Vangabhasma Oligospermiars001gdg 121228213909 Phpapp02

Department of Post Graduate D.G.M.
Ayurvedic Medical College &

Studies in RASASHASTRA Post Graduate cum Research Center
Gadag 582103
Dist: Gadag
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
DECLARATION
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VANGA BHASMA AND ITS CLINICAL EVALUATION IN
KSHEENASHUKRA (Oligosparmia) is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out
by me under the guidance of Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor & HOD, Department of

Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical College & Post
Graduate cum Research Center Gadag 582103
Date: Dr.Kalakappa.S.Santoji
P.G.Schalor,
Place: Gadag. Dept. of Rasashastra, D.G.M.Ayurvedic
Medical College & Post Graduate
cum Research Center
Gadag 582103
Department of Post graduate D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College &
Gadag 582103
Dist: Gadag
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
CERTIFICATE

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VANGA BHASMA AND ITS CLINICAL EVALUATION
IN KSHEENASHUKRA (Oligospermia) is a bonafide and genuine research work
done by Dr.Kalakappa.S.Santoji in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of
Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Date: Guide
Place: Gadag. Dr.M.C.Patil. M.D.(RS)
Head of the department
Rasashastra D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical
College & Post Graduate cum
Research Center
Gadag 582103
Department of Post graduate D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College &
Gadag 582103
Dist: Gadag
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
CERTIFICATE

IN KSHEENASHUKRA(Oligospermia) is a bonafide and genuine research work
done by Dr.Kalakappa.S.Santoji in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of
Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Date: Co-Guide
Place: Gadag. Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar
M.D.(RS). Lecturer
Rasashastra D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical
College & Post Graduate cum
Research Center
Gadag 582103
ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL/HEAD OF THE
INSTITUTATION
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
ENDORSEMENT
5
IN KSHEENASHUKRA(Oligospermia) is a bonafide and genuine research work
done by Dr.Kalakappa.S.Santoji under the guidence of Dr.M.C.Patil Professor,
HOD Department of Post Graduate Studies & Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar
Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post Graduate Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic
Medical College, Gadag.
Seal & Signature of the HOD. Seal & Signature of the

Principal:
Name :
Name:
Date: Date:
Place: Gadag. Place:
COPYRIGHT
I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in
print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.
Date: Dr.Kalakappa.S.Santoji
P.G.Schalor,
Dept. of Rasashastra D.G.M.Ayurvedic
Place: Gadag
Medical College & Post Graduate
cum Research Center
Gadag 582103
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
VANGA BHASMA AND ITS CLINICAL EVALUATION IN
KSHEENASHUKRA (Oligospermia).
By
DR. KALAKAPPA.S.SANTOJI
B.A.M.S
(K.U.Dharawad)
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MEDICINE
(AYURVEDA)
In
RASASHASTRA
GUIDE CO-GUIDE
DR.M.C.PATIL DR. GIRISH.N.DANAPPAGOUDAR
M.D.(R.S) M.D(R.S)
Prof. Head of the Department Lecturer. Department
of Rasashastra. of Rasashastra.
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA
D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH CENTER. GADAG 582103
FEBRUARY- 2005
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My father & mother is the only Inspiration. This work carries some sweat
memories to express & record about some distinguished personalities by whom I had been
inspired during the course of this thesis.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Prof.Dr.M.C.Patil. MD(Ayu)
Head of Dept. of RS, DGMAMC & PGSRC, Gadag. He has been very kind to guide me in the
preparation of thesis & for who extraordinary efforts, tremendous encouragement & most
valuable thought provoking critical suggestions, made me to complete this work.
I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr.Girish .N
.Danappagiudar.MD(Ayu). Lecturer in Rasashastra, PG studies & Research center DGMAMC,
Gadag, for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with precious remarks which
have been very useful.
I am thankful to Dr.G.B.Patil principal, DGMAMC, PGSRC,Gadag, for
providing all necessary facilities for this research work.
I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof.Dr.R.K.Gachchinamath
HOD,Rasashastra dept,(UG) DGMAMC, Gadag, for being kind & affectionate through his
valuable suggestions & advises.
It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr. Dilipkumar B.
MD (Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC for kind advise encouragement during the study.
I acknowledge the valuable help given to me by my best friends Dr.
Jagadish Mitti MD(Ayu). Lecturer & Dr. Shashikant Nidagundi MD(Ayu) Lecturer, for
their support during my PG study.
I am greatful for the support and advise given by Dr. S.H.Doddamani MD
(Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC. DGMAMC, Gadag, during my clinical trail and encouraged me
all the time during this work.

I express my deep gratitude to Dr. B.M.Mulkipatil MD (Ayu), Lecture,
PGSRC, Gadag, for his fullhanded whole hearted, co-operation and suggestions in this
study, for which I will be ever greatful to him.
I wish to convey thanks to all UG & PG lectures of DGMAMC, Gadag, for
their timely help & constant co-operation during my PG work.
I sincerely thank my beloved classmates Dr. K.M.Jaggal, Dr. P. Koteshwar
Rao, Dr. V.S.Hiremath, Dr. R.B.Paattanashetti, for their deep co-operation and involvement
in the study.
I am also thankful to scholars of PG Dept. of Rasashastra who have directly
or indirectly helps my thesis work. & expected their co-operation & support during my PG
work.
I am glad to express my heartiest thanks to Dr. Chandur Medical pharma .
J.T.College Gadag, having helped me in carrying out analytical works, and for giving kind
suggestions.
I wish to convey my thanks to beloved librarian, Sri. V.M.Mundinamani,
Asst. S.B.Sureban for providing many valuable references in the study. I am thankful to Sri.
B.S.Tippanagouda, Lab technician, who extended this co-operation in investigations.
I tender my sincere thanks to Nandakumar, statistician for his help in
statistical evaluation & results.
I wish to thank the physicians , House surgeons, Hospital staff, nurses &
non teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.
Let me express my thanks to all patients, those were on trial for their
consent for enrolling in this clinical study & obedience to advises.
I am highly indebted to my beloved parents brothers sisters & other family
members for their love & affection rendered through out my career.
I am thankful to computer operator in bringing out the computer presence of
my thesis in such a elegant way.
I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly &
indirectly with apologies for my ability to identify them individually.
Lastly I prey my deep homage & tribute to my grand parents for the love &
affection rendered through out my career.
Gadag
February 2005 Dr: K.S.Santoji
ABBREVIATION
1. R.T - Rasa Tarangini

2. R.R.S - Rasa ratna Samuchchaya
3. R.P.S - Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara.
4 A.P - Ayurveda Prakash
5. R.A - Rasamritam
6. R.J.N.I - Rasa Jala Nidhi
7. R.K - Rasa Kamadhenu
8. B.R.R.S - Brihat Rasa Raja Sundara
9. R.Chu - Rasendra Chudamani
10. R.S.S.- Rasendra Sara Sangraha
11. M.N - Madhava Nidhana
12. K.N - Kaideva Nighantu
13. M.N - Madanapala Nighantu
14. R.N - Raja Nighantu
15. B.P - Bhava Prakasha Nighantu
16. S.B.M.M- Siddha Bheshaja Manimala
17. Ch.S - Charaka Samhita
18. S.S - Sushruta Samhita
19. A.S- Ashtanga Sangraha
20. A.H - Ashtanga Hridaya
21. B.P - British Pharmacopia
22. _ Not mentioned.
23. + Mentioned
LIST OF TABLES
Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.
1. Synonyms of Vanga 9
2. Shodhana media according to various authorities. 15
3. Drugs used in Jarana of Vanga. 17
4. Pharmacological properties of Vanga. 22
5. Indication of Vanga bhasma in various diseases. 24
6. Ores of Tin & their occurrence. 32
7. Physical properties of Tin 36
8. Compounds of Tin 38
9. Alloys of Tin 38
10. Detection of Tin compounds 39
11. Qualities of Shuddha shukra 55
12. Ksheenashukra lakshana 59
13. Loss of Vanga in various practicles 75
14. Changes during Jarana 77
15. Observation of Vanga during puta 80
16. Ayurvedic tests of Vanga bhasma 81
17. Observation based on age 91
18. Observation based on Religion 92
19. Observation based on Occupation 93
20. Observation based on Socio-Economic status 94
21. Observation based on Education 95
22. Observation based on Diet 96
23. Observation based on Previous illness 97

24. Observation based on Injury 98
25. Observation based on Habit 99
26. Observation based on H/O Mastrubution 100
27. Observation based on Duration of marriage 101
28. Observation based on Previous conception 102
29. Observation based on Patients mind during Coitus 103
30. Observation based on Sexual desire 104
31. Observation based on Ejaculation 105
32. Observation based on Ejaculation with Pain /Burning 106
33. Observation based on Psychological history 107
34. Observation based on Ksheenashukra lakshana 108
35. Observation based on Sexual desire (A.T & B.T) 109
36. Observation based on Errection (A.T & B.T) 110
37. Observation based on Ejaculation (A.T. & B.T) 111
38. Observation based on Rigidity (A.T & B.T) 112
39. Observation based on Orgasm (A.T. & B.T) 113
40. Observation based on Abstinence period 114
41. Observation based on Semen volume (A.T. & B.T) 115
42. Observation based on Sperm count (A.T. & B.T) 116
43. Observation based on Viability (A.T & B.T) 117
44. Observation based on Motility (A.T & B.T) 118
45. Statistical result 119
46. Result 120

LIST OF GRAPHS
Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.
1. Distribution based on age 91
2. Distribution based on Religion 92
3. Distribution based on Occupation 93
4. Distribution based on Socio-Economic status 94
5. Distribution based on Education 95
6. Distribution based on Diet 96
7. Distribution based on Previous illness 97
8. Distribution based on Injury 98
9. Distribution based on Habit 99
10. Distribution based on H/O Mastrubution 100
11. Distribution based on Duration of marriage 101
12. Distribution based on Previous conception 102
13. Distribution based on Patients mind during Coitus 103
14. Distribution based on Sexual desire 104
15. Distribution based on Ejaculation 105
16. Distribution based on Ejaculation with Pain /Burning 106
17. Distribution based on Psychological history 107
18. Distribution based on Sexual desire (A.T & B.T) 109
19. Distribution based on Errection (A.T & B.T) 110
20. Distribution based on Ejaculation (A.T. & B.T) 111

21. Distribution based on Rigidity (A.T & B.T) 112
22. Distribution based on Orgasm (A.T. & B.T) 113
23. Distribution based on Abstinence period 114
24. Distribution based on Semen volume (A.T. & B.T) 115
25. Distribution based on Sperm count (A.T. & B.T) 116
26. Distribution based on Viability (A.T & B.T) 117
27. Distribution based on Motility (A.T & B.T) 118
28. Result 120
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Pitara yantra & Vanga
2. Vanga shodana in Taila, Thakra & Gomootra
3. Vanga Shodhana in Kanji, Kulaththa & Haridrayukta Nirgundi swarasa
4. Jarita Vanga
5. Vanga subjected to Puta
6. Vanga bhasma & Capsules

ABSTRACT
Back ground:
Ksheena shukra is the cause of infertility characterized by low sperm configauration. This is
the resultant of nutritional deficiency, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, strain, in judicious use
of drugs & environmental pollution which leads to psychological problems in couples.
In modern sience there are number of drugs for Ksheena shukra (Oligospermia), but
they leads to various complications. Ayurveda too has may herbal, mineral & herbo mineral
preparation which are claiming to be very effective in Ksheena shukra, some of them are
very easy to prepare, some are very difficult to prepare. & even costly also.
Rasataranginikara considered Vanga bhasma as a ideal preparation in Ksheena shukra. This
is to be prepared after classical method of shodhana & marana it is considered to be a good
rasayana & balya.So it is expected to improve the quality & quantity of the Ksheena shukra.
Hence the present study is under taken.
Objectives:
a. Preparation of Vanga bhasma
b. Physico-chemical analysis of Vanga bhasma
c. Clinical evaluation of vanga bhasma on KSHEENA SHUKRA (OLIGOSPERMIA)
METHODS:
Pharmaceutical study:
a) Vanga shodhna according to Rasatarangini 18 chapter shloka no 11
b) Vanga jarana & marana according to Rasatarangini 18 chapter shloka no 19 to 24
& Rasamrita 23 chapter shloka no. 88 to 94

Analytical study:
Vanga bhasma is subjected to physico chemical analysis i.e Assay for Tin, Acid
insoluble ash, Loss on 110o c, Loss on ignition 10000 c & physical analysis fineness of
partical test including organoleptic character .
Clinical study:
26 patients of Ksheena shukra ( Oligospermia ) with confirmed diagnose are taken
from the OPD section of P.G.R.C.DGM Ayurvedic medical collage hospital Gadag.
Results:
1. Vanga bhasma prepared by following the classical method of Shodhana & Marana is
proved as a genuine one.
2. Vanga bhasma is improving the quality & quantity of shukra, which is confirmed by
the value of subjective & objective parameter, which has the stastatical pvalue <
0.001
3. By the statistical analysis it is comes to know that Vanga bhasma is statistically
highly significant for all the subjective & objective parameters of Ksheena shukra
Interpretation & Conclusion :

1. The dravyas which are mentioned in the classical procedure of Vanga shodhana &
marana definitely convert the Vanga into pure Vanga bhasma & induces the disease
curing property
2. Apamarga used for the Vanga jarana definitely reduces the specific gravity of the
Vanga with the help of agni & vagorious rubbing with ladle converts the Vanga into
Vanga powder.
3. Ayurvedic bhasma pariksha & modern physico-chemical analysis are the confirmative
test for the complete formation of bhasma & its genuinity.
4. Vanga bhasma along with Apamarga moola churna & milk is the best remedy for
Ksheena shukra.
Key words:
Ksheena shukra, Oligospermia, Vanga, Shodhana, Jarana, Marana, Physico-chemical
analysis,Subjective & Objective criteria, Study duration, Milk
CONTENTS
Page Number.
I. INTRODUCTION 1-3
II. OBJECTIVES 4
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. DRUG REVIEW 5-40
2. DISEASE REVIEW 41-66
A. SHAREERA (ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY) 43-54
B. NIDANA (PATHOLOGY) 55-65
C. CHIKITSA (TREATMENT) 66
IV. METHODOLOGY
1. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY 67-80
2. ANALYTICAL STUDY 81-85
3. CLINICAL STUDY 86-89
V. OBSERVATION & RESULTS 90-120
VI. DISCUSSION 121-127
VII. CONCLUSION 128-129
VIII. SUMMARY 130-131
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE 1 MASTER CHART

ANNEXURE 2 CASE SHEET
Introduction
INTRODUCTION:
Ayurveda is the most ancient system of medicine. Which is (mostly) based on
its own fundamental principles theories or concepts. Which are deeply rooted into the oldest
scriptures of Hindu veda i.e Atharvanaveda. It is an encylopedia of ancient eternal medical
wisdom in spite of its antiquity. (3,000 years old) it is being practicing even today all over the
world.
Rasashastra, one of the branch of Ayurveda which is well developed by
Nagarjuna. Hence he is known as pioneer of Rasashastra. He practiced Ayurveda by using
rasa dravyas i.e metals, minerals, gems etc, to achieve the aims of Rasashastra.i.e
Lohasiddhi & Dehasiddhi. Now Rasashastra holds topmost place in Ayurveda due to its
unique preparations Rasabhasmas, Kharaliya rasayana, Pottali Rasayana, Parpati rasayana,
Kupipakwa rasayana and their utility.
Bhasmas are the unique solid dosage form of Ayurvedic preparation.
Preparation of bhasma involves number of steps - shodhana, jarana then marana. In these
steps minerals, metals, gems are processed with herbal / animal origin drugs. So that marita
bhasma should posses desired pharmacological action. Standard bhasma should be
nishchandra, varitara, rekhapoorna & apunarbhava etc. Absorption, Assimilation, Excretion of
such bhasma is very quick and helps in faster recovery within a short period. In the same way
all moorchita rasayanas have nearly the same characters.
Historical review:
History reveals metals and minerals are therapeutically used from Rigveda
period. In samhita kala Charaka, Sushruta & Vagbhata practiced metals, minerals, gems as a
therapeutic.
Preparations of Vanga are practiced by our rasavaidyas since good old days. It is a
drug of mineral origin described in Ayurveda. It can be used as a single drug or in
combination either with mineral drug or with herbal drugs in certain diseases. It was
specifically recommended for Prameha & Ksheenashukra. It was prescribed as a best rasayana
while explaining its efficacy in shukrakshaya. Rasavaidyas have described very
authentically.i.e
1
Introduction
VANGA BHAKSHATO NARASYA NA BHAVIAT |

SWAPNEPI SHUKRA KSHAYAM || Rasatarangini-19 chapter.
Many rasa vaidyas called vanga as shukrala dhatu, vrushya which indicates its main use .
According to Rasaupanishat-
SARVESHAMEVA LOHANAM BALAVAN VANGA MUCHETE
Rasaratna samuchchayakara are while highlighting the efficacy of Vanga bhasma, he
mentioned Godheko tanga aour adamiko vanga. So in this way Vanga bhasma is very
effective in shukrakshaya and shukrameha. According to Indian maetriamedica Vangabhasma
is best drug in sexual disability and impotency.
The dream and desire for progeny is never ending. Every body wants to keep the
family tree growing. There is a myth amongest the people that is more of a womens problem.
In fact a male is also equally prone to the problem. Our society, having the reputation of male
domination, if a couple fails to conceive, the women is blamed and put fault. Inability to
conceive can lead to psychological as well as social problem. The person without progeny is
condemned and neglected in society. It is cleared by charakas words that the man alone looks
like a tree having only one branch shadeless, fruitless and with foul smell.
According to WHO survey in 1996, 15% of couple experience relative or
absolute infertility in which male infertility is 8%. Who are suffering from sexual dysfunction
over 75% of men with infertility, have poor semen quality. So most common cause for male
infertility is Ksheenashukra (Oligospermia).
The WHO static of year 1967 research reveais that 18% of infertility is due to males.
Where the sperm count is less than 20 million / ml and motility less than 4 hours after
ejaculation.
Common lakshanas of the Ksheenashukra are medravedhana, vrushana
vedhana, maithunashaktata, chiratpraseka, alparakta shukradarshana, dourbalya, mukashosha,
pandutwa, sadana, shrama etc. General investigation used to diagnose the disease are HB%,
RBS, Semen analysis, fructose study and serum hormonal study.
According to modern science Oligospermia or sexual disability may be due to
mental disturbance, as secondary in Diabetes mellitus, Multiple sclerosis and some times
deformity in Endocrinal glands, which play an important role in reproduction. So treatment is
2
Introduction
also according to the causes and hormonal replacement. But modern drug shows number of
complications like metabolic disturbance and carcinogenic effect in long run.
Vanga bhasma shows multidimensional properties i.e dose is very small
duration is short, economic, and best balyadravya, dhatu sthoulyakara keeping in view of the
above facts it was felt to conduct a study to analyisis the efficacy of vanga bhasma by clinical
trails. Here the objective cretiria for assessing the drug efficacy is qualitative and quantitative
change in the semen.
The present work-----
THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VANGA
BHASMA AND ITS CLINICAL EVALUVATION IN KSHEENASHUKRA
(OLIGOSPERMIA).
This desertation is presented in 7 chapters i.e
Chapter Content
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Literary review
a. Drug review
1. Cocept of Vanga in Ayurveda view
2. Concept of Vanga in Modern view
b. Disease review
1. Shareera ( Anatomy & physiology)
2. Nidana ( Pathology )
3. Chikitsa ( treatment )
4. Methodology
1. Pharmaceutical study
2. Analytical study
3. Clinical study
5. Results
1. Observation
2. Result
6. Discussion
7. Summary & Conclusion
3
Introduction
OBJECTIVES
Vanga bhasma is indicated in many disorders like Mootra margagata vikara, Twaka
vikara, Pradara roga and in Ksheenashukra. It is necessary to establish its efficacy by clinical
study with support of Ayurvedic as well as modern parameters, in order to evaluate geneunity
of Vanga bhasma, so the present study is planned. The main aim & objectives of the study are
as fallows.
1. Preparation of Vanga bhasma.
2. Physico-chemical analysis of Vanga bhasma.
3. Clinical evaluation of Vanga bhasma on Ksheena shukra (Oligospermia).
4
Review of Literature. Vanga
DRUG REVIEW
VANGA IN AYURVEDIC CONCEPT

Metals are familiar to Indian physicians since antiquity. Including their different
characters & uses . This is well substantiated & data has been well documented in Vedas & we
find plenty of references pertaining to various metals like Swarna, Rajata, Loha, Trapu (vanga).
Vanga is a metallic drug used in many form. In ancient times it was being
liberally used in coating the other metals & hardening the soft metals by observing the factors,
the history of vanga can be classified into four periods
1. Vedic period
2. Samhita period
3. Rasashastra period
4. Nigantu period
1. Vedic period:
The word Trapu has been mentioned to the metal vanga in (Yajurveda &
Atharvanaveda) the Vedas and it is derived from the Sanskrit root Tap meaning a
sense of Ashma.
Rigveda also mentions about metals like gold, silver and bronze (which is an
alloy of tin (vanga).
In Athervana veda vanga is correlated with other dhatus. In this veda lohas are
compared with the colour of the dhatus. Ex: Flesh has the colour of shyama (Iron), blood
has the colour of loha, totally it has the colour of tin & has the smell of lead.
2. Samhita period:-
The official books of Ayurveda i.e Charaka samhita, Sushruta samhita &
Ashtanga sangraha mentioned Vanga as one among the pancha loha i.e Suvarna, Rajata,
Tamra, Vanga & Seesaka.
In Charaka samhita, Sutrastana under dinacharya topic, while
explaining the oral hygiene mentions that tongue scraper is to be made
up of lohas like Suvarna, Rajata, Tamra, Vanga & Seesaka etc.
In charaka chikitsa sthana under kushta chikitsa, while explaining the
mandala kushta chikitsa, the external application is made up of Loha
choorna, Trapu choorna with Gomootra1. In Sushruta samhita, Uttara
tantra 12 chapter refers to the use of Vanga choorna , Shilajatu,
5
Rasanjana, Tuthya, Kaseesa. Loha, Trapu choorna, Kamalapatra,
kshara, chandana choorna with honey as varti for Anjana in disease
Raktabishandya. In the same chapter Vanga choorna with Swarna,
Lavana, Ratana choorna, Kukkutanda twak choorna , Lashuna etc are
prescribed as Lekhananjana2.
Ashtanga sangraha 14 chapter, while explaining the treatment for
diseases of Netrasandhi & mandala. Anjana is prepared out of powder
of precious minerals like Tamra, Loha, Seesa, Trapu, Manashila,
Samudralavana, Kukkutanda, Saindhava choorna with honey is
mentioned3.
3. Rasashastra period :-
The period in between 8-9 A.D is the golden period for Rasashastra. In
this period the father of Rasashastra, i.e lord. Nagarjuna has developed the
science to the maximum extent. So during the Nagarjuna period the usage of
preparations from metals & minerals was in full swing. The description of of
vanga loha along with its synonyms, properties, purification therapeutric uses etc
have been described extensively all most texts of Rasa shastra texts where Vanga
loha is explained in detail.
1. Rasahridaya tantra 10 century
2. Rasarnava 12 century
3. Rasendra chintamani 14 century
4. Rasaprakasha sudhakara 14 century
5. Rasa ratna samuchchaya 14 century
6. Rasendra sara sangraha 14 century
7. Rasa kamadhenu. 17 century
8. Ayurveda prakash 17 century
9. Rasajalanidhi 20 century
10. Rasatarangini 20 century
11. Rasayoga sagara 20 century
12. Rasamritum 20 century
6
4. Nighantu period :-
Nighantu have good contribution for Ayurveda, following are the
some of nighantus in which the Vanga is described extensively.
Dhanvantari nighantu
Madanapala
Raja
Saligram nighantu
Bhavaprakash
Shodal
Synonyms of Vanga
Synonyms play an important role in samskrit literature. Some times they indicate
morphological structure, habitat, pharmacological property, availability & therapeutic
value of the drugs, even synonyms facilitates to identify the drug properly. Following are
the some important synonymes of vanga collected from different texts and their
meanings.
1. Abheer :- Which gives confidence.
2. Banga :- Which was transported from Bangladesha in olden days.
3. Chippata:-Which melts easily.
4. Ghana:- Gains solid state very quickly.
5. Kasteera:- Shaining metal.
6. Kurupy:- If Vanga exposes to atmosphere for longer period it becomes dull.
7. Nagabhava:- Its properties are similar to Naga.
8. Nagaja:-It occurs along with lead ores.
9. Pichchata:- Which melts easily.
10. Puspa:- Molten vanga attains shape of flowers after pouring in liquid media.
11. Pootiganda:-Emits foul smell on heating.
12. Ranga:- Used for dyeing process.
13. Rangaka:- Used for dyeing process.
14. Roupya shastra:- Destroys the metallic properties of silver.
15. Simhala:- Occurs in Simhala desha.
16. Shukraloha:-Represents shukragraha, useful in shukravikara.
7
17. Shweta:- White coloured metal.
18. Swarnabhava:- Used in alchemy process of gold.
19. Swarnaja:- Tin also occurs in gold mines.
20. Shwetaroupya:-Looks like silver.
21. Trapu:- Which melts easily.
22. Trapusa:- Which melts easily.
23. Vanga:- Also available in Vangadesha.
24. Vangaka:- Also available in Vangadesha.
25. Aneela:-Hydrogen is liberated when molten vanga is poured into the liquid.
26. Chakra.
27.Aleemaka.
28.Neelika.
VERNACULAR NAME
Latin Stannum
Sanskrit Vangam
Kannada Tavara
Hindi Ranga, Kathala
English Tin, pewter caly.
Arbian Rusas Abruz
Barma Khai,maphyn
Douch Kathil
Malayalam Vellithium
Marathi Kathil, Kaloi
Persian Urziz
Telugu Vangamu
8
Synonymes of Vanga Table No.1
Sl.No Name R.T R.R.S R.A A.P R.J. N R.K Mad.N D.N R.N K.N
1 Vangaka + + + +
2 Ranga + + + + + + +
3 Shukralaha + +
4 Kurupya + + +
5 Trapu + + + + + + + + +
6 Trapusha + + +
7 Vanga + + + + + + + +
8 Pichchata + + + + + + +
9 Aleemaka +
10 Vanga + +
11 Gurupatraka + +
12 Hima + + +
13 Kasteera + +
14 Mrudu vanga + +
15 Nagaja +
16 Pushpa +
17 Pootigandha +
18 Simhala +
19 Shweta
20 Abheera +
21 Mukhabhushana +
22 Shwetaroupya +
23 Rupashankha
24 Nigata
25 Tiraka +
26 Karati +
27 Ganam + +
28 Trapuka
29 Aneela +
30 Gurashresta +
31 Lavana +
32 Surati +
33 Neelaka +
34 Manduka +
35 Madhura +
36 Dashaahyam +
37 Sheta
38 Sheeta +
39 Trapuka + +
40 Kharati +
9
PRAPTI STHANA :-
Usually Vanga is not available in muktavasta (Native form), but is in the
form of oxide known as Vanga pathara (Tinstone). In India it is found in less quantity in Bihar.
Specially in Burma & Bangla desh it is available in large quantity . So in olden days Vanga was
imported from vangadesha (Bangla desha) hence called as Banga, Vanga also found in Simhala
desha (Srilanka) hence Simhala. Vanga has been found in native form in Bolivia, Sayaberia &
also found in nature in yougika form (mixed) i.e it contains Gandhaka (Sulphur) Silika, Loha
(Iron), Tamra (copper) etc. by applying heat to this yougika form in presence of charcoal vanga
could be separated. Vanga is also avialable abundantly in Malasia & Tennaserim.
DESCRIPTION :-
dgdPdaTdzSd ddTdada ddQdfdIa |
ddUadzdy ddZ ddQddddyedeTdaddZ || Ad.d 3/2
According to ancient classics vanga is one among the sapta dhatus and belongs to
pootiloha group. It melts quickly on heating and produces bad smell (Loathsome) while being
melted.
Vanga is metal like silver malleable having low melting point. When molten vanga
poured in liquid media it takes the shape of flowers and the properties of vanga are same as that
of Naga. Vanga is commonly used for coating copper & bronze vessels and in preparation of
dyes. In alchemy, vanga is used to convert lower metals into higher metals.
The efficacy of vanga bhasma in shukra kshaya prameha etc. has been extensively
described in ayurvedic classics, as
Vangam bhakshayato narasya na bhuvet swapneapi shukra
krayam || R.T
Simha yatha hastiganam nithanti tathaiva vanga akhila
mehavargam || R.T
BHOUTIKA GUNAS OF VANGA :-

Varna (colour) Sweta
Sparsha (Touch) Mrudu snigdha
Apekshita gurutwa 118.7
10
0
Melting point 232 C
Boiling point 22700C
Vanga is softer than gold, harder than lead.
Lighter than lead & malleable metal.
VANGA BEDHA :-
dgTda eddIa dyed fedQa dada dgSddy |
djT dd dgPdz: dya eddIa d eUda ddd || T.d.-18
In ayurvedic literature two varieties of vanga have been described4 .
1) Khuraka vanga
2) Mishraka vanga.
In these two Khuraka vanga is said to be better than Mishraka vanga for medical
purpose. Some Acharyas are having openion of Mishraka vanga is unfit to use in medicine.
In Rasakamadhenu, Rasarnavam, Vanga is classified in two types based on its
5
colour .
1) Shweta vanga
2) Krishna vanga
Among these two shweta vanga is laghu, mrudhu, snigdha, is supposed to be best one.
CHARACTERS OF EACH KIND OF VANGA :-

ddda dmQgda edda QhdQddd dddzTdd |
edSdQa djTdddZ SddQ eddI SdddddgTIa || T.T.d- 5/152
1) Khuraka vanga:- Khuraka vanga is white in colour, smooth to touch, melts easily on
heating , heavy in weight. When melts it will not produce much sound 6.
2) Mishraka vanga:-
Qddy Aed IdfPda TmddSddddgededda |
dgdTa IMfddzd eddIa dddgSddy || T.d.-27/8
Mishraka vanga does not melt easily, it is rough to touch when mixed with other metals like
loha it becomes dull black (ash) in colour and hard in nature 7.
11
GRAHYA VANGA LAKSHANA:-

dgTIdTSddgddUa ddTPddSd TdSddy |
eddI UySdddSddd Tddada eddddy || T.d-18/5
Khuraka vanga is supposed to be good for medicinal use , where as mishraka
vanga is not so useful 8 .
Various references explain that the vanga which is having following characters
is best one i.e vanga must be shweta , mrudhu, swachcha, snigdha,sheetala, easily melting &
easily malleable.
CONCEPT OF SHODHANA AND MARANA
Invention of metal brought a great change in the life style of early man. As he went on
investing various metals, he understood their uses and utilized them for various purposes. When
observed medicinal values in metals he started using them as medicine.
During samhita period metals were used only in the form of raja (choorna) but after the
8th century a scientific study of metals was carried out for their therapeutic values. Till last
century even in western medical sciences, metals are used for therapeutic purposes but after
observing some of their toxic effects, the usage of some metals was ceased.
Rasavaidyas too had the knowledge of toxic effects of metals and minerals but were
using rasoushadhis, were are free from adverse effects by virtue of unique procedures (shodhana
& marana) adopted by them in detoxifying the metals, these procedures not only make a mineral
or metal free from the toxic effects but also make them to absorbable and therapeutically
effective with a minimum dose for a maximum and quick result. Hence Rasoushadhis are
widely used by Ayurvedic physicians without the fear of adverse effects.
Ad dddddSddyedddd AdyTTdadddZ |
dTddTdySdQdSdddd AdzdddyedITdyTdZ || T.dd.da
While preparing medicine, Ayurvedic acharyas were of opinion that when a medicine is
administered in a particular disease it should only cure that disease but should not cause any
other diseases or adverse effect.
12
Keeping the above in consideration various shodhana & marana procedure are explained
in Rasa shastra classics9.
MERITS:-
1. These procedures involve physico-chemical action in order to activate the inorganic
substances (may be from neerindriya state to sendriya state).
2. These procedures not only remove the toxic effects of a drug but also the various herbs
used to act on metals, so as to enhance the pharmacological action of a drug.
SHODHANA 10 :-
DezTdzddzZ dda eSddy dydddeQIa |
ddedeJddy Sdddg ddydda deQUdySddy || T.d-2/52
Shodhana is a process by which impurities are removed from a substance by
implementing prescribed methods like mardana etc. This indicates by shodhana, impurities &
toxic qualities are removed from the drug and to induce certain qualities which are essential for
further procedures.
Classification:- Shodhana has been divided into two.
1. Samanya shodhana
2. Vishesha shodhana.
Vanga has an explosive tendency, while pouring in shodhana dravya it may cause injury,
to avoid this, one special apparatus is designed and this is known as Pithara yantra.
Pithara yantra:- It contains mainly one metal (loha) bhanda & is covered with iron or
mud lid having 2 cms hole at its center.
1. Samanya shodhana of vanga11:- The common procedure for group of dravya or metal is
called Samany shodhana.
dzdy dy ddddgdy UTdddy IgdSddy |
ddeddySddda Qddy Qddy dg dddd ||
dPddeQddyUdddPdda dgeTydda ddSddy || T.T.d 5/13
In this Vanga is melted and poured in medias like Tila taila (Sesame oil), Takra
(Butter milk), Gomootra (Cows urine), Aranala/kanjika (Weak organic acid), Kulaththa
(Horse gram decoction), 7 times in each media.
13
2. Vishesha shodhana:- Generally samanya shodhana is planted to remove certain

impurities but Vishesha shodhana is a plan to induce certain therapeutic values in
particular drug.
In rasagranthas various vishesha shodhana procedures are mentioned for vanga. But all this
can be grouped into two types.
i. Swedana
ii. Nirvapana.
i. Swedana :- It is carried out in dolayantra containing choornodaka for 3 hours12,13.
ii. Nirvapana :-Vanga is melted and poured in shodhana media mentioned below for
7 times were each time fresh drava dravya is to be taken.14 to 23
14
Shodhana media according to different authorities
Sl. Drug R.T R.A R.R.S R.P.S A.P R.chu B.R.R.Su R.Sa.Sa R.K R.J.
No Ni
1 Sudha jala +
2 Arka + + +
dugdha
3 Haridra+Nir + + + + + +
gundi
swarasa
4 Takra + +
5 Kumari + +
swarasa
6 Nirgundi + +
swarasa
7 Bhallataka +
taila
8 Kanji +
9 Gomootra +
10 Snuhi + +
ksheera
11 Bhrungaraja +
swarasa
12 Mutra varga +
13 Amla varga +
14 Kshara +
varga
Table no.2
15
MARANA:
ddTSddy dSddy ddffSddy Bed |
Marana means killing and converting a metal into non reversible and final form
i,e bhasma.
DEFINITION:
The processes by which a metals, minerals or any hard substance is subjected to
soaking, drying and ignition to convert bhasma is known as Marana.This marana process
converts metals into fine state of smaller molecules and makes them so light as to be highly
absorbable and assimilated after oral administration.
1) Marana is process by which metal looses its original state (metallic) still retains its
originality (medicinal value)
2) By marana process drug is converted into a biologically acceptable form.
This process consists of two stages :

1) .Bhavana: Mardana with some drava dravya for a specific period
2) Putapaka:Subjectig the drug for agnikarma at different temprature.
MARANA OF VANGA:
As the melting point of vanga is low, it melts readly when subjected to puta after
shodhana, so does not reduce to bhasma.This in convenience can be rectified by following a
unique method .i,e adding yavakuta choorna of some antagonistic drugs like Apamarga,
Ashwatwak, Kukkutanda twak choorna etc.on molten metal slowly and agitating then
rubbing with iron ladle vigoriosly, by this molten metal is converted into powder form, this
procedure is known as Jaarana by modern Ayurvedic scholars (Damodar joshi & C.B.jaw).
Here the word jarana refers to jeerna or shitilata of metallic state of a metal.This may be
called as intermediate procedure or conversion phase, for this procedure various drugs of
herbal, mineral and animal origion are mentioned.The list of such drugs are as follows :
16
Drugs used for jarana of vanga
HERBAL DRUGS MINERALS ANIMAL

1. Apamarga 1.Abhraka 1.Karkata shringa
2. Ashwatha 2.Haratala 2.Kukkutanda twak
3. Arka 3.Karpura 3.Mukta shukti
4. Babbula 4.Makshika 4.Shanka
5.Bhallataka 5.Manashila 5.Varatika
6.Chincha 6.Parada
7.Haridra 7.Saindhava
8.Jeeraka 8.Shilajatu
9.Palasha 9.Tankana
10.Punarnava 10.Suryakshara
11.Pippali
12.Snuhi kshira
13.Tila
14.Vata twak
15.Yavanika
16.Vanya karpas
Table no.3
Only after jarana pootilohas should be subjected to further procedure .
Marana mainly consists of following steps:
1) Bhavana
2) Formation of chakrikas (pellets)
3) Arranging the chakrikas in sharava
4) Sealing of sharava (sandhi bhandhana)
5) Puta (Heating)
17
A.Bhavana:
Jarita vanga is mixed with kumari swarasa or shatavari swarasa & triturated well in
khalva yantra for a specified period till the liquid added is dried and mass attaines semisolid
state.
B.Formation of chakrika:
When mass attains semisolid state then it is made into chakrikas of uniform size, shape
& thickness, then dried in shadow.
C.Arranging chakrikas in sharava:
Dried chakrikas are kept in earthen sharava and another sharava of same size is placed
in inverted form over the first sharava.
D.Sealing the sharava:
The gap between the two sharava to be sealed by means of cloth smeared with mud or
multanimitti for seven times & dried.This sealing is done to avoid the entry of air and loss of
material, now this apparatus is called as sharava samputa.
E.Putam:
The dried sharava samputa is to be kept in a pit filled with layers of cowdung cakes.
More cowdung cakes are placed at the sides, bottom and over the samputa then it subjected to
heating.The size of pit & number of cowdung cakes depends upon the substances selected for
puta.Generally ardha gaja puta for 7 times is advised for vanga.
After the first puta chakrikas are removed out and subjected to mardana with kumari
swarasa and once again chakrikas are made and dried in shadow. Then chakrikas are sealed in
sharava samputa & subjected to puta.Some acharyas mentioned preparing the pottali instead of
preparing the sharava samputa & it is to be kept in chincha kshara then it is subjected to puta.
Various methods of marana have been explained in classics which are listed below:
th
1.One part of vanga & 1/16 part of parada to be taken in a iron vessel & subjected to agni.
When vanga starts to melt, then add shodhita Haratala little by little & stirr continuously by
means of vanyakarpas stick till vanga is reduced to powder.24,25
2.Vanga is subjected to Jarana with Apamarga panchanga churna/Ashwath twak when it
completely undergoes Jarana, wash it with water. Then add Kumari swarasa, triturate it well,
when it attains semisolid state made into chakrikas & put in sharawa samputa. Then subjected
to Ardhagaja pata, the same process is repeated for 7 times.26 to 31
18
3.Vanga is subjected to agni in iron vessel, when it melts, add part of parada & part of
shodita haratal triturate it well till it becomes fine choorna. Then it is subjected to bhavana
with Arka dugdha & made into chakrika. Put such chakrika in shrava samputa which contains
Ashwatha twak, then it is subjected to puta. Such process is repeated for two times.32
4. Foils of pointed vanga are to be smeared with Haratala and Arka ksheera / Palasha swarasa
subjected to laghu putam with the ashes of bodhi & chincha.33 to 39
5. Apamarga jarita vanga is subjected to marana with the chincha kshara in Ardha gajaputa.
Such two puta converts the vanga in to bhasma.40
6. Shodhita vanga is subjected to Jarana with Palasha, Haratala, Ajwana, Sorakashilajatu,
Apamarga. Then it is put in gajaputa along with chincha bark. Such two ardha gajaputa
definitely converts vanga into bhasma.41
7. Vanga is converted into bhasma, it is subjected to puta along with 20 parts of Atasichurna &
Ajavana, & for second puta it is mixed with part of Haratal & equal quantity of ksharas, by
such putas vanga will be converted into bhasma.42
8. Vanga is converted into bhasma, if it is subjected to Ardhgajaputa along with Ashwath,
Chincha bark choorna, Tila by such 10 putas convert Vanga into bhasma.43
9.Vanga is converted into vanga bhasma when it processed with equal quantity of Haridra &
part of Kalmisora & then kept in sharava samputa, subjected for gajaputa. Such processes
repeated for two times.44
10.Vanga is put in an iron pan subjected to heat, when it melts , add part of haratal & 1/8 part
parada, triturate with Agastya vruksha dandu till it is converted into bhasma.45
11.Surya kshara jarita vanga is mixed with equal quantity of haratal, subjected to mardana with
nimbu swarasa. Then chakrikas are made & put into the sharava samputa, subjected to
gajaputa. Such 10 gajaputas convert vanga into bhasma.46
12.Vanga bhasma can be prepared by subjecting to jarana with equal quantity of Haridra,
Ajavana, Jeera, Chincha & Ashwaththa. Then it is subjected puta, it is definitely converted
into bhasma.47,48
13. Leaves of vanga are reduced to ashes, if they are subjected to puta, after having been
smeared with Haritala rubbed with juice of palasha.49
19
14.Vanga is reduced to ashes if it is subjected to agni made of Chincha, Palasha, Ashwaththa

wood after having been mixed with oil or essence of Bhallataka and wrapped with a piece
of cloth.50
15. Vanga is incinerated if subjected to putam for seven times after having been mixed with
Haritala and rubbed with Arka dugdha, dry barks of Ashwaththa tree being placed on all
sides of the vanga while confined with in the samputa.51
16. Vanga bhasma can be prepared, if it is subjected to heat by Putam, after having been
smeared with a paste made of Makshika and Haratala duly rubbed with the Palasha patra
swarasa.52
TESTS FOR BHASMA:-

In Rasashastra some tests have been specified to confirm the standards of prepared vanga
bhasma. The test are divided into
1.Test for physical nature: 2.Test for chemical nature:
* Varitaratwa * Niruttha
* Unamatwa * Apunarbhava
* Rekha poornatwa * Gata rasatwa
* Anjana sadrasha sukshmatwa *Vishesha varnotpatti.
* Mrudutwa & Shlakshnatwa.
TEST FOR PHYSICAL NATURE:53

These indicates fineness and other physical properties of bhasma.
1) Varitara:- According to this test, a properly prepared vanga bhasma when sprinkled
over water in a beaker, it floats on the surface and does not sink., it is known as Varitara.
By means of puta, the practical of bhasma become light and attain a state of fine
consistency and they can not break the surface tension of water as it happens normally.
2) Unmatwa:- This test is similar to the test of Varitaratwa with little modification after
testing the Varitaratwa of bhasma, small food grains are directly placed over the layer of
bhasma. Which is floating over the water and if food grains dont sink and continue to
float , then the bhasma is supposed to the quality of Unmatwa. This is an advanced test
of Varitaratwa & denotes more Laghuthwa.
20
3) Rekha poornatwa:- This is an another test which indicates the fineness of bhasma.
Here the bhasma when held in between the thumb and index fingers rubbed, if bhasma
enters the furrows of fingers, the test known as Rekhapoornatwa. This indicates that the
particles of bhasma have attained fine state that they could be easily absorbed into the
system when administered.
4) Anjana sadrusha sukshmatwa:- Little amount of bhasma is used in eyes as anjana, if
bhasma causes irritation to the eye then bhasma should be further subjected to some
more putas. This test shows whether all particles of bhasma have reached the required
state of fineness.
5) Mrudutwa & Sookshmatwa:- Physical properties of bhasma should be Mrudu &
Sookshma to touch. This is due to the fineness of bhasma particles and bhasma does not
prove positive, this indicates the bhasma needs more putas.
TEST FOR CHEMICAL NATURE 54:-

These are some test for bhasmas in which chemical action & reaction are
expected. Here Niruthathwa and Apunarbhavatwa are important tests. Both these tests indicates
the non-attainment of original form of the metal.
1. Apunarbhavata:- If marita bhasma is mixed with mitra panchaka dravyas (Ghrita, Madhu,
Guggula, Gunja & Tankana) enclosed in sharava samputa & heated at the temperature same
as while preparing bhasma. If this process do not yield orignal metal then bhasma is
considered to be Apunarbhavatwa.
2. Niruthathwa:- In this test specified quantity of pure silver and vanga bhasma is placed in a
crucible and subjected to agni karma. If bhasma is apakwa then free particals get deposited
on silver & silver weight increases. If bhasma is pakwa their will be no change in weight of
the silver.
3. Nichandratwa:- Chandrika is the natural luster of a metal, absence of luster indicates
conversion of metal into bhasma form. For this test small quantity of vanga bhasma is taken
in between index & thumb finger rubbed vigorously & exposed to sunlight and viewed very
carefully for presence of metallic luster, indicates apakwatha of bhasma, so needs more puta.
4. Gatarastwa:- After completion of marana process, generally the bhasma will be tasteless.
This is to be tested by tounge, if taste is present indicates apakwata of bhasma.
21
5. Vishishta varnotpatti:- Means the attainment of an appropriate colour. In the contest of

preparation vanga bhasma the attainment of colour is white / whitish yellow colour.
Characteristics of incinerated vanga:-
Properly incinerated vanga should be laghu, sheeta and ruksha. Bad effects of improperly
prepared vanga bhasma:- Unpurified and not properly incinerated vanga bhasma, if taken
internally not only causes following diseases, but also shortens the longevity. Ashmari,
Shwayathu, Meha, Kushta, Kshaya, Bagandhara, Gulma, Pandu, Mootrakruchra, Jwara etc.
Antidote of impurified bhasma:-
Meshashringi choorna + Honey should be given for 3 to 4 days or till disappearance of toxic
effect.55
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:
Sl. Name of Lavana Katu Tikta Kasha Ushna Sheet Katu Lagh She Ushna Ruksha Sara
No classics ya a u eta
1 R.T + + + + + + + + + +
2 R.R.S + + + + +
3 R.J.N + + + +
4 R.K + + + + + +
5 R.P.S + +
6 A.P + + +
7 R.A +
8 R.Ch + + +
9 R.S.S + + + + +
10 B.R.R.S +
11 M.M +
12 D.N + + + +
13 R.N + + + + +
14 K.N + + + +
Table no.4
22
Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka and Prabhava these are the five basic parameters to evaluate
the pharmacological action of drug. Pharmacological properties of vanga have been explained
systematically in classics as follows-
Pharmacological properties of vanga according to various authorities
By observing the above table vanga bhasma is having the following properties-
Rasa Tikta, Lavana, . Guna Rooksha, Laghu
Virya In rasa classics there are two opinions regarding the virya of vanga. Some Acharyas
mentioned virya of vanga as ushna and others as a sheeta virya, but Rasataranginikar clarifies by
the giving the following qutation .
ddd daddeQSddydyd ddeTda dgPddda dmdyd |
ddTdeQdda dmddyUa dfddd Sded eddda || T.d-27/45
If vanga marana is done along with Gandhaka, Haratala etc. Then vanga obtains Ushna virya. If
vanga is incinerated along with Apamarga kshara, Chincha kshara etc. Then it obtains Sheeta
virya.
Vipaka:- All the Rasashastra classics have agreed that the vipaka of vanga bhasma is Katu.
ACTION OF VANGA BHASMA ON DOSHAS:-

Due to its tikta - kashaya rasa and rooksha & laghuguna it metigates pitta
(pittashamaka). lavana rasa & ushna veerya metigates vata.
ACTION OF VANGA BHASMA ON DHATU AND UPADHATU:-

Rasa dhatu Kantikaraka, dahaprashamana, varnya.
Rakta dhatu Raktadoshanashka.
Mamsa dhatu Vriddikara.
Medha dhatu Medhahara
Asti dhatu Balakara
Shukra dhatu Shukra vardhaka
Artava Artava vikaranashaka.
23
ACTIONS OF VANGA BHASMA ON SROTAS:-
Bahya srotas: Abhyantara srotas:
Vrunaropana 1.Pranavaha srotas Kasa Swasa
Bahyakrimihara 2. Annavaha srotas Deepana Pachana
Mukha durgandhahara 3. Raktavaha srotas Rakta shodhaka
4. Mootravaha srotas Mootra sangrahakara
5. Prajanana - Vrushya shukra vardhaka
Artava vikara nashaka.
6. Manovaha ,, - Medhya
7. Jnyanendriya ,, - Chakshushya
8. Swedavaha ,, - Swedahara
Therapeutic uses:-
During samhita period vanga churna was chiefly used for external application in some
diseases. In Rasa granthas and Nighantu vanga bhasma is used in various diseases listed as
below.
Indication of vanga bhasma in various diseases
Sl. Diseases R. R.R. R.J. R. A. R. R.Ch R.S. B.R. R.P.S M. D.N R. K.N
No
T S N K P A S R.S N N
1 Prameha + + + + + + + + + + + + +
2 Medhovikara + + + + + + + + +
3 Shukrakshaya + + + + + + + + +
4 Vruna + + + + +
5 Netravikara + + + + +
6 Shwetapradara + + + + + + + +
7 Pandu + + + + + + + + +
8 Kasa + + + + + + +
9 Swasa + + + + + +
10 Kushta + + +
11 Raktapitta + + + + + +
12 Shosha + + +
13 Agnimandya + + + +
14 Krimighna + + + + + + + + + + + +
15 Adhmana + +
16 Manovikara + +
17 Kshaya + +
18 Swapnameha + + + +
19 Garbhashaya + +
chyuti
Table no.5
24
Anupana of vanga in various disease 56,:-
1. Vanga cures bad smell of mouth if it is taken along with Kharpura (Campor).
2. It is nutritive & useful in premature ejaculation if it taken with Jatiphala or Tamboola
patraswarasa.
3. In ksheena shukra it is to be used along with Apamarga mula choorna / Tulasi patra
swarasa / Haridra / Kasturi / Musli.
4. In pandu roga it should be given with butter milk / ghee.
5. In general weakness given with honey.
6. In amlapitta & rakta pitta it is administered with Haridra.
7. In allivated pitta given along with Sugar candy.
8. To stimulate agni given along with Pippali churna.
9. In prameha given along with Guduchi satwa & Shila jatu.
10. In twak vikara given along with Khadiradi kwatha.
11. In Shweta padara given along with Loha bhasma and Shukti bhasma .
12. In Shwasa given along with Tamra bhasma.
13. In Krimiroga given along with Madhu & Karanja swarasa.
14. In Asthigata jwara given along with Sitopaladi churna, Navaneeta & Madhu.
15. In Gulma given along with Tankana.
16. In Raktapitta given along with Haridra.
25
DESCRIPTION OF DRUGS USED FOR SHODHANA, JARANA,MARANA &
ANUPANA DRAVYA
1. Tila taila57:
BdIddSddy ddgTZ deddZ da|TdeUI eddI TdddyPdZ |
edddy edddIy ddgTdy dedZ edddy dmPdddyddHddSdZ ||
QSdddyAeddyddddddyAddgddSddyAdIySddyAeddUddgd |
Eddydg dddeddZ Tddddy dSdZ edddyUfddTdddSdy || dg.dg 46/39.40
Rasa :- Madhura,Tikta, Kashaya
Guna :- Ushna, Teekshna, Sukshma, Vishada, Vyavayi
Vipaka :- Madhura,
Veerya :- Ushna
Doshakarma :- Kapha vata shamaka
Karma :- Vrishya, Amapachaka
2. Takra58 :
da ddg IddSddada Qfdda IRdddedd |
ddyRdyQTdddzTUePd Qdyyd djdTUded ||
dgddfU hdSdddQdT ddPNgdddSddd dSdyd | A.d 6/69-70
Takra is light, astringent, hot,& digestive stimulent, it allevates Kapha vata. It
cures shotha,udara, grahini, arsha, mootragraha, aruchi, gulma, pleeha, ghrita vyapat &
pandu roga. According to sushruta, Takra has madhura & amla rasa.
3. Gomootra59:
ddydjda ddg dfPddyPda dddTddd dddda |
dddedQfdda dySd eddda IRdddedd || d.dg 46/218
It is laghu, teekshna, ushna & alkaline, therefore it does not aggrevates vata. It is
stimulent, promoter of intellect, aggrevator of pitta & allivator of kapha & vata. It is also
used in purgation therapy & asthapana therapy.
According to Indian maetriamedica Gomootra contains ammonia in concentrated form
it is used in both internal & external medication.It also has an laxative & purgative nature
so it is used in various medicinal preparation like Punarnava mandoora, Marichyadi taila.It
is a good bio-availability enhancing drug.
26
4. Kaanji60:
IgdddddSddPNdeQdaedda IdePdIa edQgZ | dd.d.D-10/11
Liqour prepared with the manda of half boiled kulmash dhanya is Kaanji.
IdedIa dyQdfPddyPda Tdydda dddda ddga |

QdUdTUTa dd|d ddddd ddIRddUd | dd.T. 21/2
It is purgative, teekshna, ushna, appetizer,carminative & light.When applied

externally it cures daha & fever.When taken internally it allivates vata & kapha61.
5. Kulaththa62:
DPdZ IgdSddy TddZ IddSdZ ILgedddIy IRddddZ |
dgdeT dgd eddQdd daTdUI: dfddIddUdeT || dg.dg.46/37
The decoction prepared out of horse gram is ushna,kashya in rasa, katu vipaka , it
allivates kapha & vata .It cures shukrashmari, gullma, sangrahani, pinasa and kasa.
6. Nirgundi63:
Latin name Vites negundo
Family - Verbinaceac
Sanskrit -- Sephalika
English Five leaved chaste french tree
Kannada - Bile yekki
Usefull part Root, fruit, flower, & leaves
Rasa Tikta, Kashaya & Katu
Guna Rooksha
Veerya Ushna
Vipaka Katu
Dosha karma Vata kapha shamaka
27
Chemical Constituents Leaves contain a colourless essential oil of the odour of the drug & a
resin, Fruits contains an acid resin as astringent organic acid, malic acid, traces of alkaloid
& a colouring matter.
Actions Leaves are externally used as a antiparasitic & powerfull discutient
internally.Alternative aromatic bitter vermifuge, anodyne. Root is tonic, febrifuge,
expectorant & nerving.Dried fruit acts as a vermifuge, flowers are cool & astringent.
7. Haridra64:
Latin name : Curcuma longa
Family : Scitaminaceae
English : Saffron turmeric
Hindi Haldi
Sanskrit Rajani, Gouri, Haridra & Nisha
Usefull part Tubers
Rasa Katu, Tikta,
Guna Rooksha
Veerya Ushna
Vipaka Katu
Dosha karma Kapha vata shamaka
Chemical constituents Essential oil, curcuma (C21 H20 O4 ), Yellow colouring matter,
Turmeric oil or Turmerol, 24% starch & 30 % albumin.
Action Aromatic, Stimulent, Tonic, Carminative & internally juice is anti helmintic
28
8. Apamarga65:
Latin name Achyranthes aspera
Family Amaranthaceae
English Prickly chalf flower
Hindi Chirchta
Kannada - Uttarani
Sanakrit Shikari
Usefull part Panchanga
Rasa Katu & Tikta
Guna Laghu, Rooksha & Teekshna
Veerya Ushna
Vipaka - Katu
Dosha karma Kapha vata shamaka
Chemical constituents Rich quantity of Kshara & Pottassium.

Action Vedana shamaka, Twak doshahara, Shirovirechaka & Raktashodhaka
9. Kumari66:
Latin name Aloe vera
Family Liliaceae
English Indian aloe
Hindi Ghikavar
Sanakrit Kumari
Kannada - Lolesara
Usefull part Patra swarasa
Rasa Tikta
29
Guna Rooksha
Veerya Sheeta
Vipaka - Katu
Dosha karma Kapha pitta shamaka
Chemical constituents Aloin resin 30 to 50 %, Volatile oil & ash 1%, also aloetic &
chrysamic acids.Aloin is neutral active priciple obtained by digesting aloes in alcohol
boiling, filtering & crystallizing. It occurs in tufts of yellow coloured crystal without any
odour.
Action Leaf juice is used in abdominal disorders, warm infestations, dysurea, skindisorders,
blood & spleen disorders.
10. Godugda:
Rasa Madhura
Guna Snigda
Veerya Sheeta
Vipaka - Madhura
Dosha karma Vata pitta shamaka
Karma Bramhana, Vrishya, Madhya, Balavardhaka, Jeevaniya & Asthisandhanakara
Rogaghnata Pandu, Rakta pitta, Yoni roga, Shukra dosha, Mootra roga, Pradara roga etc &
it is pathya in vata pittaja vikara67
Ad dSda dg dfddfSda TddSdda |
dddfPdeUda dySda dSda dSdITa dTa ||
ddTdQdd deddddIdddeddgL dgQZ |
dfPddTa djdgJa Tdedda d dddSdyd || A.h.dg - 5/21-22
Cows milk promotes long life it is reguvinator good for those emaciated after
injury, increases intelligence, strength & breast milk. It cures shrama, kasa, thrishna, jeerna
jwara, mootra krichra & rakta pitta68,69.
30
CONCEPT OF TIN (VANGA) IN MODERN VIEW
HISTORY:-
Tin and its various alloys have been known since in ancient time. Homer has mentioned
this metal as a Kassiteros. The similarity between Greek word Kassiteros and Samskrit word
Castira has been used as an argument in favour of the eastern origin of the metal. Romans
called it Stannum from which the modern symbol Sn has been derived from the fourth
century. The meaning of Stannum had changed to Tin.70 Tinstone is also known as Steamtin.
The earliest known object made of pure Tin are a Ring piligrim bottle found in
Egyptain. Tomas of 18th dynasty (1580 1350 B.C). However Tin ores are not found in Egypt.
So Tin must have been imported. The carnish Tin industry was dated back to 360 200 B.C.
and Tin was imported from cornwall into Itally, after that period Tin was known to South
Americans. Indians prior to Europians, Tin was not used by them to manufacture articles, but
for the preparation of Bronze with compositions. Hernam cortes found small pieces of Tin used
as a money among the native of taxco. When he arrived in Maxico in 1519. In Roman times
there are number of evidences that Tinned copper vessels & art of coating other metals, Tin was
used.
GEO-CHEMISTRY (OCCURANCE):-
This metal is said to occur in native state in Siberia71 in small amount. The principle
ore of Tin is Tinstone ( Sno2) also known as cassiterite. The mineral ore is found intersphread in
rocks especially in Granite. Tin stone contains 3.5 to 10% of Tin.72 It also exits along with the
pyrite ore of copper, iron and zinc. But it is rarerly extracted out of them. Tin is more abundent
in iron nickel ore of earth than in the crust. At the low temperature crystallized Tin deposits in
sulphuric minerals. At high temperature, it deposits in oxide crystallized form. Some of the ores
of Tin and their occurance are given below.
31
Ores of Tin & their occurrence
Name Formula Occurrence

Casseterite Sno2 Bolvia
Cylinderite Pb3Sn4Sb2S14 Bolvia
Franckeite Pb5Sn3Ssssb2S14 Bolvia
Stannete Cu2FeSnS4 Bolvia and Cornwell center Urope
Arandisite Sn5(OH)8 (Sio4)8 South West Africa
Canfieldite Ag3SnS6 Bolvia
Plumbastannite Pb2Fe2Sn2Sb2S11 Peru
Table no 6
Principle suppliers of tin are Boliva, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria, UK, Australia, China,
Burma, United states,Japan etc. In India small amount of tin stone is available in Hajaribagh
(Bihar)& Orissa.73
Extraction:74,75,76
Metallic iron obtained from its ore tinstonewhich contains only 10% metal SnO2 The
rest being worthless gangue meterial siliceous.Tungsten of iron, Manganese, Iron pyrites,
Copper, Arscenic. So the extraction of metal from Tin stone is carried out in the following
steps.
1.Concentration of ore
2 Roasting
3 .Electromagnetic separation
4. Smelting
5.Refining
1.Concentration of ore .
The ore is crushed to a fine powder and is subjected to gravity separation.The ore
particles are washed in a steam of water, when the heavier ore particales settle at the bottom.The
lighter gangue material are washed away.
32
2.Roasting: (Calcination)
The concentrated ore is roasted in a large furnace then the impurities such as Arscenic,
Sulphar, Antimony, Bismuth are converted in to oxides & volatilise away. The sulphides of
Copper and iron present in the ore are oxidized to their respective sulphates.
S + O2 SO2
4As + 3O2 2As2O3
FeS + 2O2 FeSO4
4Sb + 3O2 2Sb2O3
CuS + 2O2 CuSO4
The roasted ore is cooled & extracted with dilute sulphuric acid when copper & iron sulphates
are washed off. The tin oxide is relatively much more concentrated is called black tin.
3.Electromagnetic separation:
The heavier impurities like tungstates of iron & magnetic which are not separated by
gravity separation are separated by magnetic separation.these impurities are slightly
magnetic.The crushed roasted ore is dropped on the belt moving around pulleys one of which is
magnetic. The magnetic material by virtue of its attraction to the magnetic pulley, falls directly
below it while the non magnetic impurities away from it.
4.Smelting:
The roasted ore is mixed with anthracite in the ratio of 1: 4 & is subjected to heat in a
reverberatory furnace, when tin oxide is reduced to the metal.
SnO2 + 2C = Sn + 2CO
A small amount of lime is added as flux. The molten metal is tapped out of the furnace.
5.Refining:
The refining of tin is done by a number of methods.
1) Liquation : The crude metal is heated on the inclined hearth of reverbratory
furnace.When tin metal flows down leaving behind iron & copper.
33
2) Poling : The molten metal is stirred with the loggs of green word poles.Which iron &
copper oxidised to their respective oxides.Tin so obtained is about 99% pure.
3) Electrolysis: Blocks of impure tin metal ore suspended in the electrolytic bath of
fluosilicic acid and tin sulphate cathode is very pure tin metal plate or wire on passing the
current tin metal deposits on the cathode the metal thus obtained is 99.9% pure.
_______ Crushed in ______ ______ Washed with

Mining of Ore Powdered Ore
water
stamp mills
Rich Ore
Floating process
Dil. H2SO4 Roasting

Black Tin Tin oxide Very Rich
Ore
CuSO4.FeSO4 Elimination S.As elimination
Magnetic seperation
Impure Tin metal PureTin

Ore rich inTin Smelting Refining by
Slag elimination 1. Liquation
2. Poling
3. Electrolysis
Flow chart of extraction of Tin:
34
Properties of Tin 78,79,80
Tin is a soft ductile silver white lustrous metal which is readily extracted down.The
ductility of tin is greatest 1000 c to 2000 c the metal is brittle enough to be powderd, but harder
than the lead,softer than zinc. It has a low elastic limit. When bent the cast metal emits a
crackling sound called the cry of tin.This is caused by the grinding the crystals of the metal
against one another within the bar when bent.The metal has two allotropic modifications.In the
usual commercial form it is white metal.But when exposed to temprature below 130 c for
sufficient time it becomes brittle and can be readly crushed to gray powder, spontaneously if
kept in cold climate for years it is named as tin peste or tin disease or tin plague.
Tin melts at 2320 c & boils at 22600 c volatilazation occurs at 12000 c. It is auto
catalytic & single grane of gray in contact with piece of white metal below transition temprature
will start transformation.The transition temprature is given below.
Gray (cubic)
Sp.gr.5.8 180C White tetragonal 1700C white rhombic 2320C Liquid.
Sp.G.7.8 Sp.G.7.56

Gray Tin is called alpha Tin has diomand cubic structre. White tin is crystal is called as beta
tetragonal in structure . White tin is stable between 180 c to 1700 c convertion of white to gray
does not takes place accept at much lower temprature .
35
Table shows physical properties of tin81
1.Atomic number 60
2.Atomic weight 118.69
3.Isotopes 112,114,120,122,124
4.Electrons 281818--4
5.Density 7.31
6.Melting point 231.90 c
7.Boiling point 22600 c
8.Volatilazation 12000 c
9.Common oxidation states 0,+2,+4,
10.Radious A0 1.40
0
11.Radious (ionic) A Tetravalent 0.71
12.Ionisation potential first (volt) 7.30
13.Oxidation potential M M++(volt) +0.13
Table no 7
Chemical properties of tin 82,83,84
1.Action of air :
Air has no action on tin at ordinary temprature but when heated to whiteness
(1500---16000 c) in presence of oxygen it burns with bright flame giving stannic oxide.
Sn + O2 SnO2
2.Action of halogens & sulphar:

If the metal is heated in the atmosphere of chlorine or sulphar vapour. It readly
combines to form stannic chloride& stannic sulphide respectively.
Sn + 2Cl2 SnCl2
Sn + 2S SnS2
36
3.Action on acids:
A) Tin slowly reacts with dilute HCL acid but reaction becomes rapid on heating with
concentrated HCL acid forming stannous chloride & producing hydrogen.
Sn + 2HCL SnCl2 + H2
B) Dilute sulphuric acid has no action but concentrated acid dissolves the metal forming
stannous sulphate producing hydrogen .
Sn + H2SO4 SnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

C) Dilute nitric acid reacts to forming stannous nitrate & ammonium nitrate
4Sn + 10 HNO3 4Sn (NO2)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

D) Hot concentrated nitric acid produces copious fumes of nitrogen dioxide & metastannic
acid.
Sn + 4HNO3 H2SnO3 + 4NO2 + H2O

E) Organic acids have no action on tin
4.Action on alkalies:-
When metal is heated with alkali solutions it reacts to liberate hydrogen.
Sn + 2NaOH + H 2O Na2SnO3 +2H2
USES:-
1. Tin is used in the preparation of number of alloys such as solder, Britannia metal etc.
2. It is used in the preparation of collapsible tubes for toothpaste and various
ointments.
3. The metal is extensively used in Tinning brass utensils.
4. It is largerly used in forming a protective coating over iron sheets or vessels etc. i.e
for Tin plating.
5. Tin amalgam is used in making mirrors.
6. Tin foil used for wrapping cigarettes and other food materials.
7. Tin compounds are used in dyeing industry and as a reducing agent.
8. Tin compounds are having bactericidal, fungicidal activity.
37
85,86
TIN COMPOUNDS
Tin exhibits variable valency positive two and positive four. Tin forms two types of salts
1) Stannous salt in which Tin is divalent
2) Stannic salt in which Tin is tetravalent.
Some of the important compounds are
Compounds of Tin
1. Stannous oxide Sn2+O2-
2. Stannous hydroxide Sn(OH)2
3. Stannous chloride SnCl2
4. Stannous fluoride SnF2
5. Stannous sulphate SnSO4
6. Stannous sulphide SnS
7. Stannous iodide SnI2
8. Stannic chloride SnCl4
9. Stannic sulphate SnSO4
10. Stannic sulphide SnS2
11. Stannic iodide SnI4
Table No-8
Tin is used in the preparation of number of alloys. The alloys name composition
percentage of Tin & use are mentioned in the below Table No. 9.
Sl.No Name Percentage & composition Uses
1 Solder Sn 67%. Pb 33% In soldering
2 Pewter Sn 75%. Pb 25% In making cups, mugs etc.
3 Babbit metal Sn 90% Sb7% . Cu 3% For making bearing for machines
4 Britannia metal Sn 90%. Sb 8%. Cu 2% For making table wares
5 White metal Sn 82%. Sb 12%. Cu 6% For making table wares
6 Bell metal Sn 25%. Cu 75%. For making bells.
7 Rose metal Sn 28% . Pb 22%. Bi 50% For electric fumes.
8 Bronze
9 Tinfoil
10 Speculum
38
PREPARATION OF TIN STANDARD SOLUTION 87.(5PPm Sn):

Dissolve 0.500g of Tin in a mixture of 5ml of water and 25ml of hydrochloric acid & add
sufficient water to produce 1000ml. Dilute 1 volume of this solution to 100 volumes with a 2.5
% V / V solution of hydrochloric acid immediately before use.
DETECTION OF TIN COMPOUNDS
Tin compounds can be detected by two method i.e dry test and wet test.
Dry test:-
1. Tin compounds heated on charcoal with Na2CO3 & KCN under the reducing blow
pipe flame yield malleable white metallic scattered beds which do not mark paper.
When the beds are dissolved in dilute HCL and the solution of SnCl2 thus obtained is
treated with a mixture of K3Fe(CN)6 and FeCl2 solution. Wet get a blue precipitate.
2. Borax bed test:- Borax bed colored blue by copper salt turns red in the oxidize in
flame in presence of Tin or stannous salt.
Wet test:-
Sl.No Reagents Stannous salt solution Stannic salt solution
1 H2S(Hydrogen sulphide) Chocolate brown ppt of Yellow ppt of SnS soluable in
SnS solution in concentrated HCL in yellow
concentrated HCL & Ammonium sulphide & in
yellow Ammonium NaOH or KOH solution.
sulphide springly solution
in NaOH + KOH solution.
2 HgCl2 solution White ppt of Hg2Cl2 No precipitate
(mercuric chloride) turning grey if stannous salt
be in excess & the mixture
is boiled.
3 FeCl2 + Freshly Blue ppt of ferrous ferric No precipitate
prepared K3(CN)6 cyanide (Turn bulls blue)
solution.
Table No. 10
39
DISEASE REVIEW:
INTRODUCTION
India is a country where more than 80% of its population is living in the villages.
The rich heritage of country has depoted in each and every individual of the nation irrespective
of urban or rural. Dharma,Artha,Kama,& finally Moksha are the four tenents of life according to
Indian philosophy.It is also said that one without the issues can not attain the Moksha .Much
importance has given to the progeny not only to attain moksha but also for the continuation of
human race.
In a recent survey, it has been reported that female to male ratio in
society is coming down, on one hand we have a couples with 4-5 or 7-8 children. Where as on
the other hand a good number of couples even without single child. The mental agony of
childless couple can be known by only them. Infertility has great impact on the society from all
angles that is social, economical, cultural religious. Male infertility has received less attention,
even though it is widely reported. It is reported in population study that 30% of infertile
couples,the problem lies with the males.Other than the
genetic,endocrine,immunological,inflammatory & sexual causes. The seminal abnormality is
said to be the important etiological factor.Normal testicular function is the final out come of
several hormonious factors.Of the above said factors i.e genetic,hormonal biochemical,
anatomical, environmental variables have been found to be the underlying causes of testicular
dysfunction leading to disturbed sperm production.
Poor quality of semen is charecterised by low concentratin of sperm with reduced
motility and increased abnormal morphology.As the sperm quality decreases there will be a
deciline in the rate of conception also.The down word trend in sperm cocentration may
compromise the fertility potential of future generation.Shukra dosha explained in Ayurveda is
similar to the seminal abnormlity of modern science.Thus the low concentration of sperm is
known as KSHEENA SHUKRA & it is compared with Oligospermia of modern medicine.In
which the sperm count is less than 20 miillion /ml.Most of the auothoreties included ksheena
shukra among the 8 types of shukra dosha, but Sharangadhara in roga adhikarana adhyaya of
poorvakhanda while mentioning the shukradhatuja roga he quouted
40
KSHEENA SHUKRA ROGA. By keeping the above point in mind it is necessary to consider
the consolidated aspect of shukravaha srotas to study the Nidana, Rupa, Samprapti etc.of
ksheena shukra.As already mentioned anatomical abnormality in genital tract also leads in to
infertility, Hence detail knowledge about the urogenital structure is necessary to know the
disease KSHEENA SHUKRA.
HISTORICAL REVIEW:
VEDIC PERIOD: In rigvedh there is no explanation about Ksheenashukra, but treatment of
klaibya is mentioned. Atharvanaveda an authentic source of Ayurveda, describes regarding
nirvirya purisha & its treatment by vajeekarana. In yajurvaveda and samaveda there is no
explanation about Ksheenashukra.
Charaka: Acharya charaka has not included the ksheenashukra in 8 types of shukradushti, but
specific nidana has been explained in chikitsa sthana of vajikarna adhyaya. & in sootrasthana he
has also mentioned various yogas in vajikarna adhyaya.
Sushruta: He included ksheenashukra in 8 types of shukradushti, specific nidana, lakshana are
mentioned in sutrasthana and treatment in kheenabalea adhyaya of chikitsa sthana.
Ashtanga sangraha: Acharya Vagbhatha followed the similar sequence of description as per
Sushruta.
Rasaratna samuchchaya: Explained about ksheenashukra nidana in vajikarana adhyaya.
Sharangadhara: Sukra dhushti rogas are explained in poorvakhanda rogagana adhyaya, but
nidana & lakshana are not mentioned.
Vangashena: Explained Ksheenashukra in vajikarana adhyaya.
In other Ayurvedic classics such as Baiishajya ratnavali, Yogaratnakara,
Gadanigraha, Bhela samhita, Harita samhita & Chakradatta there is no explanation about
Ksheena shukra, But the treatment is mentioned in vajeekarana prakarana.
Derivation & definition :
The term ksheena shukra consists of two words i,e ksheena & shukra. The word
ksheena is originated from Dhatu KSHI with KTHO pratyaya which means
diminished, wasted, exponded, lost, destroyed, worn away, weakened,injure, broken,
emaciated, feeble.90
41
Dalhana commentrator of sushruta samhita explains it as Ksheenata heena
shaktitwam i,e loss of strenth to have a progeny91.The word shukra derived from the dhatu
SHUCH with RUN pratyaya92.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE GENITAL TRACT
Male genital organs are divided into two headings i,e, Internal male genital organs
and External genital organs
1. SCROTUM (vrushan kosha): It is a cutaneous bag containing the right and left testis,
the epididymis and lower part of the spermatic cord. Externally the scrotum is divided
into right and left parts by a ridge or raphe. The left half is lower than the right one.It
also contains sweat glands, pigmented cells and nerve endings. The scrotal skin is very
thin of brownish colour and often thrown into the fold or rague. The scrotum is made up
of following structures:
Skin, Dartous muscle, External spermatic fascia and internal spermatic fascia.
Blood supply: Superior band deep Pudendal arteries
Nerve supply: L1 and L3
2.TESTIS ( vrushan ):
The testis is the male gonad. It is suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord and left
testis is slightly lower than the right one. The testis is oval in shape & compressed from side
to side,The average dimension of testis is 4 to 5 cms in length, 2 to 5 cms in diameter, 3cms
anterio-posterior diameter.An adult testis weights about 10 to 14 gms.It is two angulies in
size and is originated from the essence of mamsa, rakta, kappa & medas during the feotal
stage.93,94. It has two peshis one kureha & another sevani, venous drainage from veeryavaha
sira .95,96,97,98.
External features:
The testis have 1) 2 poles Upper & Lower
2) 2 borders Anterior & poseterior
3) 2 surfaces Medial & Lateral
Covering of the testis: The testis is covered by 3 coats from out side to inside
1) Tunica vaginalis
2) Tunica albuginea
3) Tunica vasculosa
42
Internal structer of the testis :
The glanduler part of the testis consist of 200 to 300 lobules. Each lobule contain
2 to 3 seminiferous.The total number of tubules in each testis is 400 to 600 & lenth of each
testis is 70 to 80 cm, diameter various from 0.12 to 0.3mm, the tubules join together to
form 20 to 30 straight tubules & they all terminate in the Rete testes.
Arterial supply Testicular artery:
In ayurveda , formation of shukra is supported by the 4 dhamani & 2 sira for
ejaculation of shukra99.
Venous drainage Pampini from plexus
Nerve supply Sympathetic narves from segment T10
Applied anatomy :
1) The testis may be absent on one side ( monorchism ) or both sides ( anarchism )
2) Undiscended testis ( cryptorchidism ).Testis lie in lumber, iliac,inguinal or upper
scrotal region.
3) Ectopic testis : The testis may occupy an abnormal position due to deviation from the
normal route of descent.It may be under the skin of lower part of abdomen ,under the
skin of thigh,in the femoral canal, under the skin of the penis or in the perineum
behind the scrotum.
4) Hermophroditism: It is the condition in which an individual shows some features of
male & some of a female.In true hermaphroditism both the testis and ovary are
present. In pseudohermaphroditism the gonode is of one sex while the external
genitle organs are opposite sex.
5) Hydrocele: It is the condition in which fluid occumulates in the processces vaganalis.
6) Varicocele : It is produced by the dilatation of the pampiniform plexus of veins.It is
usually left sided (possibly because left testicular vein is longer than the right,enters
the left renal vein at a right angle & is crossed by the colon which may compress it
when loaded.
3. EPIDIDYMIS:
43
The Epididymis rests close to the testis and is coverd by the tunica albuginea. Its
upper end is called as head which is enlarged and is connected to the upper pole
of the testis by efferent ductules, middle part is called the body & lower part tail.The
body and tail made up of a single duct at the lower end of the tail.This duct becomes
continuos with ductus deferenes.It measures about 18 inch long,0.85 cm in
diameter.Vasa deferenes extends from the tail of the epididymis runs along its medial
side,throuth the inguinal cannel to the neck of the seminal vesicle.It is divided into 5
parts i,e epididymal, scrotal,inguinal,pelvic & ampullar.The wall of the vasa deferens
has 3 layers External areolar& Intermediate muscular, Internal mucosal.
4. SEMINAL VESICLES
They are the paired highly convoluted pyriform glands placed between the
posterior surface of the bladder & rectum. Each vesical is about 5 cm long & 3 to 4
mm wide and it is some what pyramidal in shape.It is separated by the bladder &
rectum by the recto vesical fascia.It has an 3 coverings i,e External areolar&
Intermediate muscular, Internal mucosal.
5. EJACULATORY DUCTS
One on each side of the median plane are formed by the union of duct of
seminal vesicals with the terminal part of the deferent ductus and are nearly 2 cm
long.
6. SPERMATIC CARD
The spermatic cord is composed of arteries, veins,lymph,vessels, nerves & the
deferent ducts.It extends from the deep inguinal ring to the posterior border of the
testis. The left spermatic cord is little longer than the right one. It is covered by internal
spermatic fascia, cremastic muscle and external spermatic fascia.
7. PROSTATE
It is an accessory gland of the male reproductive system. The secretions of the
gland add bulk to the seminal fluid. It is firm in consistency, It lies in the lesser pelvis
44
below the neck of the bladder behind lower part of the pubic symphysis and the upper
part of the pubic arch, in front of the ampulla of rectum. It measures about 4cms
transversely at the base, 3cms vertically and 2cms antero-posteriorly. It weighs about
8gms.
COMMON FEATURES
1. Apex- directed downwards.
2. Base
3. Surfaces-anterior, posterior and 2 infero-lateral
4. Lobes- anterior, posterior, median, left and right lateral lobe.
CAPSULES OF THE PROSTATE
1.Ttrue capsule- fibro muscular
2.False capsule- layer of pelvic fascia
Blood supply- branches of inferior vesicle, medial rectal and internal pudendal arteries.
Digital examination of the rectum is very helpful in the diagnosis of an enlarged
prostate. Removal of such prostate ( prostatectomy ) relieves the urinary obstruction.
FUNCTIONS OF PROSTATE GLAND
The prostate gland secretes a thin milky alkaline fluid containing citrate ion, calcium and
acid phosphate, a clotting enzyme and a fibrolysin. This fluid add further bulk to the
semen, the alkaline characteristic of prostatic fluid is important for successful fertilization
of ovum. Because the fluid of the vasa deferens is relatively acidic and vaginal secretions
of the female is acidic(PH 3.5-4).
Other fluids of ejaculations are probably neutralized by the prostatic juice and greatly
enhances the motility and fertility of the sperm.
APPLIED ANATOMY
1. Inflammation of the prostate is referred as Prostatitis
2. Prostate is the common site of carcinoma.
3. Senile enlargement of prostate-After the 50years of age the prostate is often enlargened
due to benign hypertrophy or due to the formation of an adenoma. This causes the
45
retention of urine due to distortion of urethra. It is characterized by the dribbling of
urine, urgency of micturition.
7.MEDHRA (PENIS ):
The external genitailia originates in the urogenital sinus & genital tubercle.This
tubercle develops in to penis.It is attached to the front & sides of the pubic arch & is made
up of
1) Root attached protein
2) Body free protein
It is an angle of shukravaha srotas & also one of the bahya shrotas100 It is about 2 inch in
length & has one kurcha one sevani & peshi101 Sushruta mentioned that ligament starts from the
neck & heart moves downwords by ending in medhra.102
Utpatti of medhra:- During total life the kandaras present in the sroniguhas get nourished from
dhamanis which arise from the lower part of the greeva hridaya from these kandaras the medra
is formed 103.
Shukra marga:- It is two angulies below the bladder through which both shukra, mootra are
expelled104,105.
Root of the penis:- It is situated in the superficial perineal pouch and is composed of three
masses of erective tissues namely two crura and bulb.
Body of the penis:- The free portion of the penis is completely developed by the skin. It is
continuous with the root in front of the lower part of the public symphisis. It is composed of
three elongated masses of eretile tissues. During the erection of the penis all the three masses
become engorged with blood, leading to considerable enlargement. These masses are right &
left corpora cavernosa and median corpous spongiosum. The penis has a ventral and dorsal
surfaces.
The skin covering the penis is very thin and dark in colour. It is loosely connected with
the facial sheeth of the organ, at the neck it is folded to form the prepuce or fore skin. Which
covers a glans to a various extent and can be retracted backwards to expose the glans. At the
under surface of the glans there is a medium fold of skin called the frenulus. The supports of the
body of the penis are fundi form ligament and the suspensary ligament.
46
Blood supply:- Branches of internal and external pudendal arteries, superficial, deep dorsal
vein.
Sensory nerve Pudendal nerve.
Atonomic nerve Sympathetic and parasympathetic S2S3S4.
Lymphatic drainage deep inguinal nodes106,107
FUNCTIONS OF SERTOLI CELLS:
The sertolic cells of the germinal epithelium also known as the sub tentacular cells. The
spermatids attach to the sertolic cells & sertoli cells converts the spermatids into spermatozoa,
by providing the nutritional material, hormones and also possible enzymes that helps in
converting spermatids into spermatozoa. These cells also remove the excess cytoplasma as the
spermatides are converted to spermatozoa.
MATURATION OF SPERM IN EPIDIDYMIS:
The sperm removed from seminiferous tubules are completely nonmotile and they
cannot fertilize the ovum. However after the sperm have been in the epididymis for the same
time i.e 18 to 24 hours, they develop the capability of motility. Even the several inhibitory
proteins in the epididymal fluid still prevent actual motility, until after ejaculation along with the
sertoli cells. The epithilium of epididymis secret a special nutrient fluid containing hormones,
enzymes and special nutrients that may be important or even essential for sperm maturation.
FUNCTIONS OF SEMINAL VESSICLES:
Seminal vesicles lined with a secretary epithilium that secretes amucoid material
containing an abudance of fructose and other nutrient substances, as well as large quantities of
prostoglandins and fibrinogen. During the process of emission each seminal vesicles empties its
contents into the ejaculatory duct shortly after that vasa deferens empties the sperm. This adds
bulkness to the ejaculated semen, fructose and other substances in the seminal fluid are
considered as a nutrient for the ejaculated sperm until one of them fertilizes the ovum. The
prostoglandins are belived to aid fertilization in two ways.
1. By reacting with cervical mucus to make it more receptive to sperm.
2. Possible cause in reverse peristaltic contraction in the uterus and fallopian tubes to move
the sperm towards the ovaries .
SHUKRA (SEMEN):
47
Shukra is seventh dhatu and one among the dashapranayathana108. It is also called as
chatushpath, because it contains the guna of agni, vayu, pruthvi and mainly jalamahabhuta109.
FORMATION OF SHUKRA:
According to Kedara kulyanayya rasadhatu is formed from the ahara rasa and further by
poshya or nutriet portion. The succeeding dhatus are formed110. Shukra is the sneha bhaga
which is produced as result of majja dhatu paka111.Vayu & Akasha produces porosness in the
the asthi through which shukra comes out like a water oozing out from the new earthen pot.
Shukra present all over the body through shukravaha shrotus and finally propelled with force
from the sexual act and gets displaced and liquified like a ghee. By physical exertion comes out
of the urinary passage like water flowing towards the lower surface112.
Authorities have different opinion in number of days for the production of shukra.
According to Parashara the completion of dhatu parinama and development of shukra
completes in eight days113. Vagbhata considered that formation of shukra takes place in one
day114. According to Sushruta the total time taken for the completion of rasa into shukra
completes in 1 month115. Arunadatta stated that vrishyadravyas Ex: milk, mamsa etc. contains
mainly nutrients that nourishes the shukra due to inherent power prabhava present in them and
they instently increases the shukra116.
SPERMATOGENESIS:
It is the process of production of sperm by stimulation of interior pituitary glandotropic
hormones.
PHASES OF SPERMATOGENESIS:
1. Spermato cytogenesis.
2. Meiosis
3. Spermatogenesis.
1. Spermato cytogenesis: Spermatogonia are large round cells lies close to the basel
membrane. In man three types of spermatogonia can be distinguished and are termed as
48
dark type A, light type A, light type B these three type shows little difference in size or
in their cytoplasm.
The dark type A spermatogonium has dark nucleoplasma and a large pale stating
nuclear vacuole. The light type A spermatogonium has a spherical or ellipsoid nucleus with
very fine chromatin granules and one or two irregular nuclei attach to the interior of the
nuclear envelope. Its cytoplasma is homogeneous and pale staining.
The type A spermatogonium under goes a series of changes , which gives rise to
the other type A spermatogonium. Some of the spermatogonia remain dormant to serve as a
stem cells for future cycles of spermatogonial renewal and spermatogenesis and others
processed to transform through recognizable intermediates into type B spermatogonia. The
type B spermatogonium has a spherical nucleus with chromatin granules of varying size
along the nuclear envelope and contains centrally located single nucleus obtained with
chromatin granules. The division of type B spermatogonia produces primary spermatocytes.
2.Meiosis:- The primary spermatocytes at first resemble the spermatogonic form which they
arise and pass through Prophase , Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase meiotic cell
division and the resulting daughter cells are called secondary spermatocytes which again
divides mitotically to form spermatides.
3.Spermatogenesis:- It is the sequence of developmental events by which spermatides
transformed into mature sperm. The main feature of this process involve elaboration of a
nuclear cap from the golgi complex, condensation of nucleous formation of motile
flagellum and extensive shedding of the cytoplasma.
HORMONAL FACTORS THAT STIMULATES SPERMATOGENESIS:

1. Testosterone hormone secreted leyding cells located in the intersitum of the testis is
essential for growth and division of the germinal cell in forming sperm.
2. Luteininzing hormone (LH ) secreted from anterior pituitary gland stimulates the leyding
cells to secrete testosterone.
3. Follicle stimulating hormone secreted from anterior pitutory stimulates sertoli cells for
conversion of spermatides to sperm.
4. Estrogen come from leyding cells helps in spermatogenesis.
5. Growth hormone promotes early division of the spermatogonia.
49
Shukra pramana: The quantity of the shukra in the body is anjali which is measured in
ones own anjali.
SHUKRA KARMA:
The main karma of the shukra is garbha utpadana or beejartha, The beeja must have
the capacity to produce a plant & then only it can be termed as beeja.In the same manner
shukra also has the capacity to produce the garbha, hence garbhotpadana is the principle &
vital karma of shukra, another karma of shukra is Harsha or it can be called as
dwajapraharsha,this is related to both body and mind due to desire of sex and collection of
shukra in the testes create sort of tension which causes the erection & ejaculation.
PreetiThis will be under manobhava here preeti means the interest in the opposite sex
desirous to sexual urge
ChyavanamAfter the ejaculation of shukra during inter course psychologically the person
will feels the satisfaction and fulfillments of coitus. It occurs at the stage of resolution. The
other karmas of shukra are Dehabala and Dhairya117,118.
PRESENCE OF SHUKRA IN THE BODY:-

Shukra is present all over the body. It is not directly visible like juice in the sugar
cane. Ghee in the butter and oil in the tila seed. As the shukradhara kala is present all over
the body. So the shukra is present in whole body119,120.
The potency of a man does not depend upon the semen which is secreted by the testis but
the potency depends upon the gonadotrophic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. These
hormones circulating through out the body stimulates the testis to produce spermatozoa.
These hormones can be taken as a sarva shareera gata shukra in one aspect.
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN SPERMATOZOON:-
Each sperm is about 0.06 millimeter. The mature spermatozoon consists of head, neck,
body & tail.
Head:-
The head of the human spermatozoon is oval in shape and measures about 4.5cm
length & 2.5 to 3.5mm in diameter, composed of nucleous & very thin cytoplasma &
50
covered by cell membrane. Anterior 2/3part of the head os covered by thick cap called
Acrosome, mainly formed by golgi apparatus. This contains a number of enzymes similar to
lysosomes present in typical cell., included nyaluronidase which can digest proteoglycan
filaments of tissue and powerful proteolytic enzymes which can digest the sperm to fertilize
the ovum.
Neck:-
The neck is short weak segment and connects the head with middle piece. The
proximal centriole fits in the depression of the head and is the junction of head & neck.
Where as distal centriole lies between the neck and middle piece.
Body (middle piece):-
It is cylindrical in form has a length of 5.7cm and a thickness of about 1m middle
piece is rich in mitochondria and longitudinal fibrils.
Tail:- Can be divided in to main piece and end piece.
Main piece:
It is about 45cm long and about cm thick gradually tapering towards the end
piece. It is composed of circumferentially oriented dense fibrous sheath. Which helps at the
moment of the spermatozoa by shortening and lengthening these fibers. It contain enzyme
ATP also helps in moment of spermatozoa.
Endpiece:
It is about 5 cm long contains minimum matrix & covered by cytoplasm &
plasma membrane. Normal sperm moves straight line at a velocity of 1.4 mm/min 120,122.
STAGES OF MALE SEXUAL ACT:-
Erection:- The most important physical sign of sexual excitation in men is erection of the
penis which usually occurs within a few seconds after sexual stimulation starts.
Erection is caused by the parasympathetic impulses that pass from the sexual
portion of the spinal cord to the penis. This results in the dilation of or pennis and arterioles
of penis, thus allowing arterial blood to build up high blood pressure in the penis is
51
witnessed. At the same time deep dorsal vein of the penis is constricted by swollen corpous
cavernosa, resulting into decreased out flow of blood & maintaining the hardening &
stiffening of penis.
Lubrication:- During sexual stimulation pare sympathetic impulses in addition to

promoting the erection also stimulates the urethral glands & bulbo - urethral glands to
secrete the mucus. This mucus flow through the urethra during inter-course to aid in the
lubrication of coitus.
Ejaculation:- It is divided into emission & ejaculation proper. Emission is the passing
secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbo-urethral and accessing glands along with
sperm of the testis. From the epididyms and vasadeferns into the urethra by contraction of
smooth muscle pleasure is obtained by sudden vas jerk contraction of smooth muscle of vasa
deferentia ejaculatory ducts, and seminal vesicles. This response is by the hypogastric
sympathetic nerves from the spinal cord of L1 --L2.
Ejaculation proper is the rhythmic contraction urethral pubic floor muscles has a
result of sympathetic flow of first & second lumber spinal nerves of the hypogastric plexus.
Which leads to the flow of semen from urethra to exterior. This entire period of emission
and ejaculation is called the male orgasm.
Penile flaccidity or post ejaculatory stage :
In this stage the male sexual excitement disappears entirely with in one to two
minutes & secretion ceases.The penis becomes relaxed & decreased in size.123
Ejaculated semen:
The ejaculated semen during the male sexual act is composed of 10% of fluid &
sperm from vasadeferens ,60% of fluid from the seminal vesicle,30% of fluid from prostate
gland, small amount from the cowpers gland & bulbo urethral gland. The seminal vesicle
fluid adds bulkness to the semen and helps for the ejection of sperm from the ejaculatory
duct & urethra. The average PH of the combined semen is 7.5. The alkaline prostatic fluid
52
neutralizes the mild acidic nature of the semen. The milky appearance is due to prostatic
fluid,seminal vesicle fluid & mucous gland secretion.Acloting enzyme of the prostatic fluid
causes fribinogen of the seminal vesicle fluid to form weak coagulum then dissolves during
the next 15 to 30 minutes because of prostatic pro- fibrinolysis. At the early minutes after
the ejaculation the sperm relatively immobile because of the viscosity of coagulum. As the
coagulum dissolves the sperm become relatively high motile.
The sperm can live for many weeks in the male genital duct. But once they are
ejaculated there maximum life span is only 24 to 48 hours at normal body temprature.But at
low temperature semen may be stored for several weeks & when frozen at a temperature
below -1000 c sperm can be preserve for years.124,125.
QUALITIES OF SHUDDHA SHUKRA
SL.NO LAKSHANA C.S S.S A.S A.H B.P

1 Snigdha + + + + +
2 Ghanam / Bahulam + -- + + --
3 Pichchilam + _ + _ _
4 Madhuram + + + + +
5 Avidhani + _ _ _ _
6 Dravam _ + _ _ +
7 Sphatikabha + + _ _ +
8 Madhura ghandhi _ + + + +
9 Taila nibham _ + + + +
10 Kshoudra nibham _ + + + +
11 Soumyam _ _ + - +
53
12 Guru _ _ + + _
13 Shukram _ _ + + _
14 Bahu _ _ + + _
15 Ghrita nibham _ _ _ + +
16 Sheeta _ _ _ _ +
17 Balapushtikara _ _ _ _ +
Table no-11
NIDANA PANCHAKA OF KSHEENA SHUKRA:
Ksheena shukra has not been accepted as an independent disease or disorder in
classics & the standard description of nidana Panchaka has not been explained separately in
any of the texts. In the pathogenesis of Ksheena shukra there is an involvement of vitiation
of shukravaha srotas, so the causes of shukravaha srotodushti can also to be considered as
nidan of Ksheena shukra126. The shukravaha srotas is vitiated by
1. Indulgence in sexual act at improper time
2. Unnatural sexual act
3. Suppression of sexual urge
4. Excessive sexual indulgence

5. Injury by Instruments, Kshara & Agnikarmas
In Charaka samhita samanya nidana of shukra dosha is mentioned, these nidana also
causes the ksheena shukra, which is vitiated by vata & pitta dosha.
The nidanas are clubbed under the following headings:
a) Aharajam
1.Asatmya ahara
2.Rooksha, laghu, ushna ahara
3.Excessive intake of tikta, kashaya, amla, lavana ahara
4.Anashana
b) Manasika hetu
1. Chinta
2. Shoka
3. Krodha
4. Bhaya
54
c) Maithunajanya hetu
1. Atimaithuna
2. Akala maithuna
3. Ayoni maithuna
4. Maithuna asevanam
5. Streenam arasadnyatha
d) Karma vibhramshajanya hetu
1. Shastra karma vibhramshaja
2. Ksharakarma vibhramshaja
3. Agnikarma vibhramshaja
e) Avasthajanya hetu
1.Vruddhavastha
2.Vyadhiavastha
f) Anyahetu
1. Ati vyayama
2. Swapna dosha
3. Vegavarodha
4. Kshata
5. Krushata
6. Kshama
The specific nidana of ksheena shukra mentioned in charaka samhita chikitsa sthana127.
Ashtanga sangraha uttarasthana129& in Vangasena130.
As per the charaka the etiological factors are
1. Chinta
2. Sara
3. Vyadhi karshana
4. Karmakarshana
5. Adhika vyayama
Vyadhi karshana:
55
Vitiation of shukravaha srotas is noticed in the following disease,
1. Pratiloma kshaya 130
2. Shukra nigrahaja udavarta131
3. Mootra krichra132
4. Prameha133
5. Andavriddhi134
6. Mootra shukra135
7. Shukragata masuric136
8. Kushta137
9. Medoroga138
10. Sleepada139
11. Shukragata jwara140
Kshata:
Kshta or injury is one of the cause, which leads to shukra dushti. Here injury is limited to
pelvic organs, testicular torsion may lead to atrophy of the testis & impaired fertility.
POORVAROOPA:
Poorvaroopa are the premonitory feauters occurring before the exhibition of the main
symptoms indicating a disease. No poorvaroopa have been mentioned for ksheena shukra.
The lakshanas in the avyakta stage can be taken as poorva roopa of ksheena shukra.
ROOPA:
The roopas are the characteristics manifestations of the clinical feature. Which appeare
during the course of the disease by the features the disease can be diagnosed in ayurvedic
classics these signs & symptoms have been widely described.
According to Charaka the clinical features are
1. Dourbalya
2. Mukha shosha
3. Pandutwa
56
4. Sadhana
5. Shrama
6. Kliabya
7. Shukra avisarga
Sushruta mentioned the ksheena shukra lakshana in sutra sthana as
1. Medra vrushana vedana
2. Ashakta maithuna
3. Chirat praseka
4. Alpa raktayukta shukra srava
Lakshana of Ksheena shukra are enlisted below on different ayurvedic classics141,142,143,144,145
SL.NO LAKSHANAS C.S S.S A.S A.H SH.S V.S

1. Medra vedana _ + _ + _ _
2. Vrishana vedana _ + + + _ _
3. Ashakta maithuna _ + _ _ _ _
4. Chirat praseka _ + + + _ _
5. Alpa rakta shukra _ + + + _ _
darshana
6. Dourbalya + _ + _ + +
7. Mukhashosha + _ + _ + +
8. Pandutwa + _ + _ + +
9. Sadana + _ + _ + +
10. Shrama + _ + _ _ _
11. Klaibya + _ + _ + +
12. Shukraavisarga + _ _ _ + +
13. Timiraadrshana _ _ + _ _ _
57
14. Medradaha _ _ + + _ _
15. Bhrama + _ _ _ + +
Table No-12
SAMPRAPTI:
Samprapti deals with involvement of dosha to the complete manifestation of the disease146.
The dosha sanchaya takes place in their respective place at first stage. If nidana sevana further
continued the prakopavastha will be attained. The vitiated doshas leads to Jathargnimandya
resulting in to formation of Ama. In the prasaravasta the aggravated doshas along with ama
distributes all over the body.these doshas gets lodged where kha vaigunya is present & further
produce the disease.147. This process of manifstation is same in all diseases including ksheena
shukra.
There is no specific samprapti explained for the ksheena shukra in ayurvedic classics, but
charaka described the shukra kshayajanya samprapti in two ways i,e Anuloma kshaya &
pratiloma kshaya. The sequnce of decrease in succeeding dhatu precorser dhatu.148. According
to the samanya samprapti of Ksheena shukra due to consumption of nidana doshas will
aggravate & enter in shukravaha siras ( utpadaka, visarjana ) & leads into kseena shukra.Hence
we can consider the dosha dushya sammucrhana in shukravaha srotomoola.The doshas involved
are vata, pitta & the dushya is shukra.
KRIYAKALA IN KSHEENA SHUKRA:

Due to asatmya ahara vihara the doshas are vitiated giving rise to improper digestion
(agnimandya). Further misconducts & favourable conditions of vitiation leads to ama formation
resulting in doshic imbalance. Thus ama enters at the srotomukh a level of dhatuvaha srotas
which obstructs the transformation of poshaka dhatu to poshya dhatu (sthai dhatu) due to the
abnormality of the shukradhatvagni resulting the shukravaha srotomoola vikriti, thus the
production of shukra is not done properly leading to ksheena shukra.
SAMPRAPTIGHATAKA:
Dosha Vata, Pitta
58
Dushya Shukra
Agni - Jatragni, Dhatvagni
Ama - Dhatvagnimandya
Udbhava sthana Amashaya & Pakvashaya
Sanchara Shukravahina sira
Adhishtana Vrushana & medhra
Vyakta sthana Vrushana
Rogamarga Madhyama
Srotas Shukravaha
Srotodushti - Sanga
SADHYASADHYATA:
Sadhya sadhyata is indication of prognisis of disease. A disease is considered to be sukha
sadhya when it is having minimum poorvaroopa, roopa, on the other hand if the disease is
chronic & is presented with complications then it is called asadhya. In classics it has been
mentioned that Ksheena shukra is kashta sadhya because two doshas manifest149, morever vata
& pitta prakruti purushas has less shukra. If they are more prone to ksheena shukra thus the
prognosis is kashta sadhya.150 If it is beja doshajanya (congenital) then it is asadhya.151 If the
patient is vriddha then the kashta sadhya.
UPASHAYA & ANUPASHAYA:
According to Madhavakara use of food articles, drugs & life style which helps in bringing
about the equilibrium of dearanged dosha, dhatu & mala are known as upashaya where as
anupashaya is a state just opposite to the uspashaya.
There is explanation regarding the upashaya & anupashaya for ksheena shukra in classics, we
can consider the pathya & oushadies indicated for ksheena shukra as upashaya. Such as
madhura rasa, guru sheeta gunayukta ahara & keeping away from the worries maintaining rule
of swastha vrutta are the upashayas, where as the intake of or indulgence in the causative factors
are anupashaya.152
59
ETIOLOGY ON MODERN VIEW:

Different factors may impare or after the normal process of spermatogenesis & cause male
in fertility. They are classified under two groups. 1) Congenital
2) Aquired
1.CONGENITAL FACTORS:
a) Crypto orchadism: Failure of one or both testis descends in to the scrotum is known as
Crypto- orchadism. The descent is usually completed at birth or by end of the first year of
life. It is common in child hood. Unilateral crypto-orchadism is associated with
Oligospermia, where as bilateral crypto orchadism usually associated with
Oligozoospermia. The undescendent testis can be classified into three catagories:
1) True undescended
2) Retractive testis
3) Ectopic testis
b) Germinal cell aplasia :
Some patients with germinal cell aplasia have a opposite history & may constitute a
specific group in whom their germinal layer is only partly present or completely absent
resulting into Oligospermia or Oligozoospermia, but the plama testosteron & LH values
are normal & plasma FSH level are elevated.
c) Kline felter syndrome:

It is characterized by small firm testis, Oligospermia, Gynecomastia & elevated level
of plasma gonadotropis in men with two or more X-cromosomes. The common karyotype
is either a 47 XXY chromosome pattern is the most frequent. It is the most frequent major
abnormality of sexual differentiation. The incidence being around one in 500 men.
d) Immotile cell syndrome:
It is an autosomal recessive defect characterized by immotility or poor motility of the
cilia of the airways & sperm. The immotile sperm cannot fertizine. The structural
abnormality leading to impaired motility of cilia can usually be defined by the microscopic
appearance. Kartageners syndrome is a subgroup of the immotile cilia syndrome
associated with chronic sinusitis & bronchiectasis.
60
AQUIRED FACTORS:
Some systemic disease, drugs, environmental hazards effect on the intra- testicular cells
& after its normal function may cause hypogonadism. These factors include environmental
hazards. The male reproductive system is highly sensitive to some physical & environmental
exposures. It is now becoming clear to many scientists that dozens of both man made &
naturel chemicals are capable of mimicking & disturbing the action of sex hormones.
The substances include broad classes of chlorinated & non chlorinated components and
heavy metals ( Mercury, Inorganic lead, Manganese ) widely used in industrial & house hold
products such as paints, detergents, lubricants, cosmetics, textiles, & pesticides, plastics
cause the estrogenic in man leading to hypogonadism.
Exposure & specific agents:
1) Physical exposures: a) Inorganic lead
b) Mercury
c) Manganeese
2) Plastic monomers: a) Phthalates
b) Bisphenola
3) Pesticides : DDT
Testicular abnormalities associated with systematic disease.
1. Diabetes mellitus: It is an important cause of sexual dysfunction & it also impaires the
fertility in men. Various causes of sexual dysfunction in diabetes are
1. Diabetic neuropathy
2. Diabetic vasculopathy
3. Psychogenic
4. Endocrine causes
The fertility is reduced due to the reduction of testosteron level by decreased synthesis in
leyding cells. In some patients will have the retrograde ejaculation?
2. Chronic renal failure:
In chronic renal failure the testicular size is diminished & semen value, sperm dencity,
sperm motility are also decreased. Histological changes consists of reduced number of
leyding cells.
61
3. Infective disease :
Aquired testicular failure in adult can be due to viral orchity caused by the Mumps virus,
Echo virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus & Group bargo virus. Some of orchitis
patients converts in to unilateral testiculary atrophy & some may be of bilateral atrophy. It is
due to direct effect of the virus on the seminiferous tubules & to ischemia, secondary to
pressure & edema with in the tunica albugenia.
4. Vascular disturbance :
Vericocele is probably the most common treatable cause of male infertility may be of
etiological importance in as much as 1/3 of all male infertility. It is caused by retrograde
flow of blood into internal spermatic vein that eventuates in progressive often-palpable
dilatation of the peritesticular pampiniform plexus of veins. The evidence of varicocele is 10
to 15 % in general population & 20 to 40 % men with infertility. The increased scrotal &
testicular temprature is believed to be the cause for poor quality of semen & infertility.
5. Endocrinal disorders:
a) Disorders of hypothalamus & pituitary can impaire the secretion of gonadotropins &
causes the consequence decreased androgen production & defective spermatogenesis.
b) The elevated plasma cortisol in the Cushing syndrome can depress LH secretion leading to
alteration in the spermatogenesis.
6. Sexual transmitted diseases:-
The common complication of S.T.D pathogens especially gonorrhea and chalamydia is
epididymitis. Acute epididymitis leads to decreased spermatogenesis. Such patients usually
have impared sexual development & testicular atrophy.
7. Neurological disorder:-
The major neurological disease associated with altered testicular function are mytonic
dystrophy and paraplegia. In mytonic dystrophy small tests may be associated with
abnormalities of both spermatogenesis and leyding cell function. Spinal cord lesions
resulting in paraplegia leads to temporary decrease in testosterone level that tend to return to
normal but persistent defects in spermatogenesis some patients retain the capacity to obtain
erection and ejaculate.
62
8. Testicular tumour:-
Testicular cancer is the most common form of cancer in men between the aged
15 to 44, more than 96% of testicular tumour arise from germ cells. It is common in a person
with un-descendent testis. It has two main types of cancer exists.
1. Seminoma 2. Teretoma
9. Testicular trauma:-
Injury of the tests may result in male infertility especially if the trauma is
followed by a reduction in the size of the injured testicles and / or the detection of antisperm
in the semen. It is believed that such infertility results not from immune reaction that occurs
due to penetration of the sertoli cells. blood testis barrier in the testes.
10. Radiatilon:-
The testes are sensitive to radiation damage decreased secretion of testosterone
appears tobe consequence of diminished testicular blood flow. Doses higher than 200mgv
causes increase in plasma FSH & LH level and damage to spermatogonia. After about
800mgy oligospermia or azoospermia develops and higher doses obliterate the germinal
epithelium. Recovery of the sperm density occurs in a dose related fashion & complete
recovery of sperm density might require as long as 5 years.
11. Old age :
Beginning at about 40 years age mean plasma bio available testosteron concentration
decline gradually about 40 % elderly men have low bio available testosteron level. The
cause of the decreased testosteron level likely a decrease number of leyding cells in the
testis. There is also a decline seminiferous tubule functions & decreased sperm production in
older men.
12. Impairment of sperm transport:
Disorders sperm transport may cause infertility or oligospermia. The obstruction may
be unilateral or bilateral, congenital, acquired. Tuberculosis, Leprosy & gonorrhea are rare
causes of aquired obstruction of ejaculatory structures. Congenital defect of vasa deference
can occur as an isolated abnormality associated with absence of seminal vesicles.
63
13. Drugs :
The drugs which causes low sperm count are:
a. Sedative & antidepressants Reduced sperm count & diminished semen value has been
reported in patients using antipsychotic drugs. The drug sulphasalazine commonly used
to treat inflammatory bowel disease causes oligo-astheno-terato spermia.
b. Histamine H2 -- Receptor bloking agents.
c. Nacrotics Heroin, Marijunana users reported with low sperm count.
d. Antihypertensive agents cause organic & erectile disterbunces. 153,154,155,156.
64
CHIKITSA IN KSHEENA SHUKRA
The principle treatment in any ksheenadhatu is to administer the dravyas
which are having the same qualities of that dhatus157, 158

. The samanya chikitsa for
Shukradosha is snehana, swedana, vamana, virechana, niruha, anuvasana followed by uttara
basti.159. Acharya Vagbhata has a advised the same line of treatment for shukra dosha160.
The use of virulent medicinal combinations, such as dugda, gritha, various rasayanas
combinations as well as yapana vastis is beneficial for the persons suffering from
dathukshaya161. Susruta advised that the vajeekarana therapy to be introduced in Ksheena
shukra162. Dulhana quoted the rushyadravyas which are mentioned in vajeekarana adhyaya
that they are also shukravriddhikara163. Vasa sneha is indicated in Ksheenashukra 164. There
are few references in the classics about the administration of shukra, such as consuming
nakraretas165, 166
. All the ayurvedic classics indicated the Panchakarma therapy and
uttarabasti in shukra dosha and shukra kshaya respectively, & vajeekarana vasti is specially
mentioned. Charaka mentioned that vajeekarana dravyas and formulations, which are useful
in rakta pitta and yoni vyapat, are beneficial in shukra dosha also. Jeevaniya gritha,
chavyanaprasha, shilajitu are also useful.167
65
66
Methodology Pharmaceutical study
METHODOLOGY
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY:
Collection of drugs used in the preparation of vanga bhasma:

All the raw drugs needed for the preparation for the compound are collected from
local market during February 2003 & some drugs are collected from college garden as
well as pharmacy section of DGMAMC GADAG. Every drug was identified according to
Ayurvedic standards & sample of vanga was certified by Geologist.
Pratical study:
The things which are mentioned in Ayurveda are better understood by getting the
knowledge in two ways i,e Thereotical study & Practicals.Because as saying, as doing is
very difficult task. This theory is especially applicable to Rasashastra, because the drugs
which are mentioned in Rasashastra are considered as visha or they have visha guna, but
after processing i,e shodhana & marana etc.those drugs become Amruta. So this denotes
the importance of practicle knowledge. The processes which are mentioned in the
Rasagranthas seems to be very easy, but they will prove difficult during the practical.
The Rasashastra mainly deals with drugs like mineral, animal, & herbal origion
drugs including their identity, processing & formulations. The process which are
mentioned in Rasashastra , helps in converting the inorganic drug into organic i,e
Vijatiya into Sajatiya. & enhances the optimum potency of the drug, make the drug
palatable & increase the shelf life.
A detailed description of the steps taken to prepare the trial drug (are explained
under various headings) Vanga bhasma. Preparation of trail drug includes different
processes like shodhana, Jarana & Marana.
67
Practical no.1:
1. Name of the preparation : To perform vanga samanya shodhana in tila taila for 7 times.
Date of commencement : 06 02 -- 2002
Date of completion : 06 02 - 2002
Reference : R.R.S 5/ 13
2. Equipments : Small iron pan with long handle, cloth

Iron vessel with lid having hole about 2 cm.at center ( pithara yantra ), Burner.
3. Drugs : 1) Raw vanga 1 k.g

2) Tila taila -- 5 lt
3) Water -- Q.S
4. Procedure :
a. Sufficient quantity of taila to immerse the metal was taken in pithara yantra.
b. Raw vanga about 1 kg was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten vanga was immediately poured into pitharayantra & allowed for self cooling
which took about 15 to 20 minutes.
d. Cooled metal was taken out, washed with hot water to remove the oilyness & wiped
with cotton & cloth.
e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times, each
time fresh taila was taken for the procedure.
f. Second process onwards during melting scum with oil was observed on the surface of
molten vanga which has been removed by iron spoon.
Observations:
1. Time taken for melting was 4.5 minutes on medium flame
2. When molten vanga was poured in tila taila it produced crackling sound.
3. Second process onwards scumm with oil was observed on the surface of molten metal.
68
4. Even though after though washing with hot water & wiping with cotton cloth, some
oil particles were seen.
5. Colour of the oil becomes slightly blackish.
6. After the above procedure the metal was solid with smooth surface & it cooled with
yellow colour / golden colour coating, but the shining is decreased slightly & became
hard comparative to raw vanga.
Precaution:
1. Melting should be done on medium flame.
2. To avoid the catching of fire whole oil present over the surface of molten metal
should be blotted with blotting paper.
Result:
Intial weight of the metal 1000 gms
Final weight of the metal 0985 gms
Weight loss 0015 gms
69
Practical no. 2
1. Name of the preparation : Samanya shodhana of vanga in takra for 7 times.
Date of commencement : - 7 2 04
Date of completion :- 7 2 04
Reference R.R.S 5 / I3
2. Equipmnts :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth
Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm.diameter at the center ( pithara yantra ), Burner
3. Drugs :- a.Taila shodita vanga 985 gms
b.Takra - 10 ltr
c. Water -- q.s
4.Procedure :
a. Sufficient quantity of takra was taken in pithara yantra.
b. Taila shodita vanga was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten vanga was poured immedietly to the pithara yantra & allowed for self
cooling.
d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton cloth.
e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times
each time fresh takra was taken for the procedure.
5. Observation :
a. Time taken for melting was 5-6 minutes on medium flame.
b. When molten vanga was poured in takra crackling sound was heard.
c. Second time onwards while melting the crackling sound was heard due to
presence of water molecules & scum was observed on the surface of molten
vanga.
d. The colour of takra turned to yellowish & maximum quantity of takra reduced
due to evaporation.
e. After the above procedure the metal became brittle rough disintegrated surfaced,
the shining of metal was increased.
6. Precaution:
a.Medium flame should be maintained.
b. Care should be taken while pouring into takra to avoid explosion.
7. Result:
Initial weight of metal 985 gms
Weight Loss 15 gms
70
Practical no. 3
1. Name of the preparation :- Samanya shodhana of vanga in Gomootra for 7 times.
Reference : R.R.S 5 / I3
2. Equipmnts :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth
Iron vessel with lid having hole about 2 cm.at center ( pithara yantra ), Burner
3. Drugs :- a.Takra shodita vanga 970 gms
b.Gomootra - 12 ltr
c. Water -- q.s
4. Procedure :
a. Sufficient quantity of Gomootra was taken in pithara yantra.
b. Takra shodita vanga was heated in iron pan till it melts.
cooling.
f. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times
each time fresh Gomootra was taken for the procedure.
g. Scum formation on the surface of molten vanga was removed by iron spoon.
5. Observation:
a. Vanga melts within 5-6 minutes producing crackling sound.
b. Explosive sound was heard when molten vanga poured in gomootra.
c. Scum was formed on the surface of molten vanga.
d. The colour of Gomootra turned in to blackish & quantity was reduced.
e. After the above procedure the metal became brittle, the shining of metal was
reduced.
6. Precaution:
a.Medium flame should be maintained.
b.To avoid explosion the lid of the pithara yantra should be sealed properly
7. Result
Weight loss 20 gms
71
Practical no.4
1. Name of the preparation :- Samanya shodhana of vanga in Kanji for 7 times.
2. Equipments :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth
Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm.diameter at the center ( pithara yantra ), Burner
3. Drugs :- a.Gomootra shodita vanga 950 gms
b.Kanji - 6 ltr
c.Water - q.s
4. Preparatory procedure: Kanji preparation :-
First shali paka should be done with water.Later this pakwashali along with manda is to
be taken in an earthen vessel to this mixture 3 parts of water is to be added the mouth of
the vessel should be coverd with cloth & allowed for sandhana,after fermentation when
amlatwa develops this kanji is to be filterd & stored.
5. Procedure :
a. Sufficient quantity of Kanji was taken in pithara yantra.
b. Gomootra shodita vanga was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten vanga was poured immedietly to the pithara yantra & allowed for
self cooling.
f. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times
each time fresh Kanji was taken for the procedure.
g. Scum formation on the surface of molten vanga was removed by iron spoon.
6. Observation:
a. Explosive sound was heard when molten vanga poured in gomootra.
b Second time onwords scum was formed on the surface of molten vanga & was
removed by iron spoon.
c. The colour of kanji became dark & more quantity was evaporated.
e. After the above procedure the metal turned to a shining big granule.
7. Precaution: a.Medium flame should be maintained.
8. Result:
Weight loss 30 gms
72
Practical no.5
1. Name of the preparation :- Samanya shodhana of vanga in Kulaththa kwatha for 7 times.
2. Equipments :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner
Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm diameter at the center (pithara yantra ), Burner
3. Drugs :- a.Kanji shodita vanga 920 gms
b.Kulattha kwata - 8 ltr
c. Water - q.s
4. Preparatory procedure : One part of yavakuta choorna of kulattha kwatha was boiled
with 16 parts of water in earthen pot over a mrudu agni till liquid is reduced to 1/4 of the
original quantity.
5. Procedure :
a. Sufficient quantity of Kulaththa kwata was taken in pithara yantra.
b. Kanji shodita vanga is melted in iron pan on medium flame.
cooling.
f. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times,
Each time fresh Kulaththa kwatha was taken for the procedure.
6. Observation:
b. When molten vanga was poured in pithara yantra explosive sound was heard.
c.The colour of Kwatha turned in to dark & much quantity was evaporated.
d. After the above procedure some part of the vanga became powder form.
7. Precaution:
Explosive chances are avoided by sealing the lid of pithara yantra.
8. Result
weight Loss 40 gms
73
Practical No. 6
1. Name of the preparation :- Vishesha shodhana of vanga in Haridrayukta nirgundi
swarasa for 3 times.
Reference : R.R.S 5 / 156
2. Equipments :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner
Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm diameter at the center ( pithara yantra ), Burner
3. Drugs :- a.Samanya shodhita vanga - 890gms
b.Nirgundi swarasa - 6 liters
c. Haridra churna - 38 grams
d. Water - Q.S
4. Preparatory procedure : Nirgundi swarasa preparation.
Fresh Nirgundi leaves were taken and subjected to mardana till it became fine kalka,later
putapakwa vidhi was followed to obtain swarasa.
5. Procedure:
a. Two liters of Nirgundi swarasa was mixed with 13 gms of Haridra choorna and
was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Samanya shodita vanga is melted in iron pan on medium flame.
cooling.
d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water upto removal of yellowish
tinge of metal & wiped with cotton cloth.
f. Dried vanga was once again subjected to above said procedure for two more
times. Each time fresh Nirgundi swarasa with Haridra choorna was taken.
74
6. Observation:
b. When molted vanga was poured in pithara yantra more explosive sound was
heard.
c. Scum formation on the surface of molten vanga was removed by iron spoon.
d. The colour of swarasa turned in to dark green & much quantity was reduced.
e. After this procedure the vanga became throny, brittle & most of it became
powder.
7.Precautions: Because of throny surface proper care should be taken while removing the
metal from shodhana media.
8. Result
Initial weight of metal 890 gms Total loss 150gms.
Final weight of the metal 850 gms Total weight of shodhita vanga 850grm.
weight Loss 40 gms
Loss of vanga in various practicals
Sl.No Name of media Intial wt of Final wt of Loss of wt of Physical appearance
used metal(gms) metal(gms) metal(gms)
1 Tila taila 1000 985 15 Solid smooth surface with
yellow coating
2 Takra 985 970 15 Brittle rough surface with
shining
3 Gomutra 970 950 20 Brittle rough surface but
shining decreased.
4 Kanji 950 920 30 Some part become granular
with shining.
5 Kulaththa kwatha 920 890 30 Some part become coarse
powder.
6 Nirgundi swarasa 890 850 40 Granular and throny surface.
with haridra
churna
Table No-13
75
Practical No.7
1. Name of the preparation :- Jarana of vanga .
Reference : R.R.S 3 / 86-93
2. Equipments :-Big iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner, big steel vessel, chalani.
3. Drugs :- a.Shodhita vanga - 850gms
b.Apamarga panchanga churna 425 gms.
c Water - Q.S
4. Procedure:
a. Vishesha shodhita vanga about 850gms was taken in big iron pan and melted on
medium flame.
b. After complete melting of vanga pinch of Apamarga panchanga churna was added
& agitated properly with long handle iron ladle.
c. When the yava kuta churna of Apamarga was completely burn, some more
amount of Apamarga added and agitated properly. The process in continued until
complete vanga is converted into powder.
d. After complete conversion of metal into powder, it was collected at the center of
the iron pan & covered with an earthern sharava and intense heat (teevragni) was
given for three hours and when the powder was resembles like a red lotus / burning
charcoal. Then the heat was stopped and allowed for self cooling.
e. Next day swanga sheeta powder was collected and weighted, The weight of the
powder was 920 gms. The colour of jarita vanga powder was dark grey.
f. After the jarana, vanga powder was sieved with 80 number sieve to separate
carbon pieces Apamarga choorna.
5. Post procedure: Washing of jaritha vanga.
a. Above said powder was taken in big stainless steel vessel and sufficient water was
added and stirred properly.
b. The mixture was kept for three hours for complete sedimentation.
76
c. The supernatent water was separated by slow filteration. The same process was
repeated upto complete removal of kshara.
d. PH test was carried out after each washing.
e. After complete removal of kshara, powder was dried .
6. Observation: During Jarana
a. By sprinkling Apamarga churna over molten vanga it burns with thick fumes while
agitating and molten vanga gradually converted into powder.
b. When the complete vanga converted into powder the whole powder becomes red
hot like red lotus by giving teevragni.
c. Time takes for complete conversion of vanga jarana was five hours.
d. During washing- First time decanted water shows blue colour on PH paper, the
colour of the PH paper gradually dulled after successive washing and at the end
the decanted water did not show change in the colour of PH paper.
7. Precaution:
a. Procedure should be carried out on medium flame initially & on intence flame at
the end.
b. During procedure proper care of ventilation should be taken to avoid suffocation by
the smoke emitted.
c. Proper sieving should be done to separate unburnt substance from the jarita vanga.
d. While washing care should be taken not to allow over flow of vanga powder while
decanting supernatent water which is mixed with kshara.
8. Result:
Initial weight of vanga metal 890 gms Weight gain 40 gms
Final weight of the vanga metal 850 gms Colour of powder - Grey
Consistancy - Smooth
Changes during Jarana
Colour Colour after Touch Touch Weight Weight No,of hours
before jarana jarana before jarana after jarana before jarana after jarana taken for
procedure
White silvery Blackish gray Mettalic and Coarse 850 gms 920 gms 5.30 minutes
more malleable powder
Table No14
77
Practical No.8
1. Name of the preparation :- Marana of jarita vanga .
Reference : Rasamruta 3 / 86-93
2. Equipments :- 1. Khalva yantra,
2. Mrut sharava of diameter is 12 angula
3. Cowdanga cake
4. Match box
5. Cotton cloth 2 meters
6. Jute thread 85 cm
3. Drugs :- a.Jarita vanga - 850gms
b.Kumari swarasa 425 gms.
c.Gopi chandana -- 250 gms
d. Vanophala -- 500
e. Water _ Q.S
4. Procedure :-
A. Bhavana & preparation of chakrikas.
a. Jarita vanga was taken in khalva yantra & triturated with kumari swarasa.
b. Trituration was continued till the appearance of kalka roopa.
c. Kalka dravya was made in to chakrikas of size 4 cm width & 0.5 cms thickness & kept
for drying in a plastic sheet under shadow.
B. Preparation of sharava samputa: Two equal sized mruta sharava were taken, the
borders of both sharavas are rubbed on stone with sand & water to bring uniformity on
the sharavas border.
a. Dried chakrikas were arranged in two layer in the sharava which was covered with
another sharava of same size.
b. A jute thread of 85 cms length smeared with gopi chandana past was fixed to fill the
gap between the two sharava & sealing was done.
78
c. Gopi chandana smeared cloth was uniformality pasted over the sandhis of sharava for
sandhibandhana made it air tight & kept for drying.
d. After complete drying another layer was done & dried.
C. Puta preparation:
a. A pit of Ardhagaja puta measuring about 30 angulas lenth, breadth & height was made
& 375 vanopalas were arrangd at the center, dried sharava samputa was kept &
covered with 125 vanophalas & fire was given lighting camphor balls at 4 corners of
pit at the lavel of sealed sharava samputa.
b. After self cooling sharava samputa was taken out, sandhi bandhana was scraped &
opened carefully & the chakrikas were collected & weighed.
D. Observation :
a. During mardana with kumari swarasa, initially the mixture was hard, as the procedure
continued mixture becomes homologus & become easy for mardana.
b. Time taken for complete burning was 10 11 hours.
c. After the first puta the weight of the vanga was reduced to 50 gms & some powder was
adherent to the bottom of sharava which could not be removed.
d. After the first puta the weight of the vanga was reduced to 50 gms.
e. After the first puta the chakrikas becomes soft to touch fragile & there was no
remarkable change in colour.
E. Precaution :
a. Each time the size & shape of chakrikas were maintained
b. Before applying gopichandana thread & cloth were made wet.
c. Care should be taken to avoid the gap between two sharavas.
d. Gopi chandana smeared cloth should be applied in such way that after complete drying
of the previous one, another coating should be made .
Note:
Preparation of capsules 125 mg of Vanga bhasma filled in capsules and despensed.
79
Practical 9 to14:
The same procedure of practical No.8 was adopted to further practicals. The observation in
the wt and physical properties after each puta are explained in the following
Date No of puta Swarasa added Weight of Weight of Change Change in Change in
in each vanga vanga bhasma in wt.(In colour Luster &
bhavana bhasma afterputa in gms) Touch
before gms.
In Time
puta in
ml taken
(hours) gms.
4-03-04 I 400 6 850 800 50 Dark grey More

lusterous
course
powder
7-03-04 II 400 5 800 760 40 Dark grey Less
lusterous
course
powder
10-03- III 400 4 760 740 20 Dark grey Less
04 lusterous
course
powder
13-03- IV 380 3 .1/2 740 715 25 Dark grey No lusterous
04 fine powder
16-03- V 350 3 .1/2 715 700 15 Light grey No lusterous
04 fine powder
19-03- VI 300 3. 1/2 700 690 10 Light grey No lusterous
04 fine powder
22-03- VII 280 3 690 675 15 Light grey Very fine
04 powder
Table No -15
80
ANALYTICAL STUDY
The metallic & mineral preparation of ayurvedic pharmacopoeia should be analyzed for
physical& chemical properties to confirm the genuinity & safety before administration to the
patients. Hence it is essential to adopt modern analytical methodology for better
understanding & interpretation of physico - chemical changes occurred during the process.
In the present study sample is collected at the completion of the preparation &
subjected to modern analytical methods i,e chemical analysis at Indian bureau of mines ore
dressing division, Nagpur and at Indian Bureau of mines regional ore dressing laboratory
Bangalore.
Some physical analysis done is at J.T Pharmacy college Gadag, like finess of particle
test, Flow rate of vanga bhasma, Disintegration of capsules & Organoleptic characters.Vanga
bhasma also assessed according to the Ayurvedic parameters also.
Shows Ayurvedic tests of Vanga bhasma

Name of the Varitaratwa Rekhapurnatwa Shlakshnatwa Nischandra
sample
Vanga bhasma + + + +
Table No-16
Chemical anlysis: 1) Tin assay
2) Loss on 1100 c
3) Loss on ignition at 10000 c
4) Acid soluble ash
1) Tin assay:
Preparation of sample for analysis:
Take a weighed quantity of sample transferred to a 300 ml Kjeldahl flask. Add 25
ml of concentrated Nitric acid allow initial reaction to subside. Then add cautiously 10 to
20 ml concentrated Sulphuric acid. When reaction has quietened, heat cautiously avoiding
foaming rotate the flask occasionally to prevent caking of sample upon glass explosed to
81
flame. Maintain oxidizing conditions through out the digestion by adding small quantity
of nitric acid. Whenever mixture turns to brown or darkens, continue digestion until
organic matter is destroyed & SO3 fumes are copiously evolved.Cool slightly & add 75 ml
of water & 25 ml of saturated ammonia oxalate. Solution to assist in expelling oxides of
nitrogen.Evaporate again until white fumes appear. Cool, & dilute with water 200 ml in
volumetric flask
Tin ( Gravimetric ):
Reagents: 1. Wash solution mix 100 ml of saturated ammonium alkali solution with 50 ml
of glacial acid & 850 ml of water
2. Ammonium polysulphide solution Pass H2S gas into 200 ml of ammonia
solution in bottle immersed in ice water until gas is no longer absorbed & 200
ml ammonia & dilute with water to 1 lt. Digest this solution with 25 gms of
flowers of sulphar several hours & filter.
Procedure:
Take the above prepared solution, add ammonia until just alkaline, then 5ml of HCL
( + 3). Dilute with 100 ml of water. Heat the solution to 950 c & pass in a slow stream of
0
H2S. Digest for one hour at 95 c & let stand 30 minutes longer.Filter & wash the
precipiatate of SnS alternatively with 3 portions each of the wash solution & hot H2O.
transfer filter & precipiatate to 100 ml beaker, add 10 to 20 ml of the ammonium
polysulphide solution.Heat to boiling & filter.Treat content of the beaker with two
additional portion of hot ammonium polysulphide solution & wash, filter with hot water.
Acidify combined filtrate and washings with dilute acetic acid (1+9), digest on hot
plate for one hour, let stand overnight and filter through double 11 cm paper. Wash 2,
alternatively with 2 portions each of the wash solution and hot water and dry thoroughly
in weighed porcelain cruicible.Ignote over Bunsen flame, very gently at first to burn of
paper and convert the sulphide to oxide, then cover the cruicible and heat strongly to
mettallic Tin using factor 0.7877.
82
0
2) Loss on drying 110 :
One gms of vanga bhasma accurately weighed, heated on electric oven up to 1100 c
& again weighed. The difference in weighed was calculated & the result is attached.
3) Loss on ignition at 10000 c :

One gms of vanga bhasma accurately weighed was taken in a previously dried &
weighed porcelain crucible heated on an electrically heated muffle furnace at 10000 c for
about one hour. It was cooled & weighed, from the weight of ash obtained the ash value
was calculated.
(da)
Ash value = ---------------
c
( d a ) = weight of ash c= weight of sample
4) Acid insoluble ash:

The ash obtained was taken with dilute HCL filtered through whatman no. 42
filter paper. The residue was washed with hot water till it was free from chloride. The
residue was taken in a crucible, dried & ignited at a low temprature. Calculated the
percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the moisture free drug.
5) The finess of partical test:

It can be possible to use the ordinary microscope for particle size measuring in the
range of 0.2 micro meter to about 100 micro meter. According to microscope method the
fine powder was sprinkled on the slide covered with covering slip & placed on a
mechanical stage. In initially standardization of mino meter was carried out by coinciding
the lines of both oculo minometer style minometer & standarised by using the formula
SM
-------- X 10 = m
OM
In the next step, the style minometer was removed & the mounted slide was
placed on a mechanical stage & focused. The particles are measured alops an orbitarily
choosen fixed lines covered by the particals using the oculominometers. The size of the
partical was calculated using the standard value.
83
6) Flow property :
Vanga bhasma is very fine powder so to maintain the actual dose and for better
dispensing, it is filled in a hard galatin capsules prior to doing the capsulation bhasma is
subjected to flow property test i,e Angle of repose by which we can analyse either the
powder having very good flow property, good property or a bad flow property.
Angle of repose :- It is the maximum angle that can be obtained between the free standing
surface of a powder heap & the horizontal plane i,e tan Q = 2h / D
Where D is the diameter of the circle & h is the hight of the powder heap
This test involve the hollow cylinder half is filled with vanga bhasma with one
end sealed by transparent plate. The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal axis until the
powder surface cascades. The curved wall is lined with sand paper to prevent prefenential
slip at this surface. If the value comes between 200 400 indicates reasonable flow
potential.
7) Flow rates :
A simple indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to flow is given
by application of a compressibility index I
I= [1 V ] x 100
Vo
Where v is the volume occupied by sample of the powder after being subjected
to a standardized tapping procedure.
Vo = volume before tapping procedure
In this procedure one measuring cylinder is taken & is filled with vanga bhasma. The
level of the vanga bhasma should be noted. Then at a height of 2 cm continuous 10
tapping should be done, after that the level of the vanga bhasma in the cylinder is once
again noted & the value I is calculated with respect to the Vo & V value. If the value
I is below 15% usually having good fluorides.
84
8. Disintegration test for capsules:
The disintegration test determines whether the capsules disintegrates within the
universal accepted time when placed in a liquid medium. The apparatus used for
disintegration test contains a horizontal strip with clamp at one end is screwed to a shaft.
The basket having 6 tubes of 75 to 80 mm long, 21 to 25 mm internal diameter & with
wall thickness of about 2 mm. The lower end with disc of stainless steel wire gauze of 10
sieve is fixed to the clamp. One liter glass beaker filled with 1% of HCL is kept under the
basket. The HCL in the beaker is maintained to a constant 37 0 c temperature + 20 c by
means of thermostat fitted on the front panel.
The shaft with the basket moves vertically up & down through a distance of 5 cm.
At the highest position of the basket the wire gauze remains at 2.5 cm below the upper
surface of the 1% HCL & at the lower position it remains 2.5 cm up from the bottom of
the basket. The upward & downward movement of the shaft & basket is adjusted at a rate
30 times / minutes. Disintegration is consider to be achieved when no residue remains on
the disc. It is observed that vanga bhasma capsules completely disintegrated within 3 min.
85
CLINICAL STUDY:
This clinical study was conducted after proper understanding of classical explanations,
observations & management of Ksheena shukra i.e Oligospermia. For this clinical study
clinical symptompses & the management of Ksheena shukra are taken into consideration.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1. Preparation of vanga bhasma.
2. Physico- chemical analysis of vanga bhasma.
3. Clinical- evaluation of vanga bhasma on KHINA SHUKRA (Oligospermia).
THE MATERIALS ARE STUDIED AS UNDER:

1. Literary: Literary aspect of the study regaurding the drug was collected from the
Rasatarangini, Rasamrita, Rasaratna samuchchaya etc Rasa granthas & modern
inorganic chemistry & processed in pharmacy section of P.G.R.C.DGM Ayurvedic
medical collage according to the classical methods.
2. Literary aspect of disease was collected from the various ayurvedic classics, magazines
& journals.The information regarding the disease is updated from internet search.
4. Patients: The patients with confirmed diagnosis of KSHINA SHUKRA (Oligo
spermia)after semen analysis were selected from the O.P.D. Section of P.G.R.C.D.G.M.
Ayurvedic medical college hospital Gadag.By conducting a repeted camp for male infertility.
Methods of collection of data:
a. Exclusive Criteria:
1) Cryptorchitism 2) Germinalaplasia 3) Varicocel
4) Vasadeferena block 5) Testicular carcinoma 6) Dibetes mellitus
7) Hypopitutarism 8) S.T.D 9) HIV
10) Untreated Torsion of testi 11) The patients aged below 20 & above 50 are excluded.
86
b. Inclusive criteria
i) Patients aged between 20-50 years will be taken
ii) Patients having classical signs and symptoms of KSHINA SHUKRA (Oligo
spermia primary) will be selected with the sperm count of less than of normal limit
for the study is 5 to 20 million/ML.
c. Study design:
Patients of kshina shukra with confirmed diagnosis selected as for simple
random sampling method with pretest and post test design all patients will be
assigned to a single group.
d. Sample size:
30 patients of Ksheena shukra ( Oligospermia ) selected as a single group.
e. Posology :125 mg vanga bhasma bid per day.
Anupan Milk & Apamarga mula churna.
f. Duration of treatment : 45 days.
g. Follow up : 15 days.
h. Assesment of result:
1. Subjective parameters: The signs & symptoms explained in the standard
Ayurvedic texts & by sexual scoring
87
The sexual scoring which has given as follows:
S.No. Complaints Grade S.No. Complaints Grade
I Ejaculation III Erection

No Ejaculation on penetration 0 No erection at all 0
Ejaculation without penetration 1 Erection with artificial methods 1
Ejaculation with penetration at 2 Erection but unable to penetrate 2
improper time. Initial difficulty but able to 3
Early ejaculation with less 3 penetrate
quantity of semen Erection with occasional failures 4
Ejaculation at proper timing with 4 Erection whenever desired 5
less quantity.
Normal ejaculation with normal
timings 5
II Sexual Desire IV Rigidity

No interest at all 0 Unable to maintain erection 0
Lack of interest 1 Some loss in erection but able to act
Interest in sex but no activity. 2 Able to continue the act 1
Interest only on demand of 3 Able to continue the act without 2
partner getting the desired effect 3
Self and partner normal interest 4 Able to continue the act till the
Excess interest. desire fulfills 4
5 Able to continue the act to get the
perfect orgasm 5
V Orgasm
No enjoyment at all 0
Lack of enjoyment 1
Enjoyment in 25% of act 2
88
2. Objective parameter : Semen analysis before & after treatment.
Overall assessment : For the assessment grades we fixed depend upon the
condition. Overall assessment is made taking into consideration both
subjective & objective. Considering all the above parameters are graded into
four groups depend upon the response to the vanga bhasma. The overall score
was considered as 24 based on the subjective & objective parameters excluding
the dosha & shukradushti assessment. Out of 24 scores depend upon the
scoring of the indivisual patient grading was done as fallows:
Grade Score range

Marked improved 19 to 24
Moderate improved 13 to 84
Improved 7 to 12
Not responded/Static 1 to 6
89
90
Observation & Result
OBSERVATIONS
As an observational clinical study 30 patients of well diagnosed

Ksheenashukra patients where selected from OPD of D.G.M.A.M.C. and Hospital PG
Department Gadag. In which four patients are dropped from the clinical trail before
completing the study duration, so only 26 patients were taken and the data collected has
been thoroughly evaluated. The collective data is grouped into 18 categories i.e
1. Observation based on age.
2. Observation based on religion.
3. Observation based on occupation.
4. Observation based on socio economical status.
5. Observation based on education
6. Observation based on diet.
7. Observation based on previous illness.
8. Observation based on scrotal injury.
9. Observation based on habit.
10. Observation based on history of Mastrubution.
11. Observation based on duration of Marriage.
12. Observation based on Previous Conception.
13. Observation based on patients mind during coitus
14. Observation based on sexual desire.
15. Observation based on ejaculation.
16. Observation based on ejaculation with pain/burning
17. Observation based on psychological history.
18. Observation based on Ksheenashukra lakshana.
Results are assessed on the basis of variation in the subjective &

objective assessment criteria, before & after the treatment. i.e subjective signs &
symptoms, objective semen analysis.
90
Observations of patients based on age

Sl.No Age in years Number of patients %
1 21-30 3 11.5
2 31-40 16 61.5
3 41-50 7 26.9
Table No - 17
. In the present observation maximum number of patients 16 ( 61.5 % )
belongs to the age group 31 to 40, 7 patients ( 26.9 % ) comes under the age group 41 to
50 & 3 patients ( 11.5 % ) belongs to the age group 21 to 30 years.
Distribution based on Age
80 61.5
Percentage
60
26.9 Number of patients
40 16
11.5 7 %
20 3
0
21-30 31-40 41-50
Age
Graph-1
91
Observation of patients based on religion

Sl.No Religion Number of patients %
1 Hindu 20 76.9
2 Muslim 2 7.6
3 Christian Table No - 18 0 0
4 Others 4 15.3
Observation of patients based on religion: Pr esent study explains

Hindu, Muslim & other communities are reported with problem of Ksheena shukra. It
does not mean that Christians are not having this problem.The area in which study
undertook has 3 groups of populations. Out of 26 patients 20 Patients (76.9 %) belongs
to Hindu religion, 2 patients ( 7.6 %) belongs to Muslim religion & 4 patients ( 15.3 %)
fall under the other religions.
Distribution based on Religion
100
76.9 Number of
Percentage
80
patients
60
%
40 20 15.3
20 2 7.6 0 0 4
0
Hindu Muslim Christian Others
Religion
Graph-2
92
Observation of patients based on Occupation

Sl.No Occuption Number of patients %
1 Labour 11 42.3
2 Clerical 6 23
3 Intelectual 9 34.6
Table No - 19
In this study we consider the 3 catagories of occupation for the convenience of

studies. Out of 26 patients ( 76.9 %) belong to the labor, 6 patients ( 23 % ) belongs to
clerical & 9 patients (34.6) belong to the intellectual cadre. Excess of physical &
psychological activity groups are affected with the problem Ksheena shukra.
Distribution based on Occupation
60
Percentage
42.3
34.6
40
23
20 11 6 9
0
Labour Clerical Intelectual Number of patients
Occupation %
Graph-3
93
Observation of patients based on socio economic status

Sl.No Status Number of patients %
1 Poor 9 34
2 Middle 16 61
3 Higher 1 3
Table No-20
. It refers to the physical & psychological status of an individual patient. Out of 26 patients
16 patients ( 61 % ) belong to middle class, 9 patients ( 34 % ) belong to poor class & only 1
% belongs to high class family. So middle class people show more incidence of Ksheena
shukra.
Disribution based socio economic

condition
80 61
Percentage
60
34 Number of patients
40 16
20 9 3 %
1
0
Poor Middle Higher
Socio-economic
Graph-4
94
Observation of patients based on education

Sl.No Education Number of patients %
1 Under education 5 19
2 Good education 20 76
3 Highly qualified 1 3
Table 21
Even though there is no specific relation to the disease education, awarnes to

the ayurvedic treatment & faith is observed in this study. It explins that good educated 20
patients (76.9 % ), under educated 5 patients ( 19.2 % ) & 1 patients ( 3 % ) highly
qualified are reported.
Distribution based on education

76
80
Percentage
60
Education
40
19 20 Number of
20
0 5 0 0 1 3 patients
%
0
1 2 3 4
Education
Graph-5
95
Observation of patients based on diet

Sl.No Diet Number of patient %
1 Vegetarian 11 42
2 Mixed 15 57
Table No-22
Food always play important role in each disease, in this study 11 patients
( 42 % ) vegetarian & 15 patients ( 57 % ) belongs to the mixed diet.
Distribution based on diet

57
60
Percentage
42
40 Number of patient
11 15 %
20
0
Vegetarian Mixed
Diet
Graph-6
96
Observation of patients based on previous illness

Sl.No Pre-illness Number of patients %
1 Mummps 0 0
2 Typhoid 13 50
3 S.T.D 0 0
4 Epididymo rchitis 0 0
5 Others 2 7.6
6 None 11 42.6
Table- 23
The above table shows the percentage of history of previous illness 13 patients (50 %)
having the history of typhoid 2 patients ( 7.6 % ) having the history of orchitis & 11 patients
having the history of other previous illness. No patients were reported with history of mumps
& STD.
Distribution based on previous illness

Number of patients
60 50
50 42.6 Number
40 of
30 patients
20 13 11
7.6
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
%
0
tis
d
rs
e
ps
D
i
on
ho
T.
e
hi
m
th
rc
S.
N
p
um
O
Ty
o
M
y m
id
id
Previous illness
Ep
Graph-7
97
Observation of patient based on Scrotal injury

Sl.No Scrotal injury Number of patients %
1 Present 3 11
2 Absent 23 88
Table- 24
In this study 20 patients ( 88 % ) reported with scrotal injury at erlier days & 3 patients
( 11 % ) does not having any history of scrotal injury.
Disribution based on scrotal injury
100 88
Percentage
80
60 Number of patients
40 23 %
20 3 11
0
Present Absent
Scrotal injury
Graph-8
98
Observation of patients based on habits

Sl.No Habits Number of patients %
1 Alcohol 8 30
2 Tobacco cheving 13 50
3 Smoking 5 19
4 None 0 0
Table -25
In this observation 8 patients ( 30 % ) having the habit of alcohol consuption, 13

patients ( 50 % ) having the tobacco chewing habit & 5 patients ( 19 % ) having smoking
habit.It doest mean that Ksheena shukra only occurs in above metioned habit having
patients, because these are the pre disposing factors.
Distribution based on Habits
60 50
Number of patients
50
40 30
Number
30 19 of
20 13
8 5 patients
10 0 0 %
0
Alcohol Tobacco Smoking None
cheving
Habits
Graph-9
99
Observation of patients based on Masturbation

Sl.No Masturbation Number of patient %
1 Present 8 30
2 Absent 18 69
Table -26
In this study 18 patients (69% ) with the history of mastrubation & 8 patients
(30% ) does not having any history of Mastrubation.
Distribution base on history of Masturbution
80 69
Percentage
60
Number of
40 30
18 patient
20 8 %
0
Present Absent
History of Masturbation
Graph-10
100
Observation of patients based on duration of Marriage

Sl.No Duration in year Number of patient %
1 1 9 34
2 1 to 3 3 11
3 3 to 5 6 23
4 More than 5 8 30
Table -27
In the presence study out of 26 patients 9 ( 34 % ) patients were having the

duration of marriage 1 year, & 3 patients ( 11 % ) having the duration of marriage 1 to
3 years, 6 patients ( 23 % ) having the marriage duration 3 to 5 years & 8 patients
( 30 % ) having the duration of marriage more than 5 years.
Distribution based on Marriage
40 34
30
Percentage
30 23 Number of
20 11 patient
9 6 8
10 3
%
0
1 1 to 3 3 to 5 More than
5
Duration of Marriage
Graph-11
101
102
Observation of patients based on previous Conception

Sl.No H/O Conception Number of patient %
1 Abortion 7 26
2 Miscarriage 0 0
3 None 19 73
Table-28
Out of 26 patients 7 patients ( 26 % ) reported with a history of abortion, no
patients were reported with a history of miscarriage & 19 patients ( 73 % ) reported
without history of conception.
Distribution based on H/O Conception
80 73
Percentage
60
40 26
19 Number of
20 7 patient
0 0
0 %
Abortion Miscarriage None
H/O Conception
Graph-12
102
Observation of patients based on mind during Coitus

Sl.No Mind Number of patient %
1 Interested 14 53
2 Casual 12 46
Table-29
Mind is the important element to have aproper desire & orgasm
.It isnot only for proper release of semen .Out of 26 patients 14 patients
(53 %)having casual mind & 12 patients ( 46 % ) having casual mind.
Distribution based on mind during Coitus
60 53
46
Percentage
40 Number of patient
20 14 12 %
0
Interested Casual
Mind during Coitus
Graph-13
103
Classification of patients based on sexual desire

Sl.No Sexual desire Number of Patients %
1 Normal 4 15.3
2 Decreased 21 80.7
3 Increased 1 3
Table-30
Out of 26 patients 21 patients ( 80.7 % ) reported with decrease sexual
desire, one patient ( 3% ) reported increase sexual desire & 4 patients
( 15.3 % ) having the normal sexual desire.
Distributin based on sexual desire
100 80.7
Percentage
80
60 Number of
Patients
40 15.3 21
20 4 1 3 %
0
Normal Decreased Increased
Sexual desire
Graph-14
104
Classification of patients based on Ejaculation

Sl.No Ejaculation Number of patients %
1 Normal 3 11
2 Premature 7 26
3 Retrograde 0 7
4 Delayed 16 61
Table-31
In this observations 16 patients ( 61 % ) belongs to the
group delayed ejaculation, 7 patients ( 26 % ) having the complaint of pre
mature ejaculation, 3 patients ( 11 % ) with normal ejaculation & no
patients were reported with retrograde ejaculation.
Distribution based on Ejaculation

70 61
Percentage
60
50
40 26
30 16 Number of
20 11 7 7 patients
10 3 0
0 %
d
e
e
al
e
ur
ad
m
ay
at
or
gr
el
em
N
ro
D
et
Pr
Ejaculation
Graph-15
105
Classification of patient based on Ejaculation associated with pain, burning & weakness
Sl.No Associated Number of patients %
1 Pain 4 15
2 Burning 0 0
3 Weakness 22 84
Table-32
Out of 26 patients 22 patients ( 84 % ) complaints weakness, 4
patients ( 15 % ) complaints pain & no patients are reported with
complaint of burning.
Distribution based on Ejaculation associated

with
100 84
Percentage
50 Number of
15 22 patients
4 0 0
0 %
Pain Burning Weakness
Ejaculation associated
Graph-16
106
Classification based on psychological History

Sl.No P. History Number of patients %
1 Stress 12 46
2 Strain 10 38
3 Anger 0 0
4 Fear 4 15
5 Jealous 0 0
Table-33
The observations shows 19 patients ( 46 % ) were suffering from stress, 10
patients (38% ) were suffering from strain, 4 patients ( 15 % ) were suffering from fear
& no patients are reported with anger & jealous.
Distribution based on psycological

history
50 46
38
40
30 Number of
%
20 12 15 patients
10
10 4 %
0 0 0 0
0
Stress Strain Anger Fear Jealous
Psycological history
Graph-17
107
Observation based on Ksheena shukra lakshana
Sl.No Lakshana Number of patient B.T % Number of patient A.T %

1 M.V.Vedana 10 38 0 0
2 Maithuna ashakti 7 26 2 7.6
3 Ch.Shukra prasheka 7 26 1 3.8
4 Al.Shukra shrava 9 34 1 3.8
5 Sarakta shukra 0 0 0 0
6 Klaibya 0 0 0 0
7 M.V . Dhumayam 0 0 0 0
8 Aprasheka 0 0 0 0
9 Pandu 12 46 0 0
10 Dourbalya 12 46 0 0
11 Mukhashosha 6 23 0 0
12 Shrama 10 38 0 0
Table-34
The above table shows the number & percentage of patients

complaining the Ksheena shukra lakshanas before the treatment & after the treatment.
Before the treatment 10 patients ( 38%) were having the complaint Medra vrushana vedana
& after the treatment all the patients are get relief from the above complaint, 7 patients (26
% ) reported with complaint Maithunashakti, after the treatment 5 patients ( 19.2%) get
relief from the above complaint & only 2 patients ( 7.6 % ) still having the same complaint.7
patients ( 26 % ) having the complaint Chirat shukra praseka before the treatment & after
the treatment only 1 patient (3% ) still having the same complaint. Before the treatment 9
patients ( 34% ) having the complaint Alpa shukra srava, after the treatment only 1 patient
(3%) still having the same complaint. Before the treatment 12 patients ( 46 % ) having the
complaint Pandu, after the treatment no patients having the same complaint.Before the
treatment 12 patients ( 46 % ) having the complaint Dourbaly, after the treatment no patients
having the same complaint. Before the treatment 6 patients (23 % ) having the complaint
Mukha shosha, after the treatment no patients having the same complaint. Before the
treatment 10 patients (38 %) having the complaint Shrama, after the treatment no patients
having the same complaint.
In the present study no patients were reported with a complaint sarakta shukra
srava,klaibya, medra vrushana dhumayama & apraseka.
108
Observation of patient based on Sexual Desire

Grade Number of patients B.T % Number of patients A.T %
0 0 0 0 0
1 4 15 0 0
2 16 61 0 0
3 6 23 11 42
4 0 0 14 53
5 0 0 1 3
Table-35
The above table shows the number & percentage of the patients with a
chief complaint sexual desire before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 4 patients (15
%) belong to the grade 1, after the treatment no patients were belonging to the same grade.
Before the treatment 16 patients (61 %) belong to the grade 2, after the treatment no patients
were belonging to the same grade. Before the treatment 6 patients (23 %) belong to the grade
3, after the treatment 11 patients (42 %) were belonging to the same grade. No patients were
belonging to the grade 0 before & after the treatment Before the treatment no patients belongs
to the grade 4,but after the treatment 14 patients ( 53 %)were belongs to the same grade.
Before the treatment no patients belongs to the grade 5, after the treatment 1 (3 %) patient
were belong to the same grade. By the observation it comes to know that after the treatment
11 patients got the sexual desire grade 3, 14 patients got the grade 4 & 1 patient got the grade
5.
Distribution based on sexual desire Grade
80 Number of
61
Percentage
60 53 patients B.T
42
%
40 23
15 16 11 14
20 4 36 400 50013
00000 1 00 2 00 Number of
0 patients A.T
1 2 3 4 5 6 %
Grade
Graph-18
109
Observation of patients base on Erection

0 0 0 0 0
1 1 3 0 0
2 16 61 0 0
3 8 30 6 23
4 1 3 18 69
5 0 0 2 7
Table-36
The above table shows the number & percentage of the patients with a chief
complaint of erection before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 1 patient (3 %)
belongs to the grade 1, after the treatment no patients were belonged to the same grade.
Before the treatment 16 patients (61 %) belong to the grade 2, after the treatment no patients
were
Belonging to the same grade. Before the treatment 8 patients (30 %) belong to the grade 3,
after the treatment 6 patients (23%) were belonging to the same grade. Before the treatment
1 patient (3 %) belongs to the grade 4, after the treatment 18 patients ( 69%) were belongs
to the same grade. Before the treatment no patients belongs to the grade 5, after the
treatment 2 patients (7%) were belongs to the same grade. & no patients were included in
the grade 0 before & after the treatment.
Distribution based on Erection Grade
80 69
61 Number of
Percentage
60 patients B.T
40 30 23 %
16 18
20 0 0 00 0 1 13 00 2 00 38 6 4 13 5 0 02 7
0 Number of
1 2 3 4 5 6 patients A.T
%
Grade
Graph-19
110
Observation of patients based on Ejaculation

0 0 0 0 0
1 1 3 0 0
2 19 73 0 0
3 6 23 9 34
4 0 0 13 50
5 0 0 4 15
Table-37
chief complaint of Ejaculation before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 1 patient
(3 %) belongs to the grade 1, after the treatment no patients were belonging to the same
grade. Before the treatment 19 patients (73 %) belong to the grade 2, after the treatment no
patients were belongs to the same grade. . Before the treatment 6 patients (23 %) belong to
the grade 3, after the treatment 9 patients (34%) were belonging to the same grade. Before
the treatment no patients belong to the grade 4, after the treatment 13 patients (50%) were
belonging to the same grade. Before the treatment no patient belongs to the grade 5, after
the treatment 4 patients (15%) were belonging to the same grade. It shows the gradual
increasing of the grades after the treatment.
Distribution based on Ejaculation

Grade
80 73
Percentage
60 50 Number of
34 patients B.T
40 23
19 15 %
20 9 4 13
00000 11300 2 00 36 00 5004
0 Number of
1 2 3 4 5 6 patients A.T
%
Grade
Graph-20
111
Observation of patients based on Rigidity

0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
2 23 88 0 0
3 3 11 13 50
4 0 0 12 46
5 0 0 1 3
Table-38
chief complaint of Rigidity before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 23 patients
(88 %) belong to the grade 2, after the treatment no patients were belonging to the same
grade. Before the treatment 3 patients (11 %) belongs to the grade 3, after the treatment 13
patients (50%) were belongs to the same grade. Before the treatment no patient belongs to
the grade 4, after the treatment 12 patients (46%) were belongs to the same grade. No
patients were belongs to the grade 5 before the treatment, but after the treatment 1 patient
(3%) belongs to the same grade.No patients were belongs to the grade o & 1 either before or
after the treatment. It shows the gradual increasing of the grades after the treatment.
Distribution based on Rigidity
88 Grade
100
Percentage
80 Number of
60 50 46 patients B.T
40 23 %
13
20 00000 10000 2 00 3311 40012 50013
0 Number of
patients A.T
1 2 3 4 5 6
%
Grade
Graph-21
112
Observation based on Orgasm

0 0 0 0 0
1 5 19 0 0
2 21 80 2 7
3 0 0 10 38
4 0 0 13 50
5 0 0 1 3
Table-39
chief complaint of Orgasm before & after the treatment. Before the treatment no patients belongs
to the grade 0, after the treatment no patients were belongs to the same grade. Before the treatment
5 patients (19 %) belong to the grade 1, after the treatment no patients were belonging to the same
grade. Before the treatment 21 patients (80 %) belong to the grade 2, after the treatment 2 patients
(7%) were belongs to the same grade. Before the treatment no patients belong to the grade 3, after
the treatment 10 patients (38%) were belonging to the same grade. Before the treatment no patients
belong to the grade 4, after the treatment 13 patients (50%) were belonging to the same grade.
Before the treatment no patients belong to the grade 5, after the treatment 1 patients (3%) were
belong to the same grade. It shows the gradual increasing of the grades after the treatment.
Distribution based on Orgasm

100 80
Grade
Percentage
80 Number of
60 50 patients B.T
38 %
40 19 21 Number of
20 00000 15 00 2 27 30010 40013 50013 patients A.T
%
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Grade
Graph-22
113
Observation based on Abstinence period
Days No, of patient B.T % % %

1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
3 7 26 26 15
4 11 42 42 80
5 8 30 30 3
Table-40
Abstinence period before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 7 patients (26%) having the 3
days abstinence period, after the treatment 4 patients (15%) were having the same abstinence
period. Before the treatment 11 patients (42%) having the 4 days abstinence period, after the
treatment 21 patients (80%) were having the same abstinence period. Before the treatment 8
patients (30%) having the 5 days abstinence period, after the treatment 1patient (3%) having the
same abstinence period. It shows reduction in the abstinence period after the treatment.
Distribution based on Obstinance period

100
Days
Percentage
80
60 No, of patient
B.T
40 %
20
No, of patient
0 A.T
1 2 3 4 5 %
Days
Graph-23
114
Observation of patients based on Sperm volume

Volume in ml No, of patients B.T % No, of patient A.T %
0.5 1 3 0 0
1 7 26 0 0
1.5 17 65 3 11
2 1 3 12 46
2.5 0 0 11 42
Table-41
semen volume before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 1 patient (3%) has the semen
volume 0.5 ml & after the treatment no patients has the same semen volume. Before the
treatment 7 patient (26%) having the semen volume 1ml & after the treatment no patient has
the same semen volume.
Before the treatment 17 patients (65%) has the semen volume 1.5 ml & after the treatment 3
patients (11%) having the same semen volume. Before the treatment 1 patient (3%) has the
semen volume 2 ml & after the treatment 12 patients (46%) having the same semen volume.
Before the treatment no patients having the semen volume 2.5 ml & after the treatment 11
patients (42%) having the same semen volume. It shows that after the treatment semen volume
is gradually increased.
Distribution based on sperm value
80 Volume in ml
65
Percentage
60 46 No, of
42
patients B.T
40 26
17 %
20 7 11 12 11
0.51 3 0 0 1 0 0 1.5 3 213 2.50 0
No, of patient
0
A.T
1 2 3 4 5 %
Volume
Graph-24
115
Observation of patient based on sperm count

Sperm/million No, of patient B.T % No, of patient A.T %
8 _10 18 69 0 0
11_13 4 15 0 0
15_18 4 15 0 0
20_30 0 0 2 7
30_40 0 0 11 42
40_50 0 0 5 19
50_75 0 0 8 30
Table-42
The above table shows the number & percentage of the patients with a Sperm
count before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 18 patients (69%) has the sperm count 8 to
10 million / ml & after the treatment no patients has the same sperm count. Before the treatment 4
patients (15%) has the sperm count 11 to 13 million / ml, 4 patients (15%) with the sperm count 15
to 18 million before the treatment & after the treatment no patients were having the same sperm
count. Before the treatment no patients were reported with the sperm count 20 to 30, 30 to 40, 40 to
50 & 50 to 75 million / ml & after the treatment 2 patients (7%) having the same sperm count 20 to
30, 11 patients (42 %) were having the sperm count 30 to 40, 5 patients ( 19% ) were having the
sperm count 40 to 50 & 8 patients (30%) were having the sperm count 50 to 75.
Distribution based on sperm count
80 69 No,of
patient B.T
Percentage
60 42 %
40 30
18 15 15 19 No, of
20 7 11 8
00 4 00 4 00 002 00 005 00 patient A.T
0 %
8 _10 11_13 15_18 20_30 30_40 40_50 50_75
Sperm million
Graph-25
116
Observation based on Viability

No, of patient B.T % No, of patient A.T %
2 7.6 0 0
12 46.1 16 61
12 46.1 10 38
Table-43
The above table shows the number & percentage of the patients with a Sperm viability
before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 2 patients (7.6 %) having the sperm
viability 40 to 60 % & after the treatment no patients has the same sperm viability. Before
the treatment 12 patients (46 %) having the sperm viability 60 to 85 % & after the
treatment 16 patients (61%) has the same sperm viability. Before the treatment 12 patients
(46 %) having the sperm viability 85 to 95 % & after the treatment 10 patients(38%) has
the same sperm viabilitys by the observation it is comes to know that viability increased
after the treatment
Distribution based on Vaibility
80
No, of patients
61 No, of
60 46.1 46.1 patient B.T
38 %
40
20 12 16 12 10 No, of
2 7.6 0 0
patient A.T
0 %
40-60 60-85 85-95
Sperm %
Graph-26
117
Observation of patients based on Motility

Sperm motility No of patients B.T % No, of patients A.T %
30_40 17 65.3 0 0
40_60 8 30.7 21 88.7
60_80 1 3.8 5 19.2
Table-44
The above table shows the number & percentage of the patients with a Sperm
motility before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 17 patients (65.3 %) having the
sperm motility 30 to 40 & after the treatment no patients has the same sperm motility.
Before the treatment 8 patients (30.7 %) having the sperm motility 40 to 60 & after the
treatment 21 patients(88.7 %) has the same sperm motility. Before the treatment 1 patients
(3.8 %) having the sperm motility 60 to 80 & after the treatment 5 patients(19.2%) has the
same sperm motility. So by the observation it is comes to know that motility increased after
the treatment.
Distribution based on motility
100 88.7
No, of patients
No of
80 65.3
patients B.T
60 %
40 30.7
17 21 19.2
8 No, of
20 0 0 1 3.8 5
0 patients A.T
%
30_40 40_60 60_80
Motility in %
Graph-27
118
Statistical result after the Treatment.
S.No Parameter Mean S.D S.E t.value P.value Remarks
1 Abstinence 0.769 0.429 0.084 9.15 < 0.001 Highly significant

period
2 Semen volume 0.807 0.285 0.056 14.41 < 0.001 Highly significant
3 Sperm count 44.26 13.83 2.71 16.33 < 0.001 Highly significant
4 Viability 5.65 8.423 1.652 3.42 < 0.001 Highly significant
5 Motility 17.46 9.802 1.922 9.084 < 0.001 Highly significant
6 Sexual Desire 1.5 0.812 0.159 9.43 < 0.001 Highly significant
7 Erection 1.5 0.509 0.1 15.0 < 0.001 Highly significant
8 Ejaculation 1.615 0.697 0.136 11.875 < 0.001 Highly significant
9 Rigidity 1.423 0.503 0.098 14.52 < 0.001 Highly significant
10 Orgasm 1.692 0.679 0.133 12.72 < 0.001 Highly significant
Table-45
All the parameters with in the group shows highly significant accept the
parameter liquification time, assume that the treatment is not responsible for increase or
decrease in the observations, for this we used paired t test. The parameter count shows highly
significant than the other parameters (by comparing the tvalue) & also it is having uniform
effect (by comparing co-efficient of variation). The mean effect of count is more than the other
parameter & it is having more variation.
The effect of desire & erecting is same even though the differ in
variation, the parameter viability shows not having stable effect in the group.
119
Result
S.No No.of Patients % Result

1 8 30 Marked improved
2 11 42 Moderate improved
3 5 19 Improved
4 2 7 No change
Table-46
Result:
With above observation the results are comes in this way i.e out of 26 patients 8 patients are
improved markedly,11 patients are improved moderately, 5 patients are improved & 2 patients are
resulted as a no change.
No change 7% Result Marked improved

Improved 19% 30%
1
2
3
4
42 Moderate improved 42%
Graph-28
120
Discussion
DISCUSSION
The study entitled The preparation, physico chemical analysis of vanga

bhasma & its clinical evaluation in Ksheena shukra ( Oligospermia ) is presented in 4
parts.
1) Literary study
2) Pharmaceutical study
3) Analytical study
4) Clinical study
1. Literary study :
Literary study explained under two headings i,e Drug review & disease review. In
drug review vanga is discussed according to ayurvedic as well as modern concept.
Vanga know to Indians since vedic period as a coating & alloying metal. During
samhita period it was used to prepare anjana patra, Jihwanirlekhana yantra, as it is not
affected by any medias under normal temprature. It is also used as external application in
kushta & Netravyadhis. But its internal therapeutical uses starts after rasashastra period
only. In all rasa texts it is described under pootiloha because of its low melting point &
processing bad smell during molten stage. Vanga has many synonymes among them
Kastira ( Castira ) is one. Which gives the same meaning of the greak word Kassiters.
So the synonyme castira indicates the eastern origion of metal. Vanga bhasma is mainly
indicated in Ksheena shukra & Madhumeha.
According to modern chemistry Tin is a soft ductile white lustrous metal first as a
Kassitors. Remains called it Stannum from which modern symbol Sn has been
derived in 4th century, Tinstone is called Steam tin. Earliast known object made of pure
tin are a Ring piligrim bottle found in Egyptian. The majore ore of Tin is Tinstone
( SnO2) Which contains 3.5 to 10% Tin. Tin belongs to IV A elements in periodic table
with maximum valency of 4.The low melting point of a Tin 2320 c is considered as a
non metallic character. So due to this reason some of the modern authorities consider Tin
as non metal . But except its low melting point other characters are favourable to prove
121
Discussion
the Tin as a metal. According to modern authorities Tin is used for wrapping cigarrates &
other food materials.
Under disease review Ayurvedic concept of Ksheena shukra & modern concept of
Oligospermia is discussed.
There is no direct reference to Ksheena shukra in vedas but treatment about kliabya &
nirveerya purusha is explained in Rigvedha & Atharnava veda. The first direct refference
about ksheena shukra is in Charak samhita, who mentioned nidana, lakshana & treatment
for the same.
Sushruta & Ashtanga sangrhakar included Ksheena shukra in 8 types of shukra
dushti & treatment in vajikarana. Vangasena & Rasavagbhata mentioned about Ksheena
shukra regarding nidana & treatment, but Sharangadhara considered Ksheena shukra as a
separate disease entity. The lakshanas of Ksheena shukras are Medra, Vrushana vedhana,
Maithunaashakti, Chirat praseka, Alpa shukra darshana, Sarakta shukra darshana, Pandu,
Mukhashosha, Shrama etc.
According to modern science, Oligospermia is defined as a condition where the
sperm count is less than 20 million / ml, It comes to know that Ksheena shukra may occur
as a primary disease & secondary disease also. So treatment should be planed according to
the causes.
2. Pharmaceutical study:
Most of the metals & minerals found in yogika avastha, i,e mixed with some other
drugs / admixtures. So some of them may be unwanted & some of them may be toxic in
nature. Shodhana not only intended to remove the impurities or toxic material, but also
makes the metal suitable for further procedure & enhances its potency.
In present study samanya shodhana was carried out by doing nirvapana inTila taila,
Takra, Gomutra, Kanji, Kulaththa kwatha for 7 times in each. & vishesha shodhana with
nirvapana in Haridrayukta Nirgundi swarasa for 3 times.
In the above said medias Tila taila is neutral where as other medias contain several
acidic compounds, hence some of them are acidic in nature. During processing with these
drugs the organic acids act slowly on metal, & helps in attainment of brittleness. Actually
122
Discussion
vanga is neutral towards organic acids in normal temprature, but when it is in molten stage
( 2320 c) it readily reacts with organic acids present in the shodhana medias.
Scum was observed in molten surface, this is because of high temprature molten
Tin reacts with external air ( steam) & liberates hydrogen forming stannous oxide (scum).
Explosive sound is produced because
Melting & pouring
Sn SnO2 + H2
In shodhana media
( aqueous in nature)
When molten metal was poured in shodhana media, it breaks the water molecules &
releases hydrogen gas immediately this produces explosive sounds. The intensity of sound
depends upon the concentration of hydrogen gas released at that time. At the same time
oxygen is reacts with the metal forms stannus oxide i,e SnO2.
Vishesha shodhana is intended to bring diseases specification to drug. In vanga
vishesha shodhana, Nirgundi & Haridra are used where Nirgundi is best vatashamaka & in
rasagranthas while mentioning the vanga in various diseases with different anupana,
Haridra/ Kasturi/ Jatiphala are to be given along with vanga bhasma in Ksheena shukra.
So Haridra used for shodhana not only converts vanga into shodhita form but also helpful
in Ksheena shukra, as it has a vatashamaka property. In this way Nirgundi & Haridra
helps to metigate the vata & pitta dosha along with Vangabhasma, Hence Nirgundi &
Haridra are selected for this procedure.
Jarana:
In this procedure Vanga is converted into powder form, for this vanga is subjected to
melting, & adding yavakuta churna of Apamarga, rubbing vagoriously with iron ladle.
Due to continous heat ( > 4000 c ) specific gravity of metal is going to decrease & mass
volume increase hence metal may loose its metallic bonds. The ash particles of Apamarga
which are non burning in nature may take position in between metallic bonds. Then metal
will loose its toughness which leads to brittelness.
Rubbing with iron ladle vagoriously creat a pressure on brittle elements converting into
powder form. This is irreversible phenomenon.
Weight gain after jarana may be due to presence of ash ( potassium non burning in
nature) contributed by Apamarga.
123
Discussion
Marana:
Number of drugs are prescribed as a bhavana dravyas for vanga marana. In this study
kumari was selected as a bhavana dravya because, it is having best pittashamaka property
& a good binding agent. Ksheena shukra is a resultant of vitiated vata & pitta, so the
kumari was selected for the Marana.
It is observed that there is reduction in quantity of kumari swarasa & bhavana kala on
subscequent putas. It may be due to some chemical reaction between vanga powder &
kumari swarasa. It is observed that after the third puta some part of the vanga metal might
be converted into bhasma, which could not require further reaction so there may be
gradual reduction in requirment of kumari swarasa & bhavana kala, up to the fourth puta
course nature & lusterous was disappeared, after the fourth puta up to the fourth puta
coarse nature & lustrous was disappeared, after fourth puta vanga powder gradually turns
into fine powder and at the 5 to 7 puta fine is turned in to very fine powder of grayish
colour.
Loss of lustourness might be due to conversion of inorganic into organic non
metallic nature of vanga (vijatiya is completely converted into sajatiya).Vanga passes
rekhpurnathwa at5 puta but it do not pass varitara pariksha,so once again it is subjected
to2 more puta then it passed the varitara pariksha.
3. Analytical study :
Ayurvedic organoleptic tests of bhasma proved the total conversion of vanga into
bhasma.The bhasma pariksha like ,varitaratwa ,rekapurnatwa ,shlakshnatwa, confirmes
the microfine nature of bhasma & gatarasatwa test indicates complete loss of metallic
taste, vanga bhasma was subjected to the test Loss on drying 1100c.It was evident that
weight loss is very minimum i.e 0.06 which indicacates bhasma is completly free from
the moisture.
To conform the complete conversion of Vanga into Vangabhasma sample is subjected
to Loss on ignition at 10000 c after performing the test it is observed that there is no
weight loss in the drug. So it indicates Vanga is completely converted into Vanga bhasma.
To confirm the geneunity of vanga bhasma, sample was subjected to Acid insoluble
ash test. Which proved that sample has very least acid insoluble ash value 20.43 which
indicates siliceous matter is very low & bhasma is genieun one.
124
Discussion
When the sample (vanga bhasma) is subjected to test assay for Tin. The value obtained
indicates this sample contains 78.12% organic Tin.
To confirm the Rekhapurnatwa / Shookshmatwa of bhasma. Vanga bhasma was
subjected to Finess of particle test . This test was done in microscope. it is evident that
the partical size of Vanga bhasma is Arithmetic mean 114.6 micrometer, mean volume
surface diameter 118.66 micrometer. So by this test it is known that vanga bhasma
particles are very fine in nature, which is able to enter into the small capillaries & rate of
absorption of drug is directly propotional to the particle size of drug. As the vanga bhasma
particle size is very fine so the absorption is also quick.
The dose of vanga bhasma is only 125 mg bid, so it is difficult to dispense this much
small quantity of drug. To over come from this problem Vanga bhasma is capsulated &
dispensed. Before doing the capsulation it is tested either drug is fit for capsulation are
not, is acessed by the simple physical test i.e flow property of the drug by Angle of
repose & flow rate by compressability index I . Vanga bhasma has a good flow
property because the angle of repose Tan 0 = 25.65 + 0.95& Flow rate I has the value
7.38%, so Vanga bhasma has good flow rate so it can be filled in a hard gelatine capsules.
As the Vanga bhasma is filled in a capsule, so to evaluate the disintegration time of
the capsules was checked by the apparatus called disintegrater.By the observation it is
evident that capsules are disintegrate within 15 minutes. So vanga bhasma is expected
distribute quickly all over the body as it has a very fine particles & disintegration time is
also very small.
4. Clinical study:
In this study 26 % patients of Ksheena shukra were selected & clinically evaluated,
on observation it is found that some factors are very important from the point of view of
clinical study.
Medical history: It helps to diagnose the cause of male infertility, so physician should
take careful complete medical history regarding long term medication, any previous
surgeries, chronic illness & question should be asked about childhood illness &
development of viral disorders such as mumps, orchitis. Testicular injury or torsion,
undescended testis, Orchiopexy physician should enquire about onset of puberty & recent
125
Discussion
medical history like infection, high fever, venereal diseases, tuberculosis etc. Physician
also enqures about family history.
Aharatmaka hetu: Asatmya ahara sevana, rooksha, laghu, tikta, kashaya & lavana rasa
atisevana leads to shukra dushti. Most of these rasas having least dhatu poshana guna so
may causes Ksheena shukra. Consumption of alcohol, tobacco chewing, smoking causes
damage in leyding cells of the testis resulting into less production of sperm or alter the
spermatogenesis. It is observed that most of the patient having the above mentioned
habits. Consumption of asatmya ahara i.e incompertability of food or regimens converts
into endotoxine & definite the alter the dhatu utpatti.
Viharatmaka hetu : Excessive intercourse, intercourse at improper time, intercourse in

other than the vagina or perverted sexual activities are all found in persons who are having
the very poor will power or satva bala these persons are much prone to get sexual disease
or simple genital track infection, excessive vyayama leads to dhatu kshaya.
Manasika hetu: Stress & exercise can interrupt the normal production of hormones from
the hypothalamus & the pituitary. The natural narcotics released by the brain to minimize
the pain & stress, this may block the normal release of GnRH. Which is essential for
maintaining the spermatogenesis in male. In present study psychological factors having
the significant values as more patients fall under the stress category.
Demographic: It was observed in the study that many patients are of the age group 31 to
40 years, & that too having a history of 3 to 5 years duration of marriage. This is clear
evidence that the discussed diet & psyco-social, economical factors of distribution in the
observations & results sections are establishing.
When patients were classified as per occupation. They mainly belongs to either
labour group or to the intellectual group. Where strain, stress plays an important role.
Many middle class people recorded to have the urge to reach the higher economical
condition & to utilize the ultramodern equipments which causes more stress & strain.
126
Discussion
Present medicament i.e Vanga bhasma offered good values to the patients with such above
said classifications & works ultimately to improve the semen count.
The clinical assessment observations, reveals there was significant reduction in
chief complaints like sexual desire, erection, ejaculation, rigidity & orgasm. Which was
statistically significant at the rate P < 0.001 & even objective parameters also statistically
significant with the same P value.
Probable mode of action of vanga bhasma:

In the present study an effort has been made to discuss the probable mode of action
of vanga bhasma on ksheena shukra (oligospermia).The pharmco dynamic properties of
vanga bhasma is as follows.
Due to tikta rasa, kashyarasa ,sheetavirya ,laghu guna & rooksha guna vangabhasma
mitigates pitta . By virtue of its lavanarasa ,ushna guna it mitigates vata &also by its balya
guna .
The drugs which are used in the shodhana ,jarana & marana have the
property of vata & pitta shamaka guna ,as the ksheenashukra is a resultant of vitiated vata
& pitta.
In the prsent study vanga bhasma is given with milk as anupana the
milk has madhura rasa .snigdha guna & sheeta virya .Which mitigates the vitiated vata &
pitta dosha. It is medhya, vrishya, rasayana & shukra doshanashaka, Milk is a shukra
vardhaka & also is pathya for the vata pittajavyadhi. Hence vanga bhasma & milk is the
best remedy for ksheena shukra, which enhances the quality & quantity of shukra.
127
Discussion
CONCLUSION
1. Metals hold the precious place in the Rasashastra & they are having definite therapeutic
value in bhasma form, as the bhasma is the end product of the metal, which is obtained
after the several processes like, shodhana, jarana & marana.
2. During pharmaceutical procedure i.e shodhana, the medias used for shodhana certainly
have a role in detoxifying the metal. Making the metal suitable for the next process and
may induce the special disease curing property.
3. Jarana of vanga with apamarga panchanga churna definitely helps to convert the vanga
into vanga powder.
4. During marana, bhavana with kumari swarasa helps to convert the vanga powder into fine
powder and may induce the pittashamaka guna.
5. By the phisico-chemical study it is evident that, the prepared vanga bhasma is genuine one
and for convenience it can be dispensable in capsule form.
6. As the vanga bhasma & anupana dravya has vata-pitta shamaka properties & reduction in
the subjective signs & symptoms of Ksheenashukra patients it is proved that vanga
bhasma is a good remedy for Ksheenashukra.
7. The statistical result evidence proved that, the vanga bhasma is highly significant for all
the subjective and the objective parameters with P value < 0.001. So it is very good
remedy for Ksheenashukra (Oligospermia).
128
Discussion
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1. In this study how the Vanga bhasma is having the Shukra janana property is
not accessed by the modern view. So it is better to establish this point in
further study.
2. As the vanga bhasma has shukra janana property. So further study on

Azospermia can be taken.
3.For better understanding about the structural variation of vanga bhasma,

during and after the pharmaceutical procedure respective samples at various
stages are to be analyzed for crystallographic structure using respective
instruments.
129
Discussion
SUMMARY
The present study entitled The preparation of psysico-chemical analysis of

vanga bhasma and its clinical evaluation in Ksheena shukra. (Oligospermia).
In this study an attempt was made to prepare genuine vanga bhasma by
following the classical procedures, its geneniuty was confirmed by physico-chemical
analysis, and its clinical efficacy was checked by clinical study.
1. In the introduction part aims & objectives of the Rasashastra, importance of bhasma,
different rasamurchana, description of Ksheena shukra & necessity for the assortment of
this research work is explained in brief.
2. Aims & Objectives of the present study are mentioned in the Objective chapter.
3. Review of Literature is dealt in two main headings i.e. Drug Review and Disease Review.
a) The chapter Drug review deals about the concept of vanga both in ayurveda & modern
view, i.e about the first reference of vanga, its first material, occurance, synonyms
according to different authorities, grahya & agrahy lakshana, classification,
pharmacological properties and pharmaceutical processes according to different acharyas
i.e shodhana, jarana and marana, including its indication in different diseases with various
anupana is explained in detail.
b) Next part of the chapter deals about the modern view of tin and its reactions
with chemicals including detection of tin compound is explained.
c) Disease review deals about etomology, definition of Ksheena shukra direct and
indirect references including its historical background, nidana, roopa,
samprapti and line of treatment according to various authorities.
d) In the same chapter next part deals about the modern concept of Ksheena
shukra i.e. Oligospermia starting from definition, causative factors, signs &
symptoms and treatment.
130
Discussion
3. METHODOLOGY:- It deals about pharmaceutical, analytical & clinical study.

a. In pharmaceutical study detail explanation about vanga shodhana, jarana,
marana is explained.
b. The analytical study deals about chemical analysis of vanga bhasma carried out
in Ore dressing division Nagapur & at Indian bureau of mines regional Ore
dressing laboratory Bangalore.
b. In clinical study, repeated special camps was conducted by post graduate
department of Rasashastra. D.G.M.A.M.C and Hospital Gadag. The patients
of Ksheenashukra after the complete diagnose were selected. The clinical
study was done administering vanga bhasma 125 mg bid with anupana. Milk
for 45 days and the patients were accessed for the same.
4. Results: Patients were observed on the basis of various angle i.e. demographic and
various disease relevant points. The patients were assessed according to the subjective
& objective criteria and results are given with the help of statistical values P & S.D
etc.
5. Discussion: First drug & disease discussion has been done in both the view i.e ayurvedic as
well as modern aspect. In the part of pharmaceutical discussion. rationalities behind
shodhana, jarana & marana were discussed appropriately. In analytical discussion role
of physico-chemical analysis of vanga bhasma is discussed and in clinical discussion,
discussion about the Ksheenashukra patients as well as probable mode of action of
vanga bhasma in Ksheena shukra is explained.
6. Conclusion: The essence of the research work has been reported.
131
Bibliography
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Master chart-1 .
Demographic Data of Vanga bhasma on Ksheena shukra.
S.No OPD Age Religion Occuption S.Eco-status Education Ahara Result
No.
H M C O 1 2 3 S1 S2 S3 E1 E2 E3 V Mx a b c d
1 3814 38 + + + + + +
2 4544 35 + + + + + +
3 1264 31 + + + + + +
4 1480 30 + + + + + +
5 1507 30 + + + + + +
6 1354 45 + + + + + +
7 2037 40 + + + + + +
8 2065 38 + + + + + +
9 2084 45 + + + + + +
10 2112 42 + + + + + +
11 2121 44 + + + + + +
12 2239 35 + + + + + +
13 2347 42 + + + + + +
14 2391 34 + + + + + +
15 2392 35 + + + + + +
16 2499 45 + + + + +
17 2596 34 + + + + + +
18 2611 39 + + + + + +
19 2618 35 + + + + + +
20 2705 32 + + + + + +
21 3284 31 + + + + + +
22 3287 29 + + + + +
23 3286 31 + + + + + + +
24 3435 38 + + + + + +
25 3437 38 + + + + + +
26 3488 32 + + + + + +
H-Hindu, M-Muslim, C-Christian, O-Others, 1- Labor, 2-Clerical, 3-Intelectual, S1-Poor, S2-Middle, S3- Higher, E1-Under
educated, E2- Educated, E3-Highly qualified, V-Vegetarian, Mx-Mixed diet. a-Marked improved, b-Moderate improved, C-Improved,
D-No change.
Master chart-2
Chief complaints in Ksheena shukra and effect of Vanga bhasma.

Sl. OP Desire Erection Ejaculation Rigidity Orgasm Result
No D.
No
0 15 30 45 60 0 15 30 45 60 0 15 30 45 60 0 15 30 45 60 0 15 30 45 60 a b c d
1 3814 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 +
2 4544 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 +
3 1264 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 4 5 5 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 +
4 1480 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 +
5 1507 1 2 3 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 1 2 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 +
6 1354 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 +
7 2037 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 +
8 2065 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 +
9 2084 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 +
10 2112 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 +
11 2121 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 +
12 2239 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 +
13 2347 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 +
14 2391 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 4 4 +
15 2392 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 +
16 2499 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 +
17 2596 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 +
18 2611 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 +
19 2618 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 +
20 2705 1 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 +
21 3284 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 3 3 4 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 +
22 3287 3 3 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 3 5 5 +
23 3286 1 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 2 2 3 4 4 +
24 3435 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 +
25 3437 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 +
26 3488 3 3 3 4 4 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 4 5 5 2 2 4 4 4 1 2 3 4 4 +
27 Total 8 11 5 2
0-60=Days, 1-5=Grading, a=Markedly improved, b=Moderate improved, c=Improved, d=No change.

Master chart-3
History of previous illness and Habits, of Ksheenashukra patient
S.No OPD.No A B C D E F G H I J K L M 1 2 3
1 3814 - + - - - - - - - - - - - + - -
2 4544 - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 1264 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + -
4 1480 - + - - - + - - - - - - - - + -
5 1507 - + - - - - - - - - - - - + - +
6 1354 - - + - - - - - - - - + - + - -
7 2037 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + -
8 2065 - + - - - - - - - - - - + - - -
9 2084 - + + - - + - - - - - - - + - +
10 2112 - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + -
11 2121 - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
12 2239 - - - - - - - - - - - + - - + -
13 2347 - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + +
14 2391 - - - - - + - - - - - - - + - -
15 2392 - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - -
16 2499 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + -
17 2596 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
18 2611 - + - - - + - - - - - - - - - +
19 2618 - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + -
20 2705 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + -
21 3284 - + - - - - - - - - - - - + + -
22 3287 - + - - - - - - - - - + - - + -
23 3286 - - - - + - - - - - - - - - +
24 3435 - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - -
25 3437 - + - - - - - - - - - - - - + -
26 3488 - + - - - - - - - - - - - + -
27 Total 0 13 2 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 8 13 5
A- Mumps, B-typhoid, C-Tuberculasis D-Thyroid disorder, E Diabetes mellitus, F Liver disorder, G STD, H-Epididymo-
orchitis, J-Cryptoorchidisim, K-Varicocele , L Scrotal injury, M Other disorders. 1- Alcohol , 2 Tubbaco chewing, 3 Smoking.
Master chart-4
Sexual history and effect of Vanga bhasma in Ksheenashukra patient.
OPD S.S.C H/O D.O.M P.C F.O.C A.O.P S.D E.J EAW
No.
N D E M M1 M2 M3 M4 C1 C2 F F2 F F4 P1 P2 S1 S2 S3 E1 E2 E3 E4 A A A
1 3 1 2 3
3814 + - - - - - + - - - - + - - - + - + - - - - + - - +
4544 + - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - +
1264 + - - - + - - - + - - - - + - - + - - - + - - - - +
1480 + - - + + - - - - - - - - + - - + - - + - - - - - +
1507 + - - + + - - - - - - - - + - - - + - - + - - - - +
1354 + - - - - - - + - - + - - - + - - + - - - + - + - -
2037 + - - - - - + - + - - + - - - - - + - - - - + - - +
2065 + - - - - - + - - - - + - - - + - + - - - + - - - +
2084 + - - - - - - + - - + + - - + - - + - - - - + + - -
2112 + - - + - - - + - - - + - - - - - + - - - - + - - +
2121 + - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - + - - - - + - - +
2239 + - - - - + - - + - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - +
2347 + - - - - - - + - - - + - - - - - + - - - - + - - +
2391 + - - + + - - - - - - - + - - - - + - - - - + - - +
2392 + - - - + - - - + - - - + - - - - + - - + - - - - +
2499 + - - - - - - + - - - + - - - + - + - - + - - + - -
2596 + - - - - + - - + - - - + - - - - + - - + - - - - +
2611 + - - - - - + - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - + - - +
2618 + - - - - - - + - - + - - - + - - + - - - - + + - +
2705 + - - - + - - - + - - - - + - + - + - - - - + - - +
3284 + - - + + - - - - - - - - + - - + - - - - - + - - +
3287 + - - + + - - - - - - - - + - - - - + + - - - - - +
3286 + - - + - - - + + - - - - + - - + - - + - - - - - +
3435 + - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - + - - + - - - - +
3437 + - - - - - + - - - - + - - - + - + - - + - - - - +
3488 + - - + + - - - - - - - - + - - - + - - - - + - - +
Total 26 0 0 8 9 3 6 8 7 0 3 9 6 9 3 5 4 21 1 3 7 2 14 4 0 2
2
S.S.C. Secondary sexual characters. H/O History of . D.O.M Duration of marriage, P.C Previous
conception, F.O.C. Frequency of coitus. A.O.P Association of pain, S.D- Sexual desire, EJ Ejaculation, E.A.W
Ejaculation Associated With, N-Normal, D Delayed, E-Early, M Mastrbution, M1- 1 year, M2 1- 3 year, M3
3-5 year, M4 - > 5 year, C1- Abortion, C2- Miscarriage, F1 Every 15 days, F2 1-2 times / week, F3 3
times/week. F4 5 times/ week, P1 Before Coitus, P2 After Coitus, S1 Normal, S2 Decreased, S3
Increased, E1 Normal, E2 Premature ejaculation, E3 Retrograde Ejaculation, E4 Delayed Ejaculation, A1
Pain, A2 Burning, A3 Weakness.
Master chart-5
Ksheena shukra lakshana & effect of Vanga bhasma
O.P.D. A B C D E F G H I J K L REMARKS
No
B.T A.T B.T A.T B. A.T B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B.T A.T B.T A. B. A. B. A. B A.T
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T .T
3814 + - - - - - - - + - - - - - + - + - + - + - - - Moderate imp
4544 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,,
1264 - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - + - - - - - - - Marked imp
1480 - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - Moderate imp
1507 - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - + - + - - - - - Marked imp
1354 + - + + - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - Unchanged
2037 + - + - - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - + - - - Moderate imp
2065 + - - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - ,,
2084 + - + + - - - - + - - - - - - - + - + - + - - - Unchanged
2112 + + - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - Improved
2121 + - + - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - ,,
2239 - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - Moderate imp
2347 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,,
2391 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - Marked imp
2392 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - Moderate imp
2499 + - + + - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - Improved
2596 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - Moderate imp
2611 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - Improved
2618 + - + - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - + - - - ,,
2705 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - Marked imp
3284 - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - ,,
3287 - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - + - - - + - - - ,,
3286 - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,,
3435 - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - Moderate imp
3437 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - + - + - - - ,,
3488 + - - - - + - - - + - - - - + - + - - - - - - - Marked imp
Total 10 7 2 7 1 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 12 0 12 0 6 0 10 0 0 0
. A Medravrishana, b Maithuna ashakti c Chiraath shukra, D-Aprasekha, E-Alpa shukra srava, F- Sa.Rakta sukra srava, g-Medra
vrishana Dhumayam, H-Panduta, I Dourbalya, J- Mukha shosha, K Sharma, L Klaiby
Master chart-6
Semen analysis and effect of Vanga bhasma on Ksheena shukra.
A B C D E F Results
S.NO OPD B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T B.T A.T a1 a2 a3 a4
1 3814 3 4 2 2.5 30 30 11 60 75 75 70 80 +
2 4544 5 4 1 2.5 30 30 8 48 40 80 40 60 +
3 1264 5 4 1.5 2.5 30 30 10 78 75 88 40 65 +
4 1480 4 4 1.5 2.5 30 30 9 48 80 80 30 50 +
5 1507 4 4 0.5 1.5 30 30 9 68 60 80 40 70 +
6 1354 3 4 1.5 2 30 30 9 30 85 80 35 55 +
7 2037 4 3 1.5 2 30 30 10 48 95 80 30 45 +
8 2065 4 3 1.5 2.5 30 30 12 60 80 85 40 55 +
9 2084 5 4 1 2 30 30 9 28 95 85 45 50 +
10 2112 3 4 1 2 30 30 8 40 80 85 30 50 +
11 2121 5 4 1.5 2 30 30 10 40 85 78 45 65 +
12 2239 4 3 1.5 2.5 30 30 15 60 80 85 45 55 +
13 2347 4 4 1.5 2 30 30 13 60 85 85 40 55 +
14 2391 5 4 1.5 2 30 30 9 70 80 85 40 55 +
15 2392 4 4 1.5 2 30 30 10 50 85 85 35 50 +
16 2499 3 4 1 1.5 30 30 8 30 85 85 40 50 +
17 2596 5 4 1.5 2 30 30 10 55 80 80 40 55 +
18 2611 3 4 1.5 2 30 30 11 40 80 80 35 60 +
19 2618 4 5 1 1.5 30 30 8 38 85 85 40 50 +
20 2705 3 4 1.5 2.5 30 30 10 70 80 80 50 60 +
21 3284 4 4 1.5 2.5 30 30 15 68 80 80 45 55 +
22 3287 5 4 1.5 2.5 30 30 15 75 85 85 40 60 +
23 3286 3 4 1.5 2.5 30 30 18 68 85 85 45 58 +
24 3435 4 3 1 2 30 30 8 58 80 80 40 60 +
25 3437 5 4 1 2 30 30 8 59 85 85 45 65 +
26 3488 4 4 1.5 2.5 30 30 10 75 85 85 45 55 +
27 Total 105 101 35 56 780 780 264 1424 2090 2119 1034 1488 8 11 5 2
A Abstinence period(days), B Volume(ml), C Liquefaction, D Count(million/ml), E
Viability(percentage), F Motility(%), a1 Marked improved, a2 Moderate improved, a3 Improved,
a4 No change.
A1 50-75(Sperm count/ml), A3 30 40, (Sperm count /million/ml)
A2 40-60 (Sperm count million/ml), A4 20-30 (Sperm count /million/ml)
Special clinical trail proforma for Ksheenashukra
Post graduate and research center(Rasashastra)
Shri D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College,Gadag.
Guide : Dr.M.C.Patil Candidate :K.S. Santoji

M.D.(Ayu) P.G.Scholar
01. Name: Sl.No :
02. Fathers Name: O.P.D No. :
03.Age : D.O.I:
04.Sex : Male D.O.C:
Place:
05. Religion: Hindu Muslim Christian Others
06. Occupation Labour Clirical Intelectual Business Others
07. Socio-economical Status: Poor Middle Higher
08. Education: Undereducated Educated Higher qualified
09. Residential Address:
Telephone:
10. Result:
Well responded Responded Not responded
11. Consent:
I -------- ---------------------- Exercise my free will in the said study,
I have been informed to my satisfaction by attending the purpose of the clinical evaluation and
nature of drug treatment. I am also aware of my right to quit at any time during the schedule.
Investigators Signature Patients Signature

12. Chief complaints:
Sl.No. Complaints P/A Duration

Sexual dysfunction
1. Ejaculation.
a) No ejaculation no penetration
b) Ejaculation without penetration.
c) Ejaculation with penetration at improper

time
d) Early ejaculation with less quantity of

semen.
e) Normal ejakulation with normal timings.
2. Chirat shukra presekha
Shukra aprasekha.
3. Alpha shukra presekha.
4. Sarakta shukra presekha.
5. Sexual desire.
a) No interest at all.
b) Lakh of interest.
c) Interest in sex but no activity.
d) Interest only on demand of partner.
e) Self and partner normal interest.
f) Excess interest.
6. Maithuna ashakti.
7. Medra vrishan vedhana.
8. Medra vrishan dhumayam.

9. Erection.
a) No erection at all.
b) Erection with artificial methods.
c) Erectin but unable to penetrate.
d) Erection with occasional failures.
e) Erection whenever desired.
10. Shepas Sthabdhata.
11. Rigidity.
a) Unable to maintain erection.
b) Some loss in erection but too act.
c) Able to continue the act.
d) Able to continue the act without getting the
desire effect.
e) Able to continue the act till the desirable

fulfills.
f) Able to continue the act to get the perfect

orgasm.
12. Orgasm.
a) No enjoyment at all.
b) Lack of enjoyment.
c) Enjoyment in 25% of acts.
d) Enjoyment in 50% of acts.
e) Enjoyment in 75% of acts.
f) Enjoyment in 100% of acts.

13. Associated complaints:

1 Panduta
2 Dourbalya
3 Mukha shosha
4 Shrama
5 Sadana
6 Others
14. Vedana Vrittanta:
15. Poorva Vyadhi Vrittanta & Chikitsa Vrittanta:
Sl.No Disease Sl.No. Disease

1 Mumps 8 Epididymo-orchitis
2 Typhoid 9 Prostatis
3 T.B. 10 Crypto-orchitis
4 Thyroid disorders 11 Vericoceal
5 D.M. 12 Scrotal injuries
6 H.T. 13 Others
7 Liver disorders
0.1 Oushadha Vrittanta.(If any)
0.2 Shastra Chikitsa Vrittanta.(If any)
16. Kula Vrittanta.

17. Personal History.
A) Ahara: Vegetarian Mixed diet Dominent Resen food
B) Nidra: Sukha Alpa Ati Vaishamya
C) Vyasana: Smoking Alcohol Tobacco No habit
D) Occupational History:
1)Type of employment:
2)Work involving any mental strain:
E) Sexual history:
a)Adolescence history & Secondary sexual characters:

Normal Delayed Early
b)Mastrubution:
c)Vaiaktika sthiti:
a) Number of marriages with duration:
i)
ii)
iii)
b) History of previous conception: Abortion -- Miscarriage--
c) Coital history: 1) Frequency of coitus:
2) State of mind during coitus: Interest Not interest Casual
During coitus After coitus

3) Association of pain:
4) sexual desire: Normal Decrease Increase Perverted
d) Ejaculation: Normal Premature Retrograde Delayed
e) Ejaculation associated with : Pain Burning Weakness
F) Psychological history exposure to:
Stress Strain Anger Fear Jealously

18. General Examination:-
Pulse B.P Temp Resp. rate

Height Weight Heart beat rate
Jathragni : Manda Teekshna Vishma Sama

Ashtasthana pareeksha:
Nadi
Mootra
Mala
Jihwa
Shabda
Sparsha
Drika
Akruti
19. Atura bala pareeksha:
Prakriti: V P K VP KP VK VPK
Sara: Pravara Madhyma Avara
Samhanana: Pravara Madhyma Avara
Satmya: Pravara Madhyma Avara
Satwa: Pravara Madhyma Avara
Vyayama shakti: Pravara Madhyma Avara
Vaya: Bala Youvana Vrudda
Desha: Jangala Anupa Sadharana

20. Systemic Examination:
1) Respiratory System
2) Cardio Vascular System
3) Digestive System
4) Nerous System
5) Male Genetal System Examination:
01. Penis:
a. Skin: Normal Redness Swelling Phimosis Paraphimosis Smegma
b. Urethral meatus : Normal Hypospadis Epispadis
c. Bulbocavernous reflex :
02.Scrotal examination :
a. Skin : Normal Lessfold Nodules Redness Ulcertion
b.Pigmentation: Normal Hyper Hypo
c. Sac : Lt
Normal Sagging Hydroceal
Rt
d. Hernia : Right Direct Indirect
Left Direct Indirect
e. Cremastic reflex :
03. Testis:
a. Position : Normal Retracted Criptoorchid
b. Surface :
Smooth Nodular
c. Palpation: Normal Retracted Criptoorchid
d. Consistency:
Firm Soft
04. Epididymis:
Palpation Tender Nontender
05. Spermatic cord: Normal Thickened Vericocale
06. Vasa: Palpation Tender Nontender
07. Rectum examination: (Prostate gland)
a. Concistency: Normal Hard Boggy
b. Palpation: Tender Nontender
c. Surface: Smooth Nodular Other impressions
21. Sroto Pareeksha:
Sl.No Srotas Observed lakshana
01. Pranavaha
02. Udakavaha srotas
03 Manovaha srotas
04 Rasavaha srotas
05 Raktavaha srotas
06 Mamsavaha srotas
07 Medovaha srotas
08 Asthivaha srotas
09 Majjavaha srotas
10 Shukravaha srotas
11 Mootravaha srotas
12 Swedavaha srotas
13 Purishavaha srotas
22.Vikrititaha Pareeksha:
I) Nidana
Sl. No Ahrara P/A S.I No Vihara P/A

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II) Roopam
Sl. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
III) Samprapti
Dosha Dushya
Adhistana Srotas
Srotodushti Rogamarga
IV) Upashaya & Anupashaya:
V) Upadrava
VI) Arishta Lakshanas:
VII) Sadhyasadyata:
Investigations for inclusive and exclusive criteria
01. Blood
HB %-------------- T.C--
ESR --------------- D.C--
RBC -------------- RBS--
V.D.R.L---------
02. Urine
Albumin----------- Sugar--
Microscopic-------
23 .Investigation for assessment-
Sl.No Investigation for analysis B.T A.T

Semen analysis report
01 Collection
02 Method of collection
03 Time of collection
04 Time of examination
05 Appearance
06 Volume
07 Viscosity
08 Liquefaction time
09 PH
10 Semon microscopic
11 a. Total sperm concentration

million.
12 b. Sperm Vaibility(%)
13 Sperm motility
14 Fructose test
24. Shukra pareeksha:
01. Varna: Phenila Aruna Krishna Neela

Haritha Shyama Gairkodaka Shonita
02. Temperature: Ushna Sheeta

03. Appearance: Bahala Tanu Granthila Drava
04. Liquifaction: Sheegra skandhi Samanya Askandi
05. Odour: Madhu Pooti Mootrapurisha
25.Treatment protocol:
Name of the drug --- Vanga Bhasma.
Dosage125mg./ b.i.d
Anupana- Milk.
Date of examination Date Quantity of medicine Comments
15th day
30th day
45th day
60th day
Signature of Guide Signature Scholar

Vangabhasma Oligospermiars001gdg 121228213909 Phpapp02

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Department of Post Graduate D.G.M.

Ayurvedic Medical College &

I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-

by me under the guidance of Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor & HOD, Department of

I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-

I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-

Seal & Signature of the HOD. Seal & Signature of the

I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

VANGA BHASMA AND ITS CLINICAL EVALUATION IN

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA

D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH CENTER. GADAG 582103

inspired during the course of this thesis.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Prof.Dr.M.C.Patil. MD(Ayu)

valuable thought provoking critical suggestions, made me to complete this work.

I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr.Girish .N

.Danappagiudar.MD(Ayu). Lecturer in Rasashastra, PG studies & Research center DGMAMC,

have been very useful.

I am thankful to Dr.G.B.Patil principal, DGMAMC, PGSRC,Gadag, for

providing all necessary facilities for this research work.

I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof.Dr.R.K.Gachchinamath

valuable suggestions & advises.

It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr. Dilipkumar B.

I acknowledge the valuable help given to me by my best friends Dr.

their support during my PG study.

I am greatful for the support and advise given by Dr. S.H.Doddamani MD

all the time during this work.

study, for which I will be ever greatful to him.

I wish to convey thanks to all UG & PG lectures of DGMAMC, Gadag, for

their timely help & constant co-operation during my PG work.

I sincerely thank my beloved classmates Dr. K.M.Jaggal, Dr. P. Koteshwar

I am also thankful to scholars of PG Dept. of Rasashastra who have directly

I am glad to express my heartiest thanks to Dr. Chandur Medical pharma .

I wish to convey my thanks to beloved librarian, Sri. V.M.Mundinamani,

B.S.Tippanagouda, Lab technician, who extended this co-operation in investigations.

I tender my sincere thanks to Nandakumar, statistician for his help in

statistical evaluation & results.

consent for enrolling in this clinical study & obedience to advises.

I am highly indebted to my beloved parents brothers sisters & other family

my thesis in such a elegant way.

indirectly with apologies for my ability to identify them individually.

affection rendered through out my career.

1. R.T - Rasa Tarangini

Sl.N0. Topic Page. No.

2. Shodhana media according to various authorities. 15

3. Drugs used in Jarana of Vanga. 17

4. Pharmacological properties of Vanga. 22

5. Indication of Vanga bhasma in various diseases. 24

6. Ores of Tin & their occurrence. 32

7. Physical properties of Tin 36

10. Detection of Tin compounds 39

11. Qualities of Shuddha shukra 55

12. Ksheenashukra lakshana 59

13. Loss of Vanga in various practicles 75

14. Changes during Jarana 77

15. Observation of Vanga during puta 80

16. Ayurvedic tests of Vanga bhasma 81

17. Observation based on age 91

18. Observation based on Religion 92

19. Observation based on Occupation 93

20. Observation based on Socio-Economic status 94

21. Observation based on Education 95