12/11/2016 SynchronizationofSinglePhaseAlternators|yourelectricalhome

SynchronizationofSinglePhaseAlternators
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Incaseofsinglephasealternators,synchronizationisdonegenerallybylampmethods.Itcanbedonebytwo
ways:
a)Lampdarkmethodb)LampsbrightMethod.
1.1LampsDarkMethod
InthismethodthelampsarearrangedasshowninFig.1.Thealternatortobesynchronized(whichisalso
calledincomingalternator)consistsoftwolampsconnectedacrosstheswitchterminalsofthesamephase.

Fig.1

Thevoltageforthetwoalternatorsismeasuredwiththehelpofavoltmeter.Thelampsareconnectedinsucha
waythatthepolarityandthefrequencyforthetwomachinescanbechecked.Noresultantvoltagewillappear
acrosstheswitchterminalsifthefrequencyofthetwoalternatorsisexactlysameastheirvoltageareinexactphase
opposition.Thusunderthiscaselampswillnotglow.Thevoltagesforboththemachinesarehavingsame
maximumandr.m.s.valuesandareinexactphaseoppositionthusresultantvoltageiszeroinlocalcircuit.Thisis
representedintheFig.2.

Fig.2

Itcanbeseenthatwithunequalfrequenciesofthetwoalternators,thetwolampswillbecomealternatelybright
anddark.Thelightbeatwillbeproducedwhosenumberisequaltothedifferenceinfrequenciesforthetwo
machines.
Theresultantvoltageappearingacrossthelampwillbedifferenceofthetwovoltagesatanyinstantresultingin
awaveformshownintheFig.3.Sincenumberofcyclecompletedbytwomachinesinanygiventimearenotsame
thelightbeatisproducedwhichisshownintheFig.3.
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12/11/2016 SynchronizationofSinglePhaseAlternators|yourelectricalhome

Wheneverthetwovoltageareinexactphaseopposition
(i.e.anglebetweenthemis180o)thenresultantvoltageERis
zero.Iftheswitchisnotclosedatthisinstantthevoltage
acrosslampwillgoonrisingandsynchronizationwillnot
appearproper.
Thealternatedarknessandbrightnessofthelampwill
notindicatewhethertheincomingalternatorisrunningfast
orslow.Fortheexactsynchronizationthespeedofincoming
alternatorisadjustedinsuchawaythatthelightbeatsare
producedataveryslowspeedandthealternatorsare
synchronizedduringthemiddleofthedarkperiodwhere
Fig3
resultantvoltageERwillbezero.Thewordmiddleisusedas
thelampwillnotgloweventhoughthereissufficientvoltageacrossit.Soitbecomesdifficulttoknowthecorrect
instantofzerovoltage.
1.2LampsBrightMethod
SinceitisverydifficulttojudgethecorrectinstantofzerovoltageinLampsdarkmethod,thismethodis
introducedwhichisshownintheFig.4.Thelampsremainmaximumbrightwhenthereisnodifferenceinvoltages
forthetwomachines.Thisismoresharpandaccuratemethodofsynchronizationbecausethelampsaremuch
moresensitivetochangesinvoltageattheirmaximumbrightnessthanwhentheyaredark.

Fig.4

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