CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the project on AUTOCAD & TOTAL STATION is a

bonafide record of work carried out by SATANUKA SOUVIK SENAPATI DAS,
SUBHAM PAUL, PRIYANKA KONAR, & SURAJIT BERA under my
supervision and guidance for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of technology in civil engineering at MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITIUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, Kolkata.

SIGNATURE:

NAME OF THE MANAGER (TRAINING): Mr. Palash Bhowmik

SIGNATURE:

NAME OF SUVEY GUIDANCE TEACHER: Mr. Pranab Kumar Maity

SUBMITTED BY: SATANUKA DAS

SOUVIK SENAPATI

SUBHAM PAUL

PRIYANKA KONAR

SURAJIT BERA

STREAM: CIVIL ENGINEERING

SESSION: 2014-2018
 Acknowledgement

I wish to thank Mr. Suresh Karmalli, General Manager (SG) and Mr. Palash
Bhowmik, Training Manager at NSIC, Howrah, for their tremendous contribution
and support towards the completion of the project.

I am also grateful to my Project Superviser, Mr. Lalan Kumar and Technical

Assistant Mr. Ajit Kumar, without whose help and guidance, this project would not
have been completed.

Mr. Lalan Kumar Mr. Palash Bhowmik

Project Supervisor Training Manager

NSIC-Howrah NSIC-Howrah

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What is a Total Station?

Total station is a surveying equipment combination of Electromagnetic

Distance Measuring Instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated
with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system. The instrument
can be used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping distance of
object to the instrument.

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 Capability of a Total Station:

Microprocessor unit in total station processes the data collected to compute:

1. Average of multiple angles measured.

2. Average of multiple distance measured.
3. Horizontal distance.
4. Distance between any two points.
5. Elevation of objects and
6. All the three coordinates of the observed points.
Data collected and processed in a Total Station can be downloaded to computers
for further processing.

Total station is a compact instrument and weighs 50 to 55 N. A person can easily

carry it to the field. Total stations with different accuracy, in angle measurement
and different range of measurements are available in the market. Figure below
shows one such instrument manufactured by SOKKIA Co. Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.

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 ACCESSORIES FOR TOTAL STATION

With approximately more than 40 different models are available to choose, they
are currently the dominant instrument in surveying.

The EDM instrument component installed in a Total Station is relatively small but
still has distance ranges adequate for most work. Lengths up to about 2 km can be
measured with a single prism, and up to about 6 to 7 km with triple prism.
The angle resolution of available Total Stations varies from as low as a half-second
for precise instruments suitable for control surveys, up to 20 for instruments made
specifically for construction stake out .

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Brief Description of Important Operations of Total Station:

Distance Measurement:
Electronic distance measuring (EDM) instrument is a major part of total station. Its
range varies from 2.8 km to 4.2 km. The accuracy of measurement varies from 5
mm to 10 mm per km measurement. They are used with automatic target
recognizer. The distance measured is always sloping distance from instrument to
the object. Angle Measurements: The electronic theodolite part of total station is
used for measuring vertical and horizontal angle. For measurement of horizontal
angles any convenient direction may be taken as reference direction. For vertical
angle measurement vertical upward (zenith) direction is taken as reference
direction. The accuracy of angle measurement varies from 2 to 6 seconds.

Data Processing :
This instrument is provided with an inbuilt microprocessor. The microprocessor
averages multiple observations. With the help of slope distance and vertical and
horizontal angles measured, when height of axis of instrument and targets are
supplied, the microprocessor computes the horizontal distance and X, Y, Z
coordinates. The processor is capable of applying temperature and pressure
corrections to the measurements, if atmospheric temperature and pressures are
supplied.

Display:
Electronic display unit is capable of displaying various values when respective
keys are pressed. The system is capable of displaying horizontal distance, vertical
distance, horizontal and vertical angles, difference in elevations of two observed
points and all the three coordinates of the observed points.

Electronic Book:
Each point data can be stored in an electronic note book (like compact disc). The
capacity of electronic note book varies from 2000 points to 4000 points data.
Surveyor can unload the data stored in note book to computer and reuse the note
book.

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 ACCURACY OF A TOTAL STATION:

Accuracy depending upon the instrument and varies from instrument to instrument
1.The angular accuracy varies from1 to 20 .
2.Distance accuracy depends upon two factors.
Instrumental error which ranges from
+ / 10mm to + / 2mm.
b) Error due to the length of measurement.
It can be from + / 10mm to + / 2mm per kilometre.
1 prism, 2.52.7 km2 prisms
5-7 km3 prisms
10-12 km NIKON One second+ / 2mm/km or 2ppmTriple the number of prisms
double the distance.LEICAOne second SOKKIA One second.

ACCURACY & PRECISION

Precision is the reproducibility of the measurement.

Accuracy is how close the measured position is to the actual location
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared
carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instruments
optical path, and reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The
modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the onboard
computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and receiving
multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the

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 target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass Porro prism
reflectors for the EDM signal, and can measure distances to a few
kilometers. Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any object that is
reasonably light in color, to a few hundred meters.
Principle:
Given the co-ordinate of the instrument position and bearing of a backward station
the co-ordinates of any other point can be computed.

Use of Total Station

The uses of Total Station are as follows:

Mine Survey
Cadastral Survey
Engineering Survey
Large Scale Survey
Road / Rail / Canal Survey
Some total stations also have a GNSS interface which combines the advantages of
these two technologies (GNSS line of sight not required between measured
points; Total Station high precision measurement especially in the vertical axis
compared with GNSS) and reduce the consequences of each technologys
disadvantages (GNSS poor accuracy in the vertical axis and lower accuracy
without long occupation periods; Total Station requires line of sight observations
and must be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points
with known location).

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 Advantages of Using Total Stations

The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the
conventional surveying instruments:
1. Field work is carried out very fast.
2. Accuracy of measurement is high.
3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.
4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for
temperature and pressure are automatically made.
5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-
sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.

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However, surveyor should check the working condition of the instruments before
using. For this standard points may be located near survey office and before taking
out instrument for field work, its working is checked by observing those standard
points from the specified instrument station.

GPS

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 GPS STANDS FOR GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM :-
GPS is a highly accurate navigation system using signals from satellites to
determine a location on the Earths surface, irrespective of weather conditions.

It is dependent on GPS satellites high above the Earth which transmit signals
containing the time and location of the satellite. Any ground-based receiver which
receives signals from four or more GPS satellites can use navigation equations to
calculate its location on the Earths surface. Constant signaling can then update
speed and direction information for moving receivers.

GPS was originally developed for military use but since the 1990s has been open
for civilian use and is now used in such common applications as mobile phones,
car navigation systems, and of course surveying and mapping.

HOW IS GPS USED IN SURVEYING ?

Surveying and mapping was one of the first commercial adaptations of GPS, as it
provides a latitude and longitude position directly without the need to measure
angles and distances between points.

However, it hasnt entirely replaced surveying field instruments such as the

theodolite, Electronic Distance Meter, or the more modern Total Station, due to the
cost of the technology and the need for GPS to be able to see the satellites
therefore restricting its use near trees and tall buildings.

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 Fig-1. GPS Instrument

METHODS OF GPS SURVEYING :-

There are three methods of GPS measurement that are utilised by surveyors.

1) Static GPS Baseline

2) Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Observations

3) Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)

STATIC GPS BASELINE :-

Static GPS is used for determining accurate coordinates for survey points by
simultaneously recording GPS observations over a known and unknown survey
point for at least 20 minutes. The data is then processed in the office to provide
coordinates with an accuracy of better than 5mm depending on the duration of
the observations and satellite availability at the time of the measurements.

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 Fig-2. GPS Surveying process

REAL TIME KINEMATIC (RTK) OBSERVATIONS :-

This is where one receiver remains in one position over a known point the
Base Station and another receiver moves between positions the Rover
Station. The position of the Rover can be computed and stored within a few
seconds, using a radio link to provide a coordinate correction. This method
gives similar accuracy to baseline measurements within 10km of the base
station.

CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATIONS (CORS) :-

This where a survey quality GPS receiver is permanently installed in a location

as a starting point for any GPS measurements in the district. Common users of
CORS are mining sites, major engineering projects and local governments.
Surveyors GPS receivers can then collect field data and combine it with the
CORS data to calculate positions. Many countries have a CORS network that
are used by many industries. Australias CORS network is the Australian
Regional GPS Network, and uses an online processing system to deliver data
over the internet within 24 hours, and give positions within an accuracy of a
few centimetres. Local CORS networks are also used to provide instant

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 positions similar to the RTK method by using a mobile phone data link to
provide a coordinate correction to the surveyor and their rover.

Fig-3. A GPS CORS network

GPS ERROR CORRECTION :-

A variety of factors, including the clocks in satellites and receivers, the
atmosphere, satellite orbits, and reflective surfaces near the receiver, degrade the
quality of GPS coordinates. The arrangement of satellites in the sky can make
matters worse (a condition called dilution of precision). A variety of techniques
have been developed to filter out positioning errors. Random errors can be partially
overcome by simply averaging repeated fixes at the same location, although this is
often not a very efficient solution. Systematic errors can be compensated for by
modeling the phenomenon that causes the error and predicting the amount of
offset. Some errors, like multipath errors caused when GPS signals are reflected
from roads, buildings, and trees, vary in magnitude and direction from place to
place. Other factors, including clocks, the atmosphere, and orbit eccentricities, tend
to produce similar errors over large areas of the Earth's surface at the same time.
Errors of this kind can be corrected using a collection of techniques called
differential correction.

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 Differential Correction :-

Differential correction is a class of techniques for improving the accuracy of GPS

positioning by comparing measurements taken by two or more receivers. Here's
how it works:

The locations of two GPS receivers--one stationary, one mobile--are illustrated

below in Figure. The stationary receiver (or "base station") continuously records its
fixed position over a control point. The difference between the base station's actual
location and its calculated location is a measure of the positioning error affecting
that receiver at that location at each given moment. In this example, the base
station is located about 25 kilometers from the mobile receiver (or "rover"). The
operator of the mobile receiver moves from place to place. The operator might be
recording addresses for an E-911 database, or trees damaged by gypsy moth
infestations, or street lights maintained by a public works department.

Fig-4. A GPS base station is fixed over a control point, while about 25 km away, a
mobile GPS receiver is used to measure a series of positions.

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Fig-5. Actual and calculated positions of a base station and mobile receiver.

The base station calculates the correction needed to eliminate the error in the
position calculated at that moment from GPS signals. The correction is later
applied to the position calculated by the mobile receiver at the same instant. The
corrected position is not perfectly accurate, because the kinds and magnitudes of
errors affecting the two receivers are not identical, and because of the low
frequency of the GPS timing code.

Fig-6. Error correction calculated at the base station is applied to the position
calculated by the mobile receiver.

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Fig-7. GPS base station used for differential correction. Notice that the antenna is
located directly above a control point monument.

Advantages of GPS :-
GPS is extremely easy to navigate as it tells you to the direction for each
turns you take or you have to take to reach to your destination.
GPS works in all weather so you need not to worry of the climate as in other
navigating devices.
The GPS costs you very low in comparison other navigation systems.
The most attractive feature of this system is its100% coverage on the planet.
It also helps you to search the nearby restaurants, hotels and gas stations and
is very useful for a new place.
Due to its low cost, it is very easy to integrate into other technologies like
cell phone.
The system is updated regularly by the US government and hence is very
advance.
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 This is the best navigating system in water as in larger water bodies we are
often misled due to lack of proper directions.

Disadvantages of Global Positioning System :-

Sometimes the GPS may fail due to certain reasons and in that case you need
to carry a backup map and directions.
If you are using GPS on a battery operated device, there may be a battery
failure and you may need a external power supply which is not always
possible.
Sometimes the GPS signals are not accurate due to some obstacles to the
signals such as buildings, trees and sometimes by extreme atmospheric
conditions such as geomagnetic storms.

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