11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.

Can you describe what an antigen is?

11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals. AND 11.1.U4

Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. AND 11.1.U5
Plasma cells secrete antibodies. AND 11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of
pathogens. AND 11.1.U9 Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.

Can you outline antigen presentation and T lymphocyte activation?

Can you outline B lymphocyte activation?

Can you outline Plasma cell and antibody production?

Can list the four ways in which antibodies can affect the pathogen?

Can you outline how the formation of memory cells leads to immunity?

11.1.A3 Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a
person with a different blood group.

Can you explain why a person with O blood can only receive blood from others with O
blood?
Can you explain why a person with AB blood is able to receive a blood donation from a
person with any blood type?
11.1.U9 Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells. AND 11.1.U10
Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.

Can do describe what is can be in a vaccine and how it can be administered?

Can you outline how a vaccination leads to immunity?

Can you explain why vaccinations often consist of more than a single treatment?

Can you explain why booster shots are needed periodically after the original
vaccination?

11.1.A1 Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated
by vaccination.

Can you state what type of pathogen causes smallpox?

Can you give reasons why other vaccination programmes have not been as successful?
Nature of science: Consider ethical implications of research - Jenner tested his
vaccine for smallpox on a child. (4.5)
Can you outline the important modern ethical concerns of testing
drugs/treatments/vaccinations on humans and how Jenners trials would be in breach of
these concerns?

11.1.S1 Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.

Can you analyse epidemiological data to spot trends and suggest underlying reasons?

11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens.

11.1.U8 Histamines cause allergic symptoms.

Can you define a histamine?

Can you explain the role of histamines in aiding the immune response?

Can you list the symptoms associated with an allergic response?

Can you briefly explain why allergens cause histamine to be released and why this leads
to an allergic response?