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Mr. Werkheiser
1 November 2017
2.1: Define the following terms: (a) ray, (b) ray, (c) ray, (d) X ray.
(a) ray: a ray that is produced by the decay of radioactive substances that is consisted
(b) ray: a ray that is produced by the decay of radioactive substances that is consisted
electric field.
(c) ray: a high-energy ray that has no electric charge and is not attracted to any
electric field.
(d) X ray: a type of electromagnetic radiation that, not unlike radiation, is not affected
2.3: Compare the properties of the following: particles, cathode rays, protons,
neutrons, electrons.
particles and protons are positively charged, cathode rays and electrons are
Chadwick.
J. J. Thomson: known for discovering the electron, cathode ray tube experiments,
developing the formula to represent the ratio between an electrons charge and its
Robert A. Millikan: known for resolving Thomsons ratio, oil drop experiments, and
Ernest Rutherford: known for discovering the nucleus of the atom, attempting to create
James Chadwick: known for discovering and proving the existence of neutrons.
2.7: The diameter of a neutral helium atom is about 1 x 102 pm. Suppose that we
could line up helium atoms side by side in contact with one another.
Approximately how many atoms would it take to make the distance from end to
end 1 cm?
It would take approximately 10,000,000 helium atoms (or 1 x 107 helium atoms) to
present in an atom?
Helium-4: 42He
Mass number: 4. The mass number (A) of an atom is the amount of protons and
Atomic number: 2. The atomic number (Z) of an atom is the amount of protons in a
an atom because atomic number indicates the amount of protons in an atom, which will
2.11: What do we call atoms of the same elements with different mass numbers?
Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called isotopes.
2.13: What is the mass number of an iron atom that has 28 neutrons?
An iron atom that has a neutron count of 28 has a mass number of 54.
28 = A 26
Mass number = 54
2.15: For each of the following species, determine the number of protons and the
number of neutrons in the nucleus: 32He, 42He, 2412Mg, 2512Mg, 4822Ti, 7935Br, 19578Pt.
3He has 2 protons and 1 neutron.
2
2.17: Write the appropriate symbol for each of the following isotopes: (a) Z = 11, A
(b)6428Ni (nickel-64)
2.19: What is the periodic table, and what is its significance in the study of
chemistry?
The periodic table is a chart in which elements of similar properties, chemical and
physical, are grouped near each other. It is significant to chemistry because it correlates
2.21: Write the names and the symbols for four elements in each of the following
(a) Carbon (C), fluorine (F), oxygen (O), and phosphorus (P) are nonmetals.
(b) Copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd) are metals.
(c) Astatine (As), boron (B), antimony (Sb), and germanium (Ge) are metalloids.
2.23: Elements whose names end with ium are usually metals; sodium is one
where you can locate a copy of the handbook) to find (a) two metals less dense
than water, (b) two metals denser than mercury, (c) the densest known solid
(c) The densest known solid metallic element is osmium; density of 22.61 g/cm 3.
(d) The densest known solid nonmetallic element is iodine; density of 4.93 g/cm3.
balls with holes in them. Sticks are used to connect these balls, representing the
Space-filling model: Atoms are represented by balls that are held together by truncated
fasteners, therefore the chemical bonds are unrepresented and invisible. The balls are
molecules, molecules that are not compounds, molecules that are compounds, or
2.33: Identify the following as elements or compounds: NH3, N2, S8, NO, CO, CO2,
H2, SO2.
NH3: compound, N2: element, S8: element, NO: compound, CO: compound, CO2:
2.35: Give the number of protons and electrons in each of the following common
2.37: What does a chemical formula represent? What is the ratio of the atoms in
the following molecular formulas? (a) NO, (b) NCl3, (c) N2O4, (d) P4O6.
2.39: Give an example of a case in which two molecules have different molecular
ionic compound?
Electric neutrality is maintained in an ionic compound by ensuring that the charges from
2.43: What are the empirical formulas of the following compounds? (a) C2N2, (b)
(a) CN
(b) CH
(c) C9H20
(d) P2O5
(e) BH3
2.45: Write the molecular formula of glycine, an amino acid present in proteins.
The color codes are: black (carbon), blue (nitrogen), red (oxygen), and grey
(hydrogen).
2.47: Which of the following compounds are likely to be ionic? Which are likely to
compounds?
Organic compounds contain carbon. All other compounds that do not include carbon are
considered inorganic.
2.51: Give an example each for a binary compound and a ternary compound.
2.53: Explain why the formula HCl can represent two different chemical systems.
The formula HCl can be used to represent the molecular compound hydrogen chloride
2.55: Naming the following compounds: (a) KH2PO4, (b) K2HPO4, (c) HBr (gas), (d)
HBr (in water), (e) Li2CO3, (f) K2Cr2O7, (g) FeO, (h) Fe2O3, (i) TiCl4, (j) NaH, (k) Li3N,
2.57: Write the formulas for the following compounds: (a) rubidium nitrite, (b)
potassium sulfide, (c) sodium hydrogen sulfide, (d) magnesium phosphate, (e)
heptafluoride, (h) ammonium sulfate, (i) silver perchlorate, (j) boron trichloride.