9-1

Chapter 8 CHAPTER 9
Chapter 9 SOLUTIONS

9-1 Solid waste container sizes

Given: High school population = 881; 30 class rooms; 0.11 kg/cap.d plus 3.6 kg/room;
density = 120 kg/m3 ; Wednesday & Friday pickup; containers: 1.5; 2.3, 3.0, 4.6
m
Solution:

a. Daily solid waste generation

(30 rooms)(3.6 kg/room) = 108.0 kg/d

(881 students)(0.11 kg/student) = 96.91 kg/d

Total = 108.0 + 96.91 = 204.91 kg/d

b. Daily volume

204.91 kg d
V= 3
= 1.71 m 3 d
120 kg m

c. Collection schedule

Wednesday pickup includes Friday, Monday and Tuesday

Friday pickup includes Wednesday and Thursday

Therefore,

Total Volume = (3 d)(1.71 m3/d) = 5.12 m3

d. Number and size of containers

Many combinations possible:

One of 1.5 m3 and one of 4.6 m3 = 6.10 m3 okay

One of 2.3 m3 and one of 3.0 m3 = 5.30 m3 okay

Two of 3.0 m3 = 6.0 m3 okay

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 9-2

9-2 Annual solid waste volume from stone works

Given: 6 employees; 1 kg/cap d; density = 480 kg/m3

Solution:

a. Calculate annual mass produced

(6 employees)(1 kg/cap d)(365 d/y) = 2,190 kg/y

b. Calculate volume

2190 kg y
V= 3
= 4.56m 3
480 kg m

9-3 Waste rock production

Given: 100 kg of metal, ore containing 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% metal

Solution:

a. Mass balance

Rock 100 kg metal

Waste rock = ?
b. At 50% metal = 0.50 metal

100kg metal
= 200 kg of rock at 50% ore yields 100 kg of metal
0.50

200kg rock 100kg metal

Waste rock = = 1.0 kg waste rock/kg metal
100kg metal

c. Similarly

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 9-3

100kg metal
100kg
25% 0.25 = 3 kg waste rock/kg metal
100kg

10% 9 kg/kg metal

5% 19 kg/kg
2.5% 39 kg/kg

9-4 Average density of household waste

Given: Volume of container = 0.0757 m ; mass of empty container = 3.63 kg; 8

weighings

Solution:

a. Assume all cans full. Calculate density as shown in following example calculation:

7.26kg 3.63kg
Density = = 47.95 kg m 3
0.0757 m 3

b. Tabulated values

Gross Mass (kg) Net Mass (kg) Density (kg/m3)

7.26 3.63 47.95
7.72 4.09 54.03
10.89 7.26 95.90
7.26 3.63 47.95
8.17 4.54 59.97
6.35 2.72 35.93
8.17 4.54 59.97
8.62 4.99 65.92
Total = 467.63

c. Mean density

467.63
X= = 58.4 kg m 3
8

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 9-4

9-5 Density of compacted waste

Given: Problem 9-4, compact to 37% of original volume

Solution:

a. Note that the definition of density is

mass
Density =
unit volume

b. From Problem 9-4 density = 58.4 kg/m3

Then

58.4kg 1
Compacted Density = 3
= 158 kg m 3
m 0.34

9-6 Density of Davis, CA MSW

Given: Table 9-3 with paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, and tin cans removed

Solution:

a. Tabular computation showing fractions removed

Component Mass (kg) Volume (m3)

Total 45.4 0.429

Paper -19.6 -0.240

Cardboard -2.98 -0.0297
Plastics -0.82 -0.013
Glass -3.4 -0.018
Tin cans -2.36 -0.0268
NEW TOTAL 16.27 0.1015

16.27 kg
New Density = = 160.29 kg m 3
0.1015m 3

9-7 Number and size of trucks

Given: Gobs of data and assumptions: see text.

Solution:

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 9-5

a. Calculate mean time per collection stop

(3 cans/wk = 1.5 can per collection for twice a week pickup)

tp = 18.00 s + (12.60 s/can)(1.5 can) + 0

tp = 36.90 s/stop or 0.615 min or 0.0103 h

b. Number of pickup locations per crew (Eqn. 9-3). The average haul speed(s) is
determined from Figure 9-6: 48.0 km/h

8.0 2(24 )
(2 )
20 7.5 0.5

Np = 2 48 60 60 2 = 1.9583 = 190 pickups per load
0.0103 0.0103

c. Volume per pickup

Waste generation rate = (1.17 kg/cap d)(4 people) = 4.68 kg/d

For twice a week pickup assume 4 days between pickups

(4.68 kg/d)(4 d) = 18.72 kg

18.72kg
Vp = 3
= 0.1294m 3
144.7 kg m

d. Compute compaction ratio

475 kg m 3
r= = 3.2827
144.7 kg m 3

e. Volume of truck (note numerator of Np is same as bracket of Eqn. 9-1)

VT =
0.1294
(1.9583) = 7.49m 3
(3.2827 )(0.0103)
Since the smallest volume truck is 9.0 m3, Volume of truck = 9.0 m3

f. Number of trucks

The number of trucks required is a function of the population that must be served. An
assumption must be made about the number of work days, i.e. pickup days per week. I
have assumed 5 days/wk.
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 9-6

44000people
= 11000stops
4people / residence

11,000 stops x 2 pickups/wk = 22,000 stops/wk

22000stops / week
= 4400stops / d
5days / week

4400stops / d
= 11.57 or 12 trucks
(190stops / load )(2loads / d )
9-8 Collection parameters for Forty Two

Given: Gobs of data, see problem.

Solution:

a. Volume per pickup

V = (2.53 cans/stop)(0.1136 m /can) = 0.2874 m3

Solve Eqn. 9-1 for tp (mean time per collection stop)

Vp H 2(x ) B
tp = 2t d t u
VT (R ) N d s Nd

2( x )
+ 2 t d + t u = 1 .0 h
s
B = (0.5h for breaks) + (0.40h for maintenance) = 0.90 h

0.2874 8.0 0.90

tp = 1.00 = 0.00402(6.10 )
(17.0)(3.97 ) 1
1

tp = 0.024522 h or 1.47132 min or 88.3 s/stop

b. Number of pickup locations per load

6.10
Np = = 248.76 or 249 locations/load
0.024522

c. Number of trucks
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 9-7

Assume 4 people/collection stop

361564
No. of stops = = 90391 stops
4

90391stops
= 36.30 trucks
(5d / wk )(249stops / load )(2loads / d )
with 15% out of service

36.30 x 1.15 = 41.75 or 42 trucks required

9-9 Evaluation of collection system for Bon Chance

Given: collection data

Solution:

a. Mean time per stop and mean time to next stop using Eqn. 9-2

Vp = (2.95 cans/stop)(0.0911 m3/can) = 0.2687 m3/stop

Given in problem statement

R = 3.28

2x
+ 2 t d + t u = 1.50h
s

B = (0.5h for breaks) + (0.6h for maintenance) = 1.10 h

0.2687 8 1.10
tp = 1.50 = 0.00887 h
(18.0)(3.28) 2
2

b. Number of pick up locations

1.95
Np = = 219.78 or 220 per load
0.00887

c. Number of stops

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 9-8

161565people
No. of stops = = 64626stops
2.5people / stop

d. Number of trucks

64626stops
No. of trucks = = 29.37 trucks
(5d / wk )(220stops / load )(2loads / d )
e. Allowance for trucks out of service (15%)

No. of trucks = (29.37)(1.15) = 33.78 or 34 trucks

9-10 Truck size

Given: Example 9-1 with no rear of yard pickup and one trip to disposal site

Solution:

a. Mean time per collection

tp = 0.72 + 0.54 = 1.26 min or 0.0210 h

b. Volume of truck

0.11 8 2(6.4 ) 13 6 0.5

VT = 2
(3.77 )(0.0210) 1 27
60 60 1

VT = (1.3894)(8 - 0.4741 - 0.4333 - 0.100 - 0.500)

VT = (1.3894)(6.4926) = 9.021 or 9 m3 / truck

c. Number of pickup locations

6.4926
Np = = 309 pickups per load
0.0210

9-11 Rework collection data for Forty Two

Given: Problem 9-8 and tbp = 28.20 s and a = 12.80 s/can; trips to disposal site = 1/day

Solution:

a. Calculate tp
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 9-9

tp = 28.20 + 12.80 (2.53) = 60.58 s

tp = 1.009667 min or 0.016828 h

b. Number of pickup locations

8 0.90
1.00
Np = 1 1 = 6.10
0.016828 0.016828

Np = 362.39 or 362 locations/load

c. Number of trucks

90391
= 49.94 trucks
(5d / wk )(362stops / d )
With 15% out of service

49.94 x 1.15 = 57.43 or 57 trucks required

9-12 Annual cost per megagram and average weekly charge for Midden

Given: Gobs of data, see problem statement.

Solution:

a. Annual truck cost

Notes: VT = 7.49 m3 = volume carried not 9 m3 volume of truck from Problem 9-7
NT = (2 per d)(5 d/wk)(52 wk/y) = 520
xT = Average annual distance/NT

16412
1000 (5.50)
AT =
(1000)(106628) 0.1150(5 + 1)
1+ 520
(7.49)(475)(520)(5) 2 + (7.49)(475)
AT = (11.527)(1.345) + 48.79

AT = 15.50 + 48.79 = $64.29/Mg

b. Annual labor cost

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 9-10

AL =
(1000)(1)(14.00)(8.0) [1 + 1.0138]
(7.49)(475)(2)
AL = (15.74)(2.0138) = $31.70/Mg

c. Total cost

TC = AT + AL = $95.99 or $95/Mg

d. Weekly charge

Weekly volume SW = (1.17 kg/cap-d)(7d)(4 people/house) = 32.76 kg/wk

e. Cost plus profit (20%)

$96/Mg x 1.20 = $115.20/Mg

f. Cost per week per household

$115.20 / Mg
32.76 kg wk = $3.77 / wk
1000 kg Mg

9-13 Annual and weekly cost (2 person and 1 person crew)

Given: Gobs of data, see problem statement

NOTE: density of compacted waste not given! It should be 400 kg/m3

Solution:

a. See the following spreadsheet calculations

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 9-11

Collection Data

Population = 361564
No. of people per stop 4
No. of containers = 2.53
Collection days/wk = 5
3
Vp = 0.1136 m
r= 3.97
H= 8h
Nd = 1
(2x/s-2td-tu) = 1h
B= 0.9 h
tp
Crew of 1 = 0.0118 h
Crew of 2 = 0.00883 h

Truck Capacity

VT = Standard size
3 3
Crew of 1 = 14.8 m 15 m
3 3
Crew of 2 = 19.8 m 21 m

No. of stops

Np
Crew of 1 = 516.9 stops per load
Crew of 2 = 690.8 stops per load

Total = 90391 stops per week

Number of trucks

Crew of 1 = 35.0
Crew of 2 = 26.2

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 9-12

Cost Data

Capital cost (F)

15 m3 = $122,000 side loader
21 m3 = $141,000 rear loader
3
DT = 400 kg/m

NT = 260 trips/y

Y= 5 years

Interest rates

for Nosleep 0.0825

Avg. annual distance 11797 km

Xt = 45.37308 km

OM
15 m3 = $5.75 per km
21 m3 = $6.55 per km

A(T) for Nosleep

15 m3 = $63.88 per Mg
21 m3 = $54.70 per Mg

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 9-13

Labor costs

for Nosleep
Total
Crew of 1 = 1 $16.00 $16.00 per hour
Crew of 2 = 3 $15.25 $14.70 $29.95 per hour

Overhead (OH)

for Nosleep 0.7504

AL for Nosleep
Crew of 1 = $37.87 per Mg 15 m3
Crew of 2 = $53.04 per Mg 21 m3

Total charges

for Nosleep
Crew of 1 = $101.75 per Mg 12 m3
Crew of 2 = $107.74 per Mg 18 m3

Average weekly charge

SW gen. Per stop 28.95798 kg/wk

Crew of 1 = $2.95 per wk

Crew of 2 = $3.12 per wk

9-14 Bon Chance annual cost

Given: Gobs of data, see problem statement

Solution:

a. See following spreadsheet calculations

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 9-14

Collection Data

Population = 161565
No. of people per stop 2.5
No. of containers = 2.95
Collection days/wk = 5
3
Vp = 0.0911 m
r= 3.28
H= 8h
Nd = 1
(2x/s-2td-tu) = 1.5 h
B= 1.1 h
tp
Crew of 1 = 0.01147 h
Crew of 2 = 0.0095 h
Crew of 3 = 0.0083 h

Truck Capacity

VT = Standard size
3 3
Crew of 1 = 13.1 m 15 m
3 3
Crew of 2 = 15.8 m 18 m
3 3
Crew of 3 = 18.1 m 21 m

No. of stops

Np
Crew of 1 = 470.8 stops per load
Crew of 2 = 568.4 stops per load
Crew of 3 = 650.6 stops per load

Total = 64626 stops per week

Number of trucks

Crew of 1 = 27.5
Crew of 2 = 22.7
Crew of 3 = 19.9

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 9-15

Cost Data

Capital cost (F)

15 m3 = $122,000
18 m3 = $131,500
21 m3 = $141,000

DT = 400 kg/m(3)

NT = 260 trips/y

Y= 5 years

Interest rates

for Bon Chance 0.0625

Avg. annual distance 15260 km

Xt = 58.69 km

OM
15 m3 = $5.75 per km
18 m3 = $6.55 per km
21 m3 = $7.60 per km

AT for Bon Chance

15 m3 = $85.83 per Mg
18 m3 = $81.27 per Mg
21 m3 = $79.53 per Mg

Labor costs

for Bon Chance

Total
Crew of 1 = 1 $19.90 $19.90 per hour
Crew of 2 = 2 $18.64 $12.58 $31.22 per hour
Crew of 3 = 3 $18.64 $12.58 $12.58 $43.80 per hour

Overhead (OH)

for Bon Chance 0.7504

AL for Bon Chance

Crew of 1 = $53.28 per Mg
Crew of 2 = $69.23 per Mg
Crew of 3 = $84.86 per Mg

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 9-16

Total charges

for Bon Chance VT

Crew of 1 = $139.11 per Mg 15 m3
Crew of 2 = $150.50 per Mg 18 m3
Crew of 3 = $164.39 per Mg 21 m3

Average weekly charge

SW gen. Per stop 32.77 kg/wk

Crew of 1 = $4.56 per wk

Crew of 2 = $4.93 per wk
Crew of 3 = $5.39 per wk

9-15 Routing for Redbud, ID

Figure S-9-15: Redbud routing

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 9-17

9-16 Routing for Mundy, MN

Figure S-9-16

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 9-18

9-17 Routing for Mundy, MN with one way streets

Figure S-9-17

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 9-19

9-18 Routing for Travail, AR

Figure
S-9-18

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 9-20

9-19 Troublesome Creek routing

Figure S-9-19

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 9-21

9-20 Routing from Olson, N.C.

Figure S-9-20

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 9-22

9-21 Routing for Masters, MS

Figure S-9-21

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 9-23

9-22 Equation for hauling cost versus distance

NOTE: THIS IS NOT A TRIVIAL PROBLEM!

Given: Data from Problems 9-7 and 9-12, VT = 9.0 m3

Solution:

a. Number of trips per year

NT = (2 trips/d)(5 d/wk)(52 wk/y) = 520 trips/y

b. The cost equations (Eqns. 9-4 and 9-5) may be written as follows using the data from
Problems 9-7 and 9-12

Truck cost

AT =
(1000)(117000) (1.2625) + (1000)(x )(6.46) = 13.29 + 1.511x
(9.0)(475)(520)(5) (9.0)(475)
c. Labor cost where Ht is the round trip travel time

(1000)(1)(17.74)(H t )
AL = [1 + 1.0138] = 17740H t (2.0138)
(9.0)(475)(2) 8550

AL = 4.18Ht

d. The total cost equation

TC = 13.29 + 1.511x + 4.18H t

9-23 Equations for hauling cost versus distance

Given: Data from Problems 9-8, 9-11, 9-13 and fixed VT = 18.0 m3

Solution:

a. Number of trips per year

NT = (1 trip/d)(5 d/wk)(52 wk/y) = 260 trips/y

b. Truck cost

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 9-24

AT =
(1000)(131500) (1.2025) + (1000)(x )(6.55)
(18.0)(400)(260)(5) (18.0)(400)
AT = 16.89 + 0.9097x

c. Labor cost

(1000)(16.0)(H t )
AL = [1 + 0.7504] = 2.222H t (1.7504) = 3.89H t
(18.0)(400 )(1)
d. Total cost

TC = 16.89 + 0.9097x + 3.89Ht

9-24 Equation for hauling distance

Given: Crew of 2, 18.0 m3 truck

Solution:

a. AT is same as for 9-23

AT = 16.89 + 0.9097x

b. AL for crew of 2 at $15.25 for driver + $14.70 for collector

(1000)(15.25 + 14.70)(H t )
AL = [1 + 0.7504] = (4.16)(H t )(1.7504) = 7.28H t
(18.0)(400)(1)
c. Total cost

TC = 16.89 + 0.9097x + 7.28Ht

9-25 Should transfer station be used?

Given: 9.53 MG/wk, 64.0 km one-way crew of one. Transfer station = $19,000 @ 8.50%
for 5y plus $15,000 O&M

Solution:

a. Cost of hauling using solution for Problem 9-22 with total haul distance > 80km (i.e.
2(64) = 128 km)

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 9-25

2(64km )
Ht = = 1 .6 h
80 km h

TC = 53.15 + 0.75(128) + 4.18(1.6) = $155.83 to haul without transfer

b. Transfer station costs

Amortization of capital cost over 5y

A = $25,000(A/P, 6%, 5y)

A = $25,000(0.2374) = $5,935

Total annual cost

TC = $5,935 + $20,000 = $25,935

Annual solid waste generation rate

(9.53 Mg/wk)(52 wk/y) = 495.56 Mg/y

Cost per Mg for transfer station

$25,935
= $52.35 / Mg
495.56 Mg y

Transfer truck haul

TC = 47.98 + 0.55(128) + 2.59(1.6) = $122.50/Mg

Total Transfer + Haul = $52.35 + $122.50 = $174.85

Transfer station costs more than direct haul. Trooper should NOT build the transfer
station.

9-26 Solid waste transfer station for Calamity, GA

Given: Gobs of data and crew of 3 cost curve from Problem 9-23

Solution:

a. For crew of 3 direct haul

TC = 13.22 + 0.6319(93.4) + 3.869(1.08) = $76.42/Mg

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 9-26

b. Transfer station cost

Amortization

A = $1,200,000 (A/P, 6.0%, 8y)

From compound interest tables

A/P = 0.1610

A = $1,200,000(0.1610) = $193,200

Total costs

TC=$193,200+$55,000+$64,900+($6.55/km)(2)(46.7km)(5d/wk)(52wk/y)

TC = $313,100 + $795,301 = $1,108,401

Waste generation

(0.425 Mg/m3)(48800 m3/y) = 20740 Mg

Cost/Mg

1108401
= $53.44 / Mg < $76.42/Mg
20740

Construct transfer station it is cheaper.

9-27 Volume of landfill

Given: Table of mass fractions; assume cell height of 2.40 m and normal compaction; 20
y life

Solution:

a. Mass of solid waste/y

(44000 pop)(1.17 kg/cap-d)(365 d/y) = 18,790,200 kg/y or 18,790 Mg/y

b. Compute weighted compaction ratio (using Table 9-8)

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 9-27

Mass Weighted
Component Fraction Normal Compaction Ratio
Food Waste 0.0926 2.8 0.26
Paper 0.4954 5 2.48
Plastic, rubber, wood 0.0438 4.45* 0.19
Textiles 0.0379 2.5 0.09
Metals 0.0741 4.25* 0.31
Glass 0.1668 1.7 0.28
Misc. 0.0894 1.2 0.11
3.72
* Average of components; i.e. (5.6 + 3.3)/2 = 4.45

c. Compute density of compacted fill

Dc = (144.7 kg/m3) (3.73) = 539.12 kg/m3

d. Volume per day

(44000people)(1.17 kg cap d )
= 95.49 m 3 d
3
539.12 kg m

e. Area per day

Assume spread in 0.3 m layer

95.49 m 3 d
= 318.30 m 2 d
0.3m

f. Time to complete cell

Using 0.15 m/d cover then 0.3 m sw + 0.15 m soil = 0.45 m and it will take

2.4m 0.15m
= 5 d to complete cell
0.45m

g. Soil volume Not ignoring soil separating cells

For daily cover

(3 cells/stack)(5 lifts/cell)(318.30 m2/d)(0.15 m) = 716.18 m3

plus 0.15 m for intermediate cover

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 9-28

(3 cells/stack)(318.30)(0.15) = 143.24 m3

plus final cover

(318.30)(0.15) = 47.75 m3

plus soil separating stack (square @ (318.3)1/2 = 17.84 m)

(0.03 m)(2.4 m high)(17.84 m long)(3 cells) = 38.54 m3

for two sides

2(38.54 m3) = 77.08 m3

for total soil volume

Vsoil = 716.18 + 143.24 + 47.75 + 77.08

Vsoil = 984.25 m3

h. Volume of solid waste

Vsw = (95.49 m3/d)(15 d/stack) = 1417.35 m3/stack

i. Value for E

984.25 + 1417.35
E= = 1.69
1417.35

j. Volume of landfill

VLF =
(18790 Mg y )(1.69 ) (20 y ) = 1,178,034m 3
0.53912 Mg m 3

or VLF = 1,180,000 m3

k. Area of landfill

1180000m 3
A LF = = 157,333.33 or 157,000 m2
(3)(2.4) + 0.3

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 9-29

9-28 Landfill volume with 50% of paper removed

Given: Problems 9-7 and 9-27

Solution:

a. Mass fractions from solution to 9-27 minus 50% of paper. Assume 1.000 Mg to start

Mass Normal Weighted

Component New Mass Fraction* Compaction Compaction Ratio
Food Waste 0.0926 0.1231 2.8 0.3447
Paper 0.2477 0.3293 5 1.646
Plastic, rubber, wood 0.0438 0.0582 4.45 0.19
Textiles 0.0379 0.05038 2.5 0.1259
Metals 0.0741 0.0985 4.25 0.4186
Glass 0.1668 0.2217 1.7 0.3769
Misc. 0.0844 0.1188 1.2 0.1426
Total 0.7473 0.99998 3.2447

* Mass/Total

b. Compute density of compacted fill

Dc = (144.7 kg/m3)(3.245) = 469.5 kg/m3

c. Mass per day corrected for recycling (New mass = 75.23%)

See Prob. 9-7 for data

(44000 people)(1.17 kg/cap-d)(0.7523) = 38728.40 kg/d

d. Volume per day

38728.4 kg d
3
= 82.489 m 3 d
469.5 kg m

e. Area per day

Assume spread in 0.3 m layer

82.489 m 3 d
= 274.96 m 2 d
0.3m

f. Time to complete cell

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 9-30

Using 0.15 m/d cover then 0.3 m sw + 0.15 m soil = 0.45 m and it will take

2.40m 0.15m
= 5 d to complete cell
0.45 m d

g. Soil volume NOT ignoring soil separating cells

for daily cover

(3 cells/stack)(5 lifts/cell)(274.96 m2/d)(0.15 m) = 618.66 m3

plus 0.15 m for intermediate cover

(3 cells/stack)(274.96)(0.15) = 123.73 m3

plus final cover

(274.96)(0.15) = 41.25m3

plus soil separating stack (square @ (275.96)1/2 = 16.58 m)

(0.3 m)(2.4 m)(16.58 m)(3 cells) = 35.82 m3

for two sides

(2)(35.82 m3) = 71.63 m3

for a total soil volume

Vsoil = 618.66 + 123.73 + 41.25 + 71.63 = 855.27 m3

h. Volume of solid waste

Vsw = (82.489 m3/d)(15 d/stack) = 1237.34 m3/stack

i. Value for E

855.27 + 1237.34
E= = 1.69
1237.34

j. Volume of landfill

VLF =
(38728.40 kg d )(365 d y )(1.69 ) 20 y = 1,017,662 or 1,020,000 m3
(469.5 kg m 3
)
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 9-31

k. Area of landfill

1020000m 3
A LF = = 136000m 2
(3cells)(2.4m ) + 0.3m
NOTE: This is a savings of 157,000 21,000 m2 or about 13% of the land area.

9-29 Landfill for Binford, VT

Given: 50 Mg/d, 5 d/wk, spread at 122 kg/m3 ; compacted from 0.5 m to 0.25 m; 3 lifts
per day and daily cover = 0.3 m; ignore all other cover material

Solution:

a. Mass of solid waste per year

(50 Mg/d)(5 d/wk)(52 wk/y) = 13,000 Mg/y

b. Compacted density

In compacting from 0.50 m to 0.25 m the density as compacted will be

(122 kg m3 ) 00..50
25m
m
= 244 kg m3

c. Estimate of E

E=
(3lifts)(0.25m ) + 0.15m = 1.20
(3)(0.25)
d. Volume of landfill

VLF =
(13000 Mg y )(1.20) = 63,934.43 or 64,000 m3
0.244 Mg m 3

e. Daily area

50 Mg d
A LF = = 273m 2
( )
0.244 Mg m 3 (0.75m )

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 9-32

9-30 Theoretical production of CH4

Given: 20.3 kg of rapidly decomposing MSW, density of methane = 0.7167 kg/m3 at STP

Solution:

a. From the text the chemical formula for rapidly decomposing MSW is

C68H111O50N

b. From the reaction equation (9-8)

4(68) 111 2(50 ) + 3(1) 4(68) + 111 2(50 ) 3(1)

C 68 H 111O 50 N + H 2 O CH 4 + ...
4 8
OR
64 280
C 68 H 111O 9 N + H 2 O CH 4 + ...
4 8

C 68 H 111O 9 N + (16)H 2 O (35)CH 4 + ...

c. Calculate GMW of reactant and product

C68H111O9N = 1741

35 CH4 = 560

d. Ratio of GMW times mass of waste

560
(20.3kg ) = 6.53kg
1741

e. Estimate volume of gas at STP

6.53kg
3
= 9.11 m3 of CH4
0.7167 kg m

9-31 Theoretical production of CH4 and CO2

Given: 3.3 kg of slowly decomposing MSW, density of CH4 = 0.7167 kg/m3 and CO2 =
1.9768 kg/m3 at STP

Solution:
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 9-33

a. From the text the chemical formula for slowly decomposing MSW is

C20H29O9N

b. From the reaction equation (9-8)

4(20 ) 29 2(9 ) + 3(1) 4(20 ) + 29 2(9 ) 3(1)

C 20 H 29 O 9 N + H 2 O CH 4
4 8
4(20 ) 29 + 2(9 ) + 3(1)
+ CO 2 + NH 3
8

OR

C 20 H 29 O 9 N + (9)H 2 O (11)CH 4 + (9)CO 2 + NH 3

c. Calculate GMWs of reactant and products

C20H29O9N = 427

11 CH4 = 176

9 CO2 = 396

d. Ratio of GMW times mass of waste

CH4
176
(3.3kg ) = 1.36kg
427

CO2
396
(3.3kg ) = 3.06kg
427

e. Estimate volume of each gas at STP

1.36kg
CH4 = 1.90m 3
0.7167 kg m 3

3.06kg
CO2 = 1.55m 3
1.9768 kg m 3

Total = 1.90 + 1.55 = 3.45 m3

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 9-34

9-32 Recycling

Given: New equation for tp and Probs. 9-8 and 9-13

Solution:

a. New pickup time

tp = 22.6 + 3.80 (1.53) + 5.50 (3.00)

tP = 44.91 s or 0.75 min or 0.0125 h

b. New VT

VT =
0.2874
(2.55) = 14.80m 3
(3.97 )(0.0125)
c. Recompute costs

11797
1000 4.55
1000(99000) 0.0825(5 + 1) 260
AT = 1+ +
(14.8)(400)(260)(5) 2 (14.8)(400)
AT = (12.864)(1.25) + 34.87 = 50.95

AL =
(1000)(3)(11.08)(8.0) [1 + 0.6764]
(14.8)(400)(2)
AL = ($22.46)(1.6764) = $37.65/Mg

d. Total cost

TC = $50.95 + $37.65 = $88.60/Mg

Without recycling the cost was $72.86/Mg thus the savings would have to be
$88.60 - $72.86 = $15.74/Mg or greater

9-33 Reduction in landfill volume with recycling program

Given: Example 8 5 and 50% paper and 80% glass and metal recycled

Solution:

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 9-35

a. Mass of solid waste generated

Component Fraction removed Mass fraction removed

Paper (0.4317)(0.5) = 0.2159 (0.2159)(780) = 168.36
Tin cans (0.0520)(0.8) = 0.0416 (0.0416)(780) = 32.45
Nonferrous (0.0150)(0.8) = 0.0120 (0.0120(780) = 9.36
Ferrous (0.0430)(0.8) = 0.0344 (0.0344)(780) = 26.83
Glass (0.0749)(0.8) = 0.0599 (0.0749)(780) = 46.74

Total fraction removed = 0.3638

Total mass fraction removed = 283.76 Mg

Alternate calc.
780 Mg/y x (1 0.3638) = 496.22 Mg/y

b. New weighted compaction ratio

New Normal Weighted

Mass/ Compaction Compaction
Component New Mass Fract.* Ratio Ratio
Food waste 73.87 0.1487 2.8 0.4164
Paper 168.40 0.3390 5.0 1.6950
Coardboard 50.70 0.1021 4.0 0.4084
Plastics 14.12 0.0284 6.7 0.1903
Textiles 1.56 0.0031 5.6 0.0174
Leather 11.70 0.0236 3.3 0.0779
Garden 111.70 0.2249 4.0 0.8996
Wood 27.30 0.0550 3.4 0.1870
Glass 11.68 0.0235 1.7 0.0400
Tin cans 8.11 0.0163 5.6 0.0913
Nonferrous 2.34 0.0047 5.6 0.0263
Ferrous 6.70 0.0135 2.9 0.0392
Dirt, etc. 8.58 0.0173 1.2 0.0208
Total 496.76 4.1093

* New Mass/496.76

c. The density of the compacted fill

Dc = (106)(4.11) = 435.66 kg/m3 or 0.436 Mg/m3

d. New volume

496.22 Mg y 1 1
V= 3
= 4.38 m 3 d
0.43566 Mg m 52 5

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 9-36

e. In 0.3 m layers

4.38 m 3 d
= 14.60 m 2 d
0.3

f. Soil volumes

Soil separating stack

(0.3)(2.4)(14.6)1/2(3 cells)(2 sides) = 16.5

For daily cover

(3 cells/stack)(5 lifts/cell)(14.60 m2)(0.15 m) = 32.85 m3

Plus 0.15 m intermediate cover for week

(3 cells/stack)(14.60 m2)(0.15 m) = 6.57 m3

Plus final 0.3 m

(14.60 m2)(0.3 m) = 4.38

Total soil volume

Vsoil = 32.85 + 6.57 + 4.38 + 16.5 = 60.30

g. The solid waste volume

Vsw = (4.38 m3/d)(15 d/stack) = 65.70 m3/stack

h. The value for E

65.70 + 60.03
E= = 1.9137
65.70

i. Volume of landfill

VLF =
(496.76)(1.9137 ) 20 y = 43,641.78 or 44,000 m3
0.43566

j. Area of landfill

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 9-37

44000
A LF = = 5866.67 or 5900 m2
(3)(2.4) + 0.3
9-34 Maximum drainage distance (EPA method)

Given: rainfall = 4.0 cm/mo, k = 2.0 x 10-2 cm/s, slope = 1.0%

Solution:

Use Equation 9-9 with EPA max length of 0.3 m

a. Convert rainfall rate to m/s

2
4.0cm 10 m 1month 1d 8
r= = 1.54 10 m s
month cm 30d 86400s

b. Convert k to m/s

2.0 10 2 cm 10 2 m
k = = 2.00 10 4 m s
s cm

c. S = tan = 1% = 0.01 m/m

d. Solve Equation for L

1.54 10 8
0.5
( )
2.00 10 4 (0.01)2 (
2.00 10 4 (0.01) ) 1.54 10 8
0.5

0.3 = L +1 (0.01) +
2

(
2 2.00 10
4
)

1.54 10 8 1.54 10 8

2.00 10 4

(
0.3 = L 6.20 10 3 ) (
2.00 10 4 (0.01)2
8
+ 1
)
8
(
2.00 10 4 (0.01) ) [(
1 10 4 + 7.70 10 5 ) ]0. 5

1.54 10 1.54 10
(
0.3 = L 6.20 10 3 ) {1.3 + 1 (1.3 10 )[1.77 10 ]
2 4 0.5
}
(
0.3 = L 6.20 10 3 ) {2.3 (1.3 10 )[1.33 10 ] }
2 2

(
0.3 = L 6.20 10 3 ) {2.3 1.73 }
(
0.3 = L 3.54 10 3 )

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 9-38

L = 84.8 or 85 m

9-35 Drainage distance using:

Given: Problem 9-34; slopes of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0%; wet season 40.0 cm/mo

Solution:

a. See following spreadsheet calculations

Wet Season
Precip. (cm/mo) 4.00 40
K (cm/s) = 0.02
S (m/m) = 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01
ymax (m) = 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 84.59 =L

r= 0.00 0.00
K (m/s) = 0.00

r/K = 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

(r/2K)^0.5 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02
KS(2)/r 0.32 1.30 5.18 11.66 0.13
KS/r 64.80 129.60 259.20 388.80 12.96
S(2) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Bracket = 0.67 0.57 0.52 0.51 0.75

(r/2K^0.5)(Bracket) = 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

L= 72.19 84.59 92.52 94.65 y(max.) = 1.24 m

9-36 Lower heating value

Given: Cellulose C6H10O5 with HHV of 32,600

Solution:

a. Compute GMW of cellulose

C = 6(12) = 72
H = 10(1) = 10
O = 5(16) = 80

Total = 162

b. Compute LHV using Eqn 9-15

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 9-39

10
LHV = 32600 (24290)(9) = 31,255.56 or 31,300 kJ/kg
162

9-37 Lower heating value for CH4

Given: HHV = 888,500 kJ/kg

Solution:

a. Compute GMW of CH4

C = 12
H = 4(1) = 4

Total = 16

b. Compute LHV using Eqn 9-15

4
LHV = 888500 (24290)(9) = 881,240 kJ kg
12

9-38 LHV of food waste

Given: HHV = 4500 kJ/kg, 6.0% by mass is hydrogen

Solution:

a. Using Eqn. 9-15

LHV = 4500 [(24290)(9)(0.06)] = 3193.2 or 3,200 kJ/kg

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 9-40

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

9-1 Mean time per collection stop

Given: Equation 9-2

Solution:

There is no explicit consideration of crew size in the calculation of tp but it may be

implicit that a larger crew can empty multiple cans more quickly than a crew of one so tbp
would be less. Location of containers at the rear of the house increases collection time
linearly as the percentage of rear of house pickups increases.

9-2 Recommending a transfer station

Given: What conditions required

Solution:

The travel time and number of crew members making the trip strongly influence the need
for a transfer station. Large crews taking substantial amounts of time (whether because
of distance or congestion) favor transfer stations.

9-3 Suitability of soil types

Given: Six soil types and three applications

Solution:

1. Gravel (>2.5 cm diameter) = gas venting

2. Glacial till = not suitable for any of the three uses
3. Clay (K = 1 x 10-9 cm/s) = composite liner
4. Clay (K = 1 x 10-6 cm/s) = not suitable for any of the three uses
5. Sand (K = 0.1 cm/s) = drainage layer
6. Sand (K = 0.001 cm/s) = not suitable for any of the three uses

9-4 Recycling and WTE plant

Given: Proponents claim recycling will not affect performance of WTE

Solution:

Disagree. Recycling is beneficial because it conserves a natural resource. Recycling will

affect the incinerator in several ways. First, the reduction in mass of solid waste will
permit a reduction in the size of the facility and, hence, the capital cost. In addition, the
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 9-41

waste that remains will have a higher energy content. Recycling also reduces waste
elements that can damage boilers and remove components that slag and foul the boiler.

9-5 Why yard composting?

Given: Composting of yard waste has little economic value

Solution:

Yard waste uses a considerable volume of landfill space. Composing reduces the volume
and makes a useful product to return to the environment.

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