CO-REDEMPTRIX, MEDIATRIX OF ALL GRACES, AND ADVOCATE

By: Msgr. Charles M. Mangan

Issue: How can Catholics understand Mary as Co-Redemptrix, Mediatrix of All Graces, and Advocate? Are we required to
believe these three Marian teachings that are represented by this trio of titles?

Response: Our Blessed Lady is rightly venerated under many vivid and enduring titles. Taken compositely, these honorifics
bespeak of her relationship with God and with us. Throughout the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in three
words used to honor Our Blessed Mother and describe her role in our regard: Coredemptrix, Mediatrix, and Advocate.

Space does not permit either a thorough recital of the history of these titles or a complete account of their foundations in Sacred
Scripture, the Apostolic Tradition, the Fathers of the Church, the Papal Magisterium, and the writings of the Saints, spiritual
authors, and theologians that identify and explain these distinctions bestowed by God Himself on the Ever-Virgin. The reader
would do well to consult the texts listed in the endnotes.

I. How Do Catholics Understand These Titles?

Co-Redemptrix

In his helpful Introduction to Mary: The Heart of Marian Doctrine and Devotion,[1] Deacon Mark I. Miravalle, S.T.D., Professor
of Theology and Mariology at Franciscan University of Steubenville in Steubenville, Ohio, offers a valuable explanation of this
term:

The title, Co-redemptrix, refers to Marys unique participation with and under her Divine Son Jesus Christ, in the historic
Redemption of humanity. The prefix, Co, comes from the Latin cum, which means with. The title of Co-redemptrix
applied to the Mother of Jesus never places Mary on a level of equality with Jesus Christ, the divine Lord of all, in the saving
process of humanity s Redemption. Rather, it denotes Marys singular and unique sharing with her Son in the saving work of
Redemption for the human family. The Mother of Jesus participates in the redemptive work of her Savior Son, who alone could
reconcile humanity with the Father in his glorious divinity and humanity.[2]

Marys entire existence has been one of cooperation with the Lord. So it was on Calvary. She who was preserved by God from
Original Sin at the moment of her conception and heard from the mouth of Simeon that you yourself a sword will pierce so that
the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed[3] accepted the salvific death of her Son not with a hands-off approach but
instead by embracing it. The Second Vatican Ecumenical Council (196265), in its Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, painted
this picture of Our Blessed Ladys collaboration with the Almighty, which included her heroic surrender to Christs ignominious
death:

After this manner the Blessed Virgin advanced in her pilgrimage of faith, and faithfully persevered in her union with her Son
unto the cross, where she stood, in keeping with the divine plan, enduring with her only begotten Son the intensity of his
suffering, associated herself with his sacrifice in her mothers heart, and lovingly consenting to the immolation of this victim
which was born of her.[4]

Deacon Miravalle spells out precisely what Mary did alongside her dying Son.

Mary uniquely participated in the sacrifice of Jesus on Calvary and in the acquisition of the graces of Redemption for humanity
(theologically referred to as objective redemption). Mary offered her Son and her maternal rights in relation to her Son to the
Heavenly Father in perfect obedience to Gods will and in atonement for the sins of the world. Marys offering of her own Son on
Calvary, along with her own motherly compassion, rights and suffering, offered in union with her Son for the salvation of the
human family, merited more graces than any other created person. As Pope Pius XII confirmed in his encyclical On the Mystical
Body, Mary offered Him on Golgotha to the Eternal Father, together with the holocaust of her maternal rights and her motherly
love, like a New Eve for all children of Adam.[5]
Despite her enormous grief as she watched her Son die, Our Lady generously yielded Jesus to the purpose the Father through
the Holy Spirit intended, namely the reconciliation of the human race to its Creator. Although what Mary did on Calvary was
secondary and subordinate to what Christ did, it was, nevertheless, necessary because God made it so. In His unparalleled
wisdom, the Lord required this all-encompassingand realsacrifice from Mary, who said her fiat with incredible trust in God
as she had at the Annunciation.

Mediatrix of All Graces

The term Mediatrix is used to refer either to the general category of Marys Maternal Mediation with Christ the one Mediator . .
. or to her specific role in the distribution of the graces acquired by Jesus, the New Adam, and secondarily by Mary, the New
Eve, at Calvary.[6] For our purposes, we will employ the latter meaning.

The late Marianist Fr. Emil Neubert, S.T.D., presented a useful discussion of Jesus as Mediator and then Mary as Mediatrix.[7]
But first, he addressed the significance of mediator.

A mediator is one who places himself between two persons in order to unite them, either because there is a reconciliation to be
achieved or a favor to be obtained. To fulfill his role, the mediator must be acceptable to both parties that are to be united; the
closer he is to them, the easier it will be for him to mediate.

In the supernatural order, the two persons to be brought together are God and man who have become separated by sin.[8]

Then what about Jesus as the Mediatorin fact, the only Mediatorbetween God and man?[9]

Jesus as man is the perfect mediator between God and man, being hypostatically united to God and constituted by Him the
spiritual head of the human race.

Jesus alone is a perfect mediator because He alone was able to merit in all justice our reconciliation with God and the graces
which the appeased God was going to give to us. There is only one God, proclaims St. Paul, and only one Mediator between God
and man, Christ Jesus become man, who gave Himself as a ransom for all. No other foundation can be laid than the one which
has been given, Jesus Christ.[10]

Having set the stage, Fr. Neubert plunged into the matter of Mary as Mediatrix.

This foundation established, the faithful attribute a certain function of mediation to Mary, at the side of Jesus. Mother of God and
Mother of men, it seems clear that she too is to serve as a bond between Him and them. But her mediation, far from diminishing
that of Christ, results from it and seems to complete it: it is carried out under Christ and in union with Christ from whom it
receives all its efficacy.[11]

Deacon Miravalle continues our theme of Our Blessed Lady as Mediatrix of All Graces by speaking to her part in distributing the
grace that Christ won for us by His death.

Mary uniquely participated in the acquisition of the graces of Redemption by Jesus Christ (objective redemption) and, therefore,
the Mother of Jesus, above all creatures, fittingly participates in the distribution of these graces of Redemption to the human
family (theologically called subjective redemption). By distributing sanctifying grace, Mary is able to fulfill her role as
Spiritual Mother, since she spiritually nourishes the faithful of Christs body in the order of grace. Marys God-given ability to
distribute the graces of Redemption by her intercession is an essential element and full flowering of her role as Spiritual Mother.
For true motherhood goes beyond the birthing of children to include their nourishing, growth, and proper formation.[12]
Clearly, Marys cooperation in Jesus redeeming Death (co-redemption) opened her to continuing service to the Mystical Body of
Christ as the distributrix of sanctifying grace (mediatrix). As the Mother of the disciple whom Jesus loved,[13] and by extension,
our Mother, Our Blessed Mother had on Calvary and still has in Paradise overflowing concern for her sons and daughters, caring
for all her children and especially those who approach her.

We shall see below that God was not finished with the Maiden of Nazareth but instead bestowed upon her another kind of
maternal office (munus maternum), namely Advocate, that redounds to His glory and our temporal good and everlasting benefit.

Advocate

In his Theotokos: A Theological Encyclopedia of the Blessed Virgin Mary,[14] the late Holy Ghost Fr. Michael OCarroll,
S.T.D., wrote about Our Blessed Lady as Advocate:

From medieval times the word Advocata signifies Marys special power of intercession. It is first found in the Latin (largely the
only) version of the Adversus Haereses by St. Irenaeus that the Virgin Mary should become the advocate of the virgin Eve. . . .

Advocata applied to Mary is certainly found in the twelfth century. It is in the Salve Regina, and was taken up by St. Bernard:
You wish to have an advocate (advocatum) with him [Christ], he asks in the De Aqueductu and answers, Have recourse to
Mary. In the second sermon for Advent he exclaims: Our Lady, Our Mediatress, our Advocate (Advocata), reconcile us to your
Son, commend us to your Son, represent us before your Son.[15]

While there is a long-standing tradition of using Advocate to refer to the Mother of God, this rich term has also been used to
describe Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit.[16]

Calling the doctrine of Advocate the third aspect of Our Ladys spiritual motherhood and her mediation at the service of God
and man,[17] Deacon Miravalle, echoing Fr. OCarrolls citation of St. Irenaeus, weighs in on the meaning of this title:

The term, advocate, is derived from the Latin term, advocare, which means to speak on behalf of another. This is precisely
Marys motherly role as Advocate, to speak as our principal and most powerful intercessor to her divine Son on behalf of the
human race. The title of Advocate for the Mother of God is one of her most ancient titles, dating back to the second century with
St. Irenaeus, who called Mary the Advocate for Eve, the first Mother of the living.[18]

The Catholic Faithful have long been used to invoking Marys celestial intercession. In fact, one of the first lessons learned by
Catholic children is that they can always count on the help of their Spiritual Mother in Heaven. Our Blessed Ladys intercession
is strong and sure; we daily avail ourselves of it with confidence.

II. Are We Required to Believe These Three Marian Teachings?

That Our Blessed Mother cooperated with her Sons redeeming and saving death on Calvary, distributed the grace Jesus obtained
for us through that death, and now intercedes for us in Paradise are truths that the Church has taught and continues to teach.
Although not defined in the same formal way as the four Marian dogmas, nevertheless, the Church has not hesitated to teach
each of these doctrines.

Theologians differ as to what theological note or grade of certainty is attached to Marys roles as Co-redemptrix, Mediatrix of
All Graces, and Advocate. The celebrated Franciscan Fr. Juniper B. Carol, S.T.D., who spent much of his scholarly work as a
labor of love in explaining Our Lady as the Co-redemptrix, asserted his learned opinion about the Co-redemption:
If our interpretation of their (the Pontiffs) repeated utterances on this vital problem is sound and objective, then it would seem
safe to conclude that the current doctrine of Marys direct co-operation in the objective Redemption bears the unmistakable mark
of a genuinely Catholic truth authentically developed from the original deposit of revelation.[19]

The comments of the late Marist Fr. Armand J. Robichaud, while specifically directed toward the doctrine of Mary as Mediatrix,
also apply to the teachings about Mary as Co-redemptrix and Advocate:

In this matter, as in others not as yet defined by the Church, we can expect to find a difference of opinion among theologians. We
note also that, objectively, the status of a doctrinal proposition remains the same, but in the process of dogmatic evolution our
knowledge and appreciation of it will vary. What is considered as probable today may well be a defined dogma
tomorrow.[20]

Fr. Robichaud continued:

With regard to the thesis that Mary is the Dispensatrix of every single grace, some theologians consider it doctrina catholica, that
is, a doctrine which is taught in the whole Church, e.g., in papal encyclicals, but which is not always infallibly proposed. The
greater number of theologians, however, classify it as fidei proxima, that is to say, a truth which, in the almost unanimous consent
of theologians, is contained in the written or orally transmitted word of God.

While admitting the validity of the above notes, we would like to advance a personal opinion, . . . as de fide divina, that is to say,
a truth which is formally contained in divine revelation. . . .

As Fr. (Reginald) Garrigou- Lagrange says, it (Marys Mediation) is proximately definable.[21]

The present author concurs with Frs. Carol and Robichaud about the doctrines of Mary as Co-redemptrix and Mediatrix as being
contained in the deposit of faith, and would add Mary as Advocate to the same list. Hence, this trio of Marian teachings are to be
believed by Catholics everywhere.

Conclusion

Deacon Miravalle contends that our three Marian doctrines

manifest the three principal aspects in which our Spiritual Mother exercises her maternal love for the Church: as the Mother
Suffering (Co-redemptrix); the Mother Nourishing (Mediatrix of all graces), and the Mother Pleading (Advocate). Indeed as
all earthly mothers are called to suffer, nourish, and intercede for their children, so does the Spiritual Mother of all peoples
exercise these same maternal functions for her children on earth.[22]

As so many jewels in the splendid crown of the Queen of Heaven and earth, the doctrines of Mary as Co-redemptrix, Mediatrix
of All Graces, and Advocate increase our awe for God and His unspeakable marvels while inviting us to draw closer to this
magnificent Mother whom we love dearly and seek always to imitate.[23]

[1] 3rd ed. (Goleta, CA: Queenship Publishing Company, 2006).

[2] Ibid., pp. 9495.

[3] Lk. 2:35.

[4] Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, Lumen Gentium (1964), no. 58. Emphasis added.

[5] Miravalle, Introduction to Mary, p. 96.

[6] Ibid., p. 102.

[7] Mary in Doctrine (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1954).

[8] Neubert, Mary in Doctrine, p. 72.

[9] See 1 Tim. 2:5.

[10] Neubert, Mary in Doctrine, p. 72.

[11] Ibid.

[12] Miravalle, Introduction to Mary, pp. 1023.

[13] Jn. 19:26.

[14] Rev. ed. (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1986).

[15] Ibid., pp. 56.

[16] Catechism of the Catholic Church (1997), no. 519. Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the Son of Mary, is our Advocate who
pleads for us at the right hand of His Heavenly Father; Catechism, nos. 692, 729, 1433, 1848. The Holy Spirit, the Third Person
of the Most Blessed Trinity, is our Advocate, the Paracletethe Consoler: He who is called to ones side, advocatus (no.
692).

[17] Miravalle, Introduction to Mary, p. 114.

[18] Ibid., pp. 11415.

[19] Our Ladys Coredemption, in Mariology, ed. Juniper B. Carol, O.F.M., vol. 2 (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing
Company, 1957), p. 424.

[20] Mary Dispensatrix of All Graces in Mariology, vol. 2, p. 459.

[21] Ibid., pp. 459460.

[22] Miravalle, Introduction to Mary, p. 118.

[23] What is our response to Mary and her extraordinary privileges? Consecration to her in recognition of her God-given role to
lead us to her Divine Son. For an in-depth analysis of consecration and entrustment to Our Blessed Lady, see Arthur Burton
Calkins, S.T.D., Totus Tuus: John Paul IIs Program of Marian Consecration and Entrustment (New Bedford, MA: Academy of
the Immaculate, 1992). Monsignor Calkins has also written extensively about these three Marian doctrines.

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