NOVEMBER 3

SEPARATION OF PANAMA FROM COLOMBIA

There were 17 Panamanian separatist attempts after the colony was founded, the independentista
restlessness led to the separation of Spain. Our vocation for freedom remained latent during the
Grenadian era.

Dismembered the Great Colombia were united in a weak link Panama and Colombia, union that
was not possible to maintain mainly by the neglect and abandonment of the Government Istmeo.

The historical roots of our main geographical resource came to light in the face of the arrogant
treatment of the government in turn that rejected the Herran - Hay Treaty and condemned Panama
to an almost traditional life of deprivation.

The patricians who acted in their historical moment, who occupied the position in the stage of the
time that he had to live, were inspired by the traditional nationalist sentiment of the towns and they
demanded to the humanity the natural right that the Country, call Panama has reserved in the
spaces of the peoples of the world, the geographical area where a canal was to be built, is the
patrimony of this nation, so the landlords understood it and so the Panamanians accepted it.

Don Jos Agustn Arango was one of the members of the Provisional Government Board
established in November 1903.

Don Jos Agustn Arango, a fair and noble man like those exemplary characters of history, who
exalts Plutarch in his "Parallel Lives" for a perennial lesson of civism to humanity, who carried in his
blood the love of freedom, was the initiator , the living force of the secessionist movement of Panama
in 1903.
 REVOLUTIONARY BOARD

In order to promote the revolution and to secure its results, Messrs. Don Jose Agustin Arango and
Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrro, agreed to initiate in their plans other Panamanians, of whom they were
sure to contribute, with enthusiasm, in such a noble cause, to organize with them a Board of
Directors of the Revolution, which was intensified by the following knights: Don Jose Agustin Arango,
Manuel Amador Guerrero, Don Carlos Constantino Arosemena, Don Nicanor A. de Obarrio, Don
Ricardo Arias, Don Federico Boyd, Don Tomas Arias and Don Manuel Espinoza B.

The 3 of November of 1903 took place the proclamation of the independence in the city of Panama,
decision that immediately found support in the rest of the country and the panamanians of
consumption declared this territory like an independent State and sovereign with the name of the
Republica de Panama.

The writing of the historical document (Act of Independence of the Isthmus), containing this
proclamation was found on the morning of the historic day 3, by the own head of the revolution, Don
Jose Agustin Arango, to an eminent Panamanian jurist of outstanding figure in the political life of the
country, Dr. Carlos Antonio Mendoza, prominent figure of the Liberal Party istmeo.
 NOVEMBER 4 IS THE DAY OF THE NATIONAL SYMBOLS

The Panamanian flag consists of a rectangle divided into four quarters: the top one near the flagpole,
white with a blue five-pointed star; the second superior following the one already described, red; the
lower one near the blue horn; and the second following of this, of white color with a red star of 5
points.

The Panamanian flag was designed by Don Manuel Encarnacin Amador Torrero and was made
by Doa Mara De La Ossa de Amador.

Don Manuel E. Amador took as reference for the sketch political considerations, characteristics of
political parties devised by two (2) colors (the Liberal represented by the color red and the
Conservative represented by the color blue). The white symbolizes the peace to which both parties
arrived. The stars pointed to the rectitude, strength and authority characteristic of the country's
development.

On December 20, 1903 the baptism of the emblem took place and as sponsors were chosen Dr.
Gerardo Ortega with Doa Lastenia de Lewis and Don Jos Agustn Arango with Doa Manuela M.
de Arosemena. It was the Rev. Fray Bernardino de la Concepcin Garca's blessing.

Legal Adoption of the Flag

The Constituent Assembly by means of Law 64 of 1904 adopts the flag provisionally. And the final
adoption occurred through Law 4 of 1925 generated in the National Assembly and ratified its
adoption by Law March 28, 1941.
 NOVEMBER 5

CONSIDERED AS THE CONSOLIDATION OF OUR SEPARATION OF

COLOMBIA

It was November 5 when the independence of Panama was really assured, because the 500 men
under Colonel Eliseo Torres could not move from Colon.

It was when they began conversations with the members of the Colonist Revolutionary Junta of
Mayor Eleazar Guerrero to convince the Colombians to leave Panama.

November 5 is defined as the most important day because it was then when Juan Antonio
Henrquez, member of the Revolutionary Junta of Coln, sent to Panama a telegram that read: "Only
now, 7:30 pm, can be said that the independence of Panama is insured.

The 500 men remained in Colon and under Colonel Torres there was no way to move them. The
colonel was angry and vociferous, threatening to kill every Panamanian, American or foreigner who
opposed the above.

Then began the conversations between the members of the Colonna Revolutionary Junta of Mayor
Eleazar Guerrero and other local authorities, with the aim of convincing Colombians to leave
Panama, which was achieved with the solid pecuniary argument (eight thousand dollars) He
managed to pacify Colonel Torres.

On the ship "Orinoco" the latter and all his soldiers departed.
NOVEMBER 10 THE CRY OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE VILLA OF LOS
SANTOS

On November 10, 1821, the First Cry of Independence occurred, which occurred in the Villa de Los
Santos. On November 10, 1821, the Panamanian people, together with the national heroes, rose
up against the Spanish Government in La Villa de Los Santos. This event released a series of cries
of independence in several Panamanian cities, which culminated on November 28. year. According
to the story, a young woman named Rufina Alfaro was the one who led the historical fact that led to
find the freedom of the Spanish yoke. Juan de la Cruz Mougeon, a Spanish soldier received a
proposal from the government of Spain where he was told that if he regained control of the rebellious
colonies, he would be named viceroy. It was then when Mourgeon traveled in October of 1821
towards Ecuador with the objective of organizing a battalion to attack the Grenadians.

The absence of Mougeon was taken advantage of by the revolutionaries who appointed Segundo
Villareal as leader, who together with other volunteers attacked the prison in Panama to free the
political prisoners who had been captured by the Spanish dictatorial government.

Rufina Alfaro, a 22-year-old girl, was an employee of the Spanish military barracks, and therefore
had access to the key locations of the barracks. Rufino managed to hear several conversations
among the Spaniards, in one of these he learned that the Isthmus would be left with few Spanish
soldiers because they would be transferred to Ecuador, so the event turned out to be the perfect
occasion for the beginning of Independence. Rufina communicated the news to the revolutionaries,
who on November 10, 1821, proclaimed the First Scream of Independence of the Villa de Los
Santos. Rufina, at the beginning of the battle, was the first to shout viva la libertad !, and before
nightfall the revolutionaries and the heroes achieved the Independence of Isthmus.
 NOVEMBER 28 INDEPENDENCE OF PANAMA OF SPAIN (1821)

Three centuries passed between the conquest and the revolutionary anxieties of the nineteenth
century, the children of Spaniards born in the new world, called "criollos" dissociated from Spain;
American blood flowed through their veins. The principles of nationality flourished and the old
independence cry was awakened; revolutionary thought spread in the underground; the genius of
Bolivar inspired the separatist instinct.

Bolivar had specific purposes for Panama, even at the cost of new military skirmishes, but Bolivar
desisted for the moment, due to force majeure. He subsequently appointed Vice-President
Francisco de Paula Santander for that purpose.

Being governor of Panama the Brigadier Toms de Cires, the new Viceroy named Field Marshal
Juan de la Cruz Murgeon arrived with Panama with forces from Puerto Cabello, to strengthen the
garrison of the Isthmus, to send troops against the Colombian army in Quito. With funds acquired
as soon as possible, Murgeon began the expedition, which left exhausted and diminished the troops
of the Isthmus.

On November 28, 1821, after several desertions of royal soldiers, an open town hall was proclaimed
where the Free and Independent Isthmus of The Spanish Crown was declared.The Colonel Jos de
Fbrega is designated at the head of the Government of Castilla del Oro or mainland; Panamanian
by birth who when consummated the separatist movement continues as supreme head of the
Isthmus.

Earlier, on November 10, 1821 a separatist popular agreement in the Canton of Los Santos had
seconded by the authorities of Pes and Nat spontaneously became independent. These and other
circumstances were the origin of the separation of the Spanish yoke.

Bolivar sent his celebrated letter to Colonel Jos de Fbrega where he congratulates him and
exhorts him to go ahead. Immediately, the Panamanians voluntarily joined the Bolivarian dream
called the Great Colombia.
 HISTORY OF THE FLAG

Before being devised the Panamanian flag as it is today, Felipe Bunau Varilla, that personage who
participated in the plans to obtain the separation of Panama of Colombia in 1903, and that intervened
like diplomat before the Government of Washington, whose performance was considered as if
unscrupulous for the way he defended the interests of the Republic of Panama, had an unoriginal
idea: he devised a national flag based on the American model. The pendulum, sewn by Bunau
Varilla's wife, had red and yellow stripes horizontally, rather than white and red like the American. It
chose the yellow, being dominant color in the Spanish and Colombian flags. And in the upper corner
was a blue rectangle, in the center, two yellow suns joined by a strip of the same color, which,
according to its author, symbolized the two continents. The soles represented in the Panamanian
flag the states that represent the union in the American flag.

Ernesto J. Castillero R. in his book History of the symbols of the Panamanian fatherland states that
although the first president of Panama, Manuel Amador Guerrero, in the United States told Bunau
Varilla that he liked the model, the truth is that it was not to his liking, and when he arrived in Panama
he discussed the point with some members of the revolutionary junta, who rejected it outright; and
then with his wife Maria Ossa de Amador and between them decided to discard it because it seemed
unfriendly and inappropriate for a foreigner to determine how it would be the symbol of Panamanian
nationality.

Faced with such disagreement, the Amador spouses decided to consult Manuel E. Amador, son of
the president, who had recognized skills as a drawing artist. He did not hesitate and with red and
blue pencils traced the features of the Panamanian flag.
 HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL COAT OF ARMS

On November 13, 1903, the Ministry of Government, Eusebio A. Morales, signed an invitation to a
project competition for the National Shield and had to be delivered to the Ministry of Government in
sealed documents, marked with passwords indicating the names of the authors.

On the 27th of the same month, the Provisional Government Junta, composed of JA Arango, Toms
Arias and Manuel Espinosa Batista, signed together with the aforementioned official, Decree No.
19, where a jury was created composed of five competent persons so that make the choice of which
should be adopted ..., composed of Ciro L. Urriola, Jernimo De La Ossa, Manuel E. Amador,
Ricardo M. Arango and Juan Mndez ", noting an eight-day term to fulfill their duties.

The motto that the author put said: "Paz Libertad. Union Progress ". When discussed in the second
debate the bill that provisionally adopted the Shield, the deputies, Messrs. Juan A. Henrquez and
Rafael Neira A., suggested new modifications to the Shield, among them the replacement of the
previous slogan for "Pro Mundi Benefit",

Creator

The National Coat of Arms was created by Don Nicanor Villalaz and received the collaboration of
his brother Sebastin Villalaz.

Its motto is very significant, since it not only describes the fact of opening the bowels of Panama, at
the service of the world community; but characterizes the welcoming culture of own and strangers;
especially of foreigners who live in Panama as in their homeland, as well as those who come in
passing.
 HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL HYMN

When the Ambassador of the United States of America, William Buchanan, arrived on December
25, 1903, we did not have a National Anthem when presenting the credentials of Panama. It was
July 18, 1904 when the ambassador of Costa Rica, Leonidas Pacheco, arrived, that Santos Jorge
A., as we did not have a National Anthem, played the Isthmus Hymn at that time (lyrics by Juan
Agustn Torres between 1893, who was the secretary of Departmental Public Instruction of the
Government of Colombia and music by Santos Jorge A.).

After July 1904, Santos Jorge A. conversed with Jernimo Ossa E. to write lyrics to the Isthmus
Anthem, Jernimo Ossa E. gave him a poetic composition also called 'Hymn Istmeo' (made in 1903
and published in the Herald of the Isthmus No. 1 of January 3, 1904, page 9), which Santos Jorge
A. had to extend three more measures to the music of the Anthem, to coincide with the letters
(syllables) of Jernimo Ossa E. (the analysis is that the poetry is from 1903 and it is not known what
is the date).

This hymn was called 'Patriotic Isthmus Anthem', which was published in the Herald of the Isthmus,
number 20 of November 3, 1904, which will be our first National Anthem.

The first modification to the letter was made by Jernimo Ossa E. with the blessing of Santos Jorge
A., which was published in the Herald of the Isthmus on November 28, 1,905.

The last two stanzas were modified from the poetic composition between November 1905 and
December 1906; and approved by Law 39 of 1,906 as National Anthem of Panama in its second
and last modification.

This shows that all modifications to the lyrics of the National Anthem of Panama were made by
Jernimo Ossa E.

By Law 28 of 1925, the National Anthem of Panama is definitively adopted, approved again by Law
34 of 1949 modified by Law 2 of 2012 and by the Political Constitution of the Republic of Panama
of the year 1972 with all its modifications in your article 6
 THE SKIRT, TYPICAL NATIONAL COSTUME

Pollera is the name that is known in Central America, South America and Spain to a variety of skirts
and dresses that are characterized by their elaborate ornaments. The skirts are made of different
materials such as cotton or wool and usually carry colorful decorations in different techniques,
usually embroidery and lace with floral designs.

It is believed that the pollera derives from the Spanish dress of the sixteenth or seventeenth century,
this dress was inherited but in a simpler and simpler way by the middle and lower substrates of
society for their daily tasks or to go to the celebrations of the regions where they lived. In many
countries of Latin America is currently used as a folkloric costume, in some countries it is known as
pollera, only the lower part of the dress (the skirt), in Panama pollera is called the whole dress.

In Panama, polleras have evolved into luxurious elaborate pieces of clothing, with a cost that varies
between a few hundred dollars, up to several thousand, depending on the amount of headdresses
and details that it carries. Its preparation can last, in some cases, more than a year. Tembleques or
mosqueta are pieces of gold jewelry and used pearls that accompany the pollera and are usually
inherited by generations in families.

The base skirt is regularly white with two or three embroidered lace designs. The upper part also
has embroidery and laces that surround the shoulders and back.
 THE NATIONAL CURRENCY OF PANAMA

Balboa, is one of the legal tender of Panama along with the Dollar. Your ISO 4217 code is PAB. It
is divided into 100 hundredths.

The Balboa is on par with the US dollar since 1904. Panama was the second country on the
American continent whose economy was dollarized. At the moment coins of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50
cents circulate, that have the same weight, dimensions and composition that the currencies of the
same value of the American Dollar, and for paper money there is no Balboas, but the Dollar is used.

By Decree Number 6 of September 30, 1941 the Central Bank of Issuance of the Republic of
Panama is created and the following day, by means of Decree No. 103 of October 1, 1941, the
circulation of paper money is ordered fiduciary This occurs on October 2 of the same year. Curiously,
the Comptroller of Panama Canal issues a circular on October 7, which indicates that Panamanian
paper money can be accepted in all the canal's dependencies. Seven days after its entry into
service, the government in power is overthrown and paper money is being withdrawn from
circulation. The tickets were incinerated in the workshops of the Arts and Crafts College on June 13
to July 6, 1942. The tickets were printed by the Hamilton Bank Note Company. It is estimated that
up to 305,000 Balboas circulated and that up to 7,000 Balboas survived the incineration.
 THE PANAMA NATIONAL BIRD

The name "harpy" derives from the Greek word "harpe" that according to mythology represented
the bird of prey with sharp claws, the face of a woman and the body of a vulture. It is commonly
called golden eagle, silver eagle and "sulubag" in the Kuna language, but its scientific name is
Harpyja Harpia.

The harpy eagle symbolized pride and strength for the inhabitants of the Isthmus in pre-Columbian
times.

It was declared a national bird of Panama by means of Law 18 of April 10, 2002, date that is also
chosen to commemorate the national day of this majestic bird.

This specimen of harpy eagle was born in 2009 at the American Zoo, Miami Zoo, where they were
baptized as "Panama". From its birth it was attended by its "parents, that is to say the adult eagles,
which makes it special, since it is the first time that a harpy eagle was born in a zoo in the United
States," said the National Environmental Authority.
 THE NATIONAL FLOWER OF PANAMA

The flower of the Holy Spirit (Peristeria elata) belongs to the family of orchids, is a plant of terrestrial
or epiphyte, with fleshy leaves, originally from Panama, where it is national flower

This orchid, known as the "flower of the Holy Spirit" - which is characterized by having petals of an
intense ivory color, adorned in the center of its lip with a well defined and delicate pigeon that blooms
between July and October - is the national flower of Panama.3 It was declared as such on October
21, 1980 by the National Assembly of the Republic of Panama. It is a species of orchid whose petals
are white and even ivory. There are those who say that its shape reminds them of a small dove. It
is such a symbolic magnitude that every year during the month of September is held in the town of
Herrera in the town of Las Minas an exhibition with his name -the Expoferia del Espritu Santo- to
pay homage, exhibit, contemplate and promote regional articles.
 THE NATIONAL TREE OF PANAMA

Cabinet decree No. 371, dated November 26, 1969, declared "panama" (Sterculia apetala) as
"National Tree". It occurs to me that as part of basic citizenship training, parents should teach our
children to recognize - hopefully in situ and not in film - the national tree. It is not difficult to find a
tree of these in the city.

Drops its leaves during the dry season and replenishes them at the beginning of the rainy season.
It blooms and fructifies from December to March. Country people sometimes consume the seeds,
which contain a lot of oil and some peanut flavor, eating them boiled or roasted. In Mexico, ground
seeds are used to flavor chocolate.
 HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL HYMN

When the Ambassador of the United States of America, William Buchanan, arrived on December
25, 1903, we did not have a National Anthem when presenting the credentials of Panama. It was
July 18, 1904 when the ambassador of Costa Rica, Leonidas Pacheco, arrived, that Santos Jorge
A., as we did not have a National Anthem, played the Isthmus Hymn at that time (lyrics by Juan
Agustn Torres between 1893, who was the secretary of Departmental Public Instruction of the
Government of Colombia and music by Santos Jorge A.).

After July 1904, Santos Jorge A. conversed with Jernimo Ossa E. to write lyrics to the Isthmus
Anthem, Jernimo Ossa E. gave him a poetic composition also called 'Hymn Istmeo' (made in 1903
and published in the Herald of the Isthmus No. 1 of January 3, 1904, page 9), which Santos Jorge
A. had to extend three more measures to the music of the Anthem, to coincide with the letters
(syllables) of Jernimo Ossa E. (the analysis is that the poetry is from 1903 and it is not known what
is the date).

This hymn was called 'Patriotic Isthmus Anthem', which was published in the Herald of the Isthmus,
number 20 of November 3, 1904, which will be our first National Anthem.

The first modification to the letter was made by Jernimo Ossa E. with the blessing of Santos Jorge
A., which was published in the Herald of the Isthmus on November 28, 1,905.

The last two stanzas were modified from the poetic composition between November 1905 and
December 1906; and approved by Law 39 of 1,906 as National Anthem of Panama in its second
and last modification.

This shows that all modifications to the lyrics of the National Anthem of Panama were made by
Jernimo Ossa E.

By Law 28 of 1925, the National Anthem of Panama is definitively adopted, approved again by Law
34 of 1949 modified by Law 2 of 2012 and by the Political Constitution of the Republic of Panama
of the year 1972 with all its modifications in your article 6
 HISTORY OF THE FLAG

Before being devised the Panamanian flag as it is today, Felipe Bunau Varilla, that personage who
participated in the plans to obtain the separation of Panama of Colombia in 1903, and that intervened
like diplomat before the Government of Washington, whose performance was considered as if
unscrupulous for the way he defended the interests of the Republic of Panama, had an unoriginal
idea: he devised a national flag based on the American model. The pendulum, sewn by Bunau
Varilla's wife, had red and yellow stripes horizontally, rather than white and red like the American. It
chose the yellow, being dominant color in the Spanish and Colombian flags. And in the upper corner
was a blue rectangle, in the center, two yellow suns joined by a strip of the same color, which,
according to its author, symbolized the two continents. The soles represented in the Panamanian
flag the states that represent the union in the American flag.

Ernesto J. Castillero R. in his book History of the symbols of the Panamanian fatherland states that
although the first president of Panama, Manuel Amador Guerrero, in the United States told Bunau
Varilla that he liked the model, the truth is that it was not to his liking, and when he arrived in Panama
he discussed the point with some members of the revolutionary junta, who rejected it outright; and
then with his wife Maria Ossa de Amador and between them decided to discard it because it seemed
unfriendly and inappropriate for a foreigner to determine how it would be the symbol of Panamanian
nationality.

Faced with such disagreement, the Amador spouses decided to consult Manuel E. Amador, son of
the president, who had recognized skills as a drawing artist. He did not hesitate and with red and
blue pencils traced the features of the Panamanian flag.
 HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL COAT OF ARMS

On December 13, 1903, the Governing Board opened a contest to give Panama a coat of arms. The
jury of this contest was made up of: Dr. Ciro L. Urriola, Mr. Jernimo de la Ossa, Mr. Manuel E.
Amador, Mr. Ricardo Arango and Mr. Juan Jos Mndez. Finally 132 projects were presented. Of
these Nicanor Villalaz was chosen that with small modifications has become the current National
Shield.

The motto that the author put said: "Paz Libertad. Union Progress ". When discussed in the second
debate the bill that provisionally adopted the Shield, the deputies, Messrs. Juan A. Henrquez and
Rafael Neira A., suggested new modifications to the Shield, among them the replacement of the
previous slogan for "Pro Mundi Benefit",

Our current coat of arms was approved by Law 64 of June 4, 1904, signed by the President of the
Assembly Dr. Genaro Ortega, and sanctioned by the President of the Republic Dr. Manuel Amador
Guerrero, with his Secretary of Government, Don Toms AriasThe final shield, with all the reforms
introduced by the National Convention, was made by the artist Don Sebastian Villalaz.

According to the law of the same date our shield: "It rests on a green field, symbol of the vegetation;
It is commonly called ogival and is divided in terms of division. The center or honor point of the
Shield, shows the isthmus with its seas and its sky, which highlights the moon that begins to rise on
the waves and the sun that begins to hide behind the mountain, thus marking the solemn hour of
the cry of our independence. The chief is divided into two barracks: in the right-hand one, in the
silver field, a sword and a rifle are hanging in abandon for ever of the civil wars and in the sinister
and on the field of gules, it is seen shining a shovel and a hoe crossed to symbolize the work.The
tip of the Shield is also subdivided into two cantons: the right-hander, on a blue field shows a
cornucopia, an emblem of wealth; and the one of the sinister in silver field the winged wheel, symbol
of the progress.

"Behind the shield and covering it with its wings open, is the eagle, emblem of sovereignty, the head
turned to the left and bears in the beak a silver ribbon whose songs hang from right to left. On the
ribbon is stamped the following motto: PRO MUNDI BENEFIT "
 FLAG

COAT OF ARMS

NATIONAL HYMN
 THE NATIONAL FLOWER OF PANAMA

The flower of the Holy Spirit (Peristeria elata) belongs to the family of orchids, is a plant of terrestrial
or epiphyte, with fleshy leaves, originally from Panama, where it is national flower

This orchid, known as the "flower of the Holy Spirit" - which is characterized by having petals of an
intense ivory color, adorned in the center of its lip with a well defined and delicate pigeon that blooms
between July and October - is the national flower of Panama.3 It was declared as such on October
21, 1980 by the National Assembly of the Republic of Panama. It is a species of orchid whose petals
are white and even ivory. There are those who say that its shape reminds them of a small dove. It
is such a symbolic magnitude that every year during the month of September is held in the town of
Herrera in the town of Las Minas an exhibition with his name -the Expoferia del Espritu Santo- to
pay homage, exhibit, contemplate and promote regional articles.

THE NATIONAL TREE OF PANAMA

Cabinet decree No. 371, dated November 26, 1969, declared "panama" (Sterculia apetala) as
"National Tree". It occurs to me that as part of basic citizenship training, parents should teach our
children to recognize - hopefully in situ and not in film - the national tree. It is not difficult to find a
tree of these in the city.

Drops its leaves during the dry season and replenishes them at the beginning of the rainy season.
It blooms and fructifies from December to March. Country people sometimes consume the seeds,
which contain a lot of oil and some peanut flavor, eating them boiled or roasted. In Mexico, ground
seeds are used to flavor chocolate.
 THE PANAMA NATIONAL BIRD

The name "harpy" derives from the Greek word "harpe" that according to mythology represented
the bird of prey with sharp claws, the face of a woman and the body of a vulture. It is commonly
called golden eagle, silver eagle and "sulubag" in the Kuna language, but its scientific name is
Harpyja Harpia.

The harpy eagle symbolized pride and strength for the inhabitants of the Isthmus in pre-Columbian
times. It was declared a national bird of Panama by means of Law 18 of April 10, 2002, date that is
also chosen to commemorate the national day of this majestic bird. This specimen of harpy eagle
was born in 2009 at the American Zoo, Miami Zoo, where they were baptized as "Panama". From
its birth it was attended by its "parents, that is to say the adult eagles,
which makes it special, since it is the first time that a harpy eagle was
born in a zoo in the United States," said the National Environmental
Authority.

THE NATIONAL CURRENCY OF PANAMA

The Balboa is on par with the US dollar since 1904. Panama was the second country on the
American continent whose economy was dollarized. At the moment coins of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50
cents circulate, that have the same weight, dimensions and composition that the currencies of the
same value of the American Dollar, and for paper money there is no Balboas, but the Dollar is used.

By Decree Number 6 of September 30, 1941 the Central Bank of Issuance of the Republic of
Panama is created and the following day, by means of Decree No. 103 of October 1, 1941, the
circulation of paper money is ordered fiduciary This occurs on October 2 of the same year. Curiously,
the Comptroller of Panama Canal issues a circular on October 7, which indicates that Panamanian
paper money can be accepted in all the canal's dependencies. Seven days after its entry into
service, the government in power is overthrown and paper money is being withdrawn from
circulation. The tickets were incinerated in the workshops of the Arts and Crafts College on June 13
to July 6, 1942. The tickets were printed by the Hamilton Bank Note
Company. It is estimated that up to 305,000 Balboas circulated and
that up to 7,000 Balboas survived the incineration.