Contents

Page

iii

Members of the Working Group iv

Acknowledgements iv

List of Acronyms vii

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Introductory Discussion
1.3 In-Flight Mission Planning
1.4 Report Objectivesand Format

Chapter 2 System Design Issues 9

2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Ground-BasedMission Planning Systems 9
2.3 Networking Mission Planning Systems 11
2.4 Fully Automated Mission Planning 11
2.5 Unmanned Air Vehicles 13

Chapter 3 Human Factors Considerations 14

3.1 Introduction 14
3.2 Task Allocation: Trust and Confidence 14
3.3 Trust of Aircrew in Automated Mission PlanningSystems 14
3.4 Interface Design 16
3.5 SoftwareTools and Prototyping 21
3.6 Mission Rehearsal 21
3.7 Intelligent Tutor&Training Systems 22

Chapter 4 Man/Machine Interface Technologies 23

4.1 Displays and Graphics 23
4.2 Advanced Interface Techniquesfor Mission Planning 31

Chapter 5 Computational Techniques 34

5.1 Introduction 34
5.2 Approaches 34
5.3 Parallel Processing 34
5.4 Heuristic Methods 35
5.5 Conclusions 31

Chapter 6 Information Management 38

6.1 Data Fusion 38
6.2 Battlefield Prediction 40
6.3 Latency 40
6.4 Data Protection 40
6.5 Post-MissionReview 41

Y
Chapter 7 Systems Evaluation 42
7.1 Introduction 42
7.2 Necessityof Test 42
7.3 Methodology 42
7.4 Problems 43
7.5 Potential Areas for R&D 43

Chapter 8 Conclusions 45
8.1 Introduction 45
8.2 Pre-Flight 45
8.3 In-Flight 45
8.4 Post-Flight 46
8.5 Epilogue 46
References 48
 List of Acronyms
A-A DFAD Digital Features Analysis Data
A-S DlTAh4 Digital Terrain Analysis Model
An DLMS Digital Hand Mass-Storage System
Am DMA Defense Mapping Agency
AAFMPS Advanced Air Force Mission Planning System DMI Direct Manipulation Interface
ABCCIS Air Base Command and Con!ml Information DTC DataTransfer Cartridge
system DTED Digital Terrain Elevation Data
ACCS Air Command and Con~ol System DTM Data Transfer Module
AC0 Airspace Coordination Order DWlM Do What I Mean
ADRG ARC Digitied Raster Graphics
AEW Airhe Early Warning E&E Escape and Evasion
AFMSS Air Force Mission Support System ECM Electronic Counrer Measures
AGARD Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and EDAM Enemy Defence Analysis Models
Development EID Ecological Interface Design
AGL Above Ground Level EO Electra-optical
AI Air Interdiction ESD Electronic Systems Division
AI Arftiticial Intelligence ESM Electronic Support Measures
AMP Aerospace Medical Panel ETA Expected Time of Arrival
AMPA Advanced Mission Planning Aid EW Elecoonic Warfare
AMPS Airborne Mission Planning System FAC Forward Air Controller
ATC Aii Traffic Control FAF French Air Force
ATCCS Amy Tactical Command and Control System FARP Forward Area RearmJRehrel Point
ATF AdvancedTactical Fighter FEBA Forward Edge of the Battle Area
ATM Air Task Message FEZ Fighter Engagement Zone
AT0 Air Task Order FLIR Forward Looking I&a-Red
ATOC AlliedTactical Operations Center FLOT Forward Lime of Own Troops
ATP AlliedTactical Publication Fwoc Forward Wig Operations Center
ATPAL An Task Rocessing at Airbase Level
AVP Avionics Panel GUI Graphic User Interface
AWACS Ai,bm,e Waning and Control System
HCI Human Computer Interaction
BAl Battlefield Air Interdiction HUD Head Up Display
BFA Battlefield Functional Area
BVR Beyond Visual Range IAF Italian Air Force
IFF Identification Friend or Foe
c3 Command, Conwool and Communications IFR Insoument Flight Rules
~31 Command, Conuol. Communications and IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions
Intelligence INTAL Intelligence at Airbase Level
CAD Computer Aided Design INTEL Intelligence
CAMPAL Computer Aided Mission Planning at Airbase IP Initial Point
LeV.4 IR Infra-Red
CAP Combat Air Patrol IRST Infra Red Search and Track
CAS Close Air suppxt ISMP Integrated Strike Mission Planner
CD Compact Disk IV&V Independent Validation and Verification
CE Copilot Elecmmique
CINC Commander-in-chief Il3TACCS Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and
COC Combat Operations Center Conool Systems
COMM Communications IMEM Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manual
CPS Cockpit Rocedure Simulator Jcxi Joint Operational Graphic
CPU central Rocesmr unit ITIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CVBG/BF Aircraft Canier Battle Gmu@Battle Force LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LLTV Low Light Television
D Dbnension(al)
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Proj4 Agency MADAM Munition and Delivery Analysis Models
DBA Database Administrator MANPRINT Manpower and Personnel Integration
DCA Defensive Counter Air MARPLES Military Aircraft Route Planning Expert System

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 Megabyte RNLA Royal Netherlands Air Force
MCS Manewer Control System ROE Rules of Engagement
METAL Metea at Airbase Level ROM Read only Memory
MU. Missile EngagementZone RPV Remotely Piloted Vehicle
MID.3 Mulrifunction Infomatim Distribution System RRDB Rapidly Reconfiguablc Databus
h4IL-STD Military Standard
MISREP Mission Report SAM Surface-to-air missile
MMA Mission Management Aid SAR Search and Rescue
MP Mission Planning SC1 Strategic Computing Initiative
MPS Mission Planning System SLAR Side Ways Looking Airborne Radar
MSS Mission Support System SOC sector operations Cents3
SORD Statementof RequirementsDocument
N/A Not Applicable STANAG StandardNATO Agreement
NAFAG NATO Air Force Armaments Group
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Orgattizatim TAF Tactical Air Force
NBC Nuclear Biological Chemical TAMPS Tactical Aircraft Mission Planning System
NLR National AerospaceLaboratory TEAMS Tactical EA.6B Mission Support
NOTAM Notices to Airmen TLM Tactical Line Map
TOT Time-over-target
OCA Gffemive Counter Air TRADOC Training and Doctrine Command
OPORD operations order TV Television
OPS operationfd
OR Gpaaticmal Relationship UAV Unmanned Air Vehicle
UAV Unmanned Air Vehicle
PA Pilots Associate UHF Ultra High Frequency
PC Personal computet IJIMS User Interface Management System
PHC Pilot Hand Controller USA US Army
PIREPS Pilot Reports USAF US Air Force
PPDB Point Position Database USN us Navy

QRA Quick Reaction Alert V/SToL Vertical/Short Take-off and Landing

VFR Visual Flight Rules
R&D Researchand Development VHF Very High Frequency
RAF Royal Air Force
RAM Random Access Memory WIMP Window . Icon -Mouse Pointer
RECCE Remnnaissance WVR Within Visual Range
RF Radio Frequency

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