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PY2108
Practical Session 4:
Semiconductor diodes
M.P. Vaughan
Contents
1 Learning objectives 2
2 Pre-lab preparation 2
2.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1.1 The ideal diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1.2 Full rectifier circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Plotting the IV curve of an ideal diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Methods 5
3.1 Measurement of the IV characteristic of a diode . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Construction of a rectifier circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Measuring the input and output voltages of the rectifier circuit . 6
4 Post-lab 6
4.1 Fitting the ideality factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2 Error analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3 Report requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1
Experimental Methods PY2108 2
1 Learning objectives
The objectives of this practical section are to
2 Pre-lab preparation
2.1 Theory
2.1.1 The ideal diode
In this section, we discuss the ideal semiconductor diode based on the p-n junc-
tion (another type of diode is based on a metal-semiconductor junction known
as a Schottky junction). When blocks of p and n-doped semiconductors are
Experimental Methods PY2108 3
brought together, electrons diffuse across the junction from the n-type side and
holes diffuse from the p-type side. This flow of charge is called the diffusion
current. As the diffusion proceeds, the n-type side becomes positively charged
and the p-type side becomes negatively charged, producing electric field across
the junction. This electric field sets up drift currents whereby electrons on the
p-type side are swept back to the n-type side and holes are swept from the
n-type to the p-type side.
Eventually, the drift and diffusion currents balance each other and no further
net charge flow takes place. Between the two sides of the diode is an area swept
clear of charge carriers known as the depletion region and across this there
remains a junction voltage VJ due to the internal field.
When the diode is connected in reverse bias (i.e. with the negative terminal
of a power source connected to the p-side and the positive terminal connected
to the n-side) the applied voltage VD increases the junction voltage and widens
the depletion region. This inhibits charge transport due to the lack of charge
carriers and the energy barrier they must surmount. Hence, no (or very little)
current flows.
In forward bias (i.e. with the positive terminal of a power source connected
to the p-side and the negative terminal connected to the n-side) the applied
voltage VD acts in opposition to the junction voltage. Once the VD exceeds VJ
(i.e. when VD equals the turn-on voltage) the depletion region closes up and
charge carriers are free to take part in conduction. Hence a drift current flows
consisting of electrons being swept towards the positive terminal and holes being
swept towards the negative terminal.
The IV characteristic for an ideal diode are given by
eVD
I (V ) = I0 exp 1 , (1)
kB T
where
e = 1.603 1019 C,
Figure 2: A full rectifier circuit showing the current flow when the voltage source
is positive (black arrows) and negative (grey arrows). Note that the direction
of the current into the RC part of the circuit is always the same.
(a) (b)
Figure 3: The RC portion of the rectifier circuit of Fig. 2 showing the cur-
rent when (a) the capacitor is charging and IR = I IC ; (b) the capacitor is
discharging and IR = I + IC . The capacitor therefore acts to smooth out the
changes in current.
3 Methods
3.1 Measurement of the IV characteristic of a diode
For the measurement of the diode IV curve, you will need to solder a diode
and resistor (of about 47 in series on a copper strip board. The resistor is to
limit the current drawn from the power supply and hence keep the power down.
Ensure that you know in which direction the current will flow through the diode
(See Fig. 4 for an example of the package markings on a typical diode).
Note that a Si diode has a turn-on voltage of about 0.7 V, whereas a Ge
diode turns on at about 0.3 V. Hence, the applied forward bias must be greater
than this to see the diode IV characteristic. A range of around -4 V to 4 V is
suggested for the bias (check with your demonstrator).
Record your results and estimated errors in your lab book or directly in your
spreadsheet.
Experimental Methods PY2108 6
Important point Your demonstrator may supply you with an electrolytic ca-
pacitor, which must be connected with the correct bias (one side to positive, the
other to negative). Check this with your demonstrator. An incorrect connection
may lead to damage of the capacitor (the component may start smoking).
4 Post-lab
4.1 Fitting the ideality factor
Try to determine the reverse saturation current and turn on voltage of the
measured IV data for the diode. Also try to fit your calculated diode IV
characteristic to your measured data by adjusting the ideality factor. Hence,
produce a graph of ideality factor against input voltage.
Experimental Methods PY2108 7
5%
Theory This should include any theory that you actually use to either make
testable predictions (e.g. plot theoretical graphs) or analyse the data. Try
to keep this as brief as possible when describing experimental work.
10 %
Method A description of the experimental setup and how you took the data.
You should also include your error analysis in this section.
35 %
35 %
5%