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A
INTERNATIONAL
MADE BY_
ARPIT RAJPUT
XII-D
CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL
PAGE 1
ACKNOLEDGMENT
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DECLARATION
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-:CONTENTS:-
1.INTRODUCTION
2.EXPERIMENT-1
3.THEORY
4.EXPERIMENT-2
5.CONCLUSION
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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GENERAL INFORMATION
What Are Oils & Fats?
Alcohol or alkanols may be considered as hydroxyl
derivatives of saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes and
represented by general formula R-OH group.
All alcohols contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) as the
functional group, which determine the general
properties of the family. The remaining part, i.e., other
than the (OH) group is called the hydrocarbon
structure.
Alcohols are classified as mono, di- and trihydric
alcohols according to the number of hydroxyl groups
contained in their molecules. Thus:
C2H5OH CH2OH C2H4(OH)2
Ethyl Alcohol | OR
(Monohydric) CH2OH
Glycol(Dihydric)
CH2OH
|
CH2OH OR C3H5(OH)3
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Glycerol is a trihydric alcohol with three
hydroxyl groups.
Carboxylic (or alkanoic) acids are the organic
compounds containing carboxyl (COOH) group.
They are represented by the general formula R
COOH.
Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids (containing one
carboxyl group) are known as fatty acids because
some of their higher members with long
hydrocarbon chains are obtained from oils and fats.
Members of family of carboxylic acids in which R
contains 15 or more carbon atoms are known as
higher fatty acids. Some common higher fatty acids
are:
C15H31COOH C17H35COOH C17H35COOH
(Palmitic acid) (Oleic acid) (Stearic acid)
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(C17H33COOH), (C17H31COOH),
etc., while
the glycerides forming the fats contain a larger
proportion of saturated acids, such as
(C11H23COOH) (C13H27COOH),
(C15H31COOH) and
(C17H35COOH).
| |
CHOOCC17H35 CHOOCC15H31
| |
CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC15H31
(Stearin or triesterin) (Palmitin or tripalmitin)
For instance:
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CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC15H31
| |
CHOOCC15H31 CHOOCC17H35
| |
CH2OOCC17H35 CH2OOCC17H35
(Oleo-palmito-stearin) (Palmito-distearin)
CH2OOCC17H35
CHOOCC15H31
CH2OOCC15H31
(Stearo-dipalmitin)
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For example,
| | (Sodium palmitate)
| |
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surfaces and consequently diminishes the fraction of
dissimilar cohesive forces at the surface and hence
decreases the surface energy. The adsorption of the
detergent at the solid surface permits wetting of the
surface by water and rolling up of oil films into small
droplets.
Cleansing (or washing) properties of soaps and
detergents depend on the lowering they cause in the
surface tension of water. Greater the lowering in the
value of surface tension, greater will be the cleansing
capacity of the detergent.
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-:EXPERIMENT. 1:-
OBJECTIVE:
i. To prepare soap from oils (say Mahuwa oil,
ground nut oil and coconut oil).
ii. To compare the soap prepared with the market soap
by determining their foaming capacity and
cleaning effect.
APPARATUS:
Beakers, Stalagmometer (drop pipette), test tubes, petri
dishes, stop watch.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
The washing soap is prepared from the following
chemicals:
1. Mahuwa Oil = 100g
2. Caustic Soda = 25g
3. Starch = 25g
4. Water = 150ml
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PROCEDURES:
1. Dissolve caustic soda in 150ml of water. This solution is called lye.
Let this soda lye cool.
2. Warm the oil on flame and mix 50g of starch with it. Remove the
flame and allow the oil to cool.
3. When the oil and soda lye are at about the same temperature
-
.
PRECAUTION:
Caustic soda is very corrosive and should not,
therefore, be touched with bare hands.
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FOAMING CAPACITY
OF DIFFERENT
SOAPS
INTRODUCTION:
Soaps and detergents are used for removing grease
and dirt from our clothes. But all soaps are not equally
effective in their cleansing action.
Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of higher
fatty acids such as (C15H31COOH),
(C17H35COOH), (C17H35COOH) etc.,their
general formula being RCOONa or RCOOK where R is
the longer chain alkyl group i.e. C15H31, C17H33 etc.,
thus, each soap molecule consists of two parts a lipophilic
(oil soluble) part R and a hydrophilic (water soluble) part
COONa or COOK. The cleansing action of the soap depends
upon the solubility of the long alkyl are in grease or oil
droplets and that of COONa or COOK part in water.
The dirt is held on the surface of the cloth by grease or oil
droplets. Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the
non-polar alkyl group dissolves in grease (non-polar) while the
polar COONa group dissolves in water (polar). In this way
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an emulsion is formed between grease and water which appears
as foam. The dirt along with the emulsion is washed away
when the cloth is treated with excess of water.
Thus, the washing capacity of soap depends upon its foaming
capacity, i.e. the extent to which it produces foam with water.
The foaming capacity also depends upon the quality of water
used. If soft water is used, soaps easily produce lot of lather.
On the other hand, if hard water is used, even good quality
soaps will not produce lather. The reason being that hard water
contains magnesium and calcium ions which form insoluble
magnesium and calcium salts of carboxylic acids which in turn,
precipitate out in the form of a
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The longer the time taken for the
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:PREOCEDURE:
1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them as
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Put 50ml of distilled water in each of
conical flasks and add 5gm of soap shavings or
granules of different soap samples to each flask.
2. Warm the contents of each flask to get a clear
solution.
3. Take five 20ml test tubes and add 10ml of distilled
water to each one of them and label them as 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5. Now add 1ml of soap solution from each conical
flask to the corresponding test tube.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube number 1 with your
thumb and shake its contents vigorously for one
minute. Place test tube in the test tube stand and start
the stop watch immediately. Note the time taken for
disappearance of the foam produced.
5. Repeat the same procedure for test tubes 2, 3, 4 and
5 shaking each time with the same force and for the
same time (one minute). Note the time taken for
disappearance of foam in each case and record the
observations in a tabular form.
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:OBSERVATIONS:
Amount of each soap sample taken = 5.0gm
Volume of distilled water added to each soap sample = 50.0ml
Test Name of Volume of Volume of Time of
Tube the Soap Soap Water Dissappearence
Number Sample Solution added Of Foam
Added
1. Dove 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
2. Lifebuoy 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
3. Dettol 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
4. Lux 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
5. Liril 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
6. Medimix 1.0 ml 10.0 ml
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TEXT BOOK OF CLASS 12th
CHEMISTRY
http://www.google.co.in
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.slideshare.net
Help from Subject Teacher and Lab Attender.
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