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Article history: In this study, bagasse ash, which is a large disposal landll waste from sugar mill industries, is utilized as
Received 8 September 2011 a pozzolanic material to improve the mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate con-
Accepted 28 November 2011 crete. Ground bagasse ash (GBA) was used to replace Portland cement Type I at the percentages of 20,
Available online 8 December 2011
35, and 50 by weight of binder. Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, water permeability, and
chloride penetration depth of the concretes were determined.
Keywords: The results revealed that the modulus of elasticity of recycled aggregate concrete with and without
A. Concrete
GBA was lower than that of conventional concrete by approximately 19%. GBA can be used effectively
C. Recycling
E. Mechanical
to reduce the water permeability of recycled aggregate concrete. The increase of GBA content in recycled
aggregate concrete results in a signicant decrease in chloride penetration depths. In addition, the
mechanical properties and durability of recycled aggregate concrete were efciently improved by using
20% of GBA in the concrete mixtures.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +66 2 470 9131; fax: +66 2 427 9063. This research used ordinary Portland cement Type I (OPC) and
E-mail address: chai.jat@kmutt.ac.th (C. Jaturapitakkul). bagasse ash which was a by-product from sugar industry in
0261-3069/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2011.11.065
598 R. Somna et al. / Materials and Design 36 (2012) 597603
Table 1
Physical properties of materials.
Table 2
Strength activity index.
Table 5
Mix proportions of concretes.
Epoxy Resin
3% NaCl
(a) (b)
RB35 RB35 CON RB00 RB20
(c) (d)
(a) Concretes were cast around with non-shrinkage epoxy resin
(b) Sample immersed in 3% NaCl solution
(c) Split sample for chloride penetration depth testing
(d) Samples were immersed in 3% NaCl 18 months, being split, and sprayed by 0.1N AgNO 3
solution
containing GBA is shown in Table 5. The results indicated that the 2450
superplasticizer was increased when the replacement of GBA in CON
RB00
recycled aggregate concrete was increased, similar to the results
Concrete Density (kg/m )
2400
3
RB20
of conventional concrete obtained by Chusilp et al. [23], due to
RB35
the angle, irregular shape, and high porosity of the GBA particles RB50
2350
resulting in increasing the friction between surface of cement par-
ticles and GBA particles. These results were the same as using
2300
ground palm oil fuel ash or ground rice husk-bark ash as pozzola-
nic materials in concrete [24].
2250
3.2. Density of recycled aggregate concrete
2200
25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
As shown in Fig. 4, it was found that the densities of recycled
Compressive Strength (MPa)
aggregate concretes without ground bagasse ash (RB00) are lower
than those of CON concrete at all tested ages. Because the density Fig. 4. Density of concretes.
of recycled coarse aggregate was lower than that of natural coarse
aggregate due to the low density of the attached mortar on the
recycled coarse aggregates [25]. sive strength of concrete. Additionally, the bond between new
Recycled aggregate concretes with GBA of 0%, 20%, 35%, and 50% cement paste and recycled coarse aggregate was also obstructed
by weight of binder (RB00, RB20, RB35, and RB50 samples, respec- by the residual impurities on the surface of the recycled coarse
tively) had densities lower than that of CON concrete approxi- aggregate [27].
mately 4.2%, 4.7%, 6.5%, and 7.9%, respectively. In addition, the For recycled aggregate concrete with GBA, the compressive
results show that the density of recycled aggregate concrete in- strength decreased with the increasing GBA replacement. For in-
creased with the increasing of compressive strength and decreased stance, the CON, RB00, RB20, RB35, and RB50 concretes had the
with the increasing replacement of GBA because the specic grav- compressive strengths at 28 days of 44.4, 41.0, 41.2, 38.6 and
ity of recycled coarse aggregate and GBA are lower than that of 35.1 MPa, respectively. At 60 and 180 days, RB20 concrete devel-
crushed limestone and Portland cement, respectively (see Tables oped strength up to 47.1 and 51.3 MPa or 96% and 98% of CON con-
1 and 4). crete while the compressive strengths of RB00 concrete were 46.7
and 51.3 MPa or 95% and 97% of CON concrete, respectively.
3.3. Compressive strength The use of GBA at the rates of 35% and 50% by weight of binder in
recycled aggregate concrete (RB35 and RB50 concretes, respec-
Table 6 shows the compressive strength and percentage of com- tively) could not achieve strength as high as that of RB00 concrete.
pressive strength of concrete as compared to CON concrete. The For example, at 28 days, RB35 and RB50 concretes had the compres-
compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete without GBA sive strengths of 38.6 and 35.1 MPa or 87% and 79% of CON con-
(RB00) was lower than that of CON concrete at all tested ages. It crete, respectively. At 180 days, their compressive strengths were
is due to the use of recycled coarse aggregate which is weaker than 47.5 and 44.4 MPa or 89% and 84% of CON concrete, respectively.
natural coarse aggregate (crushed limestone) because the attached The results showed that the use of GBA to replace cement up to
mortar on the surface of recycled coarse aggregate had higher 35% and 50% by weight of binder could not produce strength of
porosity and greater weakness than natural coarse aggregate recycled aggregate concrete high enough to compensate the
(crushed limestone) [26,27] resulting in decreasing of the compres- strength of the hydration reaction of cement. Moreover, with the
R. Somna et al. / Materials and Design 36 (2012) 597603 601
Table 6 45
CON
Compressive strength of concretes.
20
use of the high volume of GBA to replace cement in concrete, the ce- 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
ment content in the mixture was decreased and then the Ca(OH)2 Square Root of Compressive Strength (MPa)
from the hydration reaction was also decreased. Therefore, the Fig. 5. Relationship between modulus of elasticity and square root of compressive
quantity of Ca(OH)2 for the pozzolanic reaction was not sufcient strength of concretes.
[28] and resulted in the low compressive strength of recycled
aggregate concrete with GBA of 35% and 50% by weight of binder.
In conclusion, the suitable replacement of GBA for using to im- 28 days
prove the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete was 90 days
10
20% by weight of binder.
9
m/s)
8
3.4. Modulus of elasticity
-13
7
10 4. Conclusions
m/s)
9 CON
RB00
-13
8
RB20 Based on the experimental results, the conclusions can be
Water Permeability (10
7
6
RB35 drawn as follows:
RB50
5
4 (1) To improve the compressive strength, water permeability,
3 and chloride resistance of recycled aggregate concrete, the
2 suitable replacement of Portland cement by ground bagasse
1
ash was 20% by weight of binder.
0
35 40 45 50 55 (2) Use of ground bagasse ash to partially replace cement could
Compressive Strength (MPa) not improve the modulus of elasticity of recycled aggregate
concrete. The modulus of elasticity of recycled aggregate
Fig. 7. Relationship between water permeability and compressive strength of concrete with and without ground bagasse ash was also
concretes.
lower than that of conventional concrete with the same
compressive strength by approximately 19%.
(3) Use of ground bagasse ash to replace cement at 2035% by
50 weight of binder could improve the water permeability of
Chloride Penetration Depth (mm)
depths at the immersed time of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months of RB00 We would like to thank the Ofce of the Higher Education Com-
concrete were 18.5, 29.5, 40.0, 43.3, and 45.6 mm, respectively, mission, Thailand for supporting this research by a Grant fund un-
while those of CON concrete were 14.5, 23.3, 30.5, 32.5, and der the program Strategic Scholarships for Frontier Research
35.0 mm, respectively. These results indicate that RB00 concrete Network for the Joint Ph.D. Program Thai Doctoral degree. Thanks
had chloride resistance lower than that of CON concrete because are also extended to the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) for the
the volume of pores in recycled aggregate concrete was higher nancial support under the TRF Senior Research Scholar, Grant
than that of CON concrete [32] which resulted from the attached No. RTA5380002.
mortar on the surface of recycled coarse aggregate that had higher
porosity than that of the crushed limestone. Moreover, the chloride
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