HYDRAULIC

MACHINERY
 INTRODUCTION

What are turbomachinces (hydraulic

machineries)?

Turbomachines are devices that either

SUPPLY (pumps) or EXTRACT (turbines)
energy from a flowing fluid by means of
rotating propeller or vanes.
PUMPS
 Introduction
What are pumps?

Pumps are devices that supply energy to

the fluids.

Designed to convert mechanical energy

to hydraulic energy.

The amount of energy supplied by the

pump is described by the term total
head, Hp.
where, Hp = elevation head + head losses
When a pump is introduced in the system, the
energy equation can be written as,

P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 H p z2
2g 2g

The pipes connecting the pump are classified

under TWO categories:

Suction Line: Source Pump

Delivery Line: Pump Destination
A pump consists of TWO principal parts:

Impeller, which imparts a rotary motion to

the liquid,
Pump housing/casing, which directs the
liquid into the impeller region and
transports it away under a high pressure.
 Types of Pump

Pumps can be classified into main categories:

1. Positive displacement pumps:

Deliver a fixed quantity of fluid with each revolution
of the pump motor. e.g. piston or cylinder pumps.

2. Kinetic pumps:
Add energy to the fluid by accelerating it through
the action of a rotating impeller. e.g. centrifugal
pumps, axial-flow pumps, mixed-flow pumps.
 Types of Pump

Pumps

Positive
Dynamic
Displacement

Centrifugal Flow Axial Flow Mixed Flow

 Centrifugal pumps:
Flow enters the pump chamber along the axis of the
impeller and is discharged radially by centrifugal
action.
A foot valve is installed in the suction pipe to prevent
water from leaving the pump when it is stopped.
A check valve is installed in the discharge pipe to
prevent backflow if there is a power failure.
A strainer should be installed at the inlet to the suction
piping. Centrifugal pump
The discharge pipe should contain a valve close to the
pump to allow service or pump replacement.

Axial-flow pumps:
Flow enters and leaves the pump chamber along axis of
the impeller.

Axial pump
Centrifugal Pump
 Pump Head
Net Head

Water horsepower

Brake horsepower (bhp)

Pump efficiency

Source by Paterson E.G., 2005, Power Point Presentation, Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Application, Mc Graw Hill
 Pump Head (cont)
Water horsepower the useful power deilivered to the fluid
Brake horsepower (bhp) the external power supplied to
the pump
Pump efficiency the ratio of useful power to supplied
power
Free delivery The maximum volume flow rate (Q) through
a pump occurs when its net head (H) is zero.
Shutoff head The H occurs when the Q is zero.
Best efficiency point (BEP) The pumps efficiency reaches
maximum value (operating point).
Pump performance curves typical curve at pne rotational
speed.

Source by Paterson E.G., 2005, Power Point Presentation, Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Application, Mc Graw Hill
Matching a Pump to a Piping System

Pump-performance
curves for a centrifugal
pump
BEP: best efficiency
point
H*, bhp*, V* correspond
to BEP
Shutoff head: achieved
by closing outlet (V=0)
Free delivery: no load
on system (Hrequired = 0)

Pump performance curve

Source by Paterson E.G., 2005, Power Point Presentation, Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Application, Mc Graw Hill
 Pump Efficiency

Pump efficiency, is the power delivered by the pump to

the water devided by the power delivered to the pump by
the motor.

Output Power by the pump This is the

Input Power to the pump amount of your
electric bill
QH p

T
where is the specific weight, Q is the discharge of fluid, Hp is the
head of pump, T is the torque exerted on the shaft of the pump
by the motor that drives the shaft and is the rate of rotation
of the shaft in radians per second.

The efficiency is defined in percentage (%).

 Manufacturer Performance Plot

Source by Paterson E.G., 2005, Power Point Presentation, Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Application, Mc Graw Hill
If the pipelines involved pumps in series and
pumps in parallel, the Pump Characteristics
curves need to be modified.

Pumps in parallel:
Q increases, H remain as the single
pump values.

Pumps in series:
H increases, Q remain as the single
pump values.
 System Characteristics Curve

The System Characteristics Curve is a curve

of pumping head (Hs) versus Q for a given
system.

Hs = Static lift (Z) + Total head loss (hL)

Darcy Weisbach
(Z2-Z1) Hazen William
Manning
 Operating Point of a Pump

Operating Point is the intersection between

two systems:
Pump Characteristics curve
System Characteristics curve

The operating point provides suitable

discharge (Q) and head (H), which
corresponds to the capability of the pump to
work efficiently in the pipeline system.
 H

Operating Point System

Characteristic

H
Pump
Characteristic

Q
Q
 Multiple Pumps Systems
In cases where a single pump is inadequate to
achieve a desired operating condition, multiple
pumps can be used.
The pumps are arranged either in series or
parallel.
The pump characteristics curve is determined
by the arrangement of the pump.
2 pumps in series:
Flow is Q and the head added by each pump, 2hp.
2 pumps in parallel:
Flow is 2Q and the head added by each pump, hp.
Pump in Series and Parallel

FIGURE 2: PARALLEL FIGURE 3: SERIES PUMP

PUMP CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION
Pumps in Parallel
Source by Paterson E.G., 2005, Power Point Presentation, Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Application, Mc Graw Hill
TURBINE
 Introduction
What are turbines?

Unlike pumps, turbines are devices that

extract energy from fluids.

In hydropower dams, turbines extract

energy from flowing water and convert it
to mechanical energy to drive electric
generators.

The amount of energy extracted from

the turbine is described by the term total
head, HT .
When a turbine is introduced in the system,
the energy equation can be written as,

P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z2 H T H L
2g 2g

The most common type of turbines being

used are the radial flow (Francis) turbine,
axial flow turbine and Pelton turbine.
read the textbook
 Turbine Efficiency

Turbine efficiency, is the power delivered by the turbine

to the water divided by the power delivered to the turbine
by the motor.
This is the
Output Power by the turbine amount of your

Input Power to the turbine electric bill

T

Q HT
where is the specific weight, Q is the discharge of fluid, HT is the
head of turbine, T is the torque exerted on the shaft of the
pump by the motor that drives the shaft and is the rate of
rotation of the shaft in radians per second.

The efficiency is defined in percentage (%).