ISSN 1064-2269, Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics, 2017, Vol. 62, No. 10, pp. 11721181.

Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2017.

NANOELECTRONICS

Effect of the Radius on the Resonance Properties

of Carbon Nanotube Dipole Antennas1
E. Medina-Guerraa and ngel Salazarb, *
a
Facultad de Ingeniera Elctrica y Electrnica, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Campus Laureles, Medelln, Colombia
bGrupo de ptica y Espectroscopa (GOE), Centro de Ciencia Bsica, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana,
Campus Laureles, Medelln, Colombia
*e-mail: angel.salazar@upb.edu.co
Received March 28, 2017

AbstractThe resonance characteristics of dipole antennas based on armchair carbon nanotube are numer-
ically investigated. The analysis takes into account the interaction of electrons with acoustic phonons which
leads to the dependence of the electron relaxation time on the radius of the nanotube. The input impedance
of the nanoantena as a function of the frequency of an incident electromagnetic field in the GHz range is
obtained by the numerical solution of the Hallns integral equation. The dynamic quantum mechanical con-
ductivity of armchair carbon nanotubes is used including the explicit dependence of the relaxation frequency
on the radius. In this way, it is adequately described the resonant activity of the nanoantenna depending on
the radius and length of the carbon nanotube. Current distributions are presented.

Keywords: carbon nanotube, nanoantenna, relaxation time, hallens equation, input impedance
DOI: 10.1134/S1064226917100096

INTRODUCTION be also conveniently integrated to nanocircuits

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be
conceptually thought as a nanotube formed by enroll-
ing a graphene layer with mono-atomic thickness and
constituted by a hexagonal structure of carbon atoms
[1]. A SWCNT has a radius from a tenth of nanometer
to some few nanometers and depending on its geome-
try it can be either metallic or semiconductor. Metallic
carbon nanotubes (CNT) are interesting for nanoan-
tenna applications due to their excellent conductive
properties which are better than for common metals.
Significant work on SWCNT antennas has been done
in recent years [112]. Now well, SWCNT antennas
exhibit large impedance per unit length due to the
extremely small radius of the tube. This large imped-
ance strongly reduces the radiation efficiency [5]. The
radius is closely related to the electron relaxation fre-
quency in the CNT which, in turn, affects the conduc-
tivity and should modify the distributed impedance of
the nanoantenna. Therefore, effects on resonance
properties and hence on the current distribution would
be expected. Research has been recently focused on
carbon nanotube bundles, large-radius multi-walled
carbon nanotubes and other structures of CNT anten-
nas which in some cases have demonstrated that can
overcome the problem of low radiation efficiency
[1324]. Anyway, SWCNT based nanoantennas could
1 The article is published in the original.
because CNTs have a high quantum resistance of the
order of several kiloohms and matching a CNT nano-
antenna to high impedance nanoelectronic devices
could be easier to achieve. Besides, nanocircuits are
sensitive to very low currents, such that, signals from
nanoantennas with very low efficiency could be, in
principle, adequately detected by nanodevices. Some
classical works have discussed the performance of a
CNT dipole antenna depending on the radius of the
CNT [6] or the electron relaxation frequency [3, 5, 7].
The aim of this work is also to study the effect of the
radius on the input impedance and resonance proper-
ties of CNT dipole antennas in the gigahertz range.
However, unlike previous works, we have explicitly
taken into account for calculations, the dependence of
the electron relaxation frequency on the CNT radius,
which affects the quantum mechanical conductivity of
the nanotube. The study is based on the numerical
solution of Hallns equation considering the surface
impedance for armchair carbon nanotubes. This con-
sideration allows more accurate predictions of the res-
onance effects of the nanoantenna of CNT according
to its radius. As shown, unappropriated relaxation fre-
quency for a respective nanotube could mislead to a
different behavior. The paper is organized as follows.
Firstly, an exposition of the electromagnetic basics
and numerical procedure is addressed. Secondly, the
most relevant results are presented.

1172
 EFFECT OF THE RADIUS ON THE RESONANCE PROPERTIES 1173

1. HALLNS EQUATION
FOR THE IMPERFECT CONDUCTOR
Hereinafter, as shown in Fig. 1, the CNT dipole a
antennas of total length 2L and nanometric radius
a ! 2L , will be modeled as tubes oriented along the Z
axis with the center at the origin where an idealized
slice gap generator feeds the nanoantenna. L

Hallens equation allows obtaining the current on

the surface of a finite diameter antenna, which is
induced by an electric potential difference between the
terminals of the antenna. The Hallns equation is [5],
L
2 e z i
K ( z z ') + exp ( jk z z ' )

ex
k L
L
I ( z ') dz ' = d1 sin ( kz ) + d 2 cos ( kz ) (1)
4 e V in
j sin ( k z ) .
2k
In this equation, V in is the amplitude of the input volt-
age, is the angular frequency of the incident and Fig. 1. Model for a CNT dipole antenna.
scattered electric fields, e is the permittivity of the
medium, k = 2 is the wave number, is the wave-
length, I ( z ') is the current on the antenna, z ' is the form, the azimuthal dependence is removed and
coordinate of a source point, and z is the coordinate of K ex ( z z ') can be replaced by,
the field point. d1 and d 2 are constant to be determined
K ex ( z z ') K app ( z z ')
in the solution process of the equation. z i is the
antennas impedance per unit length and is given by,
=
(
exp jk ( z z ') 2 + a 2 ). (5)

zi = 1 , (2) ( z z ') 2 + a 2
2a
where is the conductivity. K ex ( z z ') is called the 2. NUMERICAL PROCEDURE
exact kernel and is given by,
The numerical solution of Eq. (1), allows obtaining
2 the current on the antenna as a function of the fre-
exp ( jkR )
K ex ( z z ') = 1 d ' , (3) quency of the electric field, and then to estimate the
2 R input impedance. The input impedance is obtained as
Z in = V in I ( 0) , where V in is the input voltage as men-
0

 
where R = r r ' is the magnitude of the vector from tioned above and I ( 0) is the current at the center of
a source point on the antenna to the field point. The the antenna. Eq. (1) can be solved using the method of
modified kernel is given by the sum, moments (MOM). A clear exposition of the method
can be found in [25] and [26]. We used the version of
2 e z i the method known as point-matching technique. The
K ( z z ') = K ex ( z z ') +
k procedure consists in expanding the current I ( z ') in
2
exp ( jkR ) terms of known basis functions, Pn ( z ') , and determin-
exp ( jk z z ' ) = 1 d ' (4) ing the coefficients of the linear combination. For this
2 R purpose, the total length of the antenna, from L to
0
2 e z i L , is divided in N equal subintervals z n' = z n' +1 z n' ,
+ exp ( jk z z ' ).
k where z1' = L and z N' +1 = L. For each subinterval, a
The exact kernel can be approximated considering pulse function Pn ( z ') is used and defined as 1 within
that the current is along the axis of the antenna. In this the subinterval and 0 outside of it, that is, Pn ( z ' ) = 1 if

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1174 MEDINA-GUERRA, SALAZAR

7000 in Eq. (7) can be numerically solved and the expansion

coefficients, including the constants d1 and d2 are
6000 determined. Once the coefficients are determined, the
current distribution on the antenna is completely
5000 known and it is possible to evaluate the input imped-
ance of the nanoantenna. It was shown in [27] that if
4000 N @ L and the approximate kernel is used for calcu-
, GHz

a
3000 lations, oscillations appear in the obtained current at
the ends and center of the antenna. Therefore, using
the exact kernel is necessary in this case. In this work,
2000
calculations were performed with N = 1000, so that the
number of subintervals was much lower than the ratio
1000
L in all the considered cases and the approximate ker-
a
0 10 20 30 40 50 nel was used.
m
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Fig. 2. Relaxation frequency of armchair CNTs as a func-
tion of m with = 6.167 m/Ks and T = 293.15 K. A. Conductivity
A CNT is characterized by an ordered pair (m, n),
with n and m positive integers such that 0 n m. The
z ' z n' , and Pn ( z ') = 0 if z ' z n' . Then, the current radius a of the CNT depends on the n and m values in the
is written in the form,
form a = ( 3b 2) m 2 + mn + n 2, where b = 0.142 nm
N
is the distance between nearest carbon atoms in the
I ( z ') c P ( z') .
n n (6) graphene. If n = 0 , the CNT is called zigzag and has
n =1 metallic properties when m is multiple of 3, and semi-
According to the definition of Pn ( z ') , in each subinter- conductor properties in another case. If m = n, the
val the approximated value of the current is cn. Using CNT is called armchair and has metallic behavior. In
Eqs. (5) and (6) in Eq. (1) the following equation sys- [28], the dynamic quantum two-dimensional surface
tem results, conductivity for SWCNT was obtained by a semiclas-
sical approach using the one dimensional Boltz-
N manns transport equation [29]. In particular, for a
c Z n mn = d1 sin ( kz ) small radius armchair carbon nanotube, m < 50 , this
conductivity is given by,
n =1 (7)
4 e V in
+ d 2 cos ( kz ) j sin ( k z ) , 2e 2v F ,
2k cn ( ) j (9)
where  a 1 + j
2

Z mn =
(
exp jk ( z m z ') 2 + a 2
) where e is the electron charge, v F is the Fermi speed,
( z m z ') 2 + a 2
z n
(8)
2 e z i
+ exp ( jk z m z ' ) dz '.
k
The zm are the matching points. By selection of these
points in each subinterval, the coefficients of the
expansion are determined after the values of the inte-
grals in Eq. (8) are obtained and replaced in Eq. (7).
The matching points zm = z1, z2, ..., zN are taken as the
midpoints of each subinterval. Because the current is
zero at the extreme points of the antenna, then
I(L) = 0. These boundary conditions are satisfied by
choosing c1 = cN = 0. In this way, the equation system
which is of the order of 106 m/s,  is the reduced
Plancks constant, is the electric field frequency, is
the relaxation time which accounts for interactions of
electrons with acoustic phonons, and a is again the
radius of the CNT. Assuming a CNT without defects,
the acoustic phonon scattering in metallic CNTs is
fundamentally due to the twist mode of vibration of
the nanotube. In this case, the mean free length of the
electron would be given by l ac = ac 2a T , where T is
the absolute temperature and ac is a parameter in the
range from 4.00 105 to 5.65 105 K [1]. Consis-
tently, the lifetime or relaxation time is given by
= 2a ( T ) , and is a constant that has been esti-
mated as approximately 1.6 m/Ks [30], nearly
6.5 m/Ks [31], or in the range 9.212 m/Ks [32].
Additionally, the relaxation frequency is given by

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 EFFECT OF THE RADIUS ON THE RESONANCE PROPERTIES 1175

0.06 0.06

Re , S 1 0.05
0.04 1
2
0.04
0.02 3 2

||, S
4 0.03
3
0
0.02
1 4
3 2 4
Im , S

0.02
0.01

0.04
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
F, GHz F, GHz
Fig. 3. Real (solid lines) and imaginary (dashed lines) parts of the dynamic conductivity (left) and its modulus (right) for different
armchair CNTs. Curves 14 correspond m: 13, 20, 30 and 40.

= 1 = T ( 2a ). Assuming the relaxation fre- radius removes the dependence of the conductivity on
( )
12 1 1 the radius giving,
quency of a CNT as = 3 10 s [5, 33], tak-
ing m = 40 (a = 2.712 nm) and T = 293.15 K, the value 4e 2v F
cnc ( 0)
. (11)
= 6.167 m/K s is obtained and used in our calcula-  T
2

tions. In Fig. 2, the relaxation frequency for armchair

CNTs as a function of m is shown. In the subsequent
analysis, CNTs with m = 13 (a = 0.8814 nm), m = 20
(a = 1.356 nm), m = 30 (a = 2.034 nm), and m = 40
(a = 2.712 nm) shall be considered. These values of
the radius correspond, respectively, to the relaxation
frequencies = 1.03 1012 s1, 6.67 1011 s1, 4.4
1011
s1and 3.33 10 11
s1.
Since the Fermi speed is
106 m/s, the mean free path for the electron in the
CNT corresponding to the lower relaxation frequency
would be of the order of 3 m and it would be also the
largest one in our analysis. For this reason, we present
calculations for nanoantennas with half-length of 5
and 10 m which have a total length much larger than
the mean free path in any of the cases considered. In
this form, the model is adjusted to a situation without
ballistic conduction.
Expression in Eq. (9) can also be written in terms of
the relaxation frequency as,
2 small relaxation time and very short electron mean
2e v F
cn ( ) j .
 a ( j )
2
Figure 3 shows a graphic of the real and imaginary
parts and the magnitude of the dynamic conductivity
in Eq. (10), as a function of the frequency in the range
01000 GHz and for the different CNTs that have
been considered. In the static case ( = 0), the depen-
dence of the relaxation frequency with respect to the
This result is the same no matter the CNTs radius and
contrasts with that presented in Fig. 2 in [2] and in
Fig. 3 in [5], where the dependence of the relaxation
frequency on the radius was not considered in
Eq. (10).
B. Input Impedance
For a CNT dipole antenna, the input impedance can
be obtained by solving numerically the Hallns equa-
tion, Eq. (1), using the procedure exposed in Section 3.
The impedance per unit length is given in this case by
Eq. (2) using Eq. (10), that is, z i = z cn = 1 ( 2 cn ).
Assuming an unit slice gap generator [34], the current
distribution is obtained and the input impedance is
given by Z in = V in I ( 0) , where I(0) is the current at
the center of the antenna. At room temperature, the
dispersion by acoustic phonons is the dominant scat-
tering mechanism under low-field conditions. High-
field conditions would cause scattering of the elec-
trons by optical phonons, which would result in very
(10) free path. In order to make the calculations conceptu-
ally consistent with the fact of considering only disper-
sion by acoustic phonons, the input voltage was taken
as V in = 0.1 V. Figure 4 shows the normalized real and
imaginary parts of the input impedance of a CNT
dipole antenna for the different m values that have
been considered. The nanoantenna has a half-length
of 10 m. The values of the input impedance were nor-
malized to the quantum resistance of CNTs which is

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1176 MEDINA-GUERRA, SALAZAR

120
60
100
40
4
80 4
20 3

Im Zin/R0
Re Zin/R0

3 2
60 0 1
2
40 1 20
40
20
60
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
F, GHz F, GHz

Fig. 4. Normalized real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the input impedance of a CNT dipole antenna for different m values.
The nanoantenna has a half-length of 10 m. Curves 14 correspond m: 13, 20, 30 and 40.

R0 = 12.9 k [1]. In this sense, the quantum resis-
tance is used for comparison in the same way that 50
can be used for macroantennas. Based on the fact that
there is a resonance when the imaginary part is zero, it
is observed that there are several resonance frequen-
cies for each CNT. There is a resonance frequency
when the imaginary part of the normalized input
impedance is zero, that is, X in = Im ( Z in R0 ) = 0 and
the curve is rising before being zero, and there is an
antiresonance frequency when the imaginary part of
the normalized input impedance is zero and the curve
is falling before being zero. These resonance frequen-
cies shift to left when the radius of the CNT increases,
i.e., when m increases. In other words, the value of the
resonance frequencies increases if the radius
decreases. Table 1 shows the values of the first reso-
nance frequency and the respective normalized input
impedance for each CNT antenna. Table 1 also
includes both, the relaxation frequency used for calcu-
lations depending on the CNT radius, and the fre-
quency F = 2 below which resonances seem to be
suppressed. Notice that the first resonant frequency
for each CNT antenna is greater than the respective
F . From Fig. 4 it is observed that no one of the CNTs
presents resonances below the corresponding F . The
relaxation frequency and F both increase when the
radius decreases. From the results, it is clear that the
input impedance increases when the radius of the
CNT decreases. Also, notice that the maximum
amplitude of the curves decreases if m decreases.
Physically, the linear dependence of the relaxation
time on the radius comes from the linear dependence
of the mean free path of the electrons on the radius as
well. When the diameter of the CNT decreases, there
will be a higher density of states per unit cell which at
the same time, enhances the probability of back scat-
tering of the electrons [1]. For m = 13, the remarkably
small radius, a = 0.8814 nm, tends to dump the imag-
inary part of the input impedance and to avoid reso-
nances. For m = 6 (a = 0.4068 nm), for example,
results are not shown but no resonance frequencies
were observed.

Table 1. Values of the first resonance frequency and the respective normalized input impedance for a CNT dipole antenna
with half-length of 10 m. Also shown are the m, and F values
L = 10 m

First resonant Relaxation

Radius, Normalized input F = /2,
m frequency, frequency
nm impedance Zin/R0 GHz
GHz = T/2a, s1

13 0.8814 210 30.76 1.03 1012 164

20 1.356 177 18.12 6.67 1011 106
30 2.034 165 11.87 4.44 1011 71
40 2.712 160 8.81 3.33 1011 53

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 EFFECT OF THE RADIUS ON THE RESONANCE PROPERTIES 1177

200 100
4
4
150 50 3
3
2

Im Zin/R0
Re Zin/R0

1
100 0
2

50 50
1

100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
F, GHz F, GHz

Fig. 5. Normalized real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the input impedance of a CNT dipole antenna for different m values.
The nanoantenna has a half-length of 5 m. Curves 14 correspond m: 13, 20, 30 and 40.

Figure 5 shows the normalized input impedance of
a CNT dipole antenna for the different values of m and
having a half-length of 5 m. The shorter length of the
CNT produces higher resonance frequencies in com-
parison to the 10 m half-length CNT antenna. Again,
the resonance frequencies shift to the left when the
radius of the CNT increases, i.e., when m increases.
Table 2 shows the values of the first resonance fre-
quencies for each CNT antenna with the respective
normalized input impedance. Both, the first reso-
nance frequency and the respective input impedance
increase when the radius of the CNT decreases. Also,
the maximum amplitude of the curves decreases if m
decreases but in all cases is higher than for the 10 m
half-length CNT antenna. Additionally, the relaxation
frequency and the damping frequency, F = 2,
below which resonances are suppressed, are included.
These are the same no matter the length of the CNT.
For a further comparison, Fig. 6 shows the normal-
ized real and imaginary parts of the input impedances for
the CNT dipole antennas with m = 13 (a = 0.881 nm)
and having a half-length of 5 and 10 m. It is notorious
the big increment of the maximum amplitude of the
curves for the shortest CNT antenna. On the other
side, the longest CNT antenna has more resonances in
the considered range of frequencies. Similarly, Fig. 7
shows the normalized real and imaginary parts of the
input impedances for the CNT dipole antennas with
m = 40 (a = 2.712 nm) and having a half-length of 5
and 10 m. In addition, it was observed that increasing
the radius of the nanotube from a = 0.881 to a =
2.712 nm produces a shift to the left of the values of the
resonance frequencies of the nanoantenna with m = 40
with respect to the nanoantenna with m = 13. Using
the corresponding relaxation frequency depending
on the CNT radius is important. Figure 8 shows the
normalized real and imaginary parts of the input
impedance for a CNT dipole antenna with m = 6 (a =
0.4068 nm) and having a half-length of 10 m. The
input impedance was calculated by using the adequate
relaxation frequency = 2.22 1012 s1 obtained from
= T/2a. The nanoantenna would not resonate in
this case. However, if the incorrect relaxation fre-
quency for m = 40 (a = 2.712 nm) is used, i.e.
= 3.33 1011 s1, calculations predict that the nano-
antenna would resonate.

Table 2. Values of the first resonance frequency and the respective normalized input impedance for a CNT dipole antenna
with half-length of 5 m. Also shown are the m, and F values
L = 5 m
First resonant Relaxation
Radius, Normalized input F = /2,
m frequency, frequency
nm impedance Zin/R0 GHz
GHz = T/2a, s1
13 0.8814 338 13.74 1.03 1012 164
20 1.356 321 8.85 6.67 10 11 106
30 2.034 309 5.88 4.44 1011 71
40 2.712 301 4.40 3.33 1011 53

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1178 MEDINA-GUERRA, SALAZAR

80
100

1
60
50

Im Zin/R0
Re Zin/R0

1
2
40 0
2
50
20

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
F, GHz F, GHz
Fig. 6. Normalized real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the input impedances for the CNT dipole antennas with m = 13
(a = 0.8814 nm) and having a half-length of 5 m (1) and 10 m (2).

200 100

150 50
1
Im Zin/R0
Re Zin/R0

100 1 0
2

50 2 50

100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
F, GHz F, GHz
Fig. 7. Normalized real (left) and imaginary (right) parts of the input impedances for the CNT dipole antennas with m = 40
(a = 2.712 nm) and having a half-length of 5 m (1) and 10 m (2).

140 100

120
50
100
Im Zin/R0
Re Zin/R0

80
0
60 2 2

1 1
40
50
20

100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
F, GHz F, GHz
Fig. 8. Normalized real (left) and imaginary (right) part of the input impedance for a CNT dipole antenna with m = 6 (a = 0.4068 nm)
and having a half-length of 10 m. The input impedance was calculated using both the appropriated relaxation frequency (1) and
the relaxation frequency for m = 40 (2).

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 EFFECT OF THE RADIUS ON THE RESONANCE PROPERTIES 1179

10 0.5 10
4
4
8 0 8
3

Im I, A
3
Re I, A
6 6

|I|, A
2 0.5 4
4 4 2
2
1 1.0 1
2 2
1 3
0 1.5 0
1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0
z/L z/L z/L

Fig. 9. Real (left) and imaginary (middle) parts, and magnitude (right) of the current distributions for CNT dipole antennas hav-
ing a half-length of 10 m and different radii. The current distributions were obtained for the respective first resonance frequency
in each case. Curves 14 correspond m: 13, 20, 30 and 40.

20 0.5 20
4 4
15 0 15
3 3
Im I, A
Re I, A

|I|, A
10 2 0.5 10
1 4 2
5 1 1.0 5 1
3
2
0 1.5 0
1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0
z/L z/L z/L

Fig. 10. Real (left) and imaginary (middle) parts, and magnitude (right) of the current distributions for CNT dipole antennas hav-
ing a half-length of 5 m and different radii. The current distributions were obtained for the respective first resonance frequency
in each case. Curves 14 correspond m: 13, 20, 30 and 40.

C. Current Distributions
Figure 9 shows the real and imaginary parts and
magnitude of the current distributions for CNT dipole
antennas having a half-length of 10 m and different
radii. The current distributions correspond to those for
the first resonant frequencies according to Table 1. It
is observed that in all cases the magnitude of the cur-
rent distribution presents a resonant-like half-wave
sinusoid form. Similarly, Fig. 10 shows the real and
imaginary parts, and magnitude of the current distri-
butions for CNT dipole antennas having a half-length
of 5 m and different radii. The current distributions
correspond to those for the first resonant frequencies

0.4 1.5 1.5

4
0.3 4 3 4
1.0 1.0 3
Im I, A
Re I, A

3
|I|, A

0.2 2
0.5 2 0.5 2
0.1 1 1 1

0 0 0
1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0
z/L z/L z/L

Fig. 11. Real (left) and imaginary (middle) parts, and magnitude (right) of the current distributions for CNT dipole antennas hav-
ing a half-length of 10 m and different radii. The current distributions were calculated for a not resonant 53 GHz frequency.
Curves 14 correspond m: 13, 20, 30 and 40.

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1180 MEDINA-GUERRA, SALAZAR

0.05 0.8 0.8

4 4
0.04 0.6 4 0.6
3
3

Im I, A
Re I, A
0.03 3

|I|, A
2 0.4 0.4
0.02 2 2
1 0.2 1 0.2 1
0.01
0 0 0
1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0
z/L z/L z/L

Fig. 12. Real (left) and imaginary (middle) parts, and magnitude (right) of the current distributions for CNT dipole antennas hav-
ing a half-length of 5 m and different radii. The current distributions were calculated for a not resonant 53 GHz frequency.
Curves 14 correspond m: 13, 20, 30 and 40.

according to Table 2. Similarly, in this case, the magni-
tude of the current distribution presents a resonant-like
half-wave sinusoid form. Figures 9 and 10 show that the
maximum amplitude of the current increases if the
radius increases as a consequence of the decreasing of
the impedance per unit length according to Eq. (2).
Figure 11 shows the real and imaginary parts and
magnitude of the current distributions for CNT dipole
antennas having a half-length of 10 m and different
radii. The current distributions where calculated in
this case for a frequency of 53 GHz. According to
Table 1, no resonances would appear for this fre-
quency. It is consistent with the triangular form of the
magnitude of the current distributions. No resonant
behavior is observed. Similar non resonant results
were obtained for the current distributions for CNT
dipole antennas having a half-length of 5 m and dif-
ferent radii shown in Fig. 12.
CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the resonance characteristics of CNT
dipole antennas in the GHz range were investigated.
The integral Hallns equation was numerically solved
by considering the dynamic quantum mechanical
conductivity of armchair CNTs. The influence of the
radius of the CNT on the electron relaxation fre-
quency and conductivity accounting for interactions
with acoustic phonons was considered. In this way, the
effect of the radius on the impedance per unit length
was taken into account in Hallns equation. The cal-
culation of the input impedance as a function of the
frequency showed a remarkable influence of the CNT
radius on the resonant activity of the nanoantenna.
For a fixed length, an increasing of the resonance fre-
quency values was obtained when the radius of the
nanoantenna decreases and different damping fre-
quencies depending on the radius were also obtained
below which resonances are suppressed. No reso-
nances were obtained for very small radius CNT nano-
antennas. Resonant and not resonant current distribu-
tions were presented for CNT dipole antennas with
different length and radii. For resonant current distri-
butions the highest maximum of current corresponds
to the greatest radius.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ngel Salazar acknowledges the financial support
of the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medelln-
Colombia, its Centro de Ciencia Bsica and Centro de
Investigacin para el Desarrollo y la Innovacin,
CIDI, throughout the research 236B-07/14-27. The
authors appreciate and acknowledge the significant
comments and suggestions made by the anonymous
reviewers.
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