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Anang widhi nirwansyah, S.Pd., M.Sc


Prodi Pendidikan Geografi
Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
Email : anang.gisser@gmail.com
JOHN SNOW STORY (1813 1858)
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Steven Johnson's 2006 book The Ghost Map: the Story of London's Most
Terrifying Epidemic, and How it Changed Science, Cities and the Modern World
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LONDON SITUATION
CHOLERA MYTH (MIAMA)
JOHN SNOW IDEA (USING MAP)
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Bagaimana melihat kejadian itu dari


kacamata geografi?
Simulasi GIS sederhana
Bagaimana.
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Bulatkan niat dan tekad


Coba-coba dan coba
Baca dan tulis
Jangan malu dan takut bertanya
Geographical Information
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Information that refers to a location on the Earths


surface
Has both a spatial and a thematic component
Census data
Hospitals admissions data
Relief data (e.g. from contours)
Information on transport networks
A text about a specific place (eg Defoes description of London
during the Plague)
A photograph or painting of a building
Locational component can be an explicit (e.g. a co-
ordinate or a precisely defined administrative unit) or
vaguer (e.g.. The area around Jogja or In Sundaneese
speaking areas)
SIG?
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Metode untuk
visualisasi, manipulasi,
analisis dan display
data spasial

Smart Maps
link antara database
dengan peta
What is GIS?
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A technology
hardware & software tools

An information handling strategy

The objective: to improve overall decision


making
GIS : a formal definition
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A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating,


manipulating, analysing and displaying data which
are spatially referenced to the Earth. This is normally
considered to involve a spatially referenced computer
database and appropriate applications software

Chorley Report, 1987


Definisi SIG (1)
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Menurut Rhind (1989).


A computer system that can hold and use data describing
places on the Earth surfaces.

Menurut Burrough (1986)


A set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will,
transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world
for a particular set of purposes.
Definisi SIG (2)
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Menurut Prof. Jacob Rais (2001)


Sistem Informasi berbasis komputer dengan memakai data
digital berujuk pada lokasi geografis di muka bumi.

Menurut ESRI ( ESRI White Paper, 2001 )


A computer software that links geographic information (where
things are) with descriptive information (what things are).

Lainnya,
Lihat buku referensi. (Eddy Prahasta : Konsep-konsep Dasar
SIG, hal.56-57, 2001, dsb.)
Definisi SIG (7)
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Three Views of a GIS (http://www.gis.com)


2. The Map View: A GIS is a set of intelligent maps and other views that
show features and feature relationships on the earth's surface. Maps of
the underlying geographic information can be constructed and used as
"windows into the database" to support queries, analysis, and editing of
the information. This is called geovisualization.
Definisi SIG (8)
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Three Views of a GIS (http://www.gis.com)


3. The Model View: A GIS is a set of information transformation tools
that derive new geographic datasets from existing datasets. These
geoprocessing functions take information from existing datasets, apply
analytic functions, and write results into new derived datasets.
Why is GIS unique?

GIS handles SPATIAL


information
Information referenced by its
location in space

GIS makes connections


between activities based on
spatial proximity
Characteristics of GIS
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DATA Combination of spatial


a. Data
and attribute data allows
users to ask unique
1. Spatial Data
spatial questions. 2. Attribute Data
3. Data Layers
4. Layer Types
5. Topology
GIS b. Users / System
1. Data Input
USER/ SOFTWARE/ 2. Data Management
SYSTEM HARDWARE 3. Data Analysis
Users need to understand Facilitates analysis by 4. Data Output
both data and software in providing a means to both
order to create unique spatial ask complex spatial questions c. Software / Hardware
questions and maintain and store spatial data.
spatial information produced.
Sarah Williams, 2004
Keunggulan SIG (1)
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Kemudahan & Kecepatan Akses Data yang


bervolume besar
Kemampuan untuk :
Mencari detil berdasarkan area atau thema
Membuat link ke data set lain
Menganalisa karakteristik spasial dari data
Melakukan update data dengan cepat & murah
Menghasilkan output sesuai kebutuhan :
Peta, Grafik, Daftar Alamat, Ringkasan data statistik , dsb.
Keunggulan SIG (2)
Kemudahan & Kecepatan Akses Data yang bervolume besar
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GIS contains many layers of information:

These are just a few of


the kinds of layers a
GIS can contain:

Base Map Data


Elevation
Surface Geology
Keunggulan SIG (3)
18 Kemampuan untuk membuat link ke data set lain

GIS software links the location data


and the attribute data:
Keunggulan SIG (4)
Kemampuan untuk menganalisa karakteristik spasial
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Attribute Questions:
GIS software can answer What provinces have more
questions about our world: than 1.5 million people?

Spatial Questions:
What provinces border
Saskatchewan?
Database Spasial
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Database spasial adalah kumpulan data bereferensi


spasial yg berfungsi sebagai model dari kenyataan
(model of reality)
Database sbg model of reality, artinya database
merupakan representasi fenomena permukaan bumi yang
terpilih
Fenomena terpilih tsb dianggap penting untuk
direpresentasikan dalam bentuk digital
Representasi digital tsb dpt untuk masa lalu, sekarang atau
mendatang (atau gabungan dari beberapa waktu dalam
bentuk yg tersusun scr baik)
DATA SPASIAL
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Komponen data spasial:


Data grafis/spasial

menggambarkan kenampakan permukaan bumi (titik,


garis, area, piksel, grid) yang berkoordinat
Data atribut/tabular

tabel yang menggambarkan karakteristik, kualitas,


atau hubungan kenampakan pada peta (data grafis)
DATA GIS
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Spatial Data Representasi kenampakan yang diketahui


lokasinya di permukaan bumi.
Attribute Data Informasi yang terhubung (linked) pada
kenampakan geografis (spatial data) yang
menerangkan kenampakan tersebut.
Data Layers Hasil dari kombinasi data spasial dan
atribut. Separasi informasi kenampakan
geografis.
Layer Types Merupakan cara data spasial dan atribut
terhubung. Ada dua tipe utama layer, vektor dan
raster.
Topology Bagaimana dan dimana kenampakan
geografis saling terhubung satu dengan
yang lain.
Bentuk/Tipe Data Spasial
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Titik (point) 0 dimensi


2 angka koordinat (x,y)

Garis (line) 1 dimensi


rangkaian titik

Area (area/polygon) 2 dimensi


bentuk tertutup, meliputi sejumlah
titik-n di dalamnya
DATA SPASIAL
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Komponen data spasial:


Data grafis/spasial

menggambarkan kenampakan permukaan bumi (titik,


garis, area, piksel, grid) yang berkoordinat
Data atribut/tabular

tabel yang menggambarkan karakteristik, kualitas,


atau hubungan kenampakan pada peta (data grafis)
Contoh: data titik
Data Grafis Data Atribut
Contoh: data garis
Data Grafis

Data Atribut
Contoh: data area
Data Grafis Data Atribut
Contoh: data area
Data Grafis Data Atribut
Contoh data atribut
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field
record
Layer Data
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Layer vegetasi

Layer bangunan

Layer jalan

Real World
Layer Data

Administrasi Jalan

Sungai Ibukota
Model data spasial
Titik Garis Area
Raster
Vektor
Representasi Spatial
Raster Model

Vector Model
Konversi informasi analog ke digital
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Format Vektor

PETA ANALOG DIGITIZER DATA DIGITAL


Format Raster

PETA ANALOG SCANNER DATA DIGITAL

ON-SCREEN
Raster to Vector DATA DIGITAL
DIGITIZING
Prosedur Input data (1)
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ON-SCREEN DIGITIZING

Image hasil scanning Koreksi geometrik/ Digitizing


JPEG, TIFF, dll georeferencing Tracing dilakukan
(pemberian koordinat) per-layer

Peta, GPS
Prosedur Input Data (2)
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vertex
node

Data hasil Pembangunan Editing features


digitizing topologi

Shape Id Name

Line 4 A
TOPOLOGY : Line 3 B
relationships among points, lines, Line 2 C
and polygons, include adjacencies, Line 1 D
connectivity, and containment.
Pemberian atribut
Beberapa Aturan

Tentukan tujuan
Digitisasi informasi yg
benar2 dibutuhkan
Pilih sumber input
konvensional
Gunakan level akurasi yg
sesuai
Input data terpisah dlm
tema2 spesifik
Level Akurasi
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Seberapa besar akurasi yg diinginkan

Vertex

Node

Node

Not enough Too Many Good Solution


Geographic Information System 39

DATA BASE
(A,B,C)
Analysis in GIS

DATABASE layers SPASIAL ANALYSIS NEW INFORMATION


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Road
Disaster
Application
Hidrology

Hazard Information
Coast line
Environment
al Application
Administrative

Environmental Information
Geology

Space
arangement
Land use
application

Population Land Use Information

Others Other
Other Thema Application information
s
Software/ Hardware
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Types of GIS software:


High End toolkits
Desktop Mapping
Web enabled
Component
Infrastruktur Jaringan Pemerintahan
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Keterangan:
Mengelola Government Secured Intranet (GSI)
Mengelola Government Data Management Center (GDMC), didalamnya terdapat Server yang
berfungsi untuk:
Inter Governmental Access to Share Information System (IGASIS)
e-Procurement
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Terima Kasih

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