EXPLANATION TEXT

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific
and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say why and how of the forming of the
phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Generic structure of Explanation

General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.

Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Language Feature

Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc

Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense

Examples and structures of the text

Making Paper from Woodchips

A general statement Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and
paper products from forest trees.
The woodchipping process begins when the trees
are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
A sequenced explanation of Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out
and then the logs are taken to the mill.
why or how something occurs At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the
logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small
pieces called woodchips.
The
woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and
other impurities.At this stage they are either
exported in this form or changed into pulp by
chemicals and heat.
The
pulp is then bleached and the water content is
removed.
Closing Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

Questions
Acid rain is rain that is highly acidic because of sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, and other air pollutants dissolved in it. Normal rain is slightly acidic,
with a pH of 6. Acid rain may have a pH value as low as 2.8.Acid rain can
severely damage both plant and animal life. Certain lakes, for example, have
lost all fish and plant life because of acid rain.

Acid rain comes from sulfur in coal and oil. When they burn, they make sulfur
dioxide (SO2 ). Most sulfur leaves factory chimneys as the gaseous sulfur
dioxide (SO2 ) and most nitrogen are also emitted as one of the nitrogen
oxides (NO or NO2 ), both of which are gasses. The gasses may be dry
depositedabsorbed directly by the land, by lakes or by the surface vegetation.
If they are in the atmosphere for anytime, the gasses will oxidize (gain an
oxygen atom) and go into solution as acids. Sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) and the
nitrogen oxides will become nitric acid (HNO3 ). The acids usually dissolve
in cloud droplets and may travel great distances before being precipitated as
acid rain.

Catalysts such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and ammonium help promote the
formation of acids in clouds. More ammonium (NH4 ) can be formed when
some of the acids are partially neutralized by airborne ammonia (NH3 ).
Acidification increases with the number of active hydrogen (H+) ions
dissolved in acid. Hydrocarbons emitted by, for example, car exhausts will
react in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone. Although it is
invaluable in the atmosphere, low-level ozone causes respiratory problems
and also hastens the formation of acid rain. When acid rain falls on the ground
it dissolves and liberates heavy metals and aluminum (Al). When it is washed
into lakes, aluminum irritates the outer surfaces of many fish. As acid rainfalls
or drains into the lake the pH of the lake falls. Forests suffer the effect of acid
rain through damage to leaves, through the loss of vital nutrients, and through
the increased amounts of toxic metals
liberated by acid, which damage roots and soil microorganisms.
1. What is the text mainly about?
A. The definition of acid rain
B. The process of acid rain
C. The effect of acid rain
D. Acid rain
E. Rain
2. The acid of normal rain is . then the acid rain
A. Higher
B. Lower
C. Denser
 D. Severer
E. The same
3. What is the result of the burning of the coal and oil?
A. Ammonium
B. Nitric acid
C. Sulphuric acid
D. Sulfur dioxide
E. Airborne ammonia
4. The sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides will . in the air.
A. Be absorbed directly by the vegetation
B. Dissolved in the lake water and land
C. Emit another sulfur gas
D. Radiate an oxygen atom
E. Gain an oxygen atom
5. Which of the following is not true about acid rain?
A. It contains lower pH than the normal rain
B. It has higher pH than the normal rain
C. It can damage animal and plant life
D. It contains dangerous gasses
E. It endangers water life
CONDITIONAL IF CLAUSE
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain
condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, Ill send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

 It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Questionss

1. I am not happy because she doesnt love me. But, .

I will be very happy if she loves me.

I will be happy if she loved me.
I would be very happy if she loved me.
I would have been very happy if she had loved me.
2. Sorry bro. I was sick last night therefore I didnt come to your party.

If I wasnt sick last night, I came to your party.

If I had been sick last night, I wouldnt come to your party.
If I hadnt been sick last night, I would come to your party.
If I hadnt been sick last night, I would have come to your party.
3. Tommy and Tono couldnt play football because they had an exam.

Tommy and Tono couldnt play football as if they had had an exam.
Tommy and Tono could have played football if they didnt have an exam.
Tommy and Tono could play football if they didnt have an exam.
Tommy and Tono could have played football if they hadnt had an exam.
4. The sun always rises in the east.

What would happen if the sun rises in the west?

What will happen if the sun rises in the west?
What would happen if the sun rose in the west?
What would have happened if the sun had risen in the west?
5. She didnt love him because he was a jerk.

If he hadnt been a jerk, she would have loved him.

If he werent a jerk, she would love him.
If he hadnt been a jerk, she would love him.
She would have loved him even though he had been a jerk