THE BRILLIANT 10: SCIENCES NEXT WAVE + DIY SUBMARINE + BIONIC VISION

T HE CAR IS D EA D . LO NG L I V E TH E C AR.

REVOLUTIONS
ELECTRICS OUTRUN GAS ROBOTS OUTDRIVE HUMANS THE NEW CAR CULTURE

CONTENDER:
The all-electric eO PP01
duels with gas-powered
competitors at Pikes Peak
International Hill Climb.

HOW TO MAKE ME
LOVE CARS AGAIN
A MILLENNIALS MANIFESTO
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2013 INDIAN MOTORCYCLE INTERNATIONAL, LLC

 Perfect for nature,
or the urban jungle.

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warranty applies to only certain states. See dealer for complete information on emissions and new car limited warranties.
 DEPARTMENTS FE ATURES
Contents
VOLUME 283 NO. 4 OCTOBER 2013

04
From the Editor
06
Peer Review
08 54 64 70 42
Megapixels Access videos, animations, TRAFFIC SUPER- WHY YOU THE BRILLIANT TEN
85 and more with the POPSCI PATTERN CHARGED CANT SELL Every year POPSCI names
FYI: Does stress really Interactive app. Just hover Robots can already At the Pikes Peak ME A CAR 10 young geniuses whose
make you hungry? your smartphone over outdrive humans. racecourse in A millennials work will change the world.
96 pages with this icon. Now everyone just Colorado, electric manifesto to Meet researchers studying
From the Archives needs to get out of cars prove theyre automakers. exoplanets, sequencing entire
their way. the real performance By Dave Mosher ecosystems, building a better
WHATS NEW By Adam Fisher vehicles. Internet, and more.
11 By Ezra Dyer By Veronique Greenwood
The cut-anything compact saw and Valerie Ross
12
The Goods: The best gaming
laptop and more
16
The fastest zero-emission
motorcycle
18
How to make
anything gunk-proof
21
A backpack made for
avalanche emergencies
22
Gadgets for dog owners
24
Why you may never buy a
computer again

HEADLINES
27
How studying mummies could
help treat modern illnesses
30
The counterfeit-busting tech
in the new $100 bill
33
What happens if an astronaut
floats off in space
34
Contact lenses for super sight
36
The race to document the
worlds disappearing reefs
38
Where donated bodies go
SAM KAPLAN; ON THE COVER: CHIP KALBACK

40
Why making babies with three
parents is a good idea

HOW 2.0

38
73
A manned submarine made
from a drain pipe
78
Build a concrete canoe
80
Hack an old camera into a
photosynthesis detector
82
The talking, listening, auto-
cooking DIY microwave oven

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 0 3

From the Editor
OCTOBER 2013 / POPULAR SCIENCE
Shift
T
HE HISTORY of auto-
mobiles in this country is
the history of upheaval.
During the Great Depression, the
rise of V8 engines made it possible
for bank robbers to leap onto the run-
ning board of a getaway car and roar
away from the local constabularys
Model A. Today, every highway,
cul-de-sac, curb, and shopping plaza
is directly influenced by the speed,
turning radius, wheel height, and
fuel range of the average automobile.
American life is intertwined with cars.
A change in one means a change in
the other. Now were on the verge of
more upheaval, and this issue is about
those revolutions.
This year, at the Pikes Peak
International Hill Climb, a storied
time trial up one of Colorados
tallest mountains, a series of electric
vehicles, such as the Latvian entry
shown on our cover, took a shot at
the title. It turns out that high-altitude
racing hampers internal combustion,
whereas electric power is unaffected.
And so at Pikes Peak, electric vehicles
arent some oddball categorytheyre
contenders. You can read Ezra Dyers
account of that particular revolution
on page 64.
Driving itself is also about to
be overthrown. As Adam Fisher
discovered in his look at the obstacles
that stand between your car and full
autonomy (and as weve documented
for several years now), the carmakers
are pretty much ready to go. Listening
to their engineers, its as if were one
step closer to the day when you can
confidently place your children in a
car, shut the door, and wave good-bye
as it pulls away. (The lawyers feel
differently.) Imagine the revolution in
family life, work, and recreation that
will result when using a car doesnt
involve driving at all.
There are other revolutions out
there too. Millennials are increasingly
04 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
American life is
intertwined with cars.
A change in one causes a
change in the other.
turning away from cars (our own
Dave Mosher issues a manifesto on
the subject on page 70). And weve
identified a turning point in the ratio
of drivers to miles drivenwere
calling it peak carthat may lead
to a fundamental shift in where and
how people live and travel in the U.S.
Traditionally, weve focused on
the technical advances in carmaking,
and we cover that here. But the most
important function this magazine
serves, in my view, is to spot the
next corner early, and were here to
tell you that automobiles are already
going around it.
A final note: As we were going
to print, we learned of the sudden
passing of our friend and contribut-
ing editor Steve Morgenstern, who
covered technology for Popular
Science for more than a decade.
Well miss you, Steve.
JACO B WA RD
jacob.ward@popsci.com
@_jacobward_
THE
FUTURE
NOW
Editor-in-Chief Jacob Ward
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Executive Editor Cliff Ransom
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EDITORIAL
Articles Editor Jennifer Bogo
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COOL WAVE DEODORANT
DONT MASK ODOR. ELIMINATE IT.
Peer Review
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SAYING FOOD IS ONLY FUEL [Could This Liquid Replace
Food? August 2013] is like saying sex is only for procreation. Leap of Faith Popular Science
P.O. Box 420235
I noticed Rob Rhinehart doesnt say whether he actually enjoys I feel like I should be more excited Palm Coast, FL 32142
about this tech [The End of the 386-597-4279
his concoction, and the fact that he still eats some solid food popsci.com/cs
is telling. Mostly, though, I think if you cant grill it or put a Interface, August 2013]. But
birthday candle in it, American farmers can rest easy. because weve seen it in so many INTERNATIONAL
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I dont think I could relinquishone of them for $350 a month (the LETTERS
To the editor:
dierence between what Rhinehart spends on Soylent and real Like the Wii, it will be amazing letters@popsci.com
food).That is, unless my wife decides to cook. at rst. But then, all that will be FYI questions:
T Hyatt New York City available on the device will be fyi@popsci.com
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apps, and maybe some useful h20@popsci.com
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FROM POPULARSCIENCE.COM
designbut thats hardly a mass
Comments may be
market.

FROM LEF T: COURTESY NASA ( 2 ) ; COURTESY ESA/NASA

edited for length and
Blarg_King via popsci.com clarity. We regret that
We enlisted a few NASA scientists to help us round up the we cannot answer
most inhospitable places in the universe. Heres a sample Small minds said: Who would
unpublished letters.

from the top 10: ever need a personal computer?

Now the same small minds are
saying: Waving your hands around?
Ridiculous!
RainyDayInterns via popsci.com

VENUS KEPLER-7B HD 189773B WE APOLOGIZE . . . On page 72 of the Au-

The planet has the most
volcanoes in our solar
system, is covered in lava,
has a surface pressure
equal to being a half-
mile underwater, and a
temperature hot enough to
melt lead.
Nicknamed the Styrofoam
planet because its large and
light, Kepler-7B is extremely
reective. Couple that
with its 2,800F surface
temperature and youve got
what one scientist describes
as a disco inferno.
Though it appears blue, HD gust 2013 issue, we added three zeroes to
189773Bs color comes the DIY yachts 10kW generator power rat-
from its rain. Which could ing. On page 18, we should have specified
condense to glass. And the Mercedes CLA45 AMGs record output-
ies around the planet in to-displacement ratio is for production cars
This product is from
4,000mph winds. only. On page 55, we identified Soylent as sustainably managed
the namesake of the movie rather than the forests and controlled
bookwhere its soy and lentil, not people. sources.

06 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
AGE OF
Special Promotion

DISCOVERY
First-fill American oak bourbon
barrels give this single malt its
distinctive character
In 1886, with the help of his seven sons and two daughters,
William Grant set out to fulfill a lifelong ambition. Together
they began building his distillery by hand, and on christmas
day of 1887, the first drop flowed from the copper stills.
Today, Glenfiddich remains independently owned by the
fifth generation of the same family. each generation is
driven by both their forefathers vision to craft the finest
malt in Speyside and the legacy that they will bestow on
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continuing in their pioneering spirit, Glenfiddich presents

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New American oak barrels are used by distilleries in

To learn more about the fascinating world of single malts, visit
the U.S. to age bourbon and rye. Once these distilleries
have aged their whisky, the casks are shipped to
Scotland. The first time we fill the barrels, they are
known as first-fill barrels. American oak imparts the
whisky with compounds such as esters, lactones, and
phenols. One such compound, known colloquially as
whisky lactone, produces a strong coconut flavor in the
finished dram. Vanillin, another compound extracted
from the oak, unsurprisingly contributes an aroma
of vanilla. But because freshly charred oak has high
levels of these aromatic compounds, casks made
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Speyside malt. Instead, Glenfiddich uses barrels that
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Glenfiddich.com compounds to American bourbon. The result is an

SkIllfUlly crAfTed. eNjOy reSpONSIBly.
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stor y by LiLLi an S teenBLik Hwang

Photogr aPh by JOn a S O. wOLff

Bristle

08 / P oPu l a r sc i e nc e / OC tOB er 2 0 1 3
 pOpuLar SCienCe / OCtOBer 2013

Claw

Setae

leg up
T he ground-dwelling jumping spider is a
fearsome beast. it can scale vertical surfaces
with ease and spring 25 times its body length
to nab prey. its legs are the eight crucial tools responsible for
the pounce, but until recently, the evolutionary origin of some
of their structures was misunderstood. by comparing the legs
of 330 species, german biologists determined that the sticky
feather-like hairs at the end of the leg, called setae, evolved
from hairy pads that originally helped the spiders wrangle
food. now, the hairs provide 32,000 contact points per leg,
enabling the arachnids to walk up walls. other appendages
also help with the hunt: two claws for grasping and bristles
that detect air currents, tastes, and smells. to jump, the
spider directs its hemolymph to the legs. the sudden rush
causes them to extend all at once, and the spider goes flying.

O CtO Ber 2013 / P oPul ar science / 0 9

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 Dirt-Proof Everything PAGE 18

WHATSNE W@P OP SCI.COM

Rockwell
Compact
Circular
Saw
Blade size
4.5 inches
Weight 5 pounds
Price $99

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W hen it comes to circular saws, amateur

woodworkers have to deal with a frustrating
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tool that can cut nearly anything, or settle for a smaller
model that can scarcely cut a two-by-four. The Rockwell
Compact Circular Saw puts an end to that aggravation.
To squeeze more power out of a small frame, Rockwell
designers did two things: First, they overhauled the gearing.
Typical circular saws have large parallel gear sets, which
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cuts. So designers added a set of smaller in-line gears to
transfer the motors 3,500 rpm to the blade. Second, they
used thinner 1.2mm blades that generate less resistance
when cutting, allowing the tool to run
on a small five-amp motorone third
STOR Y BY H ARRY S AW YERS
the draw of a pro model.
PHOTOGR APH BY S AM K APL AN

OCTOBER 2013 / POPUL AR SCIENCE / 11

 WH ATS NE W

the goods A dozen great ideas in gear

C LO CK W I S E F R O M TO P L EF T: C O U R T ESY D I G I TA L STO R M ; C O U R T ESY B I O L I T E; C O U R T ESY

S ANDISK; S AM K APL AN ; COUR TESY JAM ; COUR TESY APPLE; COUR TESY WINDCATCHER ;
2

COURTESY TORO ; SAM K APL AN (2); COURTESY LG ; COURTESY MIRRORCASE

3

1 2 3 4 5 6
The Veloce 13.3" With its latest software With the MirrorCase, The TapIt Cap screws To change the length of The Ultimate Lithium AA
gaming laptop has update, the LG Optimus an iPad can shoot onto a growler and the line on a weed eater, has the longest shelf
both an Intel Haswell G Pro plays video photos or video while prevents beer from users typically have to life of any battery: 20
processor and a only when someones horizontal, something going flat after the take apart the tool to years. An aluminum
1080p screena first. paying attention. it cant ordinarily do. bottle is opened. To fill spool more out. The oxide film at the cathode
It also includes a Nvidia The phone uses its An adjustable mirror on a glass, a user injects process is easier with prevents oxidation
GTX 765M graphics front-facing camera and the case directs light carbon dioxide from an the battery-powered damage. And Energizer
card and eight gigabytes eye-tracking software to to the camera. An app attached canister and Toro Max, which has makes the batteries in a
of memory, making determine when youre then flips the images, releases the spigot. A a dial on the grass special dry room, which
it the most powerful looking away and then which are received pressure-release valve shield for making reduces the water-
laptop in its class. pauses the video. upside down. keeps the growler from adjustments. triggered reactions that
bursting. degrade a cells ability
Digital Storm Veloce LG Optimus G Pro MirrorCase $80 Toro 24V Max 12" to store power.
From $1,284 $100 with two-year TapIt Cap $45 Cordless Trimmer
service agreement $169 Energizer Ultimate
Lithium Batteries $10

12 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
 E DITED BY AMBER WILLI AMS ADDITIONAL R EP OR TING BY COR INNE IOZ ZIO

10
7

11

12

7 8 9 10 11 12
To reduce camping The Windcatcher With a set of Fusion Up to eight gadgets The DrawAFriend The six-inch Mini
bulk, BioLite designed inflates faster and headphones, two can sync with the app fixes the fat Jambox can produce
the KettlePot, a first-of- with less effort than people can listen to Connect Wireless finger problem when the sound of a much
its-kind combination. any other sleeping the same song on media hub for fast writing or drawing on a larger speaker.
Made from stainless pad. When a user the same device. The file transfers. The touchscreen. Based on The Minis extruded
steel, the 1.5-liter piece blows into the pads headphones pair with 64-gigabyte server an algorithm, it modifies aluminum exterior pulls
of cookware can sit on one-way valve, the each other and a media can also stream five a stroke to more double dutyas both
any stove, including the low-pressure airstream player via Bluetooth. different HD movies at accurately reflect what the speakers skin and
BioLite stove, which fits draws in surrounding once over Wi-Fi. you were trying to do. its internal acoustic
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augmenting each SanDisk Connect developers, the feature
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pad fills in 13 seconds $100 many other apps. $180
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O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 1 3

 WH ATS NE W / DRE AM M ACHINE
STOR Y BY WES SILER

The Fastest T
wo years ago, 600cc gas guzzler. In 2014, the
engineers at Mission company will release the street-

Zero-Emission
Motors, a California legal version of that bike, the
electric-vehicle manufacturer, set Mission R. Despite its massive
their prototype loose at the 2.238- battery and thanks to a custom

Motorcycle
mile Laguna Seca Raceway. The bike chassis and motor, the bike is both
clocked a lap time of 1:31.3, nearly compact and powerful enough
13 seconds faster than any other to chase down its conventionally
electric bike and almost as fast as a powered competition.
An electric bike gives gas
guzzlers a run for their money

Mission R
Range
Up to 140 miles
Available
2014
Price
From $32,499

FROM TOP: COURTESY MISSION MOTORS; COURTESY DUNLOP

COMPACT PACKAGE
Engineers kept the 550-pound
bike about the same size as a
gas-powered one. The motor
doubles as the rear swingarm
mount, which holds the axle
and suspension, and the
battery anchors the front of the
steel-and-aluminum frame.
HORSES TO SPARE
The AC induction motor
produces 160 hp. Because it
doesnt need to rev up like a
typical engine, it can deliver
maximum torque (133.4 foot-
pounds) o the line. The bike
tops out at 150 mph and can
hit 60 mph in three seconds.
TIGHTER TURNS
At 30.5 inches wide, the
Mission R is so narrow that
it can lean up to 55 degrees
in turns5 to 10 degrees
beyond the lean of most street
bikes. A steeper angle means
the motorcycle can corner at
higher speeds.
LONGER RID
The Mission R comes with
three battery options
depending on price and
desired range. The small
12kWh model will run for up
to 105 miles; the mid-range
15kWh will run for 120; and
the large 17kWh for 140.
AGGING RIGHTS
An HD camera records
video, and a built-in cellular
radio allows riders to
upload footage. The ve-
inch in-dash screen also
displays speed, weather,
energy consumption, and
navigation.

IN RELATED NEWS Motorcyclists can take corners faster on a pair of Dunlop Sportmax Q3s.
Designers reinforced the tires sidewalls with carbon ber, which stiens the tire,
R AC E R U B B E R making it less likely to squirm when a driver leans into a turn. The extra stability
helps riders pull o tighter turns at higher speeds. From $166

16 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
 GUYS DONT WEAR JEANS TO GET
NOTICED (THATS JUST A BONUS)
NEW LEE MODERN SERIES
2013 VF Jeanswear Inc.

/leejeans @leejeans

AVAILABLE AT KOHLS AND KOHLS.COM/LEE SOFTER STRONGER PRICED RIGHT

 WH ATS NE W / COMING SOON

STOR Y BY LOG AN KUGLER PHOTOGR APH BY BRI AN KLUTCH

Gunk-Proof Everything The work boot on the left was treated with
A coating
A
Ever Dry; the boot on the right was not.
that keeps nyone whos worn stick right where they land. Over the
surfaces waterproof boots knows next couple of months, UltraTech, a
that although they shed Florida-based company, will roll out spray a surface with a solution that
clean for moisture, theyre magnets for grime. Ultra-Ever Dry, a coating that repels consists mainly of xylene and butyl
good Most water-repelling treatments most muck. acetate. Once that coat dries (about
still allow for surface friction, so Instead of a single layer, Ever 20 minutes), they apply an acetone
particles of mud, soot, oil, or wine Dry is two coats. Engineers rst solution with small amounts of silica
and other proprietary additives. As
it dries, the top coat reacts with
the base coat to form a layer of
microscopic peaks and valleys. That
structure reduces surface friction so
that particles can roll right o.
The Environmental Protection
Agency has already approved Ultra-
Ever Dry for industrial use, and next
year, companies will begin releasing
treated retail products, including
boots and sporting goods. Later on,
the agency may also sign o on a
version that consumers can buy and
apply themselves, allowing them to
turn nearly any object in their home
into something that will never be
dirty again.

HOW IT WORKS
Ultra-Ever Dry forms a structure of peaks
and valleys, so debris makes minimal
contact with the surface.

Debris

Coating

UltraTech
Ultra-Ever
TO P : C O U R T E S Y U LT R AT ECH

Dry
Base-coat dry time
2030 minutes
Top-coat dry time
510 minutes
Life span
From one year

18 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
 WH ATS NE W / HOW IT WORKS

STOR Y BY BERNE BROUDY PHOTOGRAPH BY SAM K APL AN

The Safest
Backcountry M ore winter adventurers than
ever before are wandering
comes with a higher risk of getting
trapped in an avalanche. The Halo

Backpack
o trails and deep into the 28 JetForce pack features an airbag
backcountry. But hiking or skiing system that can keep a user on top
on the wrong side of a mountain, of a slideand still have enough juice
where safety teams might not patrol, left for three more rescues.
The only avalanche airbag
that will save your life
more than once

Battery

Trigger
handle

Fan

A RM
Before heading into questionable
terrain, a user unzips the trigger
handle from a pocket on the left
strap and powers on the pack by
pressing a button. In a slide, the
user would yank the handle down-
ward to initiate ination.

INFLATE
A two-inch-wide fan on the left side
of the pack spins at 60,000 rpm,
lling the packs 200-liter balloon
instantly. The fan pushes air into the
balloon for one minute. It then pulses
ILLUSTR ATION BY DER ICK NOFFSINGER

intermittently for two minutes to keep

the balloon full (most avalanches last
less than 30 seconds).
LIFT
In an avalanche, smaller objects
settle to the bottom of the slide, while
larger ones rise. The JetForce greatly
increases a persons size so that he
or she has a much better chance of
oating to the top of the slide and out
of harms way.
Black
Diamond
Halo 28 SAFEGUARD REBOOT
JetForce
Designers made the balloon from After three minutes, the fan reverses
Weight silicone-coated nylon with mechanical to deate the balloon. The rechargeable
7.4 pounds stretch, which makes it less likely to rip lithium-polymer battery can inate the
Inations 4 than typical nylon models. If the balloon system four times. In harsher conditions
Price $960 does tear, the fan is fast enough to keep it such as temperatures as low as 22F
fully inated. the battery can still deploy the pack once.

OCTOBER 2013 / POPUL AR SCIENCE / 21

 WH ATS NE W / THE SE TUP
STOR Y BY S AR AH JACOBY
See Spot
Sync
Tools for 21st-
century pet care
DOGGIE DOOR
With the Passport door, pets
can let themselves in and
outwithout leaving the house
vulnerable. The door opens
only when the right quarter-
size RFID collar tag passes
within one foot. The system
can remember settings for
multiple pets; for example,
it could let a cat in and out
multiple times a day, but a
dog only once. Passport Pet
Access Smart System
From $230
22 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOBER 2 0 1 3
PLAY PARTNER
The Dart automatic laser
toy keeps pets occupied.
Animals chase an eye-safe
laser through 16 randomized
patterns that shine in a
50-foot circle around the toy.
Just set the timer for up to 20
minutes and let Fido loose.
FroliCat Dart $35
LEASH
The Rollo Collar is also a
leash. A 4.5-foot cord winds
into a compartment built into
the collar, and magnets hold
the handle securely in place.
After the leash uncoils, users
press a button on the collar
to lock the lead at the desired
length. Rollo Collar $45
DOG BOWL
The Wi-Fienabled Pintofeed
bowl ensures that pets get fed
on time. The bowl attaches to
a sealed five-pound kibble bin
with a motorized dispenser.
Through an app, owners can
set custom feeding schedules,
or they can leave it to the
bowls algorithms to determine
the healthiest dinnertime.
PetNet Pintofeed $249
BY THE NUMBERS
THE TOP U.S .
DOG BREEDS
Labrador retriever 14%
German shepherd 8%
Golden retriever 5%
Beagle 5%
Bulldog 4%
Other 64%
CLOCKWISE FROM TOP: COUNTRYST YLE PHOTOGR APHY/GE T T Y IMAGES ; COURTESY WHISTLE; COURTESY PE TNE T; COURTESY ROLLO ;
C O U R T ESY F R O L I C AT; C O U R T ESY PA S S P O R T; 2 0 1 2 D O G B R E E D DATA C O U R T ESY A M E R I C A N K E N N E L C LU B
TRACKER
Monitoring a dogs activity
can give owners a window
into their pets health. The
1.5-inch Whistle clips onto the
pets collar and syncs data
from its accelerometer with a
smartphone app over Wi-Fi or
Bluetooth. Because changes in
activity and sleep patterns can
be early indicators of disease,
owners can share reports with
their vet to spot problems.
Whistle Activity Monitor
$100
 WH ATS NE W / OUTLOOK
COLUMN BY CORINNE IOZ ZIO ILLUSTR ATION BY PAUL L ACHINE
The Final Upgrade
How
software
will make E VERY NEW COMPUTER comes with one
guarantee: There will be a faster, shinier,
newer model in short orderand you will
computer fawn over it. Its hard not to. Processors double in
shopping power every 18 months, and other parts turn over even
obsolete more quickly. Memory gets faster. Screens pack more
pixels. Hard drives grow larger. And so on. Like it or
not, the product cycle is also a cycle of dependency. We
dont just want the newest thingwe actually need it in
order to run the latest programs. But there is a way out,
24 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
and it starts with a return to computings roots.
The frst commercial computers of the 1950s were
mainframe systems. In a mainframe, a central terminal
sometimes as large as a roomhouses processors,
memory, and storage. Individual workstations connect
to that central hub to tap into shared programs and
databases. Over the decades, the systems grew
increasingly powerful. Mainframes at large institutions
or agencies can run multiple instances of an operating
system at once. The everyday user, however, has
no need for anything as large and expensive as a
mainframe. At home, personal computers still rule.
But in the last decade, the cloud has started to change
how people use their PCs. Connectivity is now just as
important as hardware, which gives users ready access
to sofware and backup services over the Internet.
Theres Gaikai for videogames, Amazon Instant Video
for movies and TV, and Spotify for musicjust to name
a few. And in 2011, Google introduced Chromebooks,
the frst laptops that rely almost entirely on the cloud
to deliver sofware to users. As a result, the machines
need only a bit of memory and a low-power processor.
Sofware improvements can push the Chromebook
idea a step further by transforming the cloud into
a portable personal mainframe. Neverware, a New
The product cycle is also a
cycle of dependency. We dont
just want the newest thing
we actually need it.
York start-up, has developed sofware that can
deliver complete instances of Windows to up to 100
computers over Ethernet or Wi-Fi. The system even
works on machines with as little as 128 MB of RAM
and 500mHz processors. More than 30 public schools
have installed the central server, dubbed the Juicebox
100. And as broadband access improves, Neverware
hopes to deliver the entire service through the cloud.
The mainframe model could expand beyond PCs.
Intel Labss Clone Cloud project, for example, could do
for old smartphones what Neverware does for old
computers. When a phones performance starts to lag,
users would load a clone of their system to Intels server
and assign it tasks that the processor can no longer
handle (say, graphics rendering). The service would
deliver data over a cellular or Wi-Fi connection. And it
wont stop there; wherever theres a screenbe it a
tablet or televisionand Internet access, there could
also be a functioning computer. Every videogame, every
website, every piece of sofware will work everywhere.
And hardware will never be out-of-date again.
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 Babies with three genetic parents PAGE 40

PLUS:
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counterfeiting
tech
PAGE 30

HEADLINES@POPSCI.COM POPSCI.COM / @POPSCI OCTOBER 2013 E D I T E D B Y S U S A N N A H F. L O C K E

ANCIENT REMAINS

Mummy This mummy was

once Amenhotep III,

Medicine King Tuts grandfather.

How studying ancient

remains could help
cure modern illnesses
STOR Y BY ROX ANNE KH AMSI

E ARLIER THIS YEAR,

scientists published
a study of whole-
body CT scans of 137 mummies:
ancient Egyptians and Peruvians,
ancestral Puebloans of south-
west America, and Unangan
hunter-gatherers of the Aleutian
Islands. They reported signs of
atherosclerosisa dangerous artery
hardening that can lead to heart
attacks or strokein 34 percent
of them. What struck the research
team, led by Randall Thompson of
Saint Lukes Mid America Heart
Institute in Kansas City, Missouri,
was that it afflicted mummies from
every group. Frank Rhli, head of
the Swiss Mummy Project at the
University of Zurich, also sees the
condition in about 30 to 50 percent
GETTY IMAGES/KENNETH GARRETT

of the adult specimens he studies.

The breadth of these findings
suggests that atherosclerosis today
may have less to do with modern
excesses such as overeating and
more with underlying genetic fac-
tors that seem present in a certain
percentage of humans living almost
anywhere in the world. Someday,
identifying those genes could lead
to new drugs for heart disease.

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 2 7

 HEADLINES

Ancient mummies can provide

a wealth of information about the
health of early civilizations, which
may help us better treat diseases
today. But because mummies are
both rare and delicate, researchers
have been limited in what they
could do to themand therefore
what they could learn from them.
Recent improvements of two med-
ical toolsDNA sequencing, which
can reveal microbial infections,
and CT scanningare letting paleo-
pathologists diagnose mummies
causes of death in detail. Theyre
now finding signs of everything from prostate cancer
to malaria in mummies across the globe. By com-
paring the ancient forms of those diseases with their
contemporary equivalents, researchers can learn how
those diseases evolved, what makes them so harmful,
andpossiblyhow to stop them.
In the case of tuberculosis (TB), which kills
upwards of 1.4 million people a year, researchers are
using DNA sequencing and CT scans in mummies to
understand what conditions TB thrives in and how
to treat it. Work from Haagen Klaus, a biological
anthropologist at George Mason University, suggests
that, contrary to what some experts think, Europeans
might have brought a particularly deadly form of TB
to the Americas. His preliminary DNA data hints that
Peruvian remains dating back to the 10th century
before Spanish explorers arrivedmight have been
infected with a more benign strain of the TB bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or a different species
altogether, Mycobacterium kansasii. And many studies
have shown that the bodies of Central Americans from
before and after European contact rarely, if ever, show
signs of TB symptoms. Klaus subscribes to the hypoth-
esis that this may be because M. tuberculosis thrives in
the presence of iron, and these people ate a low-iron
diet with little meat. If true, this insight could point
HOLD STILL
Researchers
use magnetic
to new drugs that would inhibit M. tuberculosis from resonance imaging
taking up iron. to see inside
Other scientists are using DNA sequencing to mummies, such
investigate Chagas disease, an illness caused by the as this one from
parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which can cause fatal ancient Peru.
heart failure or swelling of digestive system organs.
The parasite infects roughly 10 million people, mostly
in Latin America, and appears to be spreading. Some
think that different strains of the parasite affect differ-
ent organs. So in 2008, when Ana Carolina Vicente
and Ana Jansen of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in
Rio de Janeiro reported their discovery of T. cruzi in
the enlarged colon of a 560-year-old mummified body
from Brazil, they might have come upon an important
clue. Previously, they found T. cruzi in a sample of bone
remains from 4,500 to 7,000 years ago. Comparing the
DNA of different samples of the parasite could reveal
more about its evolution and spread, and perhaps influ-
ence treatment someday.
Paleopathologists are also taking advantage of mag-
netic resonance imaging (MRI), which detects signals
from water. Dry mummies havent been perfect for this
technique, but recent improvements in MRI might
make for better images of soft tissues, such as tongues.
Plus, unlike the radiation from CT scanning, MRI has
no possible risk of damaging DNA evidence.

LOST
LOST: Groundwater FOUND: Oldest Water
In the last 100 years (1900 Deep inside a Canadian mine,

&
2008) the United States has researchers discovered pockets
SIEMENS PRESS PICTURE

lost some 240 cubic miles of of extra-salty water, some of

groundwaterenough to ll Lake which are 2.6 billion years old

F OUND
Erie twice, says a recent report
from the U.S. Geological Survey.
And our rate of groundwater
depletion has roughly doubled
BY S AR AH JACOBY over the past two decades.
the oldest on the planet. The
site is similar enough to places
on Mars that scientists wonder
whether both may be
home to unique microbes.

28 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
 HEADLINES / OF NOTE
STOR Y BY S AR AH JACOBY

FR OM TOP: COUR TESY DEPAR TMENT OF THE TR E A SUR Y; CUR R ENCY ILLUSTR ATION BY K ATIE PEEK; SOUR CES : WOR LD BANK; INDIVIDUAL COUNTR IES CENTR AL BANKSNOTE THAT
I N S O M E C A S E S C O U N T R I E S M AY N OT P U B L I C LY R E V E A L A L L I N C LU D E D T ECH N O LO G I E S ; W I N D V I S UA L I Z AT I O N C O U R T E SY M A R T I N J U CK E R
CHARTED

W O R LDW ID E BAN K N O TE SE C U R ITY

Threads printed with numbers or text
A ribbon with shifting microscopic images
Holograms
60
Ink or bers visible only under UV light
Color-changing ink
Denmark

Hard
Plastic (as opposed to paper) bills Sweden
Canada
U.S.

Currency
40

U.K.
Hong Kong
GDP per capita, thousands of U.S. dollars

Euro zone

T he $100 bill is the most widely circulated U.S.

denomination abroad and, because its almost
universally accepted, the most counterfeited
20

one outside our borders. A new Benjamin goes into circula- Russia
Croatia
tion this month with security updates: a ribbon with images
that move when the bill is tilted and a drawing that changes Mexico
China
colors depending on its angle (these in addition to more 0
than six other anticounterfeiting features). But the U.S. isnt India
Madagascar Uganda
the only nation concerned about the sanctity of its currency.
Bills from around the world combine complex technologies to 2000 2005 2010 2015

make notes harder to copy and fakes easier to spot.

VISUAL DATA VERSUS

Because of Earths spin, wind

blows more often from West
to East (red) and East to West
MILLION
(blue) than from North to YEARS
South. A scientist at Princeton
University made this model OLD
from 10 years of
atmospheric data. The oldest dinosaur fossils The oldest cockroach fossils

30 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOBER 2 0 1 3
 HE ADLINES / FAQ
STOR Y BY ERIK SOFGE

SPACE SCARE
Despite the risks,
no mission has
ever lost a space-
walking astronaut.

What
In the film Gravity, which opens might even fall back into Earths atmosphere and burn up.
this month, two astronauts are Thats why NASA has protocols that it drills into astronauts
on a spacewalk when an accident for such situations. You would be wearing your emergency

happens hurtles them into the void. So

what would actually happen if
jetpack, called SAFER, which would automatically counter
any tumbling to stabilize you. Then NASAs plan dictates
that you take manual control and fly back to safety.

if an
you went, in NASAs terminology,
overboard? However, if the packs three pounds of fuel runs out,
if another astronaut doesnt quickly grab you, or if the
NASA requires spacewalking

astronaut
air lock is irreparably damaged, youre in big trouble. No
astronauts to use tethers (and protocols can save you now. (In fact, there arent any.) At
sometimes additional anchors). the moment, theres no spacecraft to pick you up. The

oats o
But should those fail, youd float off only one with a rescue-ready air-locked compartmentthe
according to whatever forces were Space Shuttleis in retirement. So your only choice is to
acting on you when you broke loose. orbit, waiting for your roughly 7.5 hours of breathable air

in space?
Youd definitely be weightless. Youd
possibly be spinning. In space, no
kicking and flailing can change your
fate. And your fate could be horrible.
At the right angle and velocity, you
to run out. It wouldnt be too terrible. You might get a little
hungry, but theres up to a liter of water available via straw
in your helmet. Youd simply sip and think of your family as
you watched the sun rise and setapproximately fivetimes,
depending on your altitude.

T H I S M ONTH IN S PAC E
BY ERIN BRODWIN
COURTESY WARNER BROS. PICTURES

July 2016
Juno will arrive October
October 9, at Jupiter and
August 2017
2013 orbit 33 times,
Its mission
September Juno will slingshot measuring its
2012 complete, Juno
August 2011 around Earth, water content
Juno orbited will dive into
NASA launched using our planets and mapping its
the sun, gaining Jupiter to avoid
the unmanned gravitational pull atmosphere.
momentum. disturbing any of
Juno spacecraft, for an extra burst the planets 67-
which will explore of speed. plus moons.
Jupiter.

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 3 3

 Advertisement

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We built a telescope into
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 HEADLINES / Q&A

EDITED AND CONDENSED BY AMBER WILLI AMS

POPSCI: Why take photos? an hour. There are three cameras

Ove Hoegh-Guldberg: We can inside with wide-angle views that take
extract enormous amounts of info, photos every three to four seconds.
like the health of coral reefs, the
number of organisms, and so on.

Snapshot
PS: How do you get data from 90
miles of pictures?
H-G: We use a computer program
The race to document the worlds that recognizes organisms. It will go,
reefs before theyre gone Okay, if its pink with little bumps
with a brown patch around it, its
PS: What animals have you
encountered?
H-G: Little reef sharks will come
swimming along beside you. And you
see the odd sea snake, one of the
more poisonous animals out there.
You know, the main worry is making
sure the diver doesnt run into a reef.

L
ast year, the Catlin Seaview Survey completed
the most detailed picture of Australias Great
Barrier Reef. Using underwater vehicles with
360-degree cameras, the surveys scientists and divers
probably a coral and not a seaweed.
These techniques can get to 90
percent of a humans accuracy.
PS: What cameras do you use?
PS: Do you think well be able to
save the reefs?
H-G: If we dont get the climate

FR OM TOP: COUR TESY CATLIN SE AVIE W SUR VE Y; GR EG MA XSON

captured more than 100,000 panoramic photographs.
Panoramas save precious timeexperts think the reef could
disappear entirely in the next couple of decades. The team
hopes the comprehensive look at the ecosystem will provide
insights about how to save it and others around the world.
Next, the crew, led by scientist Ove Hoegh-Guldberg of the
University of Queensland, will shoot reefs in the Philippines.
H-G: We have remotely operated dive
vehicles that take video and collect
specimens. And then theres the
SVII panoramic camera for shallower
depths, which is pretty groovy. Its a
propelled vehicle: A diver hangs on
and o you go at about two miles
thing under control, then I dont
think theres any hope for reefsor
humanity in general. But deep-water
environments may represent a refuge
from climate change; in the deeper
parts of the ocean, heating is a lot
less. Ive seen reefs come back. Its a
matter of taking action.

7
BY THE NUMBERS SVII PANORAMIC CAMERA

FOUR 4 Panoramic Camera

Control panel

MONTHS cameras
Duration
of Great

~25
Barrier Reef
project Crew
New

>100,000 Images taken

species
discovered Propeller

36 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
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 HEADLINES / LAST WILL

STOR Y BY PHOTOGR APH BY

BROOKE BOREL S AM K APL AN

HOW TO DONATE YOUR

BODY TO SCIENCE
Body of Where do I sign up?
To make a research donation, try contacting a

Research
local medical school or state anatomy board.
(Drivers license donations are typically only
for organ transplants to living patients.)

Is my organization legitimate?
No computer simulation or dummy or animal can really If you dont want to end up as someones
convey the complexity of human anatomy like a cadaver cosmetic collagen ller (for real!), ensure your
can. But what exactly happens to your body when you recipient is 501(c), the code for nonprots.
donate it to science? Will my body be buried afterward?
Most programs oer to return cremated
Researchers subject cadavers to laboratory remains to families. And many honor those
scenariosan impact into a simplied cars with unclaimed ashes at common burial sites.
SAFETY steering wheel and seat, for instanceand
STUDIES record the resulting forces and injuries to help
design crash-test dummies and heads, which,
unlike real esh, can be standardized for con-
trolled evaluations of cars and safety gear.
Forensic researchers use cadavers to
study decomposition, including that caused
by esh-eating insects, which can help law
FORENSICS enforcement better pinpoint a victims time
of death and the cause of certain injuries.
Sometimes they re-create crime scenes to
test hypotheses about specic murder cases.

In basic anatomy class, new medical We treat the cadaver

students dissect bodies to gain their rst with great respect.
MEDICAL hands-on experience with the human form
We dont exert
TRAINING and observe variation (everyone is a unique
size and shape). Cadaver parts also provide excessive forces if
models for practicing doctors to learn new we dont have to,
surgical techniques. and we do only the
necessary tests. Its
not something that
we take lightly.
Albert King, a biomechanical
engineer and automotive safety
researcher at Wayne State University

PROP STYLING BY ELIZABETH OSBORNE/HALLEY RESOURCES

Dont worryyour remains wont end up in our magazine.

No actual bodies were used in the making of this photograph.

THE SCALE

P OW ER
7,400 watts, produced by James Watts 1784 steam engine
84,000 watts, produced by the International Space Station
1 million watts, consumed by the SSC Tuatara, the most powerful street-legal car
A rate of energy, which can be
2 billion watts, produced by the Hoover Dam
expressed in watts (joules per second).
PAVITHR A S. MOHAN AND ERIN BRODWIN
40 billion watts, consumed by the Space Shuttle at launch

38 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
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 HEADLINES / SUBJECTIVE MEASURES
COLUMN BY V IRGINI A HUGHES ILLUSTR ATION BY RYAN SNOOK
Three Parents,
One Baby,
No Disease
T
HIS SUMMER, government health ofcials
in the United Kingdom made headlines by
announcing that they will let scientists
create babies with DNA from three diferent people.
The procedure is a type of in vitro fertilization
(IVF) that would allow women with mitochondrial
diseases to have healthy babies. If approved by British
Parliament, the method, known as mitochondrial
replacement, would lead to a historic event: the frst
genetically modifed humans who could pass down
those genetic tweaks to their children.
Some bioethicists and media commentators have
voiced concerns about the techniques safety because
40 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOBER 2 0 1 3
The method would lead to
the frst genetically modifed
humans who could pass down
those tweaks to their children.
so far its only been tested on human cells in the
laboratory. More broadly, they fear its a step toward
designer babies and eugenics.
Its worth noting that IVF itself, which merges
sperm and egg cells in a lab, also set of debate when
it debuted 35 years ago. The procedure carries some
small medical risks, such as a slightly increased chance
of premature and low-weight babies, and creates many
embryos that never get used. But lets not forget its
enormous upside: It has allowed millions of couples to
have children who couldnt otherwise. Mitochondrial
replacement isnt any scarieror any less impressive.
Mitochondrial disease afects only about 1 in 5,000
people. The method will be performed at a few select
clinics in the U.K. and will be carefully monitored. If it
proves to be safe, then thousands of women will have
the option to bear healthy biological children without
giving them their disease. And if its not safe, it will
most likely be banned.
The most counterintuitive thing about mitochon-
drial replacement is that the babies it produces wont
look any diferent from babies with only two genetic
parents. Heres why. The genome that you might
already be familiar with is the one in the nucleus of
each cell that gets half of its DNA from mom and half
from dad. However, everyone also has another genome,
the mitochondrial genome, and thats what the new
reproductive technique involves. Mitochondria are tiny
power plants inside each cell that help turn the food
you eat into a usable source of energy. Each has its own
DNA, with about 37 genes that help the mitochondrion
function properly. Unlike nuclear genes, mitochondrial
ones dont afect a persons appearance or personality
traits or most of what we associate with heredity. They
are also inherited entirely from mom.
If someones mitochondrial DNA has a lot of
mutations, that person could end up with a host
of problems, including muscular dystrophy, heart
disease, and seizures. The mutations can even be
fatal. So the new IVF method simply replaces moms
unhealthy mitochondria with healthy ones. Scientists
take an egg from a female donor and remove the
nuclear DNA, leaving behind her mitochondria. They
then add nuclear DNA from the parents: the mother
(who has mitochondrial disease) and the father.
Yes, the resulting baby will be the product of three
individuals genes, but, more important, it wont have a
devastating disease. Although all reproductive technolo-
gies have the potential to create biological problems,
theyre far more likely to prevent them. Lets not let our
fears get in the way of medical progress.
 Grandkids.
Giraffes.
Grandpas get-togethers.

At Humana, if its important to you,

its important to us.
Sitting down with you, and getting to know you.
Its how our agents help you choose the Humana
Medicare plan that works best for you.
And once youre on the right plan, your agent will
keep in touch to make sure you always have the
support you need.
We want to help you achieve your best health,
so you can keep doing the things that are important
to you. And helping you do that now thats whats
important to us.

Humana-Medicare.com/HelpingYou
1-800-833-6515 (TTY: 711), 8 a.m. 8 p.m., Monday Friday.
Humana is a Medicare Advantage organization with a Medicare contract.
Enrollment in a Humana plan depends on contract renewal. Medicare
benefciaries may enroll in the plan only during specifc times in the year.

Y0040_GHHHMJ2EN Accepted
42 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
 Story by
Veronique
Greenwood
&
Valerie Ross

Illustration by
Joel Kimmel

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 4 3

 THE BR ILLI ANT TEN

EACH YEAR,
POPULAR SCIENCE seeks out the brightest young scientists and
engineers and names them the Brilliant Ten. Like the 110
honorees before them, the members of this years class are
dramatically reshaping their eldsand the future. Some are
tackling pragmatic questions, like how to secure the Internet,
while others are attacking more abstract ones, like determin-
ing the weather on distant exoplanets. The common thread
between them is brilliance, of course, but also impact. If the
Brilliant Ten are the faces of things to come, the world will be
a safer, smarter, and brighter place. T H E E D I T O R S

Always test your ideas in the lab.

Doing the experiment tests your
knowledge and surprises you with
unexpected results, which usually
leads you to new ideas. N I C O L A S FO N TA I N E

44 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3

Nicolas
Fontaine
Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent
ACHIEVEMENT
Saving the Internet
from itself
NEARLY ALL communications dataWeb,
phone, televisionruns through a network
of ber-optic cables. For now, thats ne. climate-change scenario. But rudimentary
But within a decade, data trac is expected
to outgrow infrastructure, which will result
in transmissions that are slow and garbled.
Nicolas Fontaine, an optical engineer at Bell
Labs Alcatel-Lucent, has devised a clever way
to avoid a data bottleneck.
Fontaine and his colleagues invented a
new kind of multiplexer, a device that bundles
multiple inputs into one stream in order to
cram a lot more data into a single optical
ber. It works by routing dierent light
beams, called modes, along carefully planned
pathways; the beams of information travel
together but dont interfere with one another.
The old ber would be only a single-lane
highway, says Fontaine. Now we can add
multiple lanes. Fontaines multiplexer avoids
the signal loss that crippled earlier devices;
he has already shown that his multiplexer
can send six light streams down 497 miles of
ber without losing data along the way.
While previous multiplexers are a cubic
foot or more; Fontaines is 50 cubic milli-
meters. Since its made of glass and etched
by laser, it would be cheap to produce. The
device is also scalable: Right now, were
working on a 10-mode devicean order of
magnitude over existent single-mode ber,
Fontaine says. We want to gure out how
far we can go.
Scott Collis
Argonne National Laboratory
ACHIEVEMENT
Harnessing new
data to improve
climate models
CLOUDS ARE one of the great challenges
for climate scientists. They play a complex
role in the atmosphere and in any potential
data has simplied their role in simulations,
leading to variability among climate models.
Scott Collis discovered a way to add accuracy
to forecasts of future climateby tapping new
sources of cloud data.
Collis has extensive experience watching
clouds, rst as a ski bum during grad school
in Australia and then as a professional
meteorologist. But when he took a job at the
Centre for Australian Weather and Climate
Research, he realized there was an immense
source of cloud data that climate modelers
werent using: the information collected for
weather forecasts. So Collis took on the
gargantuan task of building open-access
tools that convert the raw data from radar
databases into formats that climate modelers
can use. In one stroke, Collis unlocked years
of weather data. We were able to build such
robust algorithms that they could work over
thousands of radar volumes without human
intervention, says Collis.
When the U.S. Department of Energy
caught wind of his project, it recruited him to
work with a new radar network designed to
collect high-quality cloud data from all over
the globe. The network, the largest of its kind,
isnt complete yet, but already the data that
Collis and his collaborators have collected is
improving next-generation climate models.
THE BR ILLI ANT TEN
Mya
Breitbart
University of South Florida
ACHIEVEMENT
Mapping the
genomes of an entire
ecosystem at once
VIRUSES ARE THE most abundant
entities on the planetand among the most
mysterious. Mya Breitbart, a microbial ecol-
ogist at the University of South Florida, has
gured out how to quickly decipher what they
are and what theyre doing.
Rather than try to isolate individual virus
species from a samplethere are up to 10
billion viruses in a liter of seawaterBreitbart
extracts all the genetic material present,
chops it into smaller pieces, and sequences
those pieces simultaneously. The technique,
which she likens to assembling multiple
puzzles at the same time, enables her to
study the entire community at once. Her
contributions have been pivotal in unmasking
the enormous diversity of viruses on the
planet, says Curtis Suttle, a marine virologist
at the University of British Columbia. Breit-
barts approach has spawned a new branch
of biology, called metagenomics, which
researchers use to sample and sequence
genetic material directly from the enviroment.
Recently, Breitbart has found a new
source of viruses: mosquitoes, whiteies, and
dragonies, which pick up dinnerand patho-
gensfrom various food sources. We call
them ying syringes, she says. Sampling the
viruses they carry could enable her to detect
a pathogen early. Usually, you wait for an
outbreak and gure out what virus is causing
it, she says. This gives us a way of nding
things before they become a big problem.
O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 4 5
 THE BR ILLI ANT TEN

Work hard, be
curious, be thor
and dont overlo
having fun . . .
and dont forget
your homework

In science, you have to

patient, and that was de
a learned skill for me.
46 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3

ough,
ook Pedro Reis
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ACHIEVEMENT
Using failure to
design fexible
objects
to do
ON THE FIRST DAY of class, engineers
learn that they should avoid using materials
that might tear, bend, fold, or buckle. In other
words: Failure is something to guard against,
.
not embrace. Pedro Reis asked: Are there sit-
uations in which mechanical instability, well
understood and carefully optimized, could be
used to build something better? As his work
PEDRO REIS has shown, the answer is an emphatic yes.
Reiss lab at MIT looks more like a
playroom than a workspace. It is strewn with
toy-like objects such as squishy spheres that
fold and collapse and silicone rods that curl
and bend. In their aws, Reis sees strengths:
the basis for soft, agile robots and joints
manufactured from a single piece of mate-
rial. He also gleans lessons from ordinary
phenomena and then applies them to his
work. After studying the way tape tears into
be very
triangles when peeled o the roll, Reis and
colleagues invented a new way to manufac-
ture graphene nanoribbons.
Through his work, he learns the
fundamental principles of everyday
fnitely mechanicsfor example, how a cat laps
water, how we scrape butter, or how hairs
curland transfers this understanding to
the solution of engineering problems, says
Chiara Daraio, a materials scientist and
engineer at Caltech and ETH Zurich and
HE ATHER KNU TSON a 2010 Brilliant Ten honoree. Reiss most
recent fascination is very thin materialsa
bugaboo for most engineers.Where things
get thin, Reis says, they get interesting.
THE BR ILLI ANT TEN
Heather
Knutson
California Institute of Technology
ACHIEVEMENT
Reading the weather
on exoplanets
IN RECENT YEARS, scientists have dis-
covered thousands of planets orbiting distant
stars. Caltech astronomer Heather Knutson
spends her days guring out what a cosmic
traveler might need for the trip. She is, in
essence, the rst exoplanet meteorologist,
determining the local temperature, weather,
and even composition of the atmosphere.
To study exoplanet meteorology, Knutson
analyzes the infrared brightness of the sur-
face of the exoplanet. Brighter infrared emis-
sions mean that the exoplanets atmospheric
gas is hotter, while dim emissions indicate
cooler temperatures. Charting the brightness
prole allows Knutson to create a longitudinal
temperature map of the planet with which
she can infer weather patterns. Uniform
temperatures mean the planets atmosphere
is windy. Further, the location of hot and cold
areas indicates how fast or slow the winds
are in that particular region.
So far, Knutson has looked at the big, gas-
eous planets known as hot Jupiters orbiting
close to their stars. Many have atmospheres
dierent from those found in our own solar
system; at least one has clouds made of min-
erals found only in rock on Earth. Eventually,
she wants to expand the technique to look at
smaller, cooler planetsthe super Earths that
are mostly rocky, some of which are perhaps
cool enough to sustain liquid water. The fun
part is nding things that surprise me, and
thats not hard in this eld, she says.
O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 4 7
 THE BR ILLI ANT TEN

Arjuns work is
revolutionizing
the way we
think about genes
and cellular
organization. JOHN RINN, BRILLIANT TEN, 2009

Zhang has been Charles Darwin

is my scientifc
unfailngly generous hero. He was a
pioneer in the feld
in sharing his of aerobiology,
one of the frst to
advances with others observe and
record an African
in the feld, allowing dust storm over
the Atlantic in
everyone to beneft. the 1830s.
CORI BARGMANN, ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSIT Y DAVID SCHMALE

48 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3

Feng Zhang
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
and Broad Institute
ACHIEVEMENT
Modifying a cells
genome on the fy
WHEN FENG ZHANG was in graduate
school, he discovered that the tools for
splicing new genes into living cells were
costly, time-consuming, and proprietary.
Unhappy with that reality, he did what any
enterprising open-source enthusiast would
dohe made his own tools and shared them
with other scientists. They dramatically sped
up the study of genetics and disease.
The techniques Zhang helped develop,
called TALE and CRISPR, create transgenic
or otherwise genetically modied organisms
with unprecedented eciency. TALE is a
molecule that gloms onto a section of DNA
and aects whether a nearby gene is turned
on or o. CRISPR is based on a microbial
enzyme that snips the DNA to introduce
new genetic material. Using these meth-
ods, Zhang can make a transgenic mouse
in three weeks (normal methods require
more than six months to achieve that
feat). Almost 2,000 labs have requested
information about CRISPR alone since it was
rst cited in a publication in January 2013.
These technologies are so fundamental,
its best to keep them as open as possible,
Zhang says. If someone had protected the
HTML language for making Web pages, then
we wouldnt have the World Wide Web.
Zhang plans to use the techniques to study
the genetics of autism and schizophrenia. He
has already begun to insert genes linked to
each disorder one by one into animal models
to observe their eects. Now that he has the
tools, he says, the rest of his work can begin.
David
Schmale
Virginia Tech
ACHIEVEMENT
Tracking airborne
microbes with
drones
AEROBIOLOGIST David Schmale hunts
killers. An associate professor of food
safety and plant biosecurity at Virgina Tech,
Schmale sends drones armed with petri dish-
es into the atmosphere to capture airborne
crop pathogens. The data he has gathered
explains how pathogens ride on wind currents
and provides a glimpse into an almost
unknown ecosystem far above our heads.
Schmale developed his unmanned aerial
vehicles with a colleague at Virginia Tech as
an alternative to costly manned research
ights. With the data he has collected thus
far, Schmale has built a model of atmo-
spheric circulation that shows large sections
of air sweeping across the face of the planet
like waves across an ocean, transporting dust
and microbes thousands of miles. Microbes
can move across continents and jump major
oceans, Schmale says. Hes planning to
adapt his model to predict the movement of
plant pathogens, which could help farmers
preemptively protect their crops by describing
where to strategically deploy pesticides.
Schmale thinks microbes may hitch rides
in clouds as well as on the wind, so hell
be sending his drones into them to collect
samples. If clouds provide a longer-term
reservoir of bacteria and fungi, the already
complex dynamics of microoganisms ying
through the air could be even more intricate
than previously thought.
THE BR ILLI ANT TEN
Arjun Raj
University of Pennsylvania
ACHIEVEMENT
Revealing the inner
workings of cells
EACH CELL in your body has the same
DNA. But how a cells genes are expressed
and how frequentlydetermines whether
the cell will become a neuron or a cardiac
myocyte or whether its healthy or sick. Arjun
Raj and his collaborators at the University of
Pennsylvania invented a technique to track
that gene expression and its eects.
Just as grocery store receipts show which
foods are most popular, RNA molecules,
which carry genetic information from DNA,
reveal which genes are turned on and how
often theyre active. To track a specic RNA
strand, Raj bathes a cell with segments of
uorescent DNA. Those segments bind the
RNA in dierent locations, lining up along it
like Christmas lights along a roof, and are
clearly visible through a microscope.
Using this technique, Raj found that
genetically identical cells dont necessarily
transcribe genes at the same rate. In some,
maternal genes are more often transcribed
than paternal ones. When a chromosome
gets chopped into several pieces and reas-
sembled, as often happens in cancer, even
undamaged genes are expressed at dierent
levels than in a normal chromosome. Raj also
discovered that in genetically identical worms,
varying levels of gene transcription could
mean the dierence between a long life and
an early death. What I nd really exhilarating
is that we just dont know what were going
to see, Raj says. But now that cell biologists
can see these subtle events, they can begin
to study why the events happen.
O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 4 9
THE BR ILLI ANT TEN
Justin Cappos
Polytechnic Institute of New York University
ACHIEVEMENT
Creating a new way
to cloud compute
JUSTIN CAPPOS can access the Internet
from anywhere in the worlda desktop
computer in Ethiopia, an Android phone in
France, even a tablet on an island o the
coast of Antarcticaall while sitting in Brook-
lyn with his trusty MacBook Pro. As a com-
puter scientist at the Polytechnic Institute of
New York University, Cappos has developed a
completely dierent way to cloud compute.
In typical cloud computing, users connect
to a powerful, centralized data center. But
Capposs cloud is less of a dense thunder-
head and more of a fog. His system, called
Seattle, connects devices directly to one
another in a decentralized network, relaying
information more quickly than it could through
a single, often distant exchange point. It lets
you use a little bit of disk storage, network,
memory, and CPU in an isolated, safe way,
he says. Because Seattle allows users to
access the Net with foreign IP addresses, it
enables developers to view their sites or apps
as they would in other countries. That ability
is also particularly valuable to individuals who
wish to circumvent local censorship.
By the end of 2012, Seattle had 20,000
users. Cappos and colleagues are now work-
ing on software that could access the sensors
in smartphones as well. Scientists could use
it to test new apps, such as an earthquake
monitor that uses a phones accelerometer
to measure quake intensity. Soon, Cappos
hopes to use Seattle to surf the Net from the
International Space Station too.
50 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
I like scientists,
such as Neil
deGrasse Tyson,
whove put an
emphasis on
public outreach.
Our work isnt
just some esoteric
results, but
Andrea information that
Armani people can use to
University of Southern California
make informed
ACHIEVEMENT
decisions.
Inventing a new set JUSTIN CAPPOS
of scientifc tools
SOME SCIENTISTS use instruments
to reinvent our understanding of the world.
Andrea Armani, a chemical engineer at the
University of Southern California, prefers to
reinvent the instruments themselves. Armani
develops sensors that are speeding scientic
discovery across many elds. They may also
serve as detectors for biological weapons,
Theres
waterborne pathogens, or radioactivity.
Armani has built whats called a resonant
something
cavity sensor to detect single molecules
quickly and accurately. It works like an
completely
optical tuning fork, she says. Light of a
single wavelength circles within the sensors new coming
microscopic silica ring, just as one note
vibrates from the tines of a tuning fork. When out every week
a biomolecule attaches to the sensors sur-
face, it changes the wavelength. Armani says in my feld.
People come
one might use the device to detect traces of
disease that other techniques miss. Recently,
shes also started experiments to better
understand how drugs bind to their targets.
Armanis devices outstrip the capabilities
in, and they
of standard optics. Some can withstand
temperature swings without losing precision;
truly invent
others can pick up proteins in dry air. She
wants them to work in real-world conditions things
and approaches the task with impressive
eciency. Industrial R&D, if done right, I love that
should be very results focused, aware of the
tyranny of time, says Robert Carnes, former
R&D director for the research rm Battelle.
aspect.
She can out-industry industry. ANDREA ARMANI
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Four microprocessors.
One smart-ass ceiling fan.
Haiku is awless. It is the perfect t in our
modern home. Haikus aesthetics, combined
with its extraordinary features, make it the
only ceiling fan we would consider.
Mark P., Corona, Calif.
HAIKUFAN.COM/OFFER
2013 Delta T Corporation dba the Big Ass Fan Company. All rights reserved.
Unique
Haiku looks different because it is different.
Hidden behind a seamless fit and finish, Haikus
revolutionary motor features patent-pending electronics
with four microprocessors for unparalleled performance.
Silent
In fact, Haiku is rated by ENERGY STAR as the
worlds most energy-efficient ceiling fan and recognized by
Popular Science as the worlds quietest. Even in Whoosh
mode, Haikus proprietary algorithm simulates the variations
in natural breezes making you feel up to 40% cooler than
constant airflow.
Handcrafted
Behind the airflow are meticulously handcrafted Thin Sheet
airfoils built from the highest quality Moso bamboo or
glass-infused matrix composite, precision balanced by
factory technicians to deliver smooth, silent airflow at
all seven speeds.
Illuminated
Even Haikus light is different. With 16 unique brightness
settings, Haikus patent-pending LED module is discreetly
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Visit haikufan.com/OFFER and use
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 PG 54
Trac Pattern
Self-driving cars replace humans
on the highways.
BY ADAM FISHER

PG 58
Peak Car
The typical American drives less
every year.
BY JEFFERSON MOK

PG 64
Supercharged
Electric vehicles (EVs) outperform
gas-powered racers.
BY E ZR A DYER

PG 67
Fuel Boom
An explosion of charging stations
allow EVs to travel far and wide.
B Y K AT I E P E E K

PG 70
Why You Cant Sell Me a Car
Millennials become Detroits
toughest customers.
BY DAVE MOSHER

The automobile is in the midst of profound changesand so is our relationship to it.

These ve inection points are just the beginning.

AUGUS T 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 5 3

ROBOTS CAN ALREADY
OUTDRIVE HUMANS. OBJECT:
Unguided Car
SPEED: 10 mph
VARIABLES: Not
equipped with
vehicle-to-vehicle
communication.
May stop abruptly
or turn without
signaling.

OBJECT: Tree
SPEED: 0 mph
VARIABLES:
Known obstacle.
Civic property.
Avoid impact.

TRAFFIC
Self-driving cars
build a map of their
surroundings using
lidar. This data is
from the lidar of a
vehicle driving past a
Wal-Mart in Morgan
Hill, California.

BY ADAM

54 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
 NOW EVERYONE NEEDS TO
OBJECT:
Humans
SPEED: 2 mph
VARIABLES:
Prone to crossing
GET OUT OF THEIR WAY.
street outside of
designated zones.
Highly unpredict-
able. Fragile.

PATTERN
FISHER

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 5 5


VERY MORNING,
at about 8 a.m.,
Anthony Levan-
dowski walks out
of his house in Berkeley and folds his
six-foot-six-inch frame into the drivers
seat of his white Lexus. Levandowski is
embarking on his daily commute to work.
Its the most ordinary, familiar moment
there is. Most of us perform this ritual
fve times a week, 50 weeks out of the
year. Levandowskis commute, however,
is decidedly diferent. Hes got a chauf-
feur, and its a robot.
Levandowski backs out of his subur-
ban driveway in the usual manner. By the
time he points his car down the street,
it has used its GPS and other sensors to
determine its location in the world. On
the dashboard, right in front of the wind-
shield, is a low-profle heads-up display.
manual, it reads, in sober sans serif font,
white on black. But the moment Levand-
owski enters the freeway ramp near his
house, a colorful graphic appears. Its
a schematic view of the road: two solid
white vertical lines marking the boundar-
ies of the highway and three dashed lines
dividing it into four lanes. The message
now reads go to autodrive lane; there
are two on the far side of the freeway,
shown in green on the schematic. Le-
vandowskis car and those around him
are represented by little white squares.
The graphics are reminiscent of Pong. But
the game play? Pure Frogger.
There are two buttons on Levandow-
skis steering wheel, off and on, and
afer merging into an auto-drive lane, he
hits on with his thumb. A dulcet female
voice marks the moment by enunciating
the words auto driving with textbook pre-
cision. And with that, Levandowski has
handed of control of his vehicle to sof-
ware named Google Chaufeur. He takes
his feet of the pedals and puts his hands
in his lap. The cars computer is now driv-
ing him to work.
Self-driving cars have been around
in one form or another since the 1970s,
but three DARPA Grand Challenges, in
2004, 2005, and 2007, jump-started the
feld. Grand Challenge alumni now pop-
ulate self-driving laboratories worldwide.
Its not just Google thats developing the
technology, but also most of the major
car manufacturers: Audi, Volkswagen,
Toyota, GM, Volvo, BMW, Nissan. Argu-
ably the most important outcome of the
DARPA feld trials was the development
of a robust and reliable laser range fnder.
Its the all-seeing eye mounted on top of
Levandowskis car, and its used by virtu-
ally every other experimental self-driving
system ever built.
This year will mark another key mile-
stone in self-driving technology. The
National Highway Trafc Safety Admin-
istration (NHTSA) is widely expected to
announce standards and mandates for
car-borne beacons that will broadcast
location information to other vehicles on
the road. The beacons will warn drivers
when a collision seems imminentwhen
the car ahead breaks hard, for example,
According to Google,
about a dozen
self-driving cars are
on the road at any
given time. Theyve
already logged more
than 500,000 miles
in beta tests.
or another vehicle swerves erratically into
trafc. Automakers may then use this
information to take the next step: pro-
gram automated responses.
Levandoswkis commute is 45 miles
long, and if Chaufeur were perfect, he
might use the time napping in the back-
seat. In reality, Levandowski has to stay
awake and behind the wheel, because
when Chaufeur encounters a situation
in which its slightly unsure of itself,
it asks him to retake control. Follow-
ing Google policy, Levandowski drives
through residential roads and surface
streets himself, while Chaufeur drives
the freeways. Still, its a lot better than
driving the whole way. Levandowski
has his hands on the wheel for just 14
minutes of his hour-long commute: at
the very beginning, at the very end, and
during the tricky freeway interchanges
on the San Mateo Bridge. The rest of the
time, he can relax. Automatic driving
is a fundamentally diferent experience
than driving myself, he told automotive
engineers attending the 2012 SAE Inter-
national conference. When I arrive at
work, Im ready. Im just fresh.
Levandowski works at Googles head-
quarters in Mountain View, California.
Hes the business lead of Googles self-
R AMIN R AHIMIAN/THE NE W YORK TIMES/REDUX; OPENING PAGE: COURTESY VELODYNE
driving-car project, an initiative that the
company has been developing for the bet-
ter part of a decade. Google has a small
feet of driverless cars now plying public
roads. They are test vehicles, but they are
also simply doing their job: ferrying Goo-
gle employees back and forth from work.
Commuters in Silicon Valley report see-
ing one of the carseasily identifable by a
spinning turret mounted on the roofan
average of once an hour. Google itself
reports that collectively the cars have
driven more than 500,000 miles without
crashing. At a ceremony at Google head-
quarters last year, where Governor Jerry
Brown signed Californias self-driving-car
bill into law, Google co-founder Sergey
Brin said you can count on one hand
the number of years until ordinary people
can experience this. In other words, a
self-driving car will be parked on a street
near you by 2018.
Yet releasing a car will require more
than a website and a click here to down-
load button. For Chaufeur to make it
to your driveway, it will have to run a
gauntlet: Chaufeur must navigate a path
 AUTONOMY

HOW A S ELF-DRI VI NG C A R S EES T H E WO R L D

While various companies are developing self-driving-car technology,
Googles is the most advanced. Once a driver activates the autonomous
mode, the vehicles drive-by-wire system transfers control of the brake,
gas, and steering to an onboard computer. The vehicles roof-mounted
lidar (or light detection and ranging) unit probes 360 degrees with 64
laser beams, taking more than a million measurements per second. This
data forms a high-resolution map (accurate to about 11 cm) of the cars
surroundings. Prebuilt navigation maps indicate static infrastructure,
such as telephone poles, crosswalks, and traffic lights, which enables
software to quickly identify moving objects, like pedestrians and cyclists.
These targets are clustered together and tracked so that algorithms can
process the traffic situation and plot a path safely through it.

through a skeptical Detroit, a litigious so-
ciety, and a host of technical catch-22s.
RIGHT NOW, CHAUFFEUR is undergo-
ing whats known in Silicon Valley as a
ILLUSTR ATION BY GR AHAM MUR DO CH
petent human driver. We have a saying
here at Google, says Levandowski. In
God we trustall others must bring data.
Currently, the data reveal that so-called
release versions of Chaufeur will, on
Chris Urmson, the director of Googles
self-driving-car project, told a government
audience in Washington, D.C., that the
vast majority of those are nothing to wor-
ry about. Weve set the bar incredibly

closed beta test. In the language par-
ticular to Google, the researchers are
dogfooding the cardriving to work
each morning in the same way that
Levandowski does. Its not so much a
perk as it is a product test. Google needs
to put the car in the hands of ordinary
drivers in order to test the user experi-
ence. The company also wants to prove
in a statistical, actuarial sensethat the
auto-drive function is safe: not perfect,
not crash-proof, but safer than a com-
average, travel 36,000 miles before mak-
ing a mistake severe enough to require
driver intervention. A mistake doesnt
mean a crashit just means that Chauf-
feur misinterprets what it sees. For exam-
ple, it might mistake a parked truck for
a small building or a mailbox for a child
standing by the side of the road. Its scary,
but its not the same thing as an accident.
The sofware also performs hundreds
of diagnostic checks a second. Glitches
occur about every 300 miles. This spring,
low, he says. For the errors worrisome
enough to require human hands back on
the wheel, Googles crew of young testers
have been trained in extreme driving tech-
niquesincluding emergency braking,
high-speed lane changes, and preventing
and maneuvering through uncontrolled
slidesjust in case.
The best way to execute that robot-
to-human hand-of remains an open
question. How many seconds of warning
should Chaufeur provide before giving

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 5 7

P EA K CAR
Since the country hit peak car in 2005,
Americans are now driving the same number
of miles they did 15 years ago. Thats the
longest downward trend recorded. A weak
economy, growing urban populations, rising
fuel prices, and lower interest in cars among
younger drivers have all contributed to the
decline. Worldwide, the number of miles
10,000
8,000
Number of miles driven per person per year
6,000
4,000 The October
1973 oil
embargo
raised gas
prices, and
2,000
Americans
drove fewer
miles for the
next year.
0 0.0
1970 1975
The purple line shows the number of miles U.S. citizens drive each year divided by the total U.S. population.
Adjusting by total population, instead of licensed drivers, accounts for trips made on behalf of nondrivers like
children. The blue lines show total vehicle registrations and drivers licenses, also divided by population.
back the controls? The driver would need
a bit of time to gather situational aware-
ness, to put down that cofee or phone,
and refocus. It could be 20 seconds; it
could be 10 seconds, suggests Levan-
dowski. The actual number, he says, will
be based on user studies and facts, as
opposed to, We couldnt get it work-
ing and therefore decided to put a one-
second [hand-of] time out there.
So far, Chaufeur has a clean driving re-
cord. There has been only one reported ac-
cident that can conceivably be blamed on
Google. A self-driving car near Googles
headquarters rear-ended another Prius
with enough force to push it forward and
impact another two cars, falling-dominoes
style. The incident took place two years
agothe Stone Age, in the foreshortened
timelines of sofware developmentand,
according to Google spokespeople, the
58 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
THE TYPICAL AMERICAN IS DRIVING
LESS AND LESS EVERY YEAR
driven per person is still growing fast in
China, but developed markets such as GOOGLE HAS BEEN uncommonly secre-
Australia, France, and Japan have also tive about its self-driving-car program.
peaked and fallen. The trend has been Though it began in 2009, the company
pretty dramatic, says analyst Doug Short frst announced the project in a blog post
about the U.S. data. But I think we are a year later. Detroit was not amused.
eventually going to see it level out. The attack came from Chrysler, the
JEFFERSON MOK smallest of Detroits Big Three automak-
ers, in the form of a television commer-
cial for the new Dodge Charger. In the
1.0 ad, the Charger is traveling through a
Number of drivers licenses and vehicle registrations per person (U.S.)
long gloomy tunnel, the camera tracking
with it. A baritone voice speaks: Hands-
Miles driven free driving, cars that park themselves, an
0.8 unmanned car driven by a search-engine
Registered vehicles company. The voice-over is monotone,
lifeless, ominous. Weve seen that mov-
Drivers licenses ie, the voice intones. It ends with robots
0.6 harvesting our bodies for energy.
FA C I N G PA G E, F R O M L EF T: A _ J _ R I CH A R D S /I N S TA G R A M ; E L S AT R E V /I N S TA G R A M ; _ CV R LO _ /I N S TA G R A M ; T W FA R L E Y /I N S TA G R A M ;
Google is still not saying much to
reporters (including this one) about its
plans, but since it was accused of being
The energy The invasion The number The 2008 0.4
L AU R E N L F R A N Z /I N STAG R A M ; J B S H A N K L E /I N STAG R A M ; M Y R O B OT H A N D 2 0 0 0 /I N STAG R A M ; R A N D I TA L L M A N /I N STAG R A M
the bad guy in a real-life Matrix, the com-
crisis in 1979 of Kuwait of miles driven economic pany has made a concerted efort to reach
caused a caused gas by Americans downturn
55-month prices to peaked in accelerated
out to potential partners. Google lobby-
dip in miles spike in 1990 June 2005. the decline. ists have made the rounds with legislators
0.2
driven. and 1991. in Washington. Its engineers have made
pilgrimages to Detroit and abroad. And
its data experts have been talking with
some of the big insurance companies.
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Theyre making clear tracks in a big push.
A year afer the Dodge commercial
aired, Levandowski showed up in De-
troit as the keynote speaker at the SAEs
annual shindig. He came to Motor City
bearing an olive branch: the fruit of sev-
eral years of intensive research for them
to taste, even take for themselves. Google
car was not in self-driving mode at the wants to make available to the rest of the
time, so the accident wasnt Chaufeurs auto industry all of the building blocks
fault. It was due to ordinary human error. that we ourselves use, he said and then
Human drivers get into an accident of ticked of the goodiesthe Android oper-
one sort or another an average of once ating system, search, voice, social, maps,
every 500,000 miles in the U.S. Accidents navigation, even Chaufeur. Instead of
that cause injuries are even rarer, occur- rebuilding a whole operating system from
ring about once every 1.3 million miles. scratch, he said, automakers should focus
And a fatality? Every 90 million miles. on making the user experience their own.
Considering that the Google self-driving No one talks about the actual terms
program has already clocked half a mil- of the dealnegotiations with individual
lion miles, the argument could be made car companies were held behind closed
that Google Chaufeur is already as safe doorsbut it shouldnt surprise anyone if
as the average human driver. Its not an Google is proposing to give away the sof-
argument Google makes to the public ware. For the car companies, the real cost
because Levandowski says the system of implementing the technology would be
hasnt encountered enough challenging in the specialized peripheral that Chauf-
situations in its real-world commutes. feur needs to run: the lidar. The acronym
We can speculate; we have models, [but] stands for light detection and ranging, and
we dont actually know the value of the it works on the same principle that radar
technology to society, he saysyet. and sonar dobut todays most advanced
A U T O M AT I C D R I V I N G I S A F U N D A M E N TA L LY
D I F F E R E N T E X P E R I E N C E T H A N D R I V I N G M Y S E L F.
W H E N I A R R I V E AT W O R K , I M R E A DY.
lidar is much more accurate, generating
up to 1.3 million voxels per second. (A
voxel is like a pixel but represents a point
in space instead of on a two-dimensional
screen.) Group a million or so voxels to-
gether and you have a point-cloud: a 3-D
model mapped at a 1:1 scale and accurate
down to the centimeter. But at $75,000
to $85,000 each, Googles lidar costs
more than every other component in the
self-driving car combined, including the
car itself.
A grizzled maverick of an engineer
named David Hall designed the lidar that
Google uses. His company, Velodyne,
makes a unit that packs 64 lasers in a
turret that typically rotates at 600 rpm,
continuously strafng the landscape with
64 separate beams. For the autonomous
vehicle, Im kind of the only thing that
works, Hall says.
Industry scuttlebutt has it that Ford
is giving Google the most serious con-
sideration. Hall confrms that a major
automaker recently summoned him to
its headquarters to ask whether he could
make a next-generation lidara rugge-
dized, standardized automotive compo-
nent. The company wanted a design that
it could hide (perhaps behind the wind-
shield) that would wholesale for no more
than $1,000, and it wanted a prototype
immediately. If it liked what it saw, it
promised to buy a thousand unitsin four
years time.
Hall rebufed the ofer. If you look at
this from a venture capital point of view,
he says, thats just about the stupidest
idea anyones ever come up with. Hall
is confdent that with enough time and
resources, he could engineer a $1,000
lidar unit, but why bother? It would be
many more years before a self-driving
car is brought to market, prompting
lidar orders in the hundreds of thousands.
The return on the engineering investment
might be negative for decades to come.
Its a catch-22, a classic chicken-and-
egg problem: Which will come frst, the
$100-million lidar order from a car com-
pany? Or the $100-million lidar factory
by Velodyne or another supplier? One
hundred million dollars is an arbitrary
C A R SH A R E
fgure. The point is that some company
somewhere needs to make a massive
investment. But who?
Google, to its credit, shows no signs
With dozens of Googles self-driving cars
that its allowing Detroit to slow it down.
plying California highways in a beta test,
Even afer returning from what must have
sightings have become common. So far, the
been discouraging talks with manufactur-
reviews on Instagram are mixed.
ers, it has not deviated from the script:
Self-driving cars should be achievable in
fve years. It takes more than fve years to
engineer a new car from the ground up.
If Detroit started designing self-driving
cars now around components that actu-
ally exist, theres no way the technology
could get to the showroom by 2017. Goo- 8:26 p.m. 5/15/2013 6:22 p.m. 4/22/2013
gle is not a car manufacturer. Nor does it There is no way I could #google #selfdrivingcar
intend to be one, Levandowski says. So ever fully trust this #paloalto imagine a day
thing!!! #selfdriving #acci- with no car crashes,
whats the plan? dentwaitingtohappen amazing!!!
I dont think we need to wait 10 years
for the next model or body style to come
out to build the technology, he told the
SAE audience. Im looking forward to
the afermarket seeding this and start-
ing the adoption by customers. In other
words, Google thinks a new generation of
bot-rodders may kick things of. 7:44 p.m. 4/8/2013 7:35 p.m. 5/16/2013
Google wont say anything more, but The #future is here, and This scares me and
since theres really only one place to turn Im tailgating it. #google excites me at the same
#selfdriving time. #selfdrivingcar
for the all-important lidar, I ask David
Hall what he thinks. Hall has considered
releasing a bolt-on self-driving system;
hes even priced it out: $100,000. It
would be for people like my dad, he
says. Theyre not driving very well any
more, and they could aford it. Howev-
er, without reinventing Chaufeur and the 10:56 p.m. 7/14/2013 4:44 p.m. 5/28/2013
super-high-resolution Google maps that I love living in the Bay The robots are taking
go with it, Hall doesnt see the point. He Area! #technology over #google #selfdriv-
#amazing #google ingcar #terminator
imagines talking to potential customers. #selfdrivingcar #transformers
What would you say, he asks. Almost
as good as Googles?
THE OTHER FIGHT is the legal one. It too
is flled with catch-22s. Hall described
a PowerPoint presentation containing
the automakers analysis of self-driving-
car technology. It was about 20 pages 1:53 a.m. 7/11/2013 2:25 p.m. 7/17/2013
long, he says, and the last 10 pages A #Google #SelfDriv- #Google this is a formal
were Whats going to happen when we ingCar would never do request to be a beta
anything as dangerous as tester. I need it right now.
get sued? Detroit doesnt want to start take a picture of a Google #baycommuterproblems
making self-driving cars without legal SelfDriving Car #selfdrivingcar
O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 5 9
clarity. And legal clarity will not arrive
until self-driving cars test the law.
Bryant Walker Smith, a civil engineer,
lawyer, and Stanford Law School fellow,
is the leading expert on how existing law
would apply to self-driving cars. His book-
length legal analysis has more than 650
footnotes, but the title sums up the situa-
tion: Automated Vehicles Are Probably
Legal in the United States. Probably.
In Smiths analysis, the legal concept
of driver goes back to an international
agreement called the Geneva Convention
on Road Trafc, ratifed by Congress in
1950. In those days, many of the worlds
drivers still had reins and a whip instead
of a wheel and pedals. They drove teams
of horses, herds of goats, drifs of sheep.
Animals, Smith argues, are autonomous.
Thus, in the eyes of the law, an autono-
mous vehicle is arguably similar to a horse-
drawn buggy. And under the Geneva
Convention, a basic legal requirement for
driverswhether of animals or of carsis
the same. The driver must have control.
Who has control of a driverless car?
For the autonomous vehicle that now
drives Levandowski to work, the answer
(according to Smith) is logical: the per-
son in the drivers seat. The Google car
doesnt work without one, as Chaufeur
needs to be able to hand back the reins
with 10, 20, or maybe even 30 seconds
notice. In Smiths analysis, the person
behind the wheel satisfes the legal
requirement of controlbut this theory
hasnt been tested in court.
And even if self-driving cars do not
violate an international treaty, myriad
state laws imply that the driver must be
human. New Yorks vehicle code, for ex-
ample, directs that no person shall op-
erate a motor vehicle without having at
least one hand or, in the case of a phys-
ically handicapped person, at least one
prosthetic device or aid on the steering
mechanism at all times when the motor
vehicle is in motion. Computers dont
have hands. That is a problem.
Some states, prodded by Google lobby-
ists and looking to get ahead of the curve,
have made the cars explicitly legal. The
doctrine assigns driver-hood to the per-
son either in the drivers seat or the one
who activates the self-driving function.
Nevada was the frst to adapt the princi-
ple into state law: Its DMV even designed
special license plates for the vehicles (they
60 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
DEGREES O F
FREED O M
The Department of Transportation recently
dened this range of vehicle automation.
Level 1: Function-Specic Automation
This includes at least one standard safety feature, like
electronic stability contol, available in cars today.
Level 2: Combined Function Automation
A car integrates at least two primary control functions,
as with Mercedes Distronic Plus with Steering Assist.
Level 3: Limited Self-Driving Automation
Like the Google car, the vehicle drives under certain
trac conditions and occasionally hands back control.
Level 4: Full Self-Driving Automation
This is basically KITT from the TV series Knight Rider.
The driver isnt expected to be in control at any time.
have an infnity sign). California, Florida,
and, most recently, the District of Colum-
bia have followed suit.
Whats going to happen, no matter
what the law says, is people are going to
get sued, Urmson, the director of Goo-
gles self-driving-car project, allows. But
that doesnt mean the development of
potentially lifesaving technology should
be halted. There wasnt legal protection
for the Wright brothers when they made
that frst plane, he says. They made
them, they went out there, and society
eventually realized its value.
THE OLDEST JOKE in the automotive
world is the one about the loose nut be-
tween the gas pedal and the steering
wheel. But 50 years afer Ralph Naders
Unsafe at Any Speed sparked a revolu-
FROM TOP: COURTESY GM; COURTESY MERCEDES; R AMIN R AHIMIAN/THE NEW YORK TIMES/REDUX; EVERET T COLLECTION
tion in safety engineering, people are
fnally starting to take the joke seriously.
Theres one last hazard to engineer out of
the modern car: human error, which ac-
cording to NHTSA, is the certain cause
of 81 percent of all car crashes.
Cars kill roughly 32,000 people a year
in the U.S., and in 2010, Levandowskis
life partner, Stefanie Olsen, was one of
the 2.2 million per year injured. She was
nine months pregnant at the time. My
sons name is Alex, and Alex almost was
never born, says Levandowski. He cred-
its the safety features engineered into the
cara Priusfor saving Alexs life. But, he
muses, that crash should have never hap-
pened. Technology, he says, should pre-
vent oblivious drivers from causing harm.
Self-driving-car boosters talk about a
virtuous circle that starts when human
hands leave the wheel. Its not just safety
that improves. Computer control enables
cars to drive behind one another, so they
travel as a virtual unit. Volvo has per-
fected a simple auto-drive system called
platooning, in which its cars autonomous-
ly follow a professional driver. It uses
technology thats already built into every
high-end Volvo sold today, plus a commu-
nications system. The vehicle-to-vehicle
communications standard soon to be
announced by NHSTA would, at least in
theory, enable all makes and models to
platoon. And lidar could eliminate even
the need for a lead driver.
A 2012 IEEE study estimates that
widespread adoption of autonomous-driv-
ing technology could increase highway
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capacity fvefold, simply by packing trafc
closer together. Peter Stone, an artifcial-
intelligence expert at the University of
Texas at Austin, thinks that intersecting
streams of automated trafc will essential-
ly fow through one another, controlled
by a new piece of road infrastructurethe
computerized intersection manager. Aver-
age trip times across a typical city would
be dramatically reduced. And once you
have these capabilities, says Stone, all
kinds of things become possible: dynam-
ic lane reversals, micro-tolling to reduce
congestion, autonomous-sofware agents
negotiating the travel route with other
agents on a moment-to-moment basis in
order to optimize the entire network.
In our self-driving future, not only would
trafc jams become a thing of the past,
every stoplight would also be green.
In Volvos real-world platooning tests,
drafing resulted in average fuel savings
of 10 to 15 percentbut that, too, is seen
as the tip of the iceberg. Wayne Gerdes,
the father of hypermiling, can nearly
double the rated efciency of cars using
fuel-sipping techniques that could be in-
corporated into auto-driving sofware.
Efciency could double again as human
error is squeezed out of the equation.
Volvos goal is to eliminate fatalities in
models manufactured afer 2020, and its
newest cars already start driving them-
selves if they sense imminent danger, ei-
ther by steering back onto the roadway or
braking in anticipation of a crash. Over
time, virtual bumpers could gradually
replace the rubber-and-steel variety, and
automakers could eliminate roll cages, re-
IN OUR SELF-DRIVING FUTURE,
N O T O N LY W O U L D T R A F F I C J A M S
B E C O M E A T H I N G O F T H E PA S T,
EVERY STOPLIGHT WOULD ALSO
BE GREEN.
62 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
turning the consequent weight savings as
even better mileage. The EPA has a new
mileage mandate for car manufacturers:
They must achieve a feet-wide average of
54.5 mpg by 2025; autonomous technolo-
gy could help them get there faster.
NHTSA defnes fve levels of autono-
mous-car tech, with level zero being noth-
ing. Level one cars include standard safe-
ty features such as ABS brakes, electronic
stability control, and adaptive cruise con-
trol (ACC). In level two, level-one features
like lane centering and ACC tie together
and the car begins to drive itself. Level
three has the Google-style autopilot. And
level four is the holy grailthe car that can
drive you home when youre drunk and
then go fetch another six-pack. Already
NHTSA has mandated level-one technol-
ogies in every new car. Several automak-
ers have systems that approach level two
on the test track, and Mercedes appears
to be the frst to market.
Mercedes ofers Distronic Plus with
Steering Assist as an option on the 2014
S-class luxury sedans. GM anticipates its
Super Cruise system will debut later this
decade. Both use a combination of radar
and computer vision to center the vehicle
in the lane and maintain a safe distance
from the car in front of it. But the real
engineering challenge is making sure
the driver stays alert. All kinds of prob-
lems crop up in real-world testing, says
auto-drive consultant Brad Templeton,
who worked with Google on its self-
driving-car project for two years. Peo-
ple start doing all kinds of things they
shouldntdigging around in the backseat,
Nissan, which recently opened a Sili-
con Valley research center, introduced
a self-driving concept car that can park
itself and return to pick up the driver.
The company hopes to get a fully au-
tonomous vehicle on the road by 2020.
For the European Unions SARTRE
project, Volvo tested vehicle platooning,
in which cars autonomously follow
a lead vehicle in order to increase
eciency and ease congestion.
for example. It freaks everybody out.
Level-two systems need constant human
vigilance and oversight to guard against
situations like a deer running into the
road; the car must be able to hand back
control with no warning. But the tempta-
tion for drivers is to simply zone out. So
engineers have begun to design counter-
measures. Mercedes, for example,
requires two hands on the steering wheel
at all times. Everyones looking for ways
to keep the driver engaged, says Dan
Flores, a spokesman for GM. As the car
gets more and more capable, we want the
driver to maintain driving expertise.
Advocates like to say that there is no
technical reason the new Mercedes needs
hands on the wheel to steer through a
turn. The problem is that even the best
radar- and vision-based pedestrian-
avoidance systems fail to see the pro-
verbial child running into the road 1 or
2 percent of the time. Obviously, 99
percent just isnt good enough; we need
99.99999, says Templeton. And what
people dont seem to realize is that the
diference between those two numbers is
huge. Its not a one percent diference
its an orders of magnitude diference.
FROM LEF T: COURTESY NIS SAN ; COURTESY SARTRE PROJECT
Google is betting that established car
manufacturers, working with low-cost
radar and camera components, will never
adequately bridge that gap. Its chosen a
diferent technical path, one that uses
lidar to leapfrog level two altogether. It
believes its level-three system will make
cars safe enough for people to daydream
while theyre being driven to work. And
its not stopping there. NHTSAs former
deputy director, Ron Medford, has just
signed on as Googles director of safety
for the self-driving-car project. Googles
main focus and vision, says Medford, is
for a level-four vehicle.
Adam Fisher grew up in Silicon Valley
and lives in the Bay area, where he writes
about technology and travel.
 THE TIRE
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vary based on when tires are replaced, driving and road conditions, and proper tire care maintenance.
 PHOTOGRAPHS BY CHIP KALBACK

64 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
SUPERCHARGED
BY EZR A DYER

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 6 5

ROD MILLEN FLIPS DOWN
THE VISOR ON HIS HELMET,
INCHES TOWARD THE
FLAGMAN, AND SIGHTS
DOWN THE STRIP OF
TARMAC THAT LEADS TO
THE STARTING LINE.
The road ahead bends rightthe frst of 156 turns over the next
12.42 milesand climbs quickly out of sight. The fnish line is
the 14,110-foot summit of Colorados Pikes Peak, an unforgiving
mountain thats tempted racecar drivers with both glory and
disaster for the past 91 years. Millen has won the Pikes Peak
International Hill Climb nine times, and he set the course record
in 1994. His son, Rhys, set another record last year, reaching the
summit in a scorching 9 minutes and 46 seconds; Millen thinks
he can beat it.
He gets the green fag and rolls onto the throttle. For a split-
second, Millen feels the rear tires struggle for traction, and then
the 563-horsepower vehicle launches toward the frst corner,
wailing like a one-car police pursuit. Its 120-decibel siren is the
only clue that spectators will have of Millens approach, because
this year his racecar, the Toyota TMG EV P002, is almost silent.
For the frst time in his career, Rod Millen is racing up Pikes Toyotas TMG EV P002 was
Peak in an electric car. the fastest electric car at
The vehicles engineered to conquer races have historically Pikes Peak in 2012. This
been the fastest, most powerful, most advanced cars on any year, it returned with more
road. For decades, racecars served as laboratories where new power. Left: Race veteran
Rod Millen piloted Toyotas
technology would succeed or fail, and successes ofen fltered
EV. Right foot on the
down to production models. But to maintain the suspense of a go pedal, left foot on the
close competition, modern races, from the circle tracks of the brake, no shifting, and no
South to the Formula One circuit in Shanghai, now enforce lag in power and torque.
strict rules. And so rather than innovate, engineers have become You can focus more on
preoccupied with exploiting tiny loopholes. what youre doing, he
says. On the other hand,
As a result, todays production cars are ofen more advanced
the whole car weighs a
than their racing counterparts. A Ferrari 458 Italia ofers a lot more than a gas car
traction-control system thats illegal in Fernando Alonsos would.
Ferrari Formula One car, and the Toyota Camry NASCAR
racer thundering along the high bank of Daytona cant use
the overhead cams and variable valve timing found in every
showroom model. No Porsche racer ever built can match the
powertrain sophistication of the forthcoming 918 Spyder.
Fortunately, theres one competition where rules havent

66 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
 SUPERCHARGED

THE ELECTRIC POWER MADE ME FEEL MORE AT

ONE WITH THE CAR. ITS JUST LINEAR POWER,
LIKE A ROLLER COASTER ACCELER ATING .

stifed innovation. At the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, the
speed lab is alive and well, and the most rapid developments are
happening in the electric class. Advances in power management,
torque vectoring, and even high-speed charging are tested on
the mountain and improved upon each year. And, unlike most
of the big-money forms of racing, some of whats learned above
the Colorado tree line could actually make its way into garages.
Until a few years ago, the electric class was little more than
a novelty; Joe Balls Sears electric car took more than half
an hour to reach the summit in 1981. But now electrics are
legitimate threats to the racecars in the unlimited class, which
has no restrictions other than safety. In 2012, Toyotas electric
car clocked the fastest overall time on the top section of the
mountain, refecting its twin motors advantage at high altitude,
where the internal-combustion cars lose about 30 percent of their
power to the thin air. Most agree that its only a matter of time
before Pikes Peak is ruled by electricity rather than gasoline.
This year, Mitsubishi felded two 536-horsepower, all-wheel-
drive MiEV Evolution II cars. Stunt driver and professional
racer Greg Tracy piloted one of them to qualifying times that
extrapolated to a top-three fnishnot just in the electric class,
but overall. The electric power made me feel more at one with
the car, says Tracy. With a gas car, youre always shifing gears
and thinking about the power band. With this, its just linear
power, like a rollercoaster accelerating. Once you remove those
extra stimuli, it allows you to concentrate on getting through that
corner as fast as you can. And the ability to have as much power
on the last turn as you do on the frst is mind-boggling.
The MiEVs other advantages include instant four-wheel
torque vectoring and regenerative brakingwhich, in race
conditions, means that the electric motors can act as a second
set of brakes to help keep the conventional pads and rotors from
overheating. I had to adjust to the cars capabilities, Tracy
says. Every practice run, I got faster. Mitsubishis Lancer Evo
production car is famous for its torque-vectoring all-wheel-drive
system, which endows the sedan with physics-defying agility.
In gas-powered cars, such systems are purely mechanical, but
Mitsubishis electric racers promise even quicker reactions by
varying the speeds of each wheels individual motor.
But electric racers still face one daunting handicap: weight.
Batteries now have the capacity to send cars to the summit,
but because they cant match the energy density of gasoline,

FUEL BO OM NEW U.S. CHARGING STATIONS MEAN ELECTRIC CARS CAN TRAVEL
More than half of
the nations 8,051
electric-vehicle charging
stations have opened
since 2012. Here, each
hexagon represents
the number of stations
in that area. Blue
hexagonsmostly
outside major cities
indicate those built
in 2012 and 2013.
Orange hues show older
and newer stations.
K ATIE PEEK

New stations:
12 349 50218
New and old stations:

Total number of U.S. stations over time

8,000

4,000

2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

S O U R C E : A LT E R N AT I V E F U E L S D ATA C E N T E R , U . S . D E PA R T M E N T O F E N E R G Y O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 6 7

cars need a larger pack. Battery weight is the
most important problem that electric vehicles
face in the future, says Naonobu Tajima, chief
engineer for the Monster Sport E-Runner felded
by Team APEV. Our racecar weighs in at 140
to 150 percent of the weight of the unlimited-
class race cars. With 156 corners, corner speed
and agility is crucial, so weight reduction plays
a great part in competition. It also remains a
FROM TOP: Brake-cooling
central challenge for production models: Decreasing the weight ducts highlight one of

A
of electric vehicles would increase their range signifcantly. the challenges of Pikes
Peakkeeping brakes
few weeks before the race in June, Toyota agrees from overheating in the
to let me drive its one and only electric racecar thin air. Engineers monitor
diagnostic data such as
at Toyota Racing Development (TRD) facility
battery temperature and
in Salisbury, North Carolina. Normally, race brake pressure. An electric
programs are secretive, says Steve Wickham, motor at each rear wheel
TRDs vice president of chassis development. provides nearly 600 hp
But we can show you this because at Pikes Peak there are no and 900 lb-ft of torque
rulesand thus no rule-bending secrets. in full race mode; they
can also act as brakes.
Wickhams rsum includes high-profle series such as
Via the steering wheel, a
Formula One and NASCAR, and he seems like the kind of guy driver can choose dierent
who is generally compelled to wring more speed out of whatever torque and traction maps
wheeled object he encounters. His kids have the fastest electric to suit road conditions.
Razor dirt bikes in the neighborhood since Dad upgraded them
to 48 volts from the factory 36. He sees no reason why the EV
P002 shouldnt be the fastest electric car up the mountain.
Based on a Radical SR8 chassis, Toyotas electric car weighs
2,500 pounds and will produce about 563 horsepower and
900 lb-f of torque on the day of the race. Until then, Millen
will practice with about 15 percent less power because that

IN 12 MONTHS, THESE ELECTRIC CARS HAVE

SLICED ANOTHER MINUTE OFF THEIR RECORD.
WHAT WILL THE TIMES BE LIKE IN FIVE YE ARS?

full-throttle run will cook the motors in the process. Even with
perhaps 500 horsepower available, the EV P002 has a power-
to-weight ratio at the crazy, Bugatti Veyron end of the spectrum.
And a Veyron doesnt ofer maximum torque at zero rpm, one
of the most noticeable performance benefts of electric motors.
As I putter over to an access road on TRD property, Wickham
reminds me of my unique opportunity to derail the entire Toyota
Pikes Peak efort. We have one set of wings, so dont hit those
on anything, he says. And the brakes are carbon, so they
wont really work because theyre not hot. Be carefulits only
priceless. Its actually a couple of million dollars in development
and parts. Still, no pressure.
I line up at one end of the road, sight the cul de sac at the
far side, and squeeze down the throttle. What follows is extreme
cognitive dissonance. The shove in the back and the sensation of
warping from one place to another is accompanied by only a high-
pitched whirr from the motors, along with wind noise and the
sound of road grit spiking of the underside of the fenders. Ive
probably experienced this type of acceleration before, but any
other car with thrust like this would be wailing out a mechanical
cacophony of intake gurgle, exhaust boom, and turbocharger
whine. In the EV P002, one moment youre sitting still and the
next youd better hit the brakes because youre running out of
road. Tracy says that electric racecars are initially disconcerting
because the brain is expecting aural cues that just arent there. I
know what he means. Its like miniaturizing myself and strapping
into the slot car I raced as a kid.
I take a few progressively faster runs before returning
Wickhams car while its still in one piece. If this is a taste of the
electric future, then it is bright indeed.

68 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
 HYBRID RACER

HYDR OGEN

HITS THE TRACK

In May, Aston Martins Rapide S completed
the 24 Hours of Nurburgring endurance
race while earning an unusual distinction:
For more than 11 lapsabout 182 miles
it didnt burn a drop of gas. Instead, it
consumed 59 pounds of hydrogen, becoming
the first hydrogen-powered car to compete in
an event sanctioned by the FIA (Fdration
Internationale de lAutomobile).
It wouldve been easy to build a road Hydrogens power
car, run it on hydrogen, and say weve done density is about 30 to
it, says Dave King, Aston Martins head of 40 percent less than experimental class, be; trunk tanks with system and created
that of gasoline, so so in gasoline mode double the pressure the Alset Engine
motorsport. But we wanted to push the the Rapide became the horsepower was should suffice in a Operating Software
boundaries and run at least a full lap at a the first car to get artificially restricted production vehicle. to manage the V12
time at race speeds. The company found a turbocharged to meet regulations. Running at lower engines transition
version of Astons pressure allowed between hydrogen
that, in terms of cost, packaging, and range, 5.9-liter V12 engine The Rapide carries the team to quickly and gasoline
hydrogen could effectively substitute for , bumping output four carbon-fiber refuel under race which happened
batteries in hybrid cars, enabling useful to around 500 tanks that hold 7.7 conditions, so fill-ups automatically and at
horsepower in pounds of hydrogen. took only 40 seconds. race speed. Youd
emissions-free range before fossil fuels kick hydrogen mode. Race Two of the tanks are feel a slight surge,
in. I think its a very feasible alternative for rules limit cars to 550 mounted where the Alset Global built but it was pretty
the future, says King. horsepower in the passenger seat would the cars hydrogen seamless, King says.

ace day at Pikes Peak started out sunny and technological progress in the electric class would soon eclipse

R clear. The gas-powered cars in the unlimited class

surge up the mountain frst, and World Rally
champion Sbastien Loeb makes it to the summit
in a 875-horsepower Peugeot in 8 minutes and 13
secondsa new record. But the weather has shifed
by the time the electric vehicles line up. There are reports of sleet
high up on the mountain. With a mix of dry and wet pavement,
the electric teams arent even sure which tires to use.
I cant tell you how many times Ive raced on Pikes Peak and
its been beautiful during practice and then diferent on race
day, Millen says. While his practice times extrapolate to a mid-
nine-minute run, his race time is about 45 seconds slower. We
were only a few seconds of the quickest time, but Mother Nature
dumped on us, Millen says. We got rained on; the unlimited
guys didnt. Its a crapshoot.
Tracy, in the all-wheel-drive Mitsubishi, fnishes less than a
second ahead of Millen. They come in third and fourth place
COURTESY ASTON MARTIN
that of the unlimited. In 12 months, these electric cars have
sliced another minute of their record, Millen says. What will
the times be like in the next fve years? I predict this is going to
get pretty damn interesting. Naonobu Tajima thinks an electric
car will dominate Pikes Peak in just three years. That milestone
has already been passed in the motorcycle class, where this year
a Lightning Electric SuperBike fnished 21 seconds ahead of the
second-place Ducati Multistradathe fastest of the gas bikes.
In the meantime, electric racecars have already proved that eco-
friendly vehicles can be capable of brutal, old-fashioned speed.
Most people have no clue when they see a Leaf that there is this
potential for performance, Tracy says. The teams are poised to
overcome other hurdles to widespread adoption too. For example,
Toyota fgured out how to charge the EV P002s batteryat
42kWh, nearly 10 times larger than a Prius Plug-insin just an
hour and a half. The car morphed from a test bed for powertrains
to a test bed for high-speed charging strategies, Wickham says.

among the electrics, respectively. Tracy is impressed by the
times, given the circumstances. You take one of the most
dangerous races in the world and make it wet, he says. To pull
up to the line in those conditions and run 10:23 is unbelievable.
Using hand-grooved slick tires on the Monster Sport E-Runner,
Nobuhiro Tajima (Naonobus brother) wins the electric class
with a time of 9:46, the frst sub-10-minute run of the electric era.
Though frustrating, the weather didnt dampen optimism that
Though internal-combustion vehicles enjoyed a century-long
technological head start, electric cars now loom ever larger in
their rearview mirrors, both on and of the mountain. Can you
imagine if we took half the weight out of our car with new battery
technology? Wickham asks. It would be unbeatable.
Ezra Dyer has won multiple International Automotive Media
awards for his coverage of car technology.

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 6 9

WHY YOU CANT
SELL ME A CAR
A MILLENNIALS MESSAGE
TO AUTOMAKERS
BY DAVE MOSHER
WHEN I WAS A KID, my fathers Ketter-
ing, Ohio, auto shop was ofen my day-
care center. Grease-stained mechanics
wielding hefy tools the size of my arm
knelt down and explained their work.
Some showed me how to perform an oil
change and diagnose a leaky head gas-
ket, others how to align a timing belt and
replace a busted windshield. Years later,
as a Boy Scout, I earned my Automotive
Maintenance merit badge with ease.
I should be someone passionate about
cars and their storied place in this coun-
trys culture. A wrencher who dreams of
red Mustangs and racing stripes. The guy
who strolls onto a lot and names a make,
model, and price before a salesman can
utter a single slippery word. I can fake
any of these things, but I wont: Automo-
bile manufacturers do not make cars Id
buy. Not one. And Im not alone.
My generationthe millennialsnum-
bers some 90 million teens and 20- and
early-30-somethings. This makes us the
largest demographic cohort alive today
and the auto industrys biggest headache.
Were supposed to be driving more as we
age, yet young people drove 23 percent
fewer miles in 2009 than in 2001. Only
two thirds of 16- to 24-year-olds in 2011
even possessed a drivers license (the low-
est rate since 1963). Meanwhile, nearly a
third of us prefer to live in cities, where
we can abandon cars for trains, buses,
cabs, bikes, and our own legs.
Dont get me wrong; I savor the free-
dom of cars and happily borrow the
one my wife bought before we married.
A B
8.91 percent One out of two 47 percent
Drop in miles driven from Millennials who prefer to live in
2005 to 2012 (adjusted for walkable neighborhoods
U.S. population growth)
70 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOB ER 2 0 1 3
Cars are versatile enough to drive to the
grocery store one day and across a conti-
nent the next. You can toss camping gear
in the trunk, blast your favorite music,
roll down the windows, and put a dog in
the backseat (and roll down its window
too). No other mode of transportation
permits the same degree of speed, com-
fort, and fexibility.
Yet I recoil from the idea of buying one.
D
Cars equal liability. Accidents are practi-
cally inevitable, no matter how well you
drive. They cost more and more to own
and maintain, and (electric or not) they
E
defle the environment. And good luck
parking one anywhere without it getting
ticketed or towed.
So what would it take you, the auto-
makers, to sell me, a punk kid of the ex-
pectant generation, a car?
Millennials are the
largest demographic
alive todayand the
auto industrys
A biggest headache.
One, lose the drivers seat. Or at least
make it optional. Cars should drive
themselves. Id rather sit in the back with
B some toddlers watching Finding Nemo
for the 100th time or take a nap with
the dog. You dont want me driving any-
way. About 34,000 people in the United
C
States died in car crashes last year. Some
of these incidents are inarguably related
to the 39 percent of teens who text while
C D
$2,699
Growth in U.S. bicycle Average annual insurance
commuting between 2000 premium in Louisianathe
and 2011 highest in the nation
driving, even when they know that its
not only against the law, but also remark-
ably dangerous.
Instead, put robots in charge. Machines
cant be distracted by text messages, mu-
sic, or spilled soda. Plus, theyre faster
than human brains at computing the
mundane information required to safely
operate a vehicle. Weve already seen the
rollout of self-parking, lane-keeping, auto-
matic-braking, and cyclist-collision-avoid-
ance systemsits time to give autonomy
a try. If a small team of researchers at
Oxford University thinks it can produce
such a system costing $150, youre not
trying hard enough. (By the way, please
make sure your cars park themselves
only in legal spots.)
AIR DANCER : PHOTOGR APH BY CHRIS HAKE; BACKGROUND: JACK FL ASH/GET T Y IMAGES
Two, dont make me wreck the planet.
I know that the metal, plastic, fuel, and
other materials that make up a car orig-
inate from somewhere, typically with
signifcant long-term costs to the environ-
ment. Even electric vehicles arent there
yet; the mining and toxicity of elements
in their batteries are dubious at best. You
can improve. Push your research teams
harder to develop more ecologically and
morally responsible alternatives. Look
to advanced materials to invent cells
that charge quickly like capacitors yet
dissipate energy in a controlled manner
so that they dont heat up or explode. If
that seems crazy in the short term, fol-
low Teslas lead and build a dedicated,
closed-loop battery recycling program.
Three, once the battery problems are
solved for goodand I have no doubt
E
Zero
Accidents caused by Googles
self-driving car system after more
than 500,000 miles on the road
 M I L L E N N I A L S M A N I F E S T O

that they will berecharging an electric

vehicle needs to be just as speedy and safe
as pumping gas. The real challenge, then,
is building a robust power grid that can
withstand the escalating and enormous
demand placed upon it. You carmakers
have unbelievable pull with lawmakers;
afer all, you got them to build and main-
tain a national highway system for you.
The ability to feed power to thousands
of rapid charging stations should be well
within your spheres of infuence.
Four, lobby the government to feed that
grid with as much electricity from renew-
able and environmentally friendly sourc-
es as possible: solar, wind, hydroelectric,
and more. You cant sell me an electric
F
car that runs on energy wrought primari-
ly from fossil fuels and fusty nuclear tech-
nologies. Im smarter than that.
Finally, make cars afordable. While
older drivers registered more new ve-
hicles between 2007 and 2011, our
generation registered 30 percent fewer.
Thats probably because our generation
continues working harder and harder for
the man for little, if any, increase in pay.
We cant even aford gasoline. The fuel
cost about a buck a gallon when I start-
ed driving; these days, it can be priced
four times that. Cheap, gasoline-free
cars should be possible. Nissanwhich
recently let me test-drive its all-electric
2013 LEAF in New York Cityshaved
thousands of dollars of the cars price
tag compared with last years model.
Thats a good start, but its not enough.
We have seen our parents comfortable
retirements evaporate, Wall Street fail,
and Detroit go bankrupt. So well cling
to our clunkers or not drive at all until
youre willing to work with our extremely
slim budgets.
So there, automakers. You dont need
to hire generational experts or spend
millions on advertisements of cars that
we dont want. Just listen to us, your cus-
tomers. Well be with you for a long time.
That is, as long as you create afordable,
environmentally redeeming vehicles that
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
can safely drive usand our conscienc-
DAVE MOSHER IS THE esof the lot.
PROJECT S EDITOR AT
POPULAR SCIENCE. HIS F
LAST CAR WAS A 1991
ISUZU RODEO. 8,035 lbs
Average per-car annual carbon
dioxide emissions of electric and
hybrid vehicles in the U.S.

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 7 1

SPECIAL ADVERTISEMENT FEATURE

2013

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 Build a mini concrete canoe

HOW 2.0
POPSCI.COM PAGE 78 @POPSCI

PLUS: WAR NING

We review all our projects
Hack an old
before publishing them, but
camera into a ultimately your safety is your
photosynthesis responsibility. Always wear
detector protective gear, take proper
PAGE 80 safety precautions, and follow
all laws and regulations.

OCTOBER 2013 H20@POPSCI.COM EDITED BY DAVE MOSHER

WIRED UP
To power and com-
mand his Nautilus
submarine, Justin
Beckerman
scraped together
three large 12-volt
batteries and
threaded 2,000
feet of wire through
the vessels hull.

YOU BUILT WHAT?!

Drainpipe Submarine The 18-year-olds love of building took off at age two,
when his dad started taking him to a junkyard to hunt for
old computers, printers, and motors. The junkyard manager
An underwater vehicle that can dive 30 feet got to know Beckerman and his dad and saved his best

J
TIME 5 months components for them. Friends, family, and even random
COST $2,350 ustin Beckerman was walking to high school strangers helped by dropping off parts at their house. Over
with some friends when one of them spied the years, Beckerman learned to transform these scraps
an abandoned soda fountain in a parking lot. into miniature hovercrafts, imitation Mars rovers, a wind
STOR Y BY Dude, you should go and get that, his buddy said. He turbine, and other complex machines. Instead of trying to
GREGORY knew Beckerman was collecting parts to build a one-man perfect something the first time, he constructs multiple
MONE submersible, with the hope of piloting around New Jerseys versions. I learn from my experiments, he says.
four-square-mile Lake Hopatcong. After school, Beckerman Nautilus, as Beckerman calls it, isnt his first manned
PHOTOGR APHS submarine. Version 1.0 felt too cramped, and he wanted
dismantled the soda fountain, harvested several pieces
BY
M AT THE W from the machine, including a compressed-air regulator, to add room and rangeto that end, he convinced his
S AL ACUSE and rushed home to get to work. parents to buy an eight-foot-long, two-foot-wide section of a

O CTO BER 2013 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 7 3

 Looking for long-range radar detection?
Pure range is the Valentines domain.

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What youll see: a new,
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Wheres the radar? Its in the Box.
corrugated plastic drainage pipe.
I could cut it, glue it, and screw it
and not have to worry about welding,
Arrow in the Box: means a threat in the Zone of he says. Beckerman wanted to sit
Certied Radar Activity. upright in the sub, with outstretched
legs, and peer through a dome. So
after sawing the pipe to size, he cut
a porthole on top, added a skylight of
-inch-thick acrylic, and waterproofed
the seams with marine epoxy. Four
Arrow out of the Box: No radar (except photo) can 10-gallon plastic water containers
be outside the Box and still comply with FCC rules. serve as ballast tanks, which take in
or expel water to lower and raise the
at valentine1.com/touchscreen sub. He connected a 1.5-gallon air
compressor to the soda machines
regulator and used a four-way splitter
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solenoid valves, he can activate the

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attached to the stern propels the sub.
Before plunging Nautilus into the
lake for the first time, Beckerman
tested its controls in his basement.
I was pushing its limits before
I got it into the water, he says.
The compressor became so hot it
melted some wires, so he added a
fan and switched to more resilient
high-gauge wire. Once in the lake, the
sub wouldnt submergethe ballast
tanks didnt add enough weight. (As a
temporary measure, his little brothers
stood on top to force it under.)
Beckerman upgraded the valves,
added dumbbells and sandbags, and,
with his parents watching closely,
submerged on his own. Once I went

Vantage Vue

Wind, rain, temperature, humidity, down, all the systems got quiet, he
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After making a few improvements,
Wireless Weather Station Unique Weather Center function Beckerman packed a small snack,
provides historical data for each piloted the sub to a deeper section of
From Davis weather variable the lake, descended seven feet, and
remained there for 30 minutes. A
Instruments, Solar-powered external sensors radio antenna running up to a float
an easy-to-install allowed him to communicate with his
1,000 ft. (300 m) wireless
station that sets transmission is up to 3x farther than
parents. Everything went well until the
very end, when he reported there was
the standard in the competition a problem. What is it? his
quality and accuracy. concerned father asked. Beckerman
2.5 second updates are up to 10x replied, Im out of Oreos.
$
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H O W 2 . 0 / YO U B U I LT W H AT ?!
C O N T I N U E D F R O M PA G E 7 4
HOW IT WORKS
1 SAFETY AND COMMUNICATION
A 30-foot-long umbilical of hoses and cables connects
the sub to an emergency float. Beckerman can dive no
deeper, as the Nautilus cant pull the floats buoyant
Styrofoam down with it. Computer fans circulate
fresh air through the sub via the hoses. The cables,
meanwhile, lead to an antenna that allows Beckerman
to chat with his parents by radio and wireless video.
2 DEPTH
Four plastic water containers and an air compressor
make up the ballast system, which controls the
submarines depth. The sub still wasnt heavy
enough to sink, so Beckerman added 13 sandbags
and 250 pounds of weights too.
3 ILLUMINATION
Five different clusters of super-bright LEDs, including
this cluster of four lights on the stern of the sub, help
illuminate the lakes murky waters on deeper dives.
EASY-TO-INSTALL
57 SERIES INTAKE SYSTEMS
Guaranteed to Increase Horsepower
4 AIR
A compressor stuffed into the back of the sub pumps Washable and Never Needs Replacing
the ballast tanks full of air. If the fans that circulate Easy to Install in Just 90 Minutes
air from the surface fail, Beckerman can also use
the compressor as a makeshift snorkel.
5 CONTROLS
Three voltmeter readouts [red numbers] keep tabs on
the subs electrical systems. Beckerman can also see
the lake bed on an old DVD-player screen, which is
connected to a tiny video camera on the vessels bow.
6 NAVIGATION
A magnetic compass assists with basic navigation,
and a sonar-powered fish finder helps the pilot
determine how close the vessel is to the bottom.
7 STEERING Look up the estimated extra horsepower
Two custom-made fins, linked to a control rod
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OC TOB ER 2 0 13 / P OPUL AR SCIENCE / 77
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 WARNING: Wear proper safety gear, including gloves, a facemask, and protective glasses.
Cement is an irritant, hot plastic can scald skin, and utility knives are sharpbe careful!
HOW 2.0 / BUILD IT

H2 STORY BY ERIN BRODWIN ILLUSTR ATION BY SON OF AL AN

TIME 1 hour to
make, 3 weeks
to cure
COST About $50

Concrete
DIFFICULTY

Canoe
Rock the boat using the
physics of buoyancy

T he Greek polymath
Archimedes is said to
have solved the mystery
of buoyancy in a bathtub. Even if
the story is apocryphal, his principle
isnt: If an object weighs less than the
water it displaces, it wont sink.
Even concrete can float. Materials
scientist Joseph-Louis Lambot built
a concrete dinghy featured in the
1855 Worlds Fair. And to conserve
steel during World War II, the U.S.
made 24 concrete ships. Today,
college teams race custom boats at
an annual concrete canoe competi-
tion. A team from the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, for example,
used concrete mixed with tiny
air-filled glass spheres to build a
20-foot-long vessel that supports a
four-member crew.
But you dont have to be an
engineer to build a stony ship. The
Madison-based team and one from
the University of California, Berkeley,
helped devise this mini-boat project
for POPULAR SCIENCE. All thats required
is a trip to a home-supply store and
a safe place to set sailjust in case
your craftsmanship stinks, er, sinks.

M AT E R I A L S
WHATS IN
1. 10-lb. bag Portland type 1 cement INSTR U CTIONS:
CONCRETE?
2. 20-lb. bag sand
3. gallon water A DRAW: Lay the largest face of the D GLUE: Saw the plywood to t the mold. Next,
polystyrene foam on a at surface. Draw smear polyurethane glue on the sculpted
4. Wheelbarrow (or large sturdy container) an oblong egg shape on the foamthis foams at side and put it facedown on the
5. Two feet of 3-inch-wide-by-1.65-inch-thick 41% Gravel will become the inner mold of your canoe. plywood. Press until dry, about two minutes.
polystyrene foam insulation Coat exposed plywood with silicone spray.
6. Utility knife
B SCULPT: Cut the shape out of the foam E POUR: Mix the cement and sand in the
7. Sandpaper with a utility knife. Then round o one wheelbarrow. Stir well, add the water, and
8. Plastic wrap 26% Sand side of the foam by shaving away about mix until uniform. Slowly pour the concrete
of an inch at a time from the edges. over the mold, stopping when you reach
9. Blow-dryer Sand until smooth. your desired thickness (-inch max). Let it
10. One 3-foot-long-by-5-inch-wide sheet of 16% dry for 21 days, and then sand until smooth.
C
Water WRAP: Surround the mold with two
-inch-thick plywood
11. Nonstick silicone spray 11% Cement
layers of plastic wrap. Heat-shrink the
plastic so that it clings tightly to the foam
F FLOAT: Your concrete canoe should
displace more than its own mass in water.
12. Polyurethane glue 6% Air using a blow-dryer. Set sail and make Archimedes proud.

78 / P OPU L A R SC I E NC E / OC TOBER 2 0 1 3
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 Warning: Capacitors that power a cameras flash can deliver a dangerous
shock even long after batteries are removed. Attempt at your own risk.
how 2.0 / rEpurpoSEd tEch

H2 SToR Y bY S ar ah Jacoby
INstructIoNs

1. Remove the
cameras batteries,
2. Push the LCD
aside and unscrew
3. Reassemble the
camera, and tape
4. For each new
scene, set the
memory card, and the sensor. Move a square of Rosco white balance with
any screws holding it out of the way #2007 blue-gel a piece of paper

Veggie Vision the outer casing

together. The rear
panel should pry
too, and shake out
the infrared flter.
If the flter is glued
flter over the lens.
(The camera cant
accurately measure
(blue works best).
Snap photos of
plants, and admire
Hack a digital camera into of with little efort. on, its best to try photosynthesis your otherworldly
a photosynthesis detector another camera. without this.) photography.

timE About

M
an hour
embers of Public Lab, an online civic coSt $10 or less
science community, wanted to build an difficulty
inexpensive tool to measure plant health.
Their solution: convert an obsolete camera into a

C o u R T e SY Ch R I S FA S T I e / P u b L I C L A b ( 2 )
photosynthesis detector, called the Infragram.
During photosynthesis, leaves soak up blue and red
light but refect invisible near-infrared light. The Infragram
blocks red light andbecause its missing a thin glass flter
common to digital camerascan detect near-infrared light.
This way, the camera sees only blue, green, and near-
infrared [top image], and Infragram.org can convert the
photos into colored maps of photosynthesis [bottom image].
If a farmer attached the Infragram to a drone, for example,
he could get a read on his felds health after a short fight.
You dont need to buy a camera to see plants like
Superman. Grab an old point-and-shootpreferably one
with custom white balanceand follow these instructions. Note: Not all camera models are easy to hack, so attempt only with those youre willing to ruin.
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 how 2.0 / proJEct of thE month

H2 SToR Y bY Erin brodwin PhoToGR APhS bY n ath an broadbEnt

Smart
Microwave
A barcode-scanning, remote-controlled
talking oven that automatically cooks dinner

W eb developer Nathan broadbent loved

automating everyday tasks. he also loved
frozen dinners and wanted to program his
microwave to prepare them. he suspected an oven could
harness universal Product Codesthe bar codes found on
almost all food packagingto download and execute cooking timE 1 month
instructions all by itself. Were at this point with technology coSt Less than $100
that we have everything we need to make this possible,
but no ones doing it, he says. To prove it, broadbent took Paying homage to that broadbent created and programs the oven to carry
apart a 1990s-era microwave, studied its circuitry, and the microwaves them out. The appliance even obeys voice commands (e.g.,
integrated a Raspberry Pi mini computer (and a custom electronic brain (a Cook on high for two minutes) and accepts instructions
Raspberry Pi), one
circuit board) to hijack the ovens electronics. Next, he of the frst things
wirelessly via Internet-connected devices. When something
attached a Wi-Fi adapter, a microphone, a speaker, and a broadbent cooked fnishes cooking, the oven doesnt just beepit speaks and
barcode scanner. When the scanner identifes a food, the in his oven was a can also update a Twitter account. So now broadbent can
Pi downloads cooking instructions from an online database raspberry pie. have his microwavable cake and tweet it too.
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 The PlasmaCAM machine makes
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 FYI
popsCi.Com
oCtober 2013
ANswers by
danIel engber
Have a burning
science question?
e-mail it to fyi@popsci
.com, or tweet @popsci
hashtag #PopSciFYI.
What Would happen if
you go t z apped by the l arge
hadron Collider?
SHORT ANSWER It would burn a hole through youand then some.
LONG ANSWER
the scientists at the lHC would like to make
two things very clear. First, its just a horrible
idea to put any part of your body in front of
the colliders two proton beams. each beam
comprises 320 trillion particles, so the total
energy delivered is a blazing 362 megajoules,
enough to melt about half a ton of copper.
second, it would be really hard to get in front
of a beam, even for someone with a death
wish. if you tried to open any of the access
doors to get into the lHCeven though the
lights are fashing et ceterathe collider auto-
matically turns of, says steven Goldfarb, a
physicist at the lHC in switzerland.
that said, lets assume you did manage
to squeeze your face inside the collider.
what would happen next is unclear. physi-
cal damage would depend upon how many
protons collided with nuclei in your fesh
and how many zipped through undisturbed,
Courtesy CerN
like plankton through a net. were the beam
spitting out single protons, there would be
little chance of impact. Considering there are
320 trillion, though, the beam would almost
certainly burn a hole through your face. the
Promotion
Make Your
question is what might that hole look like?
Opinions Popular!
when protons smash into a target, a block of Here is your chance to tell
copper, say, they fing of secondary particles us what you really think.
in diferent directions, which can themselves
incite another round of collisions. As a result,
beams create a hole that spreads out laterally
the deeper it goes. the same could happen
to your body: rather than boring a hole a
few microns wide, a beam might carve out a
large cone of tissue.
the only precedent scientists have for
a collider injury occurred in 1978, when a
36-year-old researcher named Anatoli bugor-
ski managed to get his head in the way of the Win a $50
proton beam in the u-70 synchrotron in rus- AMEX Gift Card!
sia. (that machine was just one hundredth as
powerful as the lHC.) According to journalist What do you think should
masha Gessen, who interviewed bugorski for be improved?
a 1997 article, the zap burned a hole from Provide input on marketing/
the back of his head to just beside his left advertising surveys
nostril and left him with facial paralysis and
epilepsy. (theres no indication of the exact Give us your opinion on
shape of the hole.) remarkably, bugorski was products and services
able to continue working as a scientist after
recovering from the initial trauma. To become a
Tech Spotter go to
popsci.com/techspotters
Oc tOb er 2013 / p opul Ar sCieNCe / 85
 Practicing Mindfulness: An
Introduction to Meditation
Taught by Professor Mark W. Muesse
rhodes college
IM
ED T E OF
IT lecture titles

LIM

FE
70%

R
1. MindlessnessThe Default Setting
2. MindfulnessThe Power of Awareness
3. ExpectationsRelinquishing
off

R8
Preconceptions

OR

BE
ER 4. PreparationTaking Moral Inventory

D
BY N OV E M
5. PositionWhere to Be for Meditation
6. BreathingFinding a Focus for Attention
7. ProblemsStepping-Stones to Mindfulness
8. BodyAttending to Our Physical Natures
9. MindWorking with Thoughts
10. WalkingMindfulness While Moving
11. ConsumingWatching What You Eat
12. DrivingStaying Awake at the Wheel
13. InsightClearing the Mind
14. WisdomSeeing the World as It Is
15. CompassionExpressing
Fundamental Kindness
16. ImperfectionEmbracing Our Flaws
17. WishingMay All Beings
Be Well and Happy
18. GenerosityThe Joy of Giving
19. SpeechTraining the Tongue
20. AngerCooling the Fires of Irritation
21. PainEmbracing Physical Discomfort
22. GriefLearning to Accept Loss

Discover the Essence 23. FinitudeLiving in the Face of Death

24. LifePutting It All in Perspective

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 ADVERTISEMENT
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(570)-296-0214 About John Ellis Water The 83 year old
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KEY to a HYDrogEn EConomY. In the past, it took too much
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found a way to do it using very little power. If you click on the two
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adding onLY 20 DroPS of water from his home water machine to ordinary water that
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This is the entrance to our 418-acre estate in Shohola, Pa.a gorgeous to 114: You cant argue with measurable results. nothing is even close to your water
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Ordinary products violate FTC Order C-3220 as a result of tests on our older versions and complaint led with the FTC in 1987!
now, after almost 40 years in business, we have developed machines
that are the State of The Art! ProoF: Watch the Video at www.
WaterCuresAnything.com and you will see that if you add only 20 DroPS
of this water to ordinary water it takes less energy to split water into into
hydrogen and oxygen (like The Body Electric, that also splits water into
hydrogen and oxygen providing more energy to keep you alive)! In the past, it
took too much energy to split ordinary water (with a Hydrogen Bond Angle of
104.5 degrees) into hydrogen and oxygen to make hydrogen a feasible energy
source. However, by using this patented method of heating and cooling, it
increases the measurable hydrogen bond angle to 113.8 degrees (tunneling
electron microscope) so less energy is required. Trucks require 30 amps of
power to split ordinary water by electrolysis. WATCH THE AmmETEr in the
Video. The power gradually drops from 30 amps to almost ZEro (less than 1
amp) while producing plenty of hydrogen! A revolutionary discovery that will
allow the world to go green without eventually running out of the energy
sources that produce pollutants that are destroying the environment and us!
A scientist called from Zurich, Switzerland: I have had your E5 machine
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bought the rst pair of ordinary shoes I have worn in years. Then, using only
100 watts of power, I couldnt believe how much hydrogen your water can
produce! It violates Faradays Law! Why is that? This discovery is explained
in the Answer to Cold Fusion by Jon Christian ryter. rEAD IT and you will
realize if you buy a machine from us, you will be the rst in line to buy one of
these electrolyis units that can be used to heat your home, produce electricity
and (later) power your car for pennies!! Since the electrolysis units are
inexpensive and the world wide demand is so great, you wont have to wait
years to buy one if you are already a water machine customer.
An m.D. who was doing blood ow studies at the UCLA mEDICAL
SCHooL: nobody can argue with something you can measure. We
can measure the ability of blood (94% water) to go through a membrane
into the cells to the extremities. nothing is even close to your water!
Your Hydrogen Bond Angle is 114 degrees! We knew that it was saving
diabetics from amputation and the Washington Post sent reporters to
investigate and write an article on our website as far back as 1/27/92 when
we were developing these machines. A man in mexico (our mexican Patent
239719) was running our water into a well giving it away: 10,000 people/
day, cures anything! Scientists ranging from the Los Alamos nuclear Lab
to Lawrence Livermore called the Ad manager at The Washington Times
(we have advertised there every week for 17 years) with an apology about
the impossible results: We are wrong. He is right. He has changed the
properties of water! Shills for the water industry with no degrees in this
eld cant argue with the results because they are mEASUrABLE and yet
you will see a Water Scam report that violates the FTC order C-3220.
We led our complaint with Joel Winston at the FTC and he sent us the nal
order that we used in our older literature. now, we are about ready to le
again: Look at the VIrUS & BACTErIA DESTrUCTIon CHArT on
our website. Each one has a different Destruction Time and nonE allow
enough time to destroy them and change WATEr ProPErTIES! DoLE
FooDS tested our water on mold spores for 9 months and sent us a 7 page
contract because a Dow Chemical caused serious problems! go to JEWISH
VIrTUAL LIBrArY/BIoTErrorISm and you will see that mold spores
in small amounts dispersed by airplane could kill 1/3 of the population while
also contaminating our water supplies!! Do you see why the DoLE results are
important? 7 muslims, mIT Chemical Engineers ignoring the no Trespassing
Signs, were caught at 1 Am at the Boston reservoir! You know they have
my machines and have read the Associated Press testing (2/10/08) about 57
drugs in municipal water supplies! Thousands of wells have been returned
to purity using only 10 gallons of my water on each well, so you know they
can reverse this technology to contaminate our water supplies with deadly
consequences! read the letter on the town letterhead from LaSalle, Co!
onLY 1000 gallons of our light tap water treated over 10 million gallons
of e-coli in an untreatable 5 acre waste lagoon avoiding nes of $10,000/
day from the State! no other water product can do that and our countertop
machines produce TWo types of water! Learn more...it may save your life!

Watch an online video of John Ellis, 83 year old Inventor

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Order a machine 845-754-8696
 ADVERTISEMENT

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 FYI
QUESTION
doe s s t re ss m a k e
y ou hungr y ?
SHORT LONG ANSWER
ANSWER
much of what scientists know about
Yes, but only stress eating comes from cramming
for junk food. animals into plexiglas tubes. when
researchers subject lab rats to this
particular discomfort for several hours
every day, the rodents lose their appe-
tites for healthy pet food. but if given
access to junk foods, such as a high-
sugar or high-fat treat, the rats pig out.
sometimes an animals calorie
intake actually doesnt increase over-
all, but the kind of foods its eating
shifts, says Kevin laugero, a physi-
ologist at the university of California
at Davis who has studied stress eating
psshowcase
for more than a decade. we think its
a selective focus on these highly ener-
getic or energy-dense foods.
when animals are stressed, they
need additional energy to fght of a
predator or fee to safer ground. As a
result, their bodies produce a spike in
cortisol. the hormone unlocks glucose
stored in fat and muscle, and glucose
fuels the bodys vital functions. it also
drives animals to seek out foods with
the most calories per bite, so ones
high in sugar and fat.
some humans have a similar re-
sponse. studies show that if you cause
stress in people in the labby making
them participate in a mock job inter-
view, for exampleand then ofer them
a bufet of snacks, they may be more
inclined to graze on chocolate bars
than carrot sticks. According to
laugero, such efects are not universal,
but stress afects diet in some form in
mAureeNpr/Getty imAGes
about 80 percent of the population. it
is possible that some of it is just the
reward-based association, laugero
explains, but i think with food, there is
defnitely a metabolic basis. Having a
bowl of ice cream when were stressed
can actually be adaptive. but its the
repeated nature over time that can be
absolutely maladaptive.
SWISS DECLARE

psshowcase
WAR ON US
Watchmakers are FURIOUS and luxury brands
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H ow dare Stauer break the unwrit-

ten rule in Switzerland? Chaos
erupted at this years Basel watch
fair. The watchmaking elite at-
tacked me in French, German and
Italian (with the occasional
British accent), outraged that
Stauer would engineer a lux-
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under $100. They said it
couldnt be done, but we did it
anyway. Now you get to wear
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Join the luxury revolution. The
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into the engineering of the watches. Shame on
them. Its time for a change. You deserve it.
You CAN own an exquisitely engineered
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The industry cursed me but the buyers were thrilled. It was like the walls came down
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From the Archives
P OPUL AR SCIENCE / OCTOBER 2013 STOR Y BY LILLI AN S TEENBLIK HWANG

Taking
the
Wheel
N ot long after interstate
highways began
snaking across the
U.S., engineers started searching for
ways to ease congested commutes.
In the October 1967 cover story,
POPULAR SCIENCE featured a potential
solution: the Urbmobile, an electric
mass-transit and personal-car hybrid
developed by Cornell Aeronautical
Laboratory. Motorists would steer
this driverless concept car into a
special lane, where an automated
system would take over and guide it
along a track. Commuters could then
relax and read the newspaper until
they reached their destination. While
Urbmobiles never made it onto the
road, a new eet of driverless cars
has already logged more than half a
million miles on American highways
in beta tests. To read about how
modern self-driving cars navigate the
open road, turn to page 54.

TIMELINE
1939 GM 1960 A lab in 1977 In Japan, 2007 Driverless 2013 VisLabs 2018 Google projects it will release self-
introduces its the U.K. debuts a researchers unveil cars interact with self-driving system driving-car technology, which uses an array
concept for a self- modied Citron the rst truly manned vehicles successfully of radar, sensors, laser-based range nders,
driving-car network DS, guided by autonomous car. at DARPA Urban navigates its rst and cameras to navigate.
at the Worlds Fair. magnetic sensors. Challengea rst. road test in Italy.

POPULAR SCIENCE magazine, Vol. 283, No. 4 (ISSN 161-7370, USPS 577-250), is published monthly by Bonnier Corp., 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016. Copyright 2013 by Bonnier Corp. All rights reserved. Reprinting in whole or part is
forbidden except by permission of Bonnier Corp. Mailing Lists: We make a portion of our mailing list available to reputable frms. If you would prefer that we not include your name, please write to POPULAR SCIENCE, P.O. Box 420235, Palm Coast,
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Permission: Permission is granted by POPULAR SCIENCE for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy articles in this issue for the fat fee of $1 per copy of each article or any part of an article. Send
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are not responsible for loss of unsolicited materials; they will not be returned unless accompanied by return postage. Microflm editions are available from Xerox University Microflms Serial Bid Coordinator, 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.

9 6 / P OPU L A R SC IE NC E / OCTOB E R 2013

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