Unit 3

Vocabulary: Landscapes
Ex 1A
run-down: in very bad condition; that has not been taken care of. Shabby, dilapidated, in bad
state e.g. run-down inner-city areas. A run-down Edwardian villa.

Neglected: not receiving enough care or attention. E.g. neglected buildings. The garden was
neglected and overgrown.
Shabby: /bi/ in poor condition because they have been used a lot. E.g. the outside of the house
was beginning to look shabby.
Dilapidated: /dlpdetd/ old and in very bad condition. Ramshackle. E.g. old, dilapidated
buildings.
Ramshackle: (especially of a house or vehicle) in a state of severe disrepair.
Tranquil: /trkwl/ quiet and peaceful. E.g. a tranquil scene. A tranquil village.

Magnificent: stunning, breathtaking E.g. the Taj Mahal is a magnificent building.

Stunning: E.g. a stunning views of the lake

breathtaking: E.g. a breathtaking view of the mountains. The scene was one of breathtaking
beauty.

Ancient: /ennt/ very old; having existed for a very long time; historic. E.g. ancient
monuments. Ancient forests.

Unspoilt: /nsplt/ (also unspoiled /nspld/) beautiful because it has not been changed or
built on; unchanged, not altered by tourism. E.g. unspoiled countryside.

Bustling: /bsl/ full of people moving about in a busy way. A bustling place is full of noise and
activity and is usually pleasant and interesting; busy. E.g. a bustling city. The bustling little
town. Bustling with something; the market was bustling with life.

Picturesque /pktresk/ pretty, especially in a way that looks old-fashioned. Beautiful, lovely,
pretty, attractive, pleasant. E.g. a picturesque cottage/setting/village.

Deserted: /dztd/ with no people in it. Empty, uninhabited. E.g. deserted streets. Magaluf is
completely deserted in the winter.
Vocabulary: Reading

1. Taking the plunge

plunge: /plnd/ an act of jumping or diving into water; a quick swim. E.g. He took the plunge
into the deep end. She went for a plunge.
Reservoir: /rezvw(r)/ a natural or artificial lake where water is stored before it is taken by
pipes to houses, etc.
Detour: /dit(r)/ a longer route that you take in order to avoid a problem or to visit a place.
E.g. we had to make a detour around the flooded fields. It's well worth making a detour to see the
village. The driver took us on a detour to Thailand's longest wooden bridge.
Cut or cut off [transitive] to stop the supply of something, or to stop something working. E.g. The
accident had cut the oxygen to her brain. All lines of communication had been cut. Could you cut
the engine for a minute?
Idle: /adl/ walk slowly and with no particular purpose. E.g. They idled along by the river.
Seize an opportunity/chance to act quickly in order to use an opportunity that may not be
available later. E.g. seize the day (make the most of the present moment). Seize the moment.
Showcase: exhibit; display. E.g. the albums showcase his production skills. Jack found a film role
that showcased all his talents.
Plunge in/ plunge into something to jump into something, especially with force. E.g. The pool was
declared open and eager swimmers plunged in.
impromptu: /mprmptju/ done without preparation or planning. Improvised. E.g. an impromptu
speech. They often held impromptu meetings in their house.
Embody: /mbdi/ to express or represent an idea or a quality.
Spontaneity: /spntneti/
vibrancy /vabrnsi/ excitement

2. Seeing the light

lay out: to plan how something should look and arrange it in this way. E.g. the gardens were laid
out with lawns and flower beds. A well-laid-out magazine.
Front: /frnt/ to face something or be in front of something; to have the front pointing towards
something. E.g. front something the cathedral fronts the city's main square. Front onto
something the line of houses fronted straight onto the road.
Disrepair: /dsrpe(r/ a building, road, etc. that is in a state of disrepair has not been taken care
of and is broken or in bad condition. E.g. the station quickly fell into disrepairafter it was closed.
The buildings were in various states of disrepair.
Hang out: (informal) to spend a lot of time in a place. E.g. the local kids hang out at the mall.
Fingerprint: a distinctive identifying characteristic. E.g. The Malecn is the unique fingerprint of
Habana.
Swell: the slow, regular movement of the sea when it rises and falls without the waves breaking.
E.g. the boat was caught in a heavy (= strong) swell. There was a heavy swell.
Crash: to hit something hard while moving, causing noise and/or damage; to make something hit
somebody/something in this way. E.g. + adverb/preposition A brick crashed through the window.
Waves crashing against the sea wall.
Barely: /beli/ in a way that is just possible but only with difficulty. E.g. He could barely read and
write. The music was barely audible. She was barely able to stand. We barely had time to catch the
train.
Peep: + adverb/preposition to be just visible. E.g. the tower peeped above the trees. The sun
peeped out from behind the clouds.
Pontiac /pntik/ was an automobile brand established in 1926 as a companion makes for
General Motors' Oakland.
Draw: + adverb/preposition to move in the direction mentioned. E.g. the train drew into the
station. The train drew in. The figures in the distance seemed to be drawing closer.Their car drew
alongside ours. (Figurative) Her retirement is drawing near. (Figurative) The meeting was drawing
to a close.
Shutter: the part of a camera that opens to allow light to pass through the lens when you take a
photograph. E.g. the quiet click of the shutter. I waited until the car drew closer before pressing
the shutter.
Capture something to succeed in accurately expressing a feeling, an atmosphere, etc. in a picture,
piece of writing, film/movie, etc. E.g. the article captured the mood of the nation. This picture
captures the essence of Havana.
Photogenic /ftdenk/ looking attractive in photographs. E.g. I'm not very photogenic. A
photogenic child.

3. Time stands still

Still: not moving; calm and quiet. E.g. still water. Keep still while I brush your hair. The kids found
it hard to stay still. Can't you sit still? We stayed in a village where time has stood still (= life has
not changed for many years).
Sight of somebody/something: the act of seeing somebody/something. E.g. After ten days at sea,
we had our first sight of land. I have been known to faint at the sight ofblood. The soldiers were
given orders to shoot on sight (= as soon as they saw somebody). She caught sight of a car in the
distance. The mere sight of him makes me want to scream.
Set: a collection of scenery, stage furniture, and other articles used for a particular scene in a play
or film. E.g. We need volunteers to help build and paint the set.
Jumble (of something): /dmbl/ an untidy or confused mixture of things. E.g. a jumble of books
and paper. The essay was a meaningless jumble of ideas.
Stacked: arranged in a pile. If a surface is stacked with objects, there are large numbers or piles of
them on it. E.g. a table stacked with glasses. Shelves stacked with files. Logs stacked up against a
wall.
Tumble (down): to fall suddenly and in a dramatic way. E.g. the scaffolding came tumbling
down. (Figurative) World records tumbled at the last Olympics.
Ravine: /rvin/ a deep, very narrow valley with steep sides. Sp. barranco, garganta. E.g.The track
continued along the bottom of the ravine.
Humble somebody: to make somebody feel that they are not as good or important as they
thought they were. E.g. He was humbled by her generosity. A humbling experience. We feel
humbled by our local community's generosity and support.
Dwelling: a house, flat/apartment, etc. where a person lives. E.g. The development will consist of
66 dwellings and a number of offices.
Livestock: /lavstk/ the animals kept on a farm, for example cows or sheep. E.g. markets for the
trading of livestock.
Ex 3A
Snapshot (also snap) [countable]: 1. a photograph, especially one taken quickly. E.g. holiday snaps.

Page 34
Vocabulary: Reading-writing

Overlook something: if a building, etc. overlooks a place, you can see that place from the building.
E.g. a restaurant overlooking the lake. Our back yard is overlooked by several houses.
Quaint /kwent/ attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way. E.g. Quaint old customs. The
quaint seaside village of Dei.
Cityscape: the appearance of a city or urban area, especially in a picture; a picture of a city. E.g.
shades of red brick which once coloured the cityscape.
Lie (in something) (of ideas, qualities, problems, etc.) to exist or be found. E.g. The problem lies in
deciding when to intervene.
Wander: /wnd(r)/ to walk slowly around or to a place, often without any particular sense of
purpose or direction. E.g. She wandered aimlessly around the streets.
Lane: a street, often a narrow one with buildings on both sides. E.g. The quickest way is through
the back lanes behind the bus station.
Backstreet: a small quiet street, usually in a poor part of a town or city, away from main roads.
E.g. He was born in the backstreets of Leeds.
Wind /wand/, wound, wound /wand/ (of a road, river, etc.) to have many bends and
twists. Move in or take a twisting or spiral course. E.g. the path wound among olive trees.The path
wound down to the beach. Wind its way + adverb/preposition The river winds its way between
two meadows.
Curvy: /kvi/ having curves. E.g. a curvy body. Curvy lines. Curvy streets.
-lined having the object mentioned along an edge or edges. E.g. a tree-lined road.
Stroll: /strl/ (+ adverb/preposition) to walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way. E.g. People were
strolling along the beach.
Quarter: /kwt(r)/ a district or part of a town. E.g. the Latin quarter. The historic quarter of the
city.
Proponent: /prpnnt/ (of something) (formal) a person who supports an idea or course of
action. E.g. a strong proponent of the free market and liberal trade policies.
Hilltop: the top of a hill. E.g. the hilltop town of Urbino.
Line: to form lines or rows along something. E.g. line something Crowds of people lined the
streets to watch the race. Line something with something The walls were lined with books.
Electronica: /lektrnk/ a popular style of music deriving from techno and rave and having a
more ambient (creating a relaxed atmosphere), esoteric (understood or enjoyed by only a few), or
cerebral (intellectual) quality.
Reveller: /revl(r)/ a person who is having fun in a noisy way, usually with a group of other
people and often after drinking alcohol.
Scattered: spread over a wide area.
Be tucked away to be located in a quiet place, where not many people go. E.g. the shop is tucked
away down a backstreet.
Encompass: /nkmps/ to include a large number or range of things. E.g. the job encompasses a
wide range of responsibilities. The group encompasses all ages.
Petite: /ptit/ small and thin. E.g. a petite blonde.
Window-shopping: looking in shop windows without buying anything.
 Page 35

Listening vocabulary

A refuge from wild animals: A refuge is a place where you can hide from something. He describes
tree houses as a refuge from wild animals.

Spirits are earthbound: Supernatural beings live on the earth and cannot fly. He says Indonesians
believe in these, so tree houses provide protection.

Wooden stilts: Long poles to support a structure built above land level. He describes houses on
stilts.

Acts as an insulator: does not transmit energy. He says the snow and ice of an igloo is an
insulator (blocks out cold weather)

So-called primitive dwellings: Very basic places to live. The interview asks him how these
compare to modern housing.

Adorned them with figurines: Decorated them with small figures (usually clay, metal or wood) He
says people decorated their cave homes with these.

Nomads in Central Asia: Tribes who have no permanent home, out are constantly travelling. They
use yurts.

To have a real awakening: If you have an awakening, it means you suddenly realize or recognize
something important.

To take your breath away: If something takes your breath away, you feel amazed because this
thing is so remarkable or incredibly beautiful.

Breathtaking: It means remarkable, amazing or incredibly beautiful.

These houses are built in accordance with the habitat: It means the houses are built in a
certain way because of land/environment that surrounds them.

Vocabulary: Adjectives

Roomy: (large with a lot of space inside it) positive.

Spacious positive
generous (more than is necessary; large. E.g. a generous helping of meat. The car has a generous
amount of space positive).
Shady (protected from the sun or producing shade. E.g. a shady patio) positive.
Gloomy (dark, especially in a way that makesyou feel sad) negative.
Gaudy (/di/ too bright and cheap-looking. E.g. gaudy clothes/colours) negative.
Chilly (cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable) negative.
Airy (with plenty of fresh air because it is large or has a lot of windows) positive. Airy: /eri/ E.g.
the office was light and airy.
Dreary (/drri/ dull and making you feel sad or bored. E.g. a dreary winter's day. A dreary film. A
long and dreary journey on the train)- negative.
Poky (/pki/ too small and not very pleasant or comfortable. Cramped. E.g. a poky little room)
negative.

Vocabulary Bank
Vast: /vst/ extremely large. E.g. a vast area of forest.
Awe-inspiring: // extremely impressive in a way that makes you feel great respect and
admiration. E.g. the building was awe-inspiring in size and design.
Scenic: /sink/ surrounded by views of beautiful countryside. E.g. an area of scenic beauty. They
took the scenic route back to the hotel. A scenic drive.
Sprawling: /sprl/ spreading over a wide area in an untidy or unattractive way. E.g. a modern
sprawling town.
Quaint: unusual and attractive, especially in an old-fashioned way. E.g. quaint country cottages.
Ramshackle: in bad condition and in need of repair. E.g. a ramshackle cottage.
Secluded: /skludd/ very private and quiet. A secluded garden/ beach/ spot, etc. The gardens are
quiet and secluded.
Overpopulated: /vppjuletd/ there are too many people in a place. E.g. an overpopulated
country.
 Page 37
Vocabulary Plus
Ex 13A
Unknown:.not known; not within the range of one's knowledge, experience, orunderstanding; stra
nge; unfamiliar.
Underexposed: (often passive) to fail to subject to appropriate or expected publicity.
Non-descript: /nndskrpt/ having no interesting or unusual features or qualities. E.g. a
nondescript person/building/town.
Underrate somebody/something: to not recognize how good, important, etc.
somebody/something really is. E.g. He's seriously underrated as a writer. An underrated
movie. Don't underrate yourself.
Unattractive: not pleasing or appealing to look at.
Overrate somebody/something to have too high an opinion of somebody/something; to put too
high a value on somebody/something. E.g. In my opinion, Hirst's work has been vastly overrated.
Uninhabitable: (of a place) unsuitable for living in.
Mismanage something to deal with or manage something badly. E.g. The department's budget
was badly mismanaged.
Irreplaceable: impossible to replace if lost or damaged.
Impossible: If an action or event is impossible, it cannot happen or be achieved:

Vocabulary Bank
p 150
Ex 1A
1 supermodel, miniskirts
2 sub-zero, cooperate
3 bilingual, interacting
4 semi-retired, outlasted
outlast somebody/something to continue to exist or take part in an activity for a longer time than
somebody/something. E.g. He can outlast anyone on the dance floor. The kind of beauty that will
outlast youth. This system has outlasted many of its rivals.

Ex B
outsell somebody/something to sell more or to be sold in larger quantities than somebody/
something. E.g. We are now outselling all our competitors. This year the newspaper has outsold its
main rival.
Outplay: outplay somebody to play much better than somebody you are competing against.
E.g. we were totally outplayed and lost 10674.

Semi-skimmed: milk that has had a lot of the fat removed

Ex C
1 Bimonthly: Twice every month
2 superhero: A hero who has amazing powers
3 outgrow: grow too big for some of your clothes. Outgrow something to grow too big to be able
to wear or fit into something. E.g. shes already outgrown her school uniform. The company has
outgrown its offices.
4 sub-plot: A secondary plot that isnt the main story. Subplot: a series of events in a play, novel,
etc. that is separate from but linked to the main story
5 international: Between or among nations
6 semicolon: a circle cut in half
7 co-founders: Two people who founded a business together.
8 minibar: A small bar, or drinks in a small fridge, in your hotel room.
 Page 38

Vocabulary: City life

Ex 1B
Reading - Vocabulary
Environmental Psychology: is an interdisciplinary field focused on the interplay between humans
and their surroundings.

Team up (with somebody): to join with another person or group in order to do something
together. E.g. he teamed up with the band to produce the disc.

Loiter: stand around somewhere for no clear reason. Hang around. E.g. Teenagers were loitering
in the street outside.

Catch on: become popular, of an idea. E.g. He invented a new game, but it never really caught on.

Dip: (of a level or amount) become lower or smaller, typically temporarily. E.g. the presidents
popularity has dipped. Audiences dipped below 600,000 for the match.

Pickpockets people who steal from your pockets

clutter: a lot of things, not stored in a tidy way. E.g. theres always so much clutter on your
desk! There was a clutter of bottles and tubes on the shelf.

Navigate: /nvet/ to find your position or the position of your ship, plane, car etc. and the
direction you need to go in, for example by using a map. E.g. to navigate by the stars. I'll drive, and
you can navigate. Navigate your way How do you navigate your way through a forest?

Commute /kmjut/ to travel regularly by bus, train, car, etc. between your place of work and
your home. E.g. she commutes from Oxford to London every day. He spent that year commuting
between New York and Chicago.

Real time: the actual time during which a process or event occurs. [as modifier]Computing relating
to a system in which input data is processed within milliseconds so that it is available virtually
immediately as feedback to the process from which it is coming, e.g. in a missile guidance
system: real-time missile guidance systems.

Ex 2A
amenity: /minti/ a feature that makes a place pleasant, comfortable or easy to live in. E.g. The
campsite is close to all local amenities. Many of the houses lacked even basic amenities (= baths,
showers, hot water, etc.).
Infrastructure: the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization
to run smoothly, for example buildings, transport and water and power supplies. E.g. the social
and economic infrastructure of a country.
Abandonment: the act of leaving a person, thing or place with no intention of returning. E.g. their
childhood abandonment by their mother. She had a feeling of utter abandonment and loneliness.
Regeneration: the action or process of regenerating or being regenerated. E.g. the regeneration of
inner cities. Economic regeneration. The regeneration of cells in the body.
Congestion: the state of being crowded and full of traffic. E.g. traffic congestion and pollution.
Toll: money that you pay to use a particular road or bridge. E.g. motorway tolls. A toll road/bridge.
 Unit 4
VOCABULARY: CRIME COLLOCATIONS

To protest/prove sbdy innocence. E.g. She was determined to protest her innocence.

CRIME:

To commit a crime.

To carry out a crime. E.g. They used specialist tools to help them carry out the crime.

To report a crime .

SENTENCE

To suspend a sentence.

To appeal against a sentence. E.g. Her lawyer advised her to appeal against the sentence.

OFFENCE

A drug-related offence: It is a crime to possess manufacture, or distribute drugs classified as

having a potential for abuse (such as cocaine, heroin, etc).

A driving offence: a serious/minor offence. Driving without a licence is an offence. E.g. You could
lose your licence if you commit another driving offence.

RAID

A police raid: is a raid by law enforcement officers often in the early morning or late at night.

A dawn raid: a surprise visit at dawn, especially by police searching for criminals or illicit goods.
E.g. Weapons were seized during a dawn raid by the police.

A drugs raid: an occurrence in which police suddenly enter a place in a forceful way to find
criminals, illegal drugs, etc.

CONVICTION

A wrongful conviction.

A previous conviction. E.g. Both men had previous convictions for violent crimes.
Vocabulary Bank

Put on probation: Asked to report to a probation officer at regular intervals rather than being sent
to prison.

Went on the rampage: Took part in a course of violent, frenzied behavior

Comes into force: Comes into effect

Was given points on his license: received a penalty with involves putting numbers on your driving
licence when you reach a certain number, your licence is taken away from you for a period of
time.

Help the police with their inquiries: Assist in a police investigation

An investigation is being held into the causes (of the accident): The police are trying to discover
what caused something

Held in custody: Legally confined by the police.

Charged with assault: Officially accused by a court of deliberately causing harm to another
person.

Posed a serious threat to (the public): May cause a risk to others

Fired tear-gas at (the protesters): Released CS gas in a crow (often used during riots)

Vocabulary Social Issues

Civil liberties are civil rights and freedoms that provide an individual with specific rights. Though
the scope of the term differs amongst various countries, some examples of civil liberties include
the freedom from slavery and forced labor, freedom from torture and death, the right to liberty
and security, freedom of conscience, religion, expression, press, assembly and association, speech,
the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment and the right to a fair trial, as well as the right to
life. Other civil liberties may also include the right to own property, the right to defend oneself,
and the right to bodily integrity.

Human rights: the basic rights that everyone has to say what they think, vote, be treated fairly,
etc.

Child labour: the regular and sustained employment of children (it is illegal in many countries).
Economic development: the process of improving the financial situation of a place (often a
country).
Intellectual property: the product of an intellectual activity (e.g. in artistic or commercial fields)
that nobody else can legally copy.
Capital punishment: the practice of killing someone who has committed a serious crime.
Religious freedom: the ability to practise any religion that you choose, without being arrested or
otherwise persecuted.
Environmental awareness: understanding of problems related to the land, water and air on Earth.
Illegal immigration: when people cross international borders in a way that breaks the immigration
laws of the destination country.
Civil liberties: the right of all citizens to be free to do what they want while respecting the rights of
other people.
Free trade: a situation in which the goods coming into or going out of a country are not controlled
or taxed.
Freedom of speech: the ability to say what you wish without being censored.
Gun control: laws that limit the ways in which guns can be sold, owned and used.

Vocabulary: Decisions

1 faced with a dilemma

dilemma: /dlem/ /dalem/ a situation which makes problems, often one in which you have to
make a very difficult choice between things of equal importance. E.g. to face a dilemma. To be in a
dilemma. You are faced with a dilemma.

2 thinking it through
think something through: to consider a problem or a possible course of action fully. E.g. Have you
had time to think things through?

3 take all these things into consideration

4 weighed up the pros and cons

weigh (up) to consider something carefully before making a decision. E.g. weigh something
(up) You must weigh up the pros and cons (= consider the advantages and disadvantages of
something). She weighed up all the evidence.
 Unit 5
Vocabulary: Idioms-Secrets

Keep (yourself) to yourself

Behind closed doors

Let (something) slip

Spill the beans

Keep/stay schtum

Let the cat out of the bag

Give the game away

Classified information

Divulge a secret

Between you and me

To have something to hide

A covert operation

To look furtive

Hush-Hush

Blurt something out

Top secret

Vocabulary: Truth or Myth

Conventional wisdom

Uncover the truth

A commonly held perception

A fallacy

Verify
Intuitively true

Debunk a myth

Disprove a myth

Vocabulary Plus: Multi-word verbs

Hang out

Boil down to something

Take away

Carry on

Speed up

Look back

Stand around

Switch off

Crack down

Go on

Jazz (something) up

Mull over

Narrow down

Brighten up

Call off

Think back

Think over

Speak out

Blow somebody away

Cast your mind back

Tidy away
Vocabulary: Journalism

Investigative journalism

Take out injunctions

Whistle-blowing

Sensitive information

Published more scoops

Protect its sources

 Unit 6
Vocabulary: Predictions

A distant memory: Predictions with a link to the past

The signs are: the evidence for a prediction

The days of living on islands will be over: a situation that will stop because of changing conditions

Become a thing of the past: predictions with a link to the past

May well: predictions that are highly possible

Is likely to: predictions that are highly possible

Vocabulary Plus: Prepositional phrases

On track

On average: generally

On trial

At risk of: vulnerable to

At least: a minimum of

At present: Right now

By far

By nature

By law: Legally

In decline for: falling fast

In danger of: Close to becoming extinct

In effect

Out of control: Completely crazy

Out of sight

Out of necessity
Off course: Away from a scheduled path.

Off the place: too slow to keep up

Off balance: in an unsteady position

Above suspicion: Assumed to be innocent

Above board: Legal

Above all: The most important thing is

Over the hill: past my best (too old now)

Over the moon: extremely happy

Over the top: too much

Under the weather: Little bit sick

Under the impression: Thinking (probably wrongly)

Under oath: obliged by the law to tell the truth in court

Vocabulary: Language

Lingua franca: a medium of communication used between people who speak different languages.
E.g. English has become a lingua franca in many parts of the world.

Global language: a language used all around the world. E.g. English has become a global language.

Command of a language: ability to use a language. E.g. Applicants will be expected to have (a)
good command of English.

Mind your language: pay attention to the words that you use (for example, in order not to appear
rude). E.g. watch your language, young man!

Language barrier: a breakdown in communication as a result of people not having a common

language in which to communicate. The difficulties faced when people who have no language in
common attempt to communicate with each other.

Dead language: a language which is no longer in use, for example Latin or ancient Greek. E.g.
Latin is a dead language

Official language: the language which is used for official (e.g. legal) purposes in a country. E.g.

English and French are the official languages of Canada.

Every day language: the language used to communicate on a day-to-day basis. E.g. the national
language of Ireland is 'gaeilge' (Gaelic or Irish), but English is the everyday language.

Offensive language: Language which can be used to offend someone.

Vocabulary Bank
Get a word in edgeways: Someone is talking so much its hard for you to say anything.

Get to the point: Someone should say what they want to say (instead of talking around the
subject)

Cross purposes: There has been a misunderstanding on both sides

Cant catch what you say: You cant hear what the other person is saying

Need a good talking to: Somebody needs to be reprimanded for something

Talking shop: Someone talks about their work

Run that by me one more time: You need someone to repeat what they said

Cant make head or tail of: You cant understand anything that someone is trying to say

An understatement to say the least: You think a situation is more serious than someone else
suggested

Get the wrong end of the sick: Someone has completely misunderstood what you have said (so
they do something different)