Mini Project

Reaction Engineering (CKB 20104)

Semester January 2017

Group Number: ____9___

Student Name *According to the work task distributed Section Student ID

1)SHARIFAH NASUHA BINTI S. MAHADI LO1 55213115264

2)MUHAMMAD AFNAN BIN SYIHABUDDIN LO1 55213115409

3)MUHAMMAD HAFIZAN HAKIMIN BIN MAHADZIR LO1 55213115277

4)MUHAMMAD HILMI BIN JAMALUDIN LO1 55213115219

Calculation Basis:

5.5

Type of Reactor: Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

Table of Contents
STAGE 2
1.0 MASS BALANCE ........................................................................................................... 3
2.0 STOCHIOMETRIC TABLE ............................................................................................ 6
3.0 REACTION KINETICS ................................................................................................. 16

4.0 REACTOR DESIGN AND SIZING .............................................................................. 21

REFFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 32

APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 33

2
1.0 Mass Balance
1.1 Calculate an overall mass balance.

CHOOCH + NaOH CHCOONa + CHOH

A + B C + D

Ao = 121.3803 CSTR

A = 36.4159

Bo = 275.4993 B = 236.9302

C = 79.1058

D = 44.4238

OVERALL MASS BALANCE

Mass flow rate total in = Mass flow rate total out

MAo + MBo + MCo + MDo = MA + MB + MC + MD

121.3803 + 275.4993 = 36.4159 + 236.9302 +79.1058 + 44.4238

396.8796 = 396.8757

3
 1.2 Start with balanced stoichiometric equation.

SPECIES SYMBOL
INITIAL ( ) REMAINING ( )

CHCOOCH A FAo = 1.3776 FA = 0.4133
NaOH B FBo = 6.888 FB = 5.9237
CHCOONa C - FC = 0.9643
CHOH D - FD = 0.9643
Total FTo = 8.2656 FT = 8.2656
Table 1.0 : Stoichiometric table

1.3 Present your calculations in a MASS BALANCE TABLE with the IN and
OUT numbers as shown below. The units must be presented in quantities of
g/s.

Table 2.0 : Mass Balance table.

TYPE OF SPECIES IN ( ) OUT ( )

CHCOOCH Ao = FAo x mw(NaOH) A = FA x mw(NaOH)

=1.3776 x 88.11 = 0.4133 x 88.11
= 121.3803 = 36.4159
NaOH Bo = FBo x mw (CHCOOCH) B = FB x mw (CHCOOCH)
= 6.888 x 39.997 = 5.9237 x 39.997
= 275.4993 = 236.9302

CCOONa - C = FC x mw(CHCOONa)
= 0.9643 x 82.0344
= 79.1058
CHOH - D = FD x mw(CHOH)
= 0.9643 x 46.06844
= 44.4238
Total To= Ao + Bo T = A + B + C + D
= 121.3803 + 275.4993 = 36.4159+ 236.9302+
= 396.8796 79.1058 + 44.4238
= 396.8757

4
 1.4 Based on the given production rate, determine the change of each species mass
flow rate if the production rate is increased from 0 to 100%. Plot a Figure that
charted the changes for each species mass flow rate versus production rate
increment (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%).

Table 3.0 : Mass balance table with the changes of each species mass flow rate.

Production
Rate Ao Bo A B C D To T
Increment (g/s) (g/s) (g/s) (g/s) (g/s) (g/s) (g/s) (g/s)
(%)
0 121.3821 275.5033 36.41463 236.933 79.10814 44.42514 396.8854 396.8809

20 145.6582 330.6032 43.69745 284.3187 94.93009 53.31035 476.2614 476.2566

40 169.9351 385.7051 50.98053 331.7063 110.752 62.19556 555.6402 555.6345

60 194.2112 440.8049 58.26335 379.0924 126.5732 71.08032 635.0161 635.0092

80 218.4872 495.9048 65.54617 426.478 142.3951 79.96553 714.3921 714.3849

100 242.7642 551.0067 72.82926 473.8657 158.2339 88.85074 793.7709 793.7795

600

500
MASS FLOW RATE G/S

400

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
PRODUCTION RATE INCREMENT %

Ao Bo A B C D

Figure 1.0 : The changes for each species mass flow rate versus production rate increment.

5
2.0 STOCHIOMETRIC TABLE

2.1 Develop a general stoichiometric table for the reaction system using only symbols
to represent the variables. [1]

A + B C + D

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH

species symbol initial(mol/s) change remaining(mol/s)

CH3COOC2H5 A FA0 -FA0X FA = FA0-FA0X

NaOH B FB0 =
- FA0X FB = FA0.B - FA0X
FA0.B

CH3COONa C FC0 = + FA0X FC = FA0.C + FA0X
FA0.C
C2H5OH D FD0 =
+ FA0X FD = FA0.D + FA0X
FA0.D
FT0 = FA0 + FT = FA+ FB+ FC+ FD
FA0.B +
FA0.C +
FA0.D

Table 1 : stochiometric tabble symbol

6
 2.2 Subsequently develop another stoichiometric table and substitute in the real
NUMBERS based on own calculations using the basis given in the assigned task . [1]

Production rate (sodium acetate) : 5.5 Million lbm/year

Convert ibm to gram (1 lbm = 453.592 37 Gram)

453.59237 1 1 1
= 5.5 Million x x 365 x 24 x 3600
1

= 79.108 g/s

Given conversion X : 70%

Molar mass Sodium Acetate : 82.0343 g/mol

1
Fc = 79.108 g/s x 82.0343

= 0.9643

Fc = Fc0 + 0 X

0 =

0.9643
=
0.7

= 1.3776

7
EtAc initial conc. , CB0: 0.1 M

NaOH initial conc., CA0 : 0.5 M

CB0 0.5 M
B = CA0 = 0.1 M : B = 5 Temperature : 340 K NaOH conversion X :70%

SPECIES SYMBOL INITIAL (mol/s) CHANGE (mol/s) REMAINING (mol/s)

NaOH A FA0 = 1.3776 -FA0X FA = FA0-FA0X
- 1.3776(0.7) = 1.3776-0.96432
= - 0.96432 = 0.41328

CH3COOC2H5 B FB0 = FA0.B

- FA0X

FB = FA0.B - FA0X
=(1.3776)(5) 1
- 1 (1.3776)(0.7) = 6.888 - 0.96432
= 6.888
= 5.92368
= - 0.96432

CH3COONa C FC0 = FA0.C + FA0X FC = FA0.C + FA0X
=0 1 = 0 + 0.96432
+ 1 (1.3776)(0.7)
= 0.96432
= + 0.96432

C2H5OH D FD0 = FA0.D

+ FA0X

FD = FA0.D + FA0X
=0 1
+ (1.3776)(0.7) = 0 + 0.96432
1
= 0.96432
= + 0.96432

TOTAL FTO = 1.3776 + 6.888+ 0 + 0 FT = 0.41328 +5.92368 +

= 8.2656 mol/s 0.96432 + 0.96432
= 8.2656 mol/s
Table 2 : stochiometric table with real numbers and value

8
 2.3 Based on the given production rate, determine the change of each species mass
flowrate/mass if one of the raw material capacity is increased from 0 to 100%.
Develop the stoichiometric tables for each scenario (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%).1

For 0% INCREASE MASS FLOWRATE :

Molar mass Sodium Acetate : 82.0343 g/mol

Production rate = 79.108 g/s

1
Fc = 79.108 g/s x 82.0343 = 0.9643 EtAc initial conc. , CB0: 0.1 M

Fc = Fc0 + 0 X NaOH initial conc., CA0 : 0.5 M

0 = = 1.3776

CB0 0.5 M
B = CA0 = 0.1 M : B = 5 Temperature : 340 K NaOH conversion X :70%

SPECIES SYMBOL INITIAL (mol/s) CHANGE (mol/s) REMAINING (mol/s)

NaOH A FA0 = 1.3776 -FA0X FA = FA0-FA0X
- 1.3776(0.7) = 1.3776-0.96432
= - 0.96432 = 0.41328

CH3COOC2H5 B FB0 = FA0.B

- FA0X FB = FA0.B - FA0X

=(1.3776)(5)
1 = 6.888 - 0.96432
= 6.888 - 1 (1.3776)(0.7)
= 5.92368
= - 0.96432

CH3COONa C FC0 = FA0.C + FA0X FC = FA0.C + FA0X
=0 1 = 0 + 0.96432
+ 1 (1.3776)(0.7)
= 0.96432
= + 0.96432

C2H5OH D FD0 = FA0.D

+ FA0X

FD = FA0.D + FA0X
=0 1
+ 1(1.3776)(0.7) = 0 + 0.96432
= 0.96432
= + 0.96432

TOTAL FTO = 1.3776 + 6.888+ 0 + 0 FT = 0.41328 +5.92368 +

= 8.2656 mol/s 0.96432 + 0.96432
= 8.2656 mol/s
Table 3 : 0% increment of mass flow rate of raw material A

1 Chapter 4: Stoichiometry. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from http://umich.edu/~elements/5e/04chap/summary.html

9
For 20% INCREASE MASS FLOWRATE:

From Task 2 table, the value of FA is 0.41328 mol/s

Find mass of Raw material A (Ethyl acetate)

Molacular weight of Ethyl Acetate : 88.11g/mol 2

MA = FA molar mass of A = 0.41328 88.11 = 36.4141 g/s

New mass flowrate after 20% increment = 43.69 g/s

1 1
Fa = mass flowrate = 43.69 88.11 = 0.4958 mol/s

Find new FA0 FA0 = (1) = 1.6526 mol/s

SPECIES SYMBOL INITIAL (mol/s) CHANGE (mol/s) REMAINING (mol/s)

NaOH A FA0 = 1.6526 -FA0X FA = FA0-FA0X
- 1.6526(0.7) = 1.6526-1.15682
= - 1.15682 = 0.4958

CH3COOC2H5 B FB0 = FA0.B

- FA0X FB = FA0.B - FA0X

=(1.6526)(5) 1
- 1 (1.6526)(0.7) = 8.263- 1.15682
= 8.263
= 7.1061
= - 1.15682

CH3COONa C FC0 = FA0.C + FA0X FC = FA0.C + FA0X
=0 1 = 0 + 1.15682
+ 1 (1.6526)(0.7)
= 1.15682
= + 1.15682

C2H5OH D FD0 = FA0.D

+ FA0X FD = FA0.D + FA0X

=0 1
+ 1(1.6526)(0.7) = 0 + 1.15682
= 1.15682
= + 1.15682

TOTAL FTO = 1.6526+ 8.263+ 0 + 0 FT = 0.4958 +7.1061 +

= 9.9156 mol/s 1.15682+ 1.15682
= 9.9156 mol/s
Table 4 : 20% increment of mass flowrate of raw material A

2 ETHYL ACETATE. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ethyl_acetate

10
For 40% INCREASE MASS FLOWRATE:

From Task 2 table, the value of FA is 0.41328 mol/s

Find mass of Raw material A (Ethyl acetate)

Molacular weight of Ethyl Acetate : 88.11g/mol

MA = FA molar mass of A

= 0.41328 88.11

= 36.4141 g/s

New mass flowrate after 40% increment = 50.9797 g/s

1
Fa = mass flowrate

1
= 50.9797 88.11 = 0.5785 mol/s

Find new FA0 FA0 = (1) = 1.9283 mol/s

SPECIES SYMBOL INITIAL (mol/s) CHANGE (mol/s) REMAINING (mol/s)

NaOH A FA0 = 1.9283 -FA0X FA = FA0-FA0X
- 1.9283(0.7) = 1.9283-1.34981
= - 1.34981 = 0.57849

CH3COOC2H5 B FB0 = FA0.B

- FA0X

FB = FA0.B - FA0X
=(1.9283)(5) 1
- 1 (1.9283)(0.7) = 9.6415- 1.34981
= 9.6415
= 8.29169
= - 1.34981

CH3COONa C FC0 = FA0.C + FA0X FC = FA0.C + FA0X
=0 1 = 0 + 1.34981
+ 1 (1.9283)(0.7)
= 1.34981
= + 1.34981

C2H5OH D FD0 = FA0.D

+ FA0X

FD = FA0.D + FA0X
=0 1
+ 1(1.9283)(0.7) = 0 + 1.34981
= 1.34981
= + 1.34981

TOTAL FTO = 1.9283+ 9.6415 + 0 + 0 FT = 0.57849 + 8.29169 +

= 11.5698 mol/s 1.34981+ 1.34981
= 11.5698 mol/s
Table 5 : 40% increment of mass flowrate of raw material A

11
For 60% INCREASE MASS FLOWRATE:

From Task 2 table, the value of FA is 0.41328 mol/s

Find mass of Raw material A (Ethyl acetate)

Molacular weight of Ethyl Acetate : 88.11g/mol

MA = FA molar mass of A

= 0.41328 88.11

= 36.4141 g/s

New mass flowrate after 60% increment = 58.2625 g/s

1
Fa = mass flowrate

1
= 58.2625 88.11 = 0.6612 mol/s

Find new FA0 FA0 = (1) = 2.204 mol/s

SPECIES SYMBOL INITIAL (mol/s) CHANGE (mol/s) REMAINING (mol/s)

NaOH A FA0 = 2.204 -FA0X FA = FA0-FA0X
- 2.204(0.7) = 2.204-1.5428
= - 1.5428 = 0.6612

CH3COOC2H5 B FB0 = FA0.B

- FA0X

FB = FA0.B - FA0X
=(2.204)(5) 1
- 1 (2.204)(0.7) = 11.02 - 1.5428
= 11.02
= 9.4772
= - 1.5428

CH3COONa C FC0 = FA0.C + FA0X FC = FA0.C + FA0X
=0 1 = 0 + 1.5428
+ 1 (2.204)(0.7)
= 1.34981
= + 1.5428

C2H5OH D FD0 = FA0.D

+ FA0X

FD = FA0.D + FA0X
=0 1
+ 1(2.204)(0.7) = 0 + 1.5428
= 1.34981
= + 1.5428

TOTAL FTO = 2.204+ 11.02 + 0 + 0 FT = 0.6612 + 9.4772 +

= 13.224 mol/s 1.5428+ 1.5428
= 13.224 mol/s
Table 6 : 60% increment of mass flowrate of raw material A

12
For 80% INCREASE MASS FLOWRATE:

From Task 2 table, the value of FA is 0.41328 mol/s

Find mass of Raw material A (Ethyl acetate)

Molacular weight of Ethyl Acetate : 88.11g/mol

MA = FA molar mass of A

= 0.41328 88.11

= 36.4141 g/s

New mass flowrate after 80% increment = 65.545g/s

1
Fa = mass flowrate

1
= 65.54 88.11 = 0.7438 mol/s

Find new FA0 FA0 = (1) = 2.479 mol/s

SPECIES SYMBOL INITIAL (mol/s) CHANGE (mol/s) REMAINING (mol/s)

NaOH A FA0 = 2.479 -FA0X FA = FA0-FA0X
- 2.479(0.7) = 2.479-1.7353
= - 1.7353 = 0.7438

CH3COOC2H5 B FB0 = FA0.B

- FA0X

FB = FA0.B - FA0X
=(2.479)(5) 1
- 1 (2.479)(0.7) = 12.395- 1.7353
= 12.395
= 10.6597
= - 1.7353

CH3COONa C FC0 = FA0.C + FA0X FC = FA0.C + FA0X
=0 1 = 0 + 1.7353
+ 1 (2.479)(0.7)
= 1.7353
= + 1.7353

C2H5OH D FD0 = FA0.D

+ FA0X

FD = FA0.D + FA0X
=0 1
+ 1(2.479)(0.7) = 0 + 1.7353
= 1.7353
= + 1.7353

TOTAL FTO = 2.479+ 12.395 + 0 + 0 FT = 0.6612 + 10.6597 +

= 14.874 mol/s 1.7353+ 1.7353
= 14.874 mol/s
Table 7 : 80% increment of mass flowrate of raw material A
13
For 100% INCREASE MASS FLOWRATE:

From Task 2 table, the value of FA is 0.41328 mol/s

Find mass of Raw material A (Ethyl acetate)

Molacular weight of Ethyl Acetate : 88.11g/mol

MA = FA molar mass of A

= 0.41328 88.11

= 36.4141 g/s

New mass flowrate after 100% increment = 72.8282 g/s

1
Fa = mass flowrate

1
= 72.8282 88.11 = 0.8265 mol/s

Find new FA0 FA0 = (1) = 2.755 mol/s

SPECIES SYMBOL INITIAL (mol/s) CHANGE (mol/s) REMAINING (mol/s)

NaOH A FA0 = 2.755 -FA0X FA = FA0-FA0X
- 2.755(0.7) = 2.755-1.9285
= - 1.9285 = 0.8265

CH3COOC2H5 B FB0 = FA0.B

- FA0X

FB = FA0.B - FA0X
=(2.755)(5) 1
- 1 (2.755)(0.7) = 13.775 - 1.9285
= 13.775
= 11.8465
= - 1.9285

CH3COONa C FC0 = FA0.C + FA0X FC = FA0.C + FA0X
=0 1 = 0 + 1.9285
+ 1 (2.755)(0.7)
= 1.9285
= + 1.9285

C2H5OH D FD0 = FA0.D

+ FA0X

FD = FA0.D + FA0X
=0 1
+ 1(2.755)(0.7) = 0 + 1.9285
= 1.9285
= + 1.9285

TOTAL FTO = 2.755+ 13.775 + 0 + 0 FT = 0.8265 + 11.8465 +

= 16.53 mol/s 1.9285 + 1.9285
= 16.53 mol/s
Table 8 : 100% increment of mass flowrate of raw material A

14
Determine the change of each species mass flowrate if one of the raw material capacity
increase.

Molecular weight of ethyl acetate = 88.11 g/mol

Molecular weight of sodium hydroxide = 39.99711 g/mol

Molecular weight of sodium acetate = 82.0343 g/mol

Molecular weight of ethanol = 46.06844 g/mol

RAW material A
Increment (%) A B C D

(g/s) (g/s) (g/s) (g/s)

0 36.41463 236.933 79.10814 44.42514

20 43.69745 284.3187 94.93009 53.31035

40 50.98053 331.7063 110.752 62.19556

60 58.26335 379.0924 126.5732 71.08032

80 65.54617 426.478 142.3951 79.96553

100 72.82926 473.8657 158.2339 88.85074

Table 9 : increment of mass flowrate of raw material A

15
3.0 REACTION KINETIC
3.1 Chemical equation:

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH

The reaction is irreversible reaction and non-elementary rate law. 3

The reaction is first order with respect to NaOH and CH3COOC2H5
Overall order of the reaction is second order

3.2 Determine Rate constant, K

K1 = 25.0 L/mol.min4
T = 28C = 301 K
Ea = 11,120 cal/mole
R = 1.987 cal/mol.k

11,120 1 1

ln k2 = ln (25.0) + ( )(301 + 340)
1.987
.

ln k2 = 5.351557879

k2 = 0.21694 x 103
.

Initial concentration
CAO = 0.1 M (from assigned task)
CBO = 0.5 M (from assigned task)
CAO
B =
C BO
0.5
= 0.1

=5

3
Ikhazuangbe, Prosper Monday ohien and Oni, Aisosa Babalola Reaction rate and rate constant of the
hydrolysis of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide, Madonna University Enugu, Nigeria p 2.

4
Martin A. Javinsky and Robert H. Kaldec Optimal control of a continuous flow stirred tank chemical
reactor ,1970 p 921 .

16
Conversion, X = 70% = 0.70

CA = = (1-X) = CAO (1-X)

CA = CAO (1-X)
CA = 0.1 (1-0.70)

= 0.03

CB = = (B - x)


CB = CAO (B - x)

CB = 0.1(5-1(0.70))

CB = 0.43

-rA= kCACB

-rA = (0.21094 x 103 .)( 0.03 )(0.43 )


-rA= 2.721126 .

17
 3.3 Changing of temperature (Increase and decrease 10C)

3.3.1 Increase 10C

T= 340 k ; New T = 350 K

ln k2 = ln k1 + ( + )


11,120 1 1
3
ln k2 = 0.21694 x 10 +( )(340 + 350)
. 1.987
.

ln k2 = 5.82186

k2 = 337.599
.

-rA= kCACB

-rA= (337.599 ) ( 0.06 )(0.86 )
.

-rA = 17.420 .

3.3.2 Decrease 10C

T= 340 k ; New T = 330 K

ln k2 = ln k1 + ( + )


11,120 1 1
ln k2 = 0.21694 x 103 +(
)(340 + 350)
. 1.987
.

ln k2 = 4.8528

k2 = 128.097
.

-rA= kCACB

-rA= (128.097 .) ( 0.03 )(0.43 )


-rA = 1.6525 .

Based on the calculation above, it shows that as the temperature increase the reaction rate will
increase and vice versa.

18
 3.4 Changing of Pressure (Increase and decrease 2 MPa)

In this process saponification which is the reaction between sodium hydroxide and
ethyl acetate producing ester and alcohol. The pressure is negligible and the pressure
drop does not affect liquid phase reaction.5

3.5 Changing of conversion (Increase and decrease of 20%)

3.5.1 Increase 20%

Conversion = 70% = 0.70
New conversion = 90% = 0.90

CA = CAO (1-X)
CA = (0.1) (1-0.9)
CA = 0.01

CB = CAO (B - x)

CB = (0.1)(5-0.9)
CB = 0.41

-rA= kCACB

-rA = (0.21094 x 103 (.) ( 0.01 )(0.41 )


-rA = 0.8649 .

5
http://www.umich.edu/~elements/fogler&gurmen/html/course/lectures/four/index.htm [ Accessed on
18/05/2017]

19
 3.5.2 Decrease 20%

Conversion = 70% = 0.70

New conversion = 50% = 0.50

CA = CAO (1-X)
CA = (0.1) (1-0.5)
CA = 0.05

CB = CAO (B - x)

CB = (0.1)(5-0.5)
CB = 0.45

-rA= kCACB

-rA = (0.21094 x 103 (.) ( 0.05 )(0.45 )


-rA = 4.74615 .

Based on the calculation, its shows that as the conversion increase, the reaction rate will
decrease and vice versa.

20
4.0 REACTOR DESIGN AND SIZING

4.1 Find the Volume of reactor assigned (CSTR)

3 2 5 + 3 + 2 5

+ +

Overall rate law : = = 3 25

= 0.03
*Obtained from student 2
= 0.43

K = 210.94 .

= (210.94 ) (0.03 ) (0.43 )
.

= 2.721126
.

= = 2.721126 .

60
= 1.3776 = 82.656 (Obtained from student 2)
1

(82.656 )(0.7)
min
= =
2.721126
.

= 21.2629

21
4.1 Volume of reactor when the pressure is changed

There will be no effect and changes as there is no pressure involve in liquid state
reactant and is assumed negligible.6

6 http://umich.edu/~elements/byconcept/faq4.htm (Accessed on 16th May 2017)

22
 4.2 Volume of reactor when the temperature is changed

4.2.1 Temperature increase by 10C ( at T = 350K )

1 1
ln 2 = ln 1 + ( )
1 2

11120 1 1
ln 2 = ln 210.94 + ( )
. 1.987 340 350
.

2 = 337.599
.

= 0.03 *Obtained from student 2


= 0.43

= (337.599 ) (0.03 ) (0.43 )
.

= 4.3550
.

(82.656 min ) (0.7)
= =

4.3550 .

= 13.2857

23
From the calculation (c. i) it shows that when temperature is added by 10C, the volume
required for the CSTR will decrease from 21.2629 to 13.2857 .

1 1
ln 2 = ln 1 + ( )
1 2

Based from the formula above, it shows the temperature will effect the value of K and rate of
reaction, as the temperature decrease, the value of K will also decrease. Thus, this cause the
value of rate of reaction to decrease too. As the relation of volume is indirectly proportional
towards rate of reactions, the lesser the rate of reaction, the more the volume of reactor will
be needed.

24
4.2.2 Temperature decrease by 10C ( at T = 330K )

1 1
ln 2 = ln 1 + ( )
1 2

11120 1 1
ln 2 = ln 210.94 + ( )
. 1.987 340 330
.

2 = 128.097
.

= 0.03 *Obtained from student 2


= 0.43

= (128.097 ) (0.03 ) (0.43 )
.

= 1.6524
.

(82.656 min ) (0.7)
= =

1.6524 .

= 35.01

25
From the calculation (c. ii) it shows that when temperature is reduced by 10C, the volume
required for the CSTR will decrease from 21.2629 to 35.01 .

1 1
ln 2 = ln 1 + ( )
1 2

Based from the formula above, it shows the temperature will effect the value of K and rate of
reaction, as the temperature increase, the value of K will also increase. Thus, this cause the
value of rate of reaction to increase too. As the relation of volume is inversely proportional
towards rate of reactions, the higher the rate of reaction, the lesser the volume of reactor will
be needed.

26
 4.3 Volume of reactor when the conversion is changed

4.3.1 Conversion increase by 20% ( at X = 0.9 )

= (1 )

= (0.1)(1 0.9)

= 0.01

= ( )

= (0.1)( 5 0.9)

= 0.41

= (210.94 ) (0.01 ) (0.41 )
.

= 0.8649
.

(82.656 min ) (0.7)
= =

0.8649 .

= 86.01

27
From the calculation (4.3.1) it shows that when conversion is increased by 20%, the volume
required for the CSTR will increase from 21.2629 to 86.01 .

Based from the formula above, it shows that the relation of conversion,X is directly
proportional to volume,V which proves that the higher the value of conversion, the more the
volume of reactor7.

7http://sites.tufts.edu/andrewrosen/files/2013/09/reactor_design_guide1.pdf (accessed on
16th May 2017)

28
4.3.2 Conversion decrease by 20% ( X = 0.5 )

= (1 )

= (0.1)(1 0.5)

= 0.05

= ( )

= (0.1)( 5 0.5)

= 0.45

= (210.94 ) (0.05 ) (0.45 )
.

= 4.74615
.

(82.656 min ) (0.5)
= =

4.74615 .

= 8.7077

29
From the calculation (4.3.1) it shows that when conversion is reduced by 20%, the volume
required for the CSTR will decreases from 21.2629 to 8.7077 .

Based from the formula above, it shows that the relation of conversion,X is directly
proportional to volume,V which proves that the lesser the value of conversion, the lesser the
volume of reactor.

30
4.4 Diagram of assigned reactor

3 2 5 + 3 + 2 5

+ +

Overall rate law : = = 3 25

Where ;

= 0.03

= 0.43

K = 210.94 .

31

= 1.3776

= 0.1

= 6.888
= 0.5

Continuous Stirred Tank

Reactor

= 21.2629 L

NaOH conversion = 70%

= 0.4133

= 5.2937


= 0.9643

= 8.2656

32
REFFERENCE

1. Chapter 4: Stoichiometry. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from

http://umich.edu/~elements/5e/04chap/summary.html
2. ETHYL ACETATE. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ethyl_acetate

3. Ikhazuangbe, Prosper Monday ohien and Oni, Aisosa Babalola Reaction rate and rate
constant of the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide, Madonna
University Enugu, Nigeria p 2.
4.
5. Martin A. Javinsky and Robert H. Kaldec Optimal control of a continuous flow
stirred tank chemical reactor ,1970 p 921 .

6. http://umich.edu/~elements/byconcept/faq4.htm (Accessed on 16th May 2017)

7. http://sites.tufts.edu/andrewrosen/files/2013/09/reactor_design_guide1.pdf
(accessed on 16th May 2017)

33
APPENDICES

SUDENT 1

Convert unit of production rate:

1 year 1 1
5 500 000 x 453.593 x x x
365 days 24 3600

= 79.1084

C = 79.1084

Convert the mass flow rate of C to the molar flow rate of C:

Fc = 79.1084 x = 0.9643
82.0344

Find initial molar flow rate:

Fc = FAOX

0.9643

FAO = = = 1.3776
0.7

B =

=
0.5
0.1
= 5

FBo = B x FAO = 5 x 1.3776 = 6.888

Find molar flow rate for species A, B, D

FA = FAO - FAOX = 1.3776 - 0.9643 = 0.4133

FB = FBo - FAOX = 6.888 - 0.9643 = 5.9237

FD = FAOX = 0.9643

34
To find the changes of mass flow rate at the varies of production rate by using excel.

35
STUDENT 1

36
STUDENT 2

1. How to calculate increasement in mass flow rate

Example : for 20% increasement of mass flowrate of raw material (ethyl acetate)

20
=( 36.4141 ) + 36.4141
100
= 43.696 g/s
increment initial mass mass flowrate value after increment of
percentage % flowrate (g/s) increment mass flowrate (g/s)

0% 36.4141 0 36.4141

20% 36.4141 7.2819 43.696

40% 36.4141 14.5638 50.9797

60% 36.4141 21.8457 58.2625

80% 36.4141 29.1276 65.5453

100% 36.4141 36.4141 72.8282

Table 10 : calculation of increment percentage

2. How to covert mass flowrate (Ibm/yr) to mass flowrate (g/s)

lbm 453.59237 g 1 yr 1 day 1 hr
Mass flowrate, yr x x 365 day x 24 hrs x 3600 s
1 lbm

Example :
453.59237 1 1 1
= 5.5 Million x x 365 x 24 x 3600
1

= 79.108 g/s

37
3. How to find initial molar flowrate

Given conversion X : 70%

Molar mass Sodium Acetate : 82.0343 g/mol

1
Fc = 79.108 g/s x 82.0343

= 0.9643

Fc = Fc0 + 0 X

0 =

0.9643
=
0.7

= 1.3776
4. How to find Fao of the increment mass flowrate

Example for 20% increment :

New mass flowrate after 20% increment = 43.69 g/s

1
Fa = mass flowrate

1
= 43.69 88.11 = 0.4958 mol/s

Find new FA0

FA0 = (1)

= 1.6526 mol/s

5. How to get mass flowrate from molar flowrate

Molacular weight of Ethyl Acetate : 88.11g/mol

MA = FA molar mass of A

= 0.41328 88.11

= 36.4141 g/s

38
STUDENT 2

39
STUDENT 3

MUHAMMAD HAFIZAN HAKIMIN BIN MAHADZIR

40
STUDENT 4

MUHAMMAD HILMI BIN JAMALUDIN

41