B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC S PHM H NI 2

INH BO TRUNG

IM BT NG CA NH X LIPSCHITZ
SUY RNG TRONG KHNG GIAN METRIC NN
VI I S BANACH

LUN VN THC S TON HC

H NI, 2016
 B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM H NI 2

INH BO TRUNG

IM BT NG CA NH X LIPSCHITZ
SUY RNG TRONG KHNG GIAN METRIC NN
VI I S BANACH

Chuyn ngnh: Ton gii tch

M s: 60 46 01 02

LUN VN THC S TON HC

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: TS. H C VNG

H NI, 2016
LI CM N

Lun vn c hon thnh ti Trng i hc S phm H Ni 2

di s hng dn ca TS. H c Vng.

Tc gi xin by t lng bit n su sc nht ti TS. H c Vng

- ngi thy nh hng chn ti v tn tnh hng dn tc gi
hon thnh lun vn ny.

Tc gi xin by t lng bit n chn thnh ti Phng Sau i hc,

cc thy c gio dy cao hc chuyn ngnh Ton Gii tch, trng i hc
S phm H Ni 2 gip tc gi trong sut qu trnh hc tp v hon
thnh lun vn tt nghip.

Tc gi xin c gi li cm n chn thnh ti gia nh, bn b,

ngi thn lun ng vin, c v, to mi iu kin thun li cho tc
gi trong qu trnh hc tp v hon thnh lun vn.

H Ni, ngy 12 thng 11 nm 2016

Tc gi lun vn

inh Bo Trung
LI CAM OAN

Ti xin cam oan, di s hng dn ca TS. H c Vng, lun

vn Thc s chuyn ngnh Ton gii tch vi ti "im bt ng
ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng trong khng gian metric nn vi
i s Banach" do ti t lm.
Lun vn ny khng trng lp vi bt k lun vn, lun n no khc.
Cc kt qu trch dn trong lun vn ny c ch r ngun gc.

Trong qu trnh nghin cu, ti k tha thnh qu ca cc nh

khoa hc vi s trn trng v bit n.

H Ni, ngy 12 thng 11 nm 2016

Tc gi lun vn

inh Bo Trung
Mc lc

Bng k hiu 1

M u 2

1 Kin thc chun b 6

1.1. Khng gian metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2. Khng gian Banach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3. i s Banach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.4. Khng gian metric nn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 im bt ng ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng trong khng

gian metric nn vi i s Banach 29

2.1. Khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.2. im bt ng ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng trong khng

gian metric nn vi i s Banach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Kt lun 38

Ti liu tham kho 38

Bng k hiu

R Tp hp s thc
C Tp hp s phc
Tp hp rng
intP Phn trong ca P
p Quan h th t theo nn P
d Metric
dp Metric nn
Kt thc chng minh

1
M u

1. L do chn ti

Xt nh x T t khng gian metric (X, d) vo chnh n T : X X.

Nu c hng s k > 0 tha mn d(T x, T y) kd(x, y) th T c gi l
nh x Lipschitz v k c gi l hng s Lipschitz.

Trong trng hp k < 1 th T gi l nh x co, k = 1 th T gi l

nh x khng gin.

im x tha mn x = T x c gi l im bt ng ca nh x T
trn tp hp X.

Cc kt qu nghin cu v lnh vc ny hnh thnh nn L thuyt

im bt ng, gn lin vi tn tui ca cc nh ton hc ln nh Brouwer,
Banach, Shauder, Kakutani, Ky Fan,...

Nhng nh l im bt ng ni ting xut hin t u th k

XX, trong c kt qu kinh in l Nguyn l nh x co Banach (1922).
y l trng hp ring ca nh x Lipschitz v mi nh x co u l nh
x Lipschitz. Sau rt nhiu nh ton hc m rng kt qu ny sang
cc lp khng gian khc.

Nm 2007, hai nh ton hc ngi Trung Quc l Huang Long-

Guang v Zhang Xian gii thiu khi nim khng gian metric nn,

2
bng cch thay tp s thc R trong nh ngha metric bi khng gian
Banach thc [4]. T nhiu kt qu v im bt ng cho lp khng
gian ny ln lt c cng b.

Nm 2013, cc nh ton hc ngi Trung Quc l Hao Liu v

Shaoyuan Xu cng b kt qu v im bt ng ca nh x Lips-
chitz suy rng trong bi bo Cone metric spaces with Banach algebras and
fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings [3].
y l mt kt qu kh mi v im bt ng. Vi mong mun tm hiu
su hn v im bt ng, im bt ng ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng
trong khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach, di s hng dn ca
TS. H c Vng, ti chn ti nghin cu: "im bt ng ca
nh x Lipschitz suy rng trong khng gian metric nn vi i
s Banach".

2. Mc ch nghin cu

Nghin cu v im bt ng ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng trong

khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach.

3. Nhim v nghin cu

Nghin cu v khng gian metric, khng gian metric nn, i s

Banach v im bt ng ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng trong khng gian
metric nn vi i s Banach.

3
4. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

Nghin cu v im bt ng ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng trong

khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach, ch yu da trn 2 bi bo:

1. Cone metric spaces with Banach algebras and fixed point theorems of
generalized Lipschitz mappings ca Hao Liu v Shaoyuan Xu [3].

2. Cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems of contractive mappings

ca Huang Long-Guang v Zhang Xian [4].

5. Phng php nghin cu

S dng mt s phng php v cng c ca Gii tch hm v L

thuyt im bt ng.

6. ng gp ca lun vn

Lun vn l mt ti liu tng quan v im bt ng ca nh x

Lipschitz suy rng trong khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach.

Lun vn gm hai chng ni dung.

Chng 1. Kin thc chun b
Trong chng ny, chng ti trnh by cc kin thc c bn v khng gian
metric, khng gian metric y . Tip theo l cc kin thc c bn v
khng gian nh chun, khng gian Banach, i s tp hp, i s nh
chun, i s Banach v cui cng l cc kin thc c bn v khng gian
metric nn.

4
Sau cc khi nim, chng ti a ra cc v d minh ha.
Chng 2. im bt ng ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng trong khng gian
metric nn vi i s Banach
Trong chng ny, chng ti trnh by cc kin thc c bn v khng gian
metric nn vi i s Banach, cng vi cc v d minh ha.
Cui cng chng ti trnh by chi tit cc nh l im bt ng ca nh
x Lipschitz suy rng trong khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach cng
vi phn chng minh chi tit.

5
Chng 1

Kin thc chun b

Trong chng ny chng ti s trnh by cc kin thc c bn v

metric, khng gian metric y . Tip theo chng ti trnh by v khng
gian nh chun, khng gian Banach, i s tp hp, -i s tp hp, i
s nh chun v i s Banach. Cui cng, chng ti trnh by cc kin
thc c bn v khng gian metric nn, khng gian metric nn y . Sau
mi khi nim, chng ti s a ra v d minh ha.

1.1. Khng gian metric

nh ngha 1.1.1.[1]. Cho X l tp khc rng.

nh x d : X X R c gi l mt metric nu tha mn cc iu
kin sau:
1. d(x, y) 0, d(x, y) = 0 x = y, x, y X.
2. d(x, y) = d(y, x), x, y X.
3. d(x, y) d(x, z) + d(z, y), x, y, z X.
Khi (X, d) l mt khng gian metric.

V d 1.1.1. Ta k hiu C[a,b] l tp hp tt c cc hm s vi gi tr

6
thc xc nh v lin tc trn on [a, b], ( < a < b < +).
Vi hai hm s bt k x = x(t), y = y(t) C[a,b] ta t:

d(x, y) = max |x(t) y(t)| .

atb

Khi (C[a,b] , d) l mt khng gian metric.

nh ngha 1.1.2.[1]. Cho khng gian metric (X, d), dy {xn } X

v x0 X .
Dy {xn } c gi l hi t ti im x0 nu > 0, n0 N , n n0
th d(xn , x0 ) < .
K hiu: lim xn = x0 hay xn x0 khi n .
n
im x0 c gi l gii hn ca dy {xn } trong X .

V d 1.1.2. S hi t ca mt dy hm trong khng gian C[a,b] tng

ng vi s hi t u ca dy hm lin tc trn [a, b].

Chng minh.
Tht vy, gi s dy hm {xn (t)} C[a,b] hi t ti hm x(t) C[a,b] .
Theo nh ngha, > 0, n0 N , n n0 th

d(xn , x) = max |xn (t) x(t)| < .

atb

Suy ra

|xn (t) x(t)| < , n n0 , t [a, b]. (1.1)

Bt ng thc (1.1) chng t dy hm s {xn (t)} hi t u ti hm x(t)

trn [a, b].
Ngc li, gi s dy hm {xn (t)} C[a,b] hi t u ti hm x(t) trn
[a, b]. Khi x(t) l hm lin tc trn [a, b], ngha l x(t) C[a,b] .

7
Theo nh ngha v hi t u ca dy hm th > 0, n0 N , n n0
v t [a, b] ta c
|xn (t) x(t)| < .

Suy ra max |xn (t) x(t)| < , n n0 .

atb
Hay d(xn , x) < , n n0 .
Do dy hm {xn (t)} hi t ti hm x(t) theo metric d ca C[a,b] .

nh ngha 1.1.3.[1]. Cho khng gian metric (X, d). Dy {xn } X

c gi l dy Cauchy (dy c bn) nu > 0, n0 N , n, m n0
th d(xn , xm ) < , hay lim d(xn , xm ) = 0.
n,m

V d 1.1.3. Cho khng gian metric (C[0,1] , d) l khng gian cc hm

s thc lin tc trn [0, 1], vi metric d c xc nh nh sau:
Z1
d(x, y) = |x(t) y(t)| dt.
0

Khi dy {xn (t)} C[0,1] vi

1


0 nu 0 t <

4
n 1 1 1

xn (t) = nt nu t +
3 4 4 n

1 1
1 nu + < t 1

4 n
l dy Cauchy.
Chng minh

n, m N , m > n, t [0, 1] ta c
Z1
d(xn , xm ) = |xn (t) xm (t)| dt
0

8
 1 1 1
Z4 4+n
Z Z1
= |xn (t) xm (t)|dt + |xn (t) xm (t)|dt + |xn (t) xm (t)|dt
0 1 1 1
4 4+n
1 1 1
Z 4 4+n
Z Z1
= 0dt + |xn (t) xm (t)|dt + 0dt
0 1 1 1
4 4+n
1 1
4+n
Z
= |xn (t) xm (t)|dt.
1
4

V |xn (t) xm (t)| 1, n, m N , t [0, 1], nn ta c

1 1
4+n
1
Z
d(xn , xm ) dt =
n
1
4

hay
1
0 d(xn , xm )
n

1
M lim = 0, nn theo nguyn l gii hn kp, ta c
n n

lim d(xn , xm ) = 0.
n,m

Vy {xn } l dy Cauchy trong (C[0,1] , d).

nh ngha 1.1.4.[1]. Khng gian metric (X, d) c gi l khng gian

metric y nu mi dy Cauchy u hi t ti mt im thuc X .

k
v khng gian R vi metric d c xc nh nh sau:
V d 1.1.4. Cho
 u k 
(m) 2
   
(n) (n) (n) (n)
uX
(n) (m) (n)
d x ,x = t xi xi , x = x1 , x2 , ..., xk ,
 i=1 
(m) (m) (m)
x(m) = x1 , x2 , ..., xk Rk .
Khi Rk l khng gian metric y .

9
Chng minh.
 
(n) (n) (n) (n)
Gi s x = x1 , x2 , ..., xk , n = 1, 2, ... l mt dy Cauchy ty
trong khng gian Euclid Rk .

vCauchy, ta c > 0, n0 N , n, m n0 th
Theo nh ngha ca dy
u k 
(m) 2
  uX (n) 
(n) (m)
d x ,x < , hay t xi xi < .
i=1
Suy ra
 
 (n) (m) 
xi xi  < , m, n n0 , i = 1, 2, ..., k. (1.2)

(n)
Cc bt ng thc (1.2) chng t, vi mi i = 1, 2, ..., k th dy {xi } l
mt dy s thc Cauchy nn n hi t, tc l tn ti gii hn

(n)
lim xi = xi , (i = 1, 2, ..., k).
n

(n)
t x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xk ), ta c dy {xi } Rk hi t theo ta ti x.
Do s hi t trong Rk l hi t theo ta nn dy Cauchy {x(n) } hi t
ti x trong Rk .
Vy Rk l khng gian metric y .

1.2. Khng gian Banach

nh ngha 1.2.1.[1]. Cho X l mt khng gian tuyn tnh trn trng

K (K thc hoc phc). nh x k.k : X X R c gi l mt chun
nu tha mn:
1. kxk 0, x X. kxk = 0 x = .
2. kxk = || kxk , x X, K.
3. kx + yk = kxk + kyk , x, y X.
S thc kxk c gi l chun ca vc t x.
Ta k hiu khng gian nh chun l (X, k.k).

10
V d 1.2.1. Cho khng gian tuyn tnh thc
Rn = {x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) : xi R} v nh x k.k : Rn R xc nh bi
kxk = max |xi | .
1in
Khi (Rn , k.k) l mt khng gian nh chun.

Chng minh.
x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) Rn vi xi R suy ra |xi | R, i = 1, 2, ..., n.
Do max{|x1 | , |x2 | , ..., |xn |}.
Vy kxk = max |xi | hon ton xc nh.
1in
Hin nhin kxk = max |xi | 0, x Rn .
1in
kxk = 0 max |xi | = 0.
1in
Suy ra xi = 0, i = 1, 2, ..., n. Vy x = Rn .
Ta li c x Rn , K :

kxk = max |xi |

1in
= || max |xi |
1in
= || kxk .

Cui cng ta c vi mi x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) , y = (y1 , y2 , ..., yn ) Rn ,

i = 1, 2, ..., n :

|xi + yi | |xi | + |yi | max |xi | + max |yi |.

1in 1in

Suy ra max |xi + yi | max |xi | + max |yi |.

1in 1in 1in
Hay kx + yk kxk + kyk , x, y Rn .
Do k.k l mt chun trn Rn , v ta c (Rn , k.k) l khng gian nh chun.

Nhn xt 1.2.1. Mi khng gian nh chun u l khng gian metric.

Vi mi phn t x, y (X, k.k), ta t d(x, y) = kx yk .

11
Khi ta c khng gian metric (X, d).

nh ngha 1.2.2.[1]. Cho khng gian nh chun X , dy {xn } X .

Dy {xn } gi l hi t ti x nu lim kxn xk = 0.
n
K hiu: lim xn = x, hay xn x khi n .
n
S hi t ny c gi l hi t theo chun.

nh ngha 1.2.3.[1]. Cho khng gian nh chun X , dy {xn } X.

Dy {xn } c gi l dy Cauchy nu lim kxn xm k = 0.
n,m

Hay > 0, n0 N sao cho n, m n0 ta c kxn xm k < .

nh ngha 1.2.4.[1]. Khng gian nh chun X c gi l khng gian

Banach nu mi dy Cauchy u hi t ti mt im thuc X.

V d 1.2.2. Cho khng gian vc t l2 . i vi vc t bt k

x = (xn ) l2 , ta t v
u
uX
kxk = t (xn )2 .
i=1

Khi l2 l khng gian Banach.

Chng minh.
Trc tinvta chng minh l2 l khng gian nh chun.
u
uX
1. kxk = t |xn |2 0, x l2 .
n=1
v
u
uX
kxk = 0 t |xn |2 = 0.
n=1
Suy ra xn = 0, n = 1, 2, ...
Vy x = .

12
2. R, x l2 ta c
v
u
uX
kxk = t |xn |2
n=1
v
u
uX
= || t |xn |2
n=1

= || kxk .

3. x, y l2 ta c
v
u
uX
kx + yk = t |xn + yn |2
n=1
v v
u u
uX 2
uX
t |xn | + t |yn |2
n=1 n=1

= kxk + kyk .

Vy l2 l khng gian nh chun.

By gi ta chng minh l2 l khng gian nh chun y .
(n) (n) (n)
Tht vy, gi s x(n) = (x1 , x2 , ..., xk ), n = 1, 2, ... l mt dy Cauchy
ty trong l2 .
Theo nh ngha dy Cauchy ta c:
> 0, n0 N sao cho n, m n0 :
v
u 
(m) 2

(n) (m)
uX  (n)
x x = t xk xk  < . (1.3)
k=1

v
u p 
(m) 2
uX  (n) 
Ta suy ra t xk xk  < , m, n n0 , p N . (1.4)
k=1

 
 (n) (m) 
hay xk xk  < , m, n n0 , k = 1, 2, 3, ... (1.5)

13
 (n)
Cc bt ng thc (1.5) chng t vi mi k c nh, ta c {xk } l dy s
Cauchy nn tn ti gii hn
(n)
lim xk = xk , k = 1, 2, ...
n

t x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xk , ...) = (xk ).

V cc bt ng thc (1.4) khng ph thuc vo p nn chuyn qua gii hn
khi m ta c:
v
u p  2
uX  (n)
xk xk  < , n n0 , p N . (1.6)
t 
k=1

Tip tc chuyn qua gii hn cc bt ng thc (1.6) khi p ta c

v
u  2
uX  (n)
xk xk  < , n n0 . (1.7)
t 
k=1

Hn na ta c
(n) 2   (n)  2
     
2 (n)  (n)
|xk | = xk xk + xk  xk xk  + xk  .


Do
 (n) 2
   2
2  (n)
|xk | 2 xk  + 2 xk xk  , k, n = 1, 2, 3, ... (1.8)


T (1.6),(1.7) v (1.8) ta suy ra

p p  p 
 (n1 ) 2
 2
X 2
X X  (n1 )
|xk | 2 xk  + 2 x k x k 

k=1 k=1 k=1
 
 (n1 ) 2
 2
X X  (n1 )
2 xk  + 2 x k x k 

k=1 k=1

 (n1 ) 2
X 
<2 xk  + 22 , n1 > n0 .
k=1

Do x = (xn ) l2 .
(n)
Chng t dy Cauchy {xk } hi t ti im x l2 .
Vy l2 l khng gian Banach.

14
1.3. i s Banach

nh ngha 1.3.1.[1]. Cho X l mt khng gian. C l mt lp tp hp

trn X , C c gi l mt i s trn X nu tha mn:
1. C, X C.
2. C ng kn i vi cc php ton hu hn v tp hp.

nh l 1.3.1.[1]. Cho X l mt khng gian. Mt lp cc tp hp C

l mt i s trn X khi v ch khi C 6= v tha mn cc iu kin:
1. A C, B C th A B C.
2. A C th phn b ca A : AC = X \ A C.

Chng minh.
Gi s C l mt i s trn X , hin nhin C 6= .
Do tn ti mt tp hp A C v A \ A = C, X = C C.
Vy C l mt i s th C 6= v tha mn iu kin 1 v iu kin 2.
Ngc li, gi s C 6= , tha mn iu kin 1, iu kin 2. Ta chng minh
C l mt i s trn X.
Vi A, B C, theo iu kin 2 ta c AC , B C C v theo iu kin 1 ta c
AC B C C.

C
Li theo iu kin 2 ta c AC B C = A B C.
(Cng thc De Morgan).
Bng quy np ta c C ng kn i vi php hp v php giao hu hn
cc tp hp.
Mt khc ta c A, B C th B C C v theo chng minh trn ta c
A B C = A \ B C.
Tng t ta c B \ A C, v suy ra

(A \ B) (B \ A) C.

15
Chng t C ng kn i vi php ly hiu, hiu i xng ca cc tp hp.
Vy C l mt i s trn X.

V d 1.3.1. Cho X l mt khng gian, C = {X, }.

Khi C l mt i s trn X.

Chng minh.
Tht vy, hin nhin C 6= .
Ta c X C, C X = X C.
Vy C ng kn i vi php hp cc tp hp.
Do X C X C = X \ X = C.
Vy C ng kn vi php ly phn b ca tp hp.
Vy C l mt i s trn X.

nh ngha 1.3.2.[1]. Cho X l mt khng gian. Mt lp F cc tp hp

ca X c gi l -i s trn X nu n cha , cha X v ng kn
i vi cc php ton m c v tp hp.

nh l 1.3.2.[1]. Cho X l mt khng gian. Mt lp F cc tp hp ca

X l mt -i s trn X khi v ch khi F 6= v tha mn iu kin:
n
1. Ai F, i = 1, 2, ..., n suy ra Ai F.
S
i=1
2. A F suy ra A = X \ A F.
C

Chng minh.
Gi s F l -i s, ta chng minh F tha mn iu kin 1 v iu kin 2.
F l -i s nn F 6= v F ng kn vi mi php ton m c v
tp hp, tc l
n
[
Ai F, i = 1, 2, ..., n, suy ra Ai F .
i=1

16
 A F suy ra AC = X \ A F.

Ngc li, gi s F 6= , tha mn iu kin 1 v iu kin 2. Ta chng

minh F l mt -i s trn X.

Ta c Ai F, i = 1, 2, ..., n suy ra AC F ACi F.
S
i v
i=1
 C
C.
S C
Do Ai
i=1
S C C
 
Ai C .
T T
M Ai = Ai nn ta c
i=1 i=1 i=1
Vy F ng kn i vi php hp, php giao, php ly phn b ca tp
hp. Do F l -i s trn X.

V d 1.3.2. Cho X l mt khng gian. F = 2X l h tt c cc tp con

ca X . Khi F l mt -i s.

Chng minh.
Tht vy, F = 2X l h tt c cc tp con ca X nn F 6= .
{Ai }
i=1 F ta suy ra Ai X, i = 1, 2, ..., n.

Ai F .
S S
Ta c Ai X do suy ra
i=1 i=1
Ta c A F ta suy ra A X v AC = X \ A X nn AC = X \ A F.
Do F l -i s.

nh ngha 1.3.3.[3]. Cho A l mt i s. nh x k.k : A R c

gi l mt chun i s trn A (algebra norm) nu tha mn:
1. kxk 0, x A. kxk = 0 khi v ch khi x = .
2. kxk = || kxk , x A, R.
3. kx + yk kxk + kyk , x, y A.
4. kx.yk kxk . kyk , x, y A.
Khi (A, k.k) l mt khng gian nh chun thc v c gi l mt i
s nh chun thc (real normed algebra).

17
nh ngha 1.3.4.[3]. i s nh chun (A, k.k) c gi l i s Ba-
nach (Banach algebra) nu k.k l mt chun y . Ngha l mi dy
Cauchy trong (A, k.k) u hi t ti mt im trong A.

Nhn xt 1.3.1. Cho (A, k.k) l mt i s Banach thc, khi ta c:

1. (xy)z = x(yz), x, y, z A.
2. x(y + z) = xy + xz
(x + y)z = xz + yz, x, y, z A.
3. (xy) = (x)y = x(y), x, y A, R.
4. kxyk kxk . kyk , x, y A.

nh ngha 1.3.5.[3]. Cho A l mt i s Banach. Phn t e c

gi l n v ca A nu tha mn ex = xe = x, x A. Hay kek = 1.
Khi A l i s Banach c n v.

nh ngha 1.3.6.[3]. Cho A l mt i s Banach. Phn t x A

c gi l kh nghch nu y A sao cho xy = yx = e.
Phn t nghch o ca x k hiu l x1 .

nh l 1.3.3.[3]. Cho A l mt i s Banach vi n v e v x A.

Nu bn knh ph (x) ca x nh hn 1, ngha l
1 1
(x) = lim kxn k n = inf kxn k n < 1
n n1

th e x l kh nghch,

X
1
(e x) = xi .
i=0

V d 1.3.3. Cho A = Mn (R) = {a = (aij )nn : aij R},

18
i, j = 1, 2, ..., n l i s ca tt c cc ma trn thc vung cp n.
Ta xc nh chun trn A nh sau:
X
kak = |aij |.
1i,jn

Khi A l mt i s Banach vi n v e l ma trn n v.

V d 1.3.4. Cho A = l1 = {a = (an )n0 :
P
|an | < }.
i=0
Ta nh ngha php nhn trong A nh sau:

X
ab = (an )n0 (bn )n0 = ai b j .
i+j=n
n0

Khi A l mt i s Banach vi n v e = (1, 0, 0, ...).

1.4. Khng gian metric nn

nh ngha 1.4.1.[4]. Cho E l mt khng gian Banach thc, tp con P

ca E c gi l mt nn nu:
1. P l tp ng, khng rng v P 6= {0}.
2. a, b R, a, b 0; x, y P ax + by P.
3. x P, x P x = 0, ngha l P (P ) = {0}.

nh ngha 1.4.2.[4]. Cho E l mt khng gian Banach thc, P l mt

nn trong E. Khi trn E ta xy dng quan h th t p xc nh
bi nn P nh sau:
x p y khi v ch khi y x P.
x <p y nu x p y v x 6= y.

19
x p y nu y x intP, trong intP l phn trong ca P.

nh ngha 1.4.3.[4]. Cho E l khng gian Banach thc, P l mt nn

trong E. Nn P c gi l nn chun tc (normal cone) nu c mt s
M > 0 sao cho x, y E ta c

0 p x p y kxk M kyk .

S thc dng nh nht tha mn tnh cht trn c gi l hng s chun

tc ca P (normal constant). Khi ta cng ni P l nn chun tc vi
hng s M.

V d 1.4.1. Cho E = R2 l khng gian Banach thc vi chun trn

R2 c xc nh bi
q
kxk = x21 + x22 , x = (x1 , x2 ) R2 .

P = {(x, y) R2 : x, y 0} R2 .

Khi P l mt nn trong R2 .

Chng minh.
Tht vy, (0, 0) P P 6= .
Hin nhin P 6= {0}.
Ta c R2 \ P = {(x, y) R2 : x, y < 0} R2 .
V int(R2 \ P ) = {(x, y) R2 : x, y < 0} R2 ,
int(R2 \ P ) = R2 \ P vy R2 \ P l tp m.
Do P l tp ng trong R2 .
a, b R, a, b 0 v x, y P R2 , do R2 l khng gian Banach
thc nn cng l khng gian tuyn tnh thc nn ta c ax + by P.
Cui cng ta thy P = {(x, y) R2 : x, y 0} R2 .
P = {(x, y) R2 : x, y 0} R2 .

20
Do P (P ) = {0}. Hay x P, x P th x = 0.
Vy P l mt nn trong R2 .
Quan h th t trn R2 theo nn P xc nh nh sau:
x, y R2 , x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ), x p y y x P.
Vy y x = (y1 x1 , y2 x2 ) P.
Ta suy ra yi xi 0, i = 1, 2.
Hay xi yi , i = 1, 2.

By gi ta chng minh P l nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc

M = 1.
Tht vy, x, y P, x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ).
Nu x p y tc l 0 xi yi , i = 1, 2.
Ta c q q
kxk = x21 + x22 y12 + y22 = kyk .

Tc l x p y kxk kyk , theo nh ngha 1.4.3 ta c P l nn chun

tc vi hng s chun tc M = 1.

nh ngha 1.4.4.[4]. Cho X l tp hp khc rng, E l khng gian Ba-

nach thc. nh x dp : X X E tha mn:
1. 0 p dp (x, y), x, y X.
dp (x, y) = 0 x = y.
2. dp (x, y) = dp (y, x), x, y X.
3. dp (x, y) p dp (x, z) + dp (z, y), x, y, z X.
Khi dp c gi l metric nn trn X v cp (X, dp ) c gi l khng
gian metric nn.

nh l 1.4.1.[4]. Khng tn ti nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc

M < 1.

21
Chng minh.
Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn v gi s P l nn chun tc
vi hng s chun tc M < 1.
Chn x P, x 6= 0 v 0 < < 1 sao cho M < 1 .
Khi ta c (1 )x p x.
V P l nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc M nn ta c

(1 ) kxk p M kxk .

Ta suy ra M 1 l iu mu thun.
Vy khng th tn ti nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc M < 1.

V d 1.4.2. Cho E = R2 v P = {(x, y) R2 : x, y 0} l mt nn

chun tc trong R2 . Cho X = R v nh x

dp : X X E

xc nh nh sau:

dp (x, y) = (|x y| , |x y|) , x, y X

trong 0 l hng s.
Khi (X, dp ) l khng gian metric nn.

Chng minh.
Tht vy, ta kim tra ln lt 3 iu kin ca metric nn.
1. V |x y| 0, x, y X v 0 nn ta c
dp (x, y) = (|x y| , |x y|) p 0, x, y X.
dp (x, y) = 0 |x y| = 0 x = y.
2. Ta c |x y| = |y x| , x, y X nn
dp (x, y) = (|x y| , |x y|)
= (|y x| , |y x|)
= dp (y, x), x, y X.

22
3. x, y, z X, > 0 ta c

|x z + z y| |x z| + |z y| .
|x z + z y| |x z| + |z y| , 0.

Vy ta c dp (x, y) = (|x y| , |x y|)

= (|x z + z y| , |x z + z y|)
p (|x z| , |x z|) + (|z y| , |z y|)
= dp (x, z) + dp (z, y), x, y, z X.
Do dp l metric nn v (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn.

nh ngha 1.4.5.[4]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn,

{xn } X. Dy {xn } c gi l hi t ti x nu mi c E tha mn
0 p c, tn ti s t nhin n0 sao cho

dp (xn , x) p c, n n0 .

Khi x c gi l gii hn ca dy {xn }.

K hiu lim xn = x hay xn x khi n .
n

nh l 1.4.2.[4]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn, P l mt

nn chun tc vi hng s M , dy {xn } X.
Dy {xn } hi t ti x X khi v ch khi

lim dp (xn , x) = 0.
n

Chng minh.
Gi s dy {xn } X hi t ti x X.
Vi mi s thc > 0, ta chn c E sao cho c p 0 v M kck < .

23
Khi tn ti s t nhin n0 sao cho

dp (xn , x) p c, n n0 .

Do P l nn chun tc vi hng s M nn ta c:

kdp (xn , x)k M kck < , n n0 .

Vy lim dp (xn , x) = 0 trong E.

n
Ngc li, gi s trong E ta c lim dp (xn , x) = 0.
n
Khi c E m 0 p c u tn ti > 0 sao cho kxk < th
c x intP (v intP l tp m).
Vy tn ti s t nhin n0 sao cho

kdp (xn , x)k , n n0 .

Do ta c c dp (xn , x) intP.
Hay dp (xn , x) p c, tc l dy {xn } hi t ti x trong X.

nh l 1.4.3.[4]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn, P l mt

nn chun tc vi hng s M, dy {xn } X.
Nu dy {xn } hi t ti x v dy {xn } hi t ti y, th x = y.
Ngha l gii hn ca dy {xn } l duy nht.

Chng minh.
Trc tin ta chng minh khng nh sau:
Nu q P v q p vi mi th q = 0.
c
Tht vy, c nh c P vi 0 p c. Khi t gi thit suy ra q p vi
c m
mi s nguyn dng m. Do q P, m.
m
c
V q hi t ti q trong E v P l tp ng nn q P.
m
Vy ta c q = 0.

24
By gi ta chng minh nh l.
Vi mi c E, 0 p c v lim xn = x, lim xn = y ta suy ra tn ti s t
n n
nhin N1 , N2 sao cho
c
dp (xn , x) p , n N1 ,
2
v
c
dp (xn , y) p , n N2 .
2
Vy ta c
c
dp (xn , x) intP,
2
c
dp (xn , y) intP, n > N = max{N1 , N2 }.
2
T intP + intP P, vi mi nn P ta suy ra
c c
dp (xn , x) + dp (xn , y) = c (dp (xn , x) + dp (xn , y)) intP, n > N.
2 2
Ta nhn c dp (x, y) p dp (xn , x) + dp (xn , y) p c, n > N.
Vy dp (x, y) = 0, tc l x = y.

nh l 1.4.4.[4]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn v {xn } l

mt dy trong X. Nu dy {xn } hi t ti x th mi dy con ca n cng
hi t ti x.

Chng minh.
Vi mi c E m 0 p c, tn ti s t nhin n0 sao cho n n0 ta c
dp (xn , x) p c.
Vi mi k > n0 th nk > k > n0 , nn dp (xnk , x) p c.
Do dy {xnk } hi t ti x.

nh l 1.4.5.[4]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn, P l mt

nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc K v {xn }, {yn } l cc dy trong X.
Nu lim xn = x, lim yn = y th lim dp (xn , yn ) = dp (x, y).
n n n

25
Chng minh.

Vi mi > 0, chn c E sao cho 0 p c v kck
4K + 2
T lim xn = x, lim yn = y, tn ti s t nhin N sao cho
n n

dp (xn , x) p c, dp (yn , y) p c, n > N.

Ta c dp (xn , x) p dp (xn , x) + dp (x, y) + dp (y, yn )

p dp (x, y) + 2c, n > N.
Do dp (x, y) p dp (xn , x) + dp (xn , yn ) + dp (yn , y)
p dp (xn , yn ) + 2c.
Suy ra 0 p dp (x, y) + 2c dp (xn , yn ) p 4c.
Hay 0 p (dp (xn , yn ) 2c dp (x, y)) p 4c.
V P l nn chun tc vi hng s K, ta c
k(dp (xn , yn ) 2c dp (x, y))k = k(dp (xn , yn ) 2c dp (x, y))k
K k4ck
Vy
k(dp (xn , yn ) dp (x, y))k = kdp (xn , yn ) 2c dp (x, y) + 2ck
kdp (xn , yn ) 2c dp (x, y)k + k2ck
Do
kdp (xn , yn ) dp (x, y)k K k4ck + k2ck
= (4K + 2) kck

M kck ta suy ra kdp (xn , yn ) dp (x, y)k .
4K + 2
Hay lim dp (xn , yn ) = dp (x, y).
n

nh ngha 1.4.6.[4]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn.

Dy {xn } X c gi dy Cauchy nu vi mi c E tha mn 0 p c,
tn ti s t nhin n0 sao cho dp (xm , xn ) p c, n, m n0 .

nh ngha 1.4.7.[4]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn.

Nu mi dy Cauchy u hi t trong X th (X, dp ) c gi l khng
gian metric nn y .

26
V d 1.4.3. Cho X = {a1 , a2 , ...} l tp m c ca khong cch
cc im v E = (l2 , k.k2 ) l khng gian Banach thc.
P = {{xn }  l2 : xn 0, n 1} l mt nn trong E.
i
3
t {xi } = , xi l2 , i 1.
n n1
Ta xc nh nh x dp : X X E nh sau:

3i 3j
dp (ai , aj ) = |xi xj | = , i, j = 1, 2, 3, ...
n
Khi (X, dp ) l khng gian metric nn y .

nh l 1.4.6.[4]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn, P l mt

nn chun tc vi hng s K v {xn } l mt dy trong X.
Khi {xn } l dy Cauchy khi v ch khi lim dp (xn , xm ) = 0.
n,m

Chng minh.
Gi s {xn } l dy Cauchy trong X.
Vi mi > 0, chn c E sao cho 0 p c v K kck < .
Khi , t gi thit {xn } l dy Cauchy, tn ti s t nhin N sao cho

dp (xn , xm ) p c, n, m > N.

V P l nn chun tc vi hng s K nn ta suy ra

kdp (xn , xm )k K kck , n, m > N.

M K kck < nn ta c kdp (xn , xm )k < , n, m > N.

Hay lim dp (xn , xm ) = 0.
n,m
Ngc li, gi s rng lim dp (xn , xm ) = 0.
n,m
Vi mi c E m 0 p c, tn ti > 0 sao cho kxk < th c x intP.
(Do intP l tp m).

27
Vi > 0 xc nh nh trn, tn ti s t nhin n0 sao cho
kdp (xn , xm )k <p , n, m > n0 .
Suy ra c dp (xn , xm ) intP, n, m > n0 .
Vy dp (xn , xm ) p c, n, m > n0 .
Tc l lim dp (xn , xm ) = 0, hay {xn } l dy Cauchy trong X.
n,m

nh l 1.4.7.[4]. Nu {xn } l dy hi t trong khng gian metric nn

(X, dp ) th n l dy Cauchy.
Chng minh.
Gi s ta c lim xn = x, x X.
n
Khi , vi mi c E m 0 p c th tn ti s t nhin n0 sao cho
c
dp (xn , x) p , n > n0 .
2
V vy, m, n > n0 ta c dp (xn , xm ) p dp (xn , x) + dp (x, xm )
c c
p + = c.
2 2

Do lim dp (xn , xm ) = 0. Suy ra {xn } l dy Cauchy trong X.

n,m

28
Chng 2

im bt ng ca nh x
Lipschitz suy rng trong khng gian
metric nn vi i s Banach

Trong chng ny chng ti s trnh by cc kin thc c bn v

khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach cng vi cc v d minh ha.
Phn chnh ca chng l ba nh l v im bt ng ca nh x Lips-
chitz suy rng trong khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach, c trnh
by chng minh chi tit.

2.1. Khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach

nh ngha 2.1.1.[3]. Cho A l mt i s Banach c n v e.

Mt tp hp con P ca A c gi l nn nu:
1. P l tp ng, P 6= , {0, e} P.
2. P + P P, , 0, , R.
3. P 2 = P P P.

29
4. P (P ) = {0}.

nh ngha 2.1.2.[3]. Cho A l mt i s Banach thc c n v e,

P l mt nn trong A. Khi , trn A ta xy dng quan h th t p
theo nn P nh sau:

x p y y x P.

x <p y x p y v x 6= y.

x p y y x intP, y intP l phn trong ca P.

Nhn xt 2.1.1. Khi nim nn trong khng gian Banach thc E

nh ngha 1.4.1 v nn trong i s Banach thc A nh ngha 2.1.1
l nh nhau. Do ta xt i s Banach c n v e nn c thm iu kin
{0, e} l b phn ca n.
Cc khi nim v tnh cht v nn chun tc hon ton nh trnh by
trong mc 1.4 v khng gian metric nn.
T y, ta lun gi thit rng P l mt nn trong A vi intP 6= v
quan h p trong P l quan h th t b phn.

nh ngha 2.1.3.[3]. Cho X l mt tp khc .

nh x dp : X X A tha mn:
1. 0 p dp (x, y), dp (x, y) = 0 x = y, x, y X.
2. dp (x, y) = dp (y, x), x, y X.
3. dp (x, y) p dp (x, z) + dp (z, y), x, y, z X.
Khi dp c gi l mt metric nn trong X v (X, dp ) c gi l mt
khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach A.

30
V d 2.1.1. Cho A = Mn (R)
= {a = (aij )nn |aij R, 1 i, j n}
l i s ca cc ma trn thc vung cp n, chun trn A c xc nh
P
bi: kak = |aij | .
1i,jn
Khi A l mt i s Banach thc vi n v e l ma trn n v.
Cho P = {a A|aij 0, 1 i, j n} th P A l nn chun tc vi
hng s chun tc M = 1.
Ly X = Mn (R) v nh x dp : X X A xc nh bi
dp (x, y) = dp ((xij )nn , (yij )nn ) = (|xij yij |)nn A.
Khi (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach A.

 
1
P
V d 2.1.2. Cho A = l = a = (an )n0 | |an | <
n=0
vi php nhn c nh ngha:

X
ab = (an )n0 (bn )n0 = ai bj
i+j=n
n0

th A l mt i s Banach, c n v l e = (1, 0, 0, ...).

Cho P = {a = (an )n0 A|an 0, n 0} l mt nn chun tc
trong A v cho X = l1 vi metric dp : X X A xc nh bi
dp (x, y) = dp ((xn )n0 , (yn )n0 ) = (|xn yn |)n0 .
Khi (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach A.

Nhn xt 2.1.2. Cc khi nim v dy hi t, dy Cauchy nh trnh

by trong mc 1.4 v khng gian metric nn. T ta cng c khi nim
khng gian metric nn y vi i s Banach.

31
2.2. im bt ng ca nh x Lipschitz suy rng
trong khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach

nh l 2.2.1.[3]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn y v P

l mt nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc M .
Gi s c nh x T : X X tha mn iu kin Lipschitz suy rng:
dp (T x, T y) p kdp (x, y), x, y X, trong k P vi (k) < 1.
Khi T c duy nht mt im bt ng trong X.
ng thi vi bt k x X , dy {T n x} hi t ti im bt ng.

Chng minh.
Tht vy, chn x0 X v t xn = T n x0 , n 1. Ta c
dp (xn+1 , xn ) = dp (T xn , T xn1 )
p kdp (xn , xn1 ) = kdp (T xn1 , T xn2 )
p k.kdp (xn1 , xn2 ) = k 2 dp (T xn2 , T xn3 )
p p k n dp (x1 , x0 ).
Nh vy, gi thit n < m ta c
dp (xn , xm ) p dp (xn , xn+1 ) + ... + dp (xm1 , xm )
p (k n + ... + k m1 )dp (x1 , x0 )
= (e + k + ... + k mn1 )k n dp (x1 , x0 )

!
X
p k i k n dp (x1 , x0 )
i=0
= (e k)1 k n dp (x1 , x0 ).
V P l nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc M nn ta c
kdp (xn , xm )k M (e k)1 . kk n k . kdp (x1 , x0 )k

v ch rng lim kk n k = 0, v th ta c
n

lim dp (xn , xm ) = 0
n,m

nn {xn } l mt dy Cauchy trong X.

32
Do X l khng gian y nn x X sao cho lim xn = x .
n
Hn na, ta c:

dp (T x , x ) p dp (T x , T xn ) + dp (T xn , x ) p kdp (x , xn ) + dp (xn+1 , x ).

T gi thit P l nn chun tc vi hng s M, ta c

kdp (T x , x )k M (kkk . kdp (x , xn )k + kdp (xn+1 , x )k).

Vy lim kdp (T x , x )k = 0.
n
Vy dp (T x , x ) = 0, ta c x = T x v x l im bt ng ca nh x
T trn X.
By gi ta chng minh tnh duy nht ca im bt ng bng phng
php phn chng.
Gi s y cng l im bt ng ca T, khi ta c

dp (x , y ) = dp (T x , T y ) p kdp (x , y ).

Ta suy ra (e k)d(x , y ) p 0.

1
k i 0, ta nhn c
P
Nhn c 2 v biu thc trn vi (e k) =
i=0

dp (x , y ) p 0.

Do ta c dp (x , y ) = 0, hay x = y .
Vy im bt ng ca nh x T l duy nht.

nh l 2.2.2.[3]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn y .

P l mt nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc M .
Gi s nh x: T : X X tha mn iu kin Lipschitz tng qut:
dp (T x, T y) p k(dp (T x, y) + dp (T y, x)), x, y X, trong k P vi
1
(k) <
2
Khi T c duy nht mt im bt ng trong X.
Vi bt k x X, dy {T n x} hi t ti im bt ng.

33
Chng minh.
Chn x0 X v t xn = T n x0 , n 1. Ta c

dp (xn+1 , xn ) = dp (T xn , T xn1 )
p k(dp (T xn , xn1 ) + dp (T xn1 , xn ))
p k(dp (xn+1 , xn ) + dp (xn , xn1 )).

Ta suy ra dp (xn+1 , xn ) p (e k)1 kdp (xn , xn1 ).

Ta s chng minh rng

1
lim (e k)1 k n n < 1,

n

v da vo phn chng minh ca nh l trn vi php nhn (e k)1 v

k l giao hon, ta suy ra {xn } l dy Cauchy trong X.
Ly n ln sao cho
1
n+i n+i
k , i 0.
1 1
y R sao cho lim kk n k n < <
 nn 2

(n) (n)
Ta c (e k)n = ki = i k i , trong i R, n, i 0.
P P
i=0 i=0
(n)
Do i 0, n, i 0.
Khi ta c

X
((e k)1 k)n = (e k)n k n =
(n) n+i
i k

i=0

(n) (n)
X X
i k n+i i n+i


i=0 i=0

!n  n
X
= n i =
i=0
1

1
V th ta c lim (e k)1 k n n <

< 1 v {xn } l mt dy
n 1

34
Cauchy.
Do X l khng gian y nn tn ti x X sao cho lim xn = x .
n
Ta c

dp (T x , x ) p dp (T x , T xn ) + dp (T xn , x )
p k(dp (T x , xn ) + dp (T xn , x )) + dp (xn+1 , x )
p k(dp (T x , x ) + dp (x , xn ) + dp (xn+1 , x )) + dp (xn+1 , x ).

Do (e k)dp (T x , x ) p kdp (x , xn ) + (e + k)dp (x , xn+1 ).

V P l nn chun tc
vi hng s M nn ta c
1
kdp (T x , x )k M (e k)
.(kkk. kdp (x , xn )k +
+ k(e + k)k . kdp (x , xn+1 )k).
Do {xn } l dy Cauchy nn ta c

lim dp (x , xn ) = 0, lim dp (x , xn+1 ) = 0

n n

do dp (T x , x ) = 0.
Vy x = T x , x l im bt ng ca nh x T.
Ta s chng minh x l im bt ng duy nht ca T.
Tht vy, nu y l mt im bt ng khc ca T th ta c:
dp (x , y ) = dp (T x , T y ) p k(dp (T x , y ) + dp (T y , x )) = 2kdp (x , y )
Nh vy dp (x , y ) p (2k)n dp (x , y ), n 1.
T lim k(2k)n k = 0 suy ra dp (x , y ) = 0 hay x = y .
n
Vy im bt ng ca nh x T l duy nht.

nh l 2.2.3.[3]. Cho (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn y .

P l mt nn chun tc vi hng s chun tc M.
Gi s nh x T : X X tha mn iu kin Lipschitz tng qut:
dp (T x, T y) p k(dp (T x, x) + dp (T y, y)), x, y X,
1
trong k P vi (k) <
2

35
Khi T c duy nht mt im bt ng trong X.
Vi mi x X , dy {T n x} hi t ti im bt ng.

Chng minh.
Chn x0 X v t xn = T n x , n 1 ta c:

dp (xn+1 , xn ) = dp (T xn , T xn1 )
p k(dp (T xn , xn ) + dp (T xn1 , xn1 ))
= k(dp (xn+1 , xn ) + dp (xn , xn1 ))

Do theo nh l trn ta suy ra dp (xn+1 , xn ) p (e k)1 kdp (xn , xn1 ).

Mt khc ta c {xn } l mt dy Cauchy v bi tnh cht y ca X ,
gii hn ca {xn } tn ti v c k hiu l x .
Ta chng minh x l im bt ng ca nh x T.
Ta c dp (T x , x ) p dp (T x , T xn ) + dp (T xn , x )
p k(dp (T x , x ) + dp (T xn , xn )) + dp (xn+1 , x ).
Chng minh tng t nh nh l trn, ta c
dp (T x , x ) p (e k)1 (kdp (xn+1 , xn ) + dp (xn+1 , x )), suy ra
kdp (T x , x )k M (e k)1 (kkk . kdp (xn+1 , xn )k + kdp (xn+1 , x )k).

Do lim dp (xn+1 , xn ) = 0, lim dp (xn+1 , x ) = 0 nn ta suy ra

n n

dp (T x , x ) = 0, x l im bt ng ca nh x T.
By gi nu y l mt im bt ng khc ca T th
dp (x , y ) = dp (T x , T y ) p k(dp (T x , x ) + dp (T y , y )) = 0, suy ra
x = y l iu mu thun.
V th, im bt ng ca nh x T l duy nht.

V d 2.2.1. Cho A = R2 . Vi mi (x1 , x2 ) A, k(x1 , x2 )k = |x1 | + |x2 |.

Php nhn c nh ngha bi:

xy = (x1 , x2 )(y1 , y2 ) = (x1 y1 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 ).

36
Khi A l mt i s Banach vi n v e = (1, 0).
Cho P = {(x1 , x2 ) R2 : x1 , x2 0} th P l nn chun tc vi hng s
chun tc M = 1.
Cho X = R2 v metric dp c xc nh bi
dp (x, y) = dp ((x1 , x2 )(y1 , y2 )) = (|x1 y1 | , |x2 y2 |) P.
Khi (X, dp ) l mt khng gian metric nn y vi i s Banach A.
By gi ta nh ngha nh x T : X X bi
T (x1 , x2 ) = (lg(2 + |x1 |), arctan(3 + |x2 |) + x1 ) trong c th l s
thc dng bt k.
Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh Lagrange, ta c:
 
1 1
dp (T (x1 , x2 ), T (y1 , y2 )) p |x1 y1 | , |x2 y2 | + |x1 y1 |
2 10
 
1
p , dp ((x1 , x2 ), (y1 , y2 )).
2

v 1
 n n1  
n  n1 ! n
1 1 1 1
lim , = lim , n = < 1.

n 2 n 2 2 2
Vy theo nh l 2.2.1, nh x T c im bt ng duy nht trn X.

37
Kt lun

Lun vn trnh by ba kt qu v im bt ng ca nh x
Lipschitz suy rng trong khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach.

(X, dp ) l khng gian metric nn vi i s Banach.

T : X X l nh x tha mn:
1. dp (T x, T y) p kdp (x, y), x, y X.
2. dp (T x, T y) p k(dp (T x, y) + dp (T y, x)), x, y X.
3. dp (T x, T y) p k(dp (T x, x) + dp (T y, y)), x, y X.
Khi T c im bt ng duy nht trn X.
Ti liu tham kho

[A] Ti liu ting Vit

[1] Hong Ty (2003), Gii tch hm, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni.

[2] Hng Tn, Nguyn Th Thanh H (2002), Cc nh l im

bt ng, NXB i hc S phm.

[B] Ti liu ting Anh

[3] Hao Liu, Shaoyuan Xu (2013), Cone metric spaces with Banach alge-
bras and fixed point theorems of generalized Lipschitz mappings, Fixed
point theory and Applications, Doi:10.1186/1687-1812-2013-320.

[4] Huang Long-Guang, Zhang Xian (2007), Cone metric spaces and fixed
point theorems of contractive mappings, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 332,
1468-1476.