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21
500
Copper
400
k, W/m^2
300
2024 Aluminum
200
100
302 Stainless steel
0
300 400 500 600
T, Celsius
Note the large difference between the thermal conductivities of these metals. Copper conducts thermal
energy effectively, while stainless steels are relatively poor thermal conductors. Also note that,
depending on the metal, the thermal conductivity increases (2024 Aluminum and 302 Stainless Steel)
or decreases (Copper) with temperature.
0.4
0.3
Helium
k, W/m^2
0.2
0.1 Air
0
300 400 500 600 700 800
T, Celsius
Note the high thermal conductivity of helium relative to that of air. As such, He is sometimes used as a
coolant. The thermal conductivity of both gases increases with temperature, as expected from
inspection of Figure 2.8.
Continued
PROBLEM 2.21 (Cont.)
0.01
nu, m^2/s
0.0001
Ethylene Glycol
1E-5
1E-6 H2O
1E-7
300 320 340 360
T, Celsius
The kinematic viscosities vary by three orders of magnitude between the various liquids. For each case
the kinematic viscosity decreases with temperature.
0.8
Nanofluid
0.7
k, W/m^2
0.6
Base fluid (H2O)
0.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Volume fraction, j
Note the increase in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid with addition of more nanoparticles. The
solid phase usually has a higher thermal conductivity than the liquid phase, as noted in Figures 2.5 and
2.9, respectively.
T = 300 // Temperature, K
Continued
PROBLEM 2.21 (Cont.)
T = 300 // Temperature, K
T = 300 // Temperature, K
//Particle Properties
knf = (num/den)*kbf
num = kp + 2*kbf-2*j*(kbf - kp)
den = kp + 2*kbf + j*(kbf - kp)