussian random variable with variance = 2 = N 0
1

1

Eb
2 Eb/ N0
2
x2 / 2
P(=
n2 n1 > Eb ) = e x / 2 N0 dx = e dx Q
2 N 0 Eb N0
Because of the symmetry s2 is the same.
b = SNR/bit
Compare orthogonal with antipodal (factor of 2 increase in energy)
3dB
10 log10 2 = d122 = 2 Eb for orthogonal
d122 = 4 Eb for antipodal

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 [OPTIMUM RECEIVER DESIGN AND EVALUATION FOR AWGN] Dr. Muqaibel

Figure 5.2.4
101
Pb = Q ( )
b
Probability of error Pb

r = 0
Pb = Q ( 2 b )

r = 1

SNR per bit, b (dB )

Explain the concept of Union bound

In addition to the above antipodal and orthogonal examples, we can extend the analsys to other
modulation techniques. For example,
Many orthogonal signals
Bi-orthogonal
Simplex
M-ary PAM

2( M 1) d Eg
2

PM = Q
M N0

2( M 1) 6(log 2 M ) Ebav
= Q 2
M ( M 1) N 0
6
Because d 2 Eg = 2 PavT
M 1
M-ary PSK
QAM

Comparison of Digital Modulation Methods

P 226-229 . Power spectral Efficiency!

Reading Material Quiz

20 Dr. Ali Muqaibel Digital Communications I

 [OPTIMUM RECEIVER DESIGN AND EVALUATION FOR AWGN] Dr. Muqaibel

Performance analysis for wire-line and radio communication Systems

Regenerative repeaters

s(t)
r(t)

n(t)

Mathematical model for channel with attenuation and additive noise is

=r (t ) s (t ) + n(t )

2 Eb
Pb = Q PAM Binary.
N0
k Repeaters assuming single error at a time.
2 Eb
P kQ at repeater.. Why not exact equal sign? (error cancellation)
N 0
Analog: Required Eb/N0 reduced by k
2 Eb
P Q
kN 0
At decision receiver note receiver is connected k= 1+ repeater.

Example
1000 km 10 km repeater k=100 10-5

2 Eb 2 Eb
10-5 = 100 Q => 10-7 = Q => SNR =11.3dB
N N
0 0

2 Eb
10-5 = Q => SNR =29.6 dB 29.6-11.3 = 18.3 dB
N
0

Link Budget analysis in radio comm. Systems

Microwave line-of-sight Transmission

Link budget analysis
PG A
PR = T T 2 R (1)
4 d
The design should specify PT, size of antenna (transmit and receiver)

21 Dr. Ali Muqaibel Digital Communications I

 [OPTIMUM RECEIVER DESIGN AND EVALUATION FOR AWGN] Dr. Muqaibel

SNR required to achieve a given performance and data rate.

PT GT
GT: antenna transmit gain , GT =1 for isotropic antenna.
4 d 2
PT GT : effective radiated power.
ERP or EIRP compared with isotropic antenna

GR 2
AR: effective area of the antenna, AR = (2)
4
8
c = f , c = 3X10 m/s
Substitute (2) in (1)
PG G
PR = T T R 2
(4 d / )
2

Free space path loss factor Ls =
4 d
Additional losses atmospheric La .
PR = PT GT GR Ls La

Calculation of the antenna gain is antenna specific and depends on (dimensions) diameter D,
Illumination efficiency factor
Effective area AR
Area A
Beam width B
Dish,horn etc

(PR)dB = (PT)dB + (GT)dB + (GR)dB + (Ls)dB + (Lo)dB

Example

A geosynchronous satellite orbit (36,000 km)

Power radiated is 100 W 20 dB above 1W -- 20dBW
Transmit antenna gain 17dB ERP = 37 dBW
3-m parabolic antenna at 4 GHz downlink
= 0.5 efficiency factor

2
D
GR = = 39dB

2

= Ls = 195.6dB
4 d
(PR)dB = 20 + 17 + 39 195.6 = -119.6 dBW
PR = 1.1 X 10-12 W
is this low or high ?

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 [OPTIMUM RECEIVER DESIGN AND EVALUATION FOR AWGN] Dr. Muqaibel

What matter is the SNR.

Noise is flat for up to 10-12 Hz

N0=kBT0 W/Hz

KB : is Boltzmanns constant 1.38X10-23

Total noise NW

Eb Tb PR 1 PR
Performance is dependent on = =
N0 N0 R N0
PR E
= R b
N0 N 0 Re q
Example for the same previous example.
PR =1.1 X 10-12 W (-119.6 dBW)
N0 = 4.1 X 10-21 W/Hz = N0W = KBT0W
= -203.9 dBW/Hz
PR
= -119.6 + 203.9 = 84.3 dB Hz
N0
Eb
SNR is 10dB
N0
RdB = 84.3-10 = 74.3 dB with respect to 1bit/sec
= 26.9 Mbps
420 PCM (64000 bps)

The introduced safety margin

RdB =
0 0

= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( )
0

23 Dr. Ali Muqaibel Digital Communications I