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UNIVERSITRIOS DA UNESP
ANTONIO FRANCISCO MARQUES
MARIA DA GRAA MELLO MAGNONI
E
MATEMTICA
NELSON ANTONIO PIROLA
O
VOLUME 2
S P
2016
Realizao Reviso
Pr-Reitoria de Extenso PROEX lide Feres
Rua Quirino de Andrade, 215 10 andar Maria Luzinete Euclides
So Paulo, CEP 01049-010 SP Rony Farto Pereira
Tel (11) 5627-0264
Conselho Editorial da PROEX - Unesp
Reitor Profa. Dra. Maria Candida Soares Del Masso (FFC / Marlia)
Julio Cezar Durigan Prof. Dr. Claudio Csar de Paiva (FCL / Araraquara)
Profa. Dra. Mrcia Pereira da Silva (FCHS / Franca)
Vice-reitor Profa. Dra. Rosane Michelli de Castro (FFC / Marlia)
Eduardo Kokubun Sra. Angela de Jesus Amaral (PROEX / Reitoria)
Sr. Oscar Kazuyuki Kogiso (ICT / So Jos dos Campos)
Pr-reitora de Extenso Universitria
Maringela Spotti Lopes Fujita Coordenao geral
Profa. Dra. Maringela Spotti Lopes Fujita
Pr-reitora de Pesquisa
Maria Jos Soares Mendes Giannini Editores
Prof. Dr. Antonio Francisco Marques
Pr-reitor de Graduao Profa. Dra. Maria da Graa Mello Magnoni
Laurence Duarte Colvara
Organizador
Pr-reitora de Ps-Graduao Nelson Antonio Pirola
Lourdes Aparecida Martins dos Santos-Pinto
Colaboradores
Pr-reitor de Administrao Emlia de Mendona Rosa Marques
Carlos Antonio Gamero Evandro Tortora
Fernanda Pizzigatti Marques Jasinevicius
Secretria Geral Gabriela Pereira Sander
Maria Dalva Silva Pagotto Gilmara Aparecida da Silva
Jos Luciano Santinho Lima
Produo planejada pelo Projeto "Inovao nos pro- Juliana Aparecida da Silva dos Santos Morais
cessos de gesto e pedaggico dos Cursos Pr-Vesti- Mrcio Rogrio Ferreira
Patrcia Priscilla Ferraz da Costa Souza
bulares da Unesp" Richael Silva Caetano
hais Regina Ueno Yamada
Diagramao e capa
Edevaldo Donizeti dos Santos Marcio Rogerio Ferreira
Patricia Priscilla Ferraz da Costa Souza
Impresso e acabamento: Grica FCL/Araraquara
Revisor de contedo
Profa Dra Mara Sueli Simao Moraes
PREFCIO
APRESENTAO
a b b
b 0 a
a b
b
3
3
1
15
15
1
12
8
22 4
12 12 4 3
8 84 2
35
6
5
5
6
Transforma m-se as 5
partes inteiras em frao
com denominador 6.
5 56 5 30 5 35
5
6 6 6 6 6
8 4 8 4 12 5 7 10 5 7 10 2 10 8
1
9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8
2 4
3 5
3 5 15
2 2 5 10 4 4 3 12
3 3 5 15 5 5 3 15
2 10 4 12
3 15 5 15
2 4 10 12 10 12 22
3 5 15 15 15 15
2 4 22
3 5 15
3 5 3 5 15 2 4 6 2 4 6 48
4 7 4 7 28 9 3 5 9 3 5 135
3 3
de 20 20
4 4
3 3 3 20 60
de 20 20 15.
4 4 4 4
10 6 10 7 10 7 70 1 1 1 1 1 1
5
13 7 13 6 13 6 78 2 2 5 2 5 10
5 89 368 7621
0,5 0,89 3,68 7,621
10 100 100 1000
1,36 8,07 9,43 8,6 7,54 1,06 8,72 0,858 8,576 18,154
1
10
11
1 1
1
um centsimo .
10 10 10 10 100
1
0,01
100
0,1 um dcimo
As ordensdecimais esto
igualadas,ou seja, milsimo
ser divididopor milsimo.
Milsimos
Milsimos
a n
an , a n
n an n
a
a n a
a
a a
n fatores idnticos
43 4 4 4 64
a n an
12 11 1
2
2 1
3 2
3 3 3 3 9
3
63 1
13
1 1 1
1
1
6 6 6 6 6 216 216
3
a b m n
a m a n a m n
32 33 323 35
32 33 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 243
9 27 243
am
n
a mn a0
a
74
7 4 2 7 2 7 7 49 7 4 7 7 7 7 2401
7 2 49
72 77 49
126
12 6
126 6 120 1 a 0
1
a m b m a b
m
62 32 6 3 182 18 18 324
2
62 32 6 6 3 3 36 9 324
m
am a
, com b 0
bm b
4
10 4 10
2 4 16 10 4 10000
5
4
5 16
54 625
a
m n
a m n
2 2 3
2 23 26 64
2 4
2 3 3
64
a
m n
am
n
3
2 3
323 36 729
Observe que os resultados so diferentes.
3 3
23 222
3 6561
8
a n
b a
n a
b a raiz ensima de a b n a
n
a b
a n
2
36 6, pois 62 36
36
3
27 3, pois 33 27
1
4 4, pois 41 4
a0 n
n
0 0
a n
a.
a n
a
a b m n p
m
a m b m a b
5
43 5 42 5 43 42 5 43 2 5 45 4
6
63 6 62 6 63 62 6 63 2 6 6
m
a a
m
m , com b 0
b b
3
81 3 81 3 16 16 4
3
27 3
3 3 9 9 3
a
m
n
m an
10
3
2 3
102 3 100 2
3
4
3
24
3
23 21
3
23 3 2 23 2
3 2
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2
m n
a m n a
2 3
12 23 12 6 12 15
32 35 25 3 5
25 3 2
m p m p
m
an a n p m
an a n p
6
152 62 1522 3 15
5
64 5 a10 5 64 5 a10 5
5
5
32 5 a105
2 5
a 5 2 a
5
25 5 a 5 55 255 55 a 55 2 a
4
625 a5 b9 c7 4 54 a5 b9 c7 4 54 a 4 a b8 b c4 c3
4 54 4 a 4 4 a 4 b 8 4 b 4 c 4 4 c 3
44 544 44 a 44 4 a 44 b84 4 b 44 c 44 4 c 3
5 a 4 a b 2 4 b c 4 c3 5 a b 2 c 4 a b c3
a m n
m
a
n
m
a n n am .
2
1 4 1
1
4
42 4 2 5
5
5
5 4
5 5
1 3 3 2 32 2 6 2
5 625
a b c x y
soma algbricaproduto
ax bx x a b
x o fator comum
fator fator
comum
comum
3xy 6 x 3x y 2
8 y 3 24 xy 8 y y 2 3x
O fator comum a b .
ax bx ay by x a b y a b a b x y
1. Grupo 2. Grupo
O fator comum 4 x 5 .
4 xy 5 y 8 x 10 x y 4 x 5 2 x 2 4 x 5 4 x 5 y 2 x 2
3 2
1. Grupo 2. Grupo
a b a b a2 b2
1. Termo 2.
3. Termo Termo
x 2
4
x
2
y 2 2 y2
x 2 2 Base Base
y 2 2
Quadrado da soma
das bases.
x 2x y 2 2 y x2 y 2
4
2
2 2
x 2
2
y 2 x2 y 2 x2 y 2
x2 x2 x2 y 2 y 2x2 y 2 y 2 x4 2x2 y 2 2 y 2
a 2 2ab b2 a b a 2 2ab b2 a b
2 2
a b2 a b a b a 2 2ab b2
a b2 a b a b a 2 2ab b2
a3 b3 a b a 2 a b b2
x3 64 x 4 x 4 x 2 x 4 42 x 4 x 2 4 x 16
3 3
a b
3
125 z 3 8 5z 2 5 z 2 5 z 5 z 2 2 2
3 2
a b
5 z 2 25 z 2 10 z 4
a 3 3a 2b 3ab 2 b3 a b
3
a b3
Quadrado da
soma de
dois termos.
a b3 a b a b a b a b a b2 a b a 2 2ab b 2
a3 2a 2b ab2 a 2b 2ab2 b3 a3 3a 2b 3ab2 b3
2
3 3 3
3 2
3
8 z 12 4 z 6 16 z 4 2z 3 2z
3 3 2 3
4 3 2z 4 4
a a b a b
b
2z 3 4 3
2z 4 2z 4 2z 4 2z 4 4z
3
3
3 3
2
3 2
4z 3 4 4
3
2
2
8 z 3 83 4 z 2 2 3 4 z 43 4 z 2 4 3 4 z 4
2
3
3
8 z 3 123 4 z 2 63 16 z 4
a3 3a 2b 3ab2 b3 a b
3
a b3
Quadradoda
diferena de
dois termos.
a b a b a b a b a b a b2 a b a 2 2ab b 2
3
a3 2a 2b ab2 a 2b 2ab2 b3 a3 3a 2b 3ab2 b3
2 3
1 1 1 1
3 2
t 1
3
t3 t2 t 3 t 3 t t
3 27 a a 3
a 3 3 3
b b b
3 2
1 1 1 1 2 2t 1
t t t t t
3 3 3 3 3 9
2t 2 t t 2 2t 1 3t 2 3t 1 t 1
t3 t3 t3 t2
3 9 3 9 27 3 9 27 3 27
a b3 a3 3a 2b 3ab2 b3
a b3 a3 3a 2b 3ab2 b3
ab 5 ab 2
a b
2 2
a 2 2ab b2 a b
2
2ab
ab 5 ab 2
a b
2 2
a2 b2 a b 2ab a2 b2 5 2 2 25 4 a2 b2 21
2 2
a 2 b2
1 1
10
a a
2 2
a a 1
3
100 82 82 100 16
9 3 9 82 9
1 1
10
a a2 2
3
2
12
2
a a 2
1
10 100
3
9
x3 1
x 0,1
1 x
11,1 1,11 0,111 1,11 11,1
x 3 1 x 1 x 2 x 1
1 x 1 x
1
x 1 x 2 x 1 1 1 x x 2 x 1 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
1 x 1 1 x 1 1
x 0,1
x3 1
1,11
1 x
1
5
3
5
3 1,24573093961
n
am
n
a nm
a
n nm
2
5 5 2 5 2 5 2
2 2 2 22 2 2.
2
21 2 22 1 2 21
6
32
4 4 6 32 46 32 46 32
6 6
34
6 4 6 2 3
34
3 3 6 36 6
34 6 36 4 6 32
a b
a b a b a2 b2
Conjugado.
Denominador.
Elimina -se
o radical.
a b a b a
2 2
b a b
Elimina -se
Conjugado.
Denominador.
o radical.
a b a b a
2
b a b
2
a b a b a b
a b.
2
2 5 3
2 5 3
2 5 3
5 3 5 3 5 3 2
5 3
2
53
2 5 3
5 3
2
5 3 5 3
4
4 6 2
4 6 2
4 6 2 4 6 2
6 2
6 2 6 2 6 2
6 2
2 2 64 2 2
6 2 6 2
a b a b
a b
3 5 3 5
1 1
3 5 3 5 3 5
3 5 3 5
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
32 95 2
2
5 4
4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6
2 2
4 6 4 6 4 6
4 6 4 6 4 2
6
2
2 4 6 2 4 6
16 6 10
2 4 6 10 2 4 6 10 2 40 10 6
40 10 6
10 10 10
2
10 5
6 2
2
84 3
1 1 3 1 1 3
8 4 3
8 4 3
6 2 8 4 3
2
6 2 8 4 3 2
2
6 2 84 3
8 4 3 8 4 3 8 2
4 3
2
64 48
6 2 8 4 3
2
16
6 2
2
8 4 3
22 3
6 2 12 2 8 4 3 Produto
da
soma pela diferena.
6 2 8 4 3
2
8 4 3 8 4 3
16 16 16
82 4 3 2
16
82 4 3 2
64 4 2 32 64 16 3 64 48 16
1
16 16 16 16 16
6 2
2
84 3
3 5 2
2 10
5 2
7 7 2 10 7 2 10 5 2 2 10 5 2 2 10
3 5 2
5 2
3 5 2 3 5 2 5 2
2
3 5 2 10 2
2
5 2 5 2 5 2 2
5 2
2
3 5 2 10 2
7 2 10
2
5
3
7 2 10 2 10 7
3 5 2
2 10
5 2
a b a0
x
ax b 0
ax b 0
b ax b b 0 b
ax b
ax b
a
a a
b
x
a
b
S
a
5x 20 0
5x 20 20 0 20 Subtrai - se 20 de ambos os membro da igualdade.
5x 20
5 x 20
Dividem - se ambos os membros da igualdade por 5.
5 5
x y z
x idade da irm caula y idade da irm ' do meio' z idade da irm mais velha
x
y x 15
z y 5
y x 15 z x 15 5 z x 20
x y z 50 x x 15 x 20 50 3x 35 50
3x 15
3x 35 35 50 35 3x 15 x5
3 3
x5 y 5 15 20
z 5 20 25
o valorpago pelas 50
o valorpago pessoasque j haviam o valor
contribudo inicialmente
pelas 5 pessoas
que faltava
5y 50 7 510
5 y 350 510 5 y 350 350 510 350 5 y 160
5 y 160
y 32
5 5
a b c a0
x
ax 2 bx c 0
ax 2 bx c 0
b 4ac
2
b
x1
b 2a
x x1 e x2 so as razes da equao.
2a x b
2 2a
b b
S ;
2 a 2a
10 x 2 7 x 1 0 a 10, b 7, c 1
7 4 10 1 49 40 9
2
7 3 10 1
x1
7 9
20 20 2 1 1
x e so as razes da equao.
2 10 x 7 3 4 1 2 5
2 20 20 5
1 1
S ;
2 5
y2 1
10 x 50 0 a , b 10, c 50
2 2
10 4 50 100 100 0
2 1
2
10 0
10
10 0 x1
x 1 10 a raiz da equao.
2
1 x 10 0
2 10
2 1
S 10
2z 2 z 3 0 a 2, b 1, c 3
1 4 2 3 1 24 23
2
S conjunto vazio
0
0
b c
c0 e b0
fator
comum x 0
ax bx c 0 ax bx 0 x ax b 0
2 2
b
ax b 0 x a
b
x0 x
a
x 0
2 x 5 x 0 x 2 x 5 0
2
5
2 x 5 0 x 2
5
S 0;
2
b0 e c0
c
ax 2 bx c 0 ax 2 c 0 ax 2 c x
a
c c
x x
a a
32
4 x 2 32 0 4 x 2 32 x 2 x2 8
4
x 8 x 2 x 2 2
3
x 8 x 2 x 2 2
3
S 2 2 ;2 2
b0 e c0
ax 2 bx c 0 ax 2 0 x 2 0 x 0
x0
S 0
8 menos 2 vezes
o nmero de filhos
o quadradodo 2 vezes o
nmero de filhos
nmero de filhos
y2 8 2y
y2 2y 8 0
y2 2y 8 0 a 1, b 2, c 8
2 2 4 1 8 4 32 36
26 4
y1 2
2 36 2 2
y 2 e 4 so as razes da equao.
2 1 y 2 6 8
2 4
2 2
t2
t 0 T t 400 t
4
t2
T t 400
4
T 39
t2
39 400
4
1444 t 2 t 2 1444 t 38
38
x1 x2
ax 2
bx c, a 0
b
S x1 x2
a
b b
x1 x2
2a 2a
b b b b 2b b
S x1 x2
2a 2a 2a 2a a
c
P x1 x2
a
b b
x1 x2
2a 2a
Diferena de Quadrados.
b b b
P x1 x2
2 2
b2
2a 2
4a 2
2a 2a
2
2
b b 4ac 4ac c
2
4a 2 4a a
m n x 2 6 x 10 0
1 1
m n
3 1
5 6
1 1 1 1 nm mn
m n m n m
n mn
mmc m , n mn
m n x 2 6 x 10 0
a 1 b 6 c 10
mn
mn
m n
mn S
b
mn P
c
S
b
6 6
a a a 1
c 10
P 10
a 1
mn S 6 3
m n P 10 5
1 1 3
m n 5
v w
x ax b 0
2
a b v 2 w2
a 2 2b a 2 2b a 2 2b 2 a 2 2b 2 a2 b2
v w x 2 ax b 0
b
S vw
a
c
P v.w
a
b a
v w v w v w a
a 1
c b
v.w v.w v.w b
a 1
Quadrado da
soma de
dois termos.
v w2 a 2 v 2 2 v w w2 a 2
v.w b
b
v 2 2 v w w2 a 2 v 2 2b w2 a 2 2b
v 2 2b w2 a 2 v 2 2b w2 2b a 2 2b v 2 w2 a 2 2b
v 2 w2 a 2 2b
x5 8 3
x 2 1 1 x 2 x 1 2x 3
x5 8
Elevam-se, ao quadrado,
ambos os membros. Subtrai-se 5 de ambos
os membros.
x 5 8 x 5 64 x 5 5 64 5 x 59
2 2
x 59
x 5 8 59 5 8 64 8 8 8
x 59
x5 8
3
x 2 1 1
Elevam-se, ao cubo,
ambos os membros. Elevam-se, ao quadrado,
ambos os membros.
3
3 x 2 1 13 x 2 1 1 x 2 1 2 12 x 2 1 1
Soma -se 1 a ambos os membros.
x2 1 1 1 1 x2 2 x 2
x 2
x 2
3
x 2 1 1 3 2 1 1
2
3
2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
x 2
3
x 2 1 1 3 2 1 1
2
3
2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
x 2
3
x 2 1 1
x 2 x 1 2x 3
Elevam-se, ao quadrado, ambos os membros.
2
x 2 x 1 2x 3 x 2 x 1 2x 3
2
Quadrado da diferena
de dois termos.
2
x 2 2 x2 x 1 2
x 1 2x 3
x22 x 2 x 1 x 1 2 x 3 2 x 1 2 x2 x 2 2x 3
Elevam-se, ao quadrado, ambos os membros.
2 x x 2 4
2
2 x 2 x 2 4
2
2
4 x 2 x 2 16
16
x2 x 2 x2 x 2 4 x2 x 6 0
4
x2 x 6 0 a 1; b 1; c 6
1 4 1 6 1 24 25
2
1 5 4
x1 2
1 25
2 2
x 2 e 3 so as razes da equao.
2 1 x 1 5 6
2 3
2 2
x 2 e x 3
x2 x 2 x 1 2x 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 3
4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
x 3
x 2 x 1 2 x 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 3
1 4 9
x 3
x 2
x 2 x 1 2x 3
x
3
x 9 x 9 3
3
x 2
Cubo da diferena
dedois termos.
3 3 3 3
x 9 x 9 3 x 9 x 9 3
3 3
x 9 3 x 9 x 9 3
3 2 2 3
3 3 3 3
x9 3
x 9 3
x 9 27
x 9 33 x 9 x 9 33 x 9 x 9 x 9 27
2 2
x 93 x 9
x 9 x 9
3
x 9 x 9 x 9 x 9 27
3 3
Produto da soma pela Produto da soma pela
diferena de dois termos. diferena de dois termos.
33 x 9 x 2 81 33 x 2 81 x 9 18 27
33 x 9 3 x 2 81 33 x 2 81 3 x 9 27 18
Fatorao - Fator Comum: 33 x 2 81
33 x 81 2
x 9
3 x 9 9 3 x
3 3 2
81 3 9
Conforme o enunciado, tal
expresso igual a 3.
3
x 2
81 9
9
3 x 2 81 1
x x 1
3
81 1 81 x 2 81 1 x 2 80
3 2 3 2 3
x 2 80 x2
5 5 x x
x0
y 5 x
y 5 x 1. equao
y 5 x
x 5 y
2. equao
y 5 x
y 2
5 x 2
y 2 5 x
2
3. equao
2
x 5 y x 5 y 2
x 5 y 4. equao
y 2 5 x Produto da soma
pela diferena.
2
x 5 y y x y x y x y x y x
2 2
y 2 x 2 x y Diferena de
quadrados.
y x y x y x
yx0 y x 0 0 0 0
yx0 yx
y2 5 x x2 5 x x2 x 5 0
1 4 1 5 1 20 21
2
1 21
x
1 21 1 2 1 21 1 21
x e so as razes.
2 1 x 1 21 2 2
2 2
y x 1 1 y x y x y x y x
y x 1 y 1 x
y 2 5 x 1 x 5 x 1 2 x x 2 5 x x 2 x 4 0
2
1 4 1 4 1 16 17
2
1 17
x1
1 17 2
x
2 1 x 1 17
2 2
1 17 1 17
e so as razes da equao.
2 2
x0
1 21 1 17
e x 5
2 2
1 21
x
2
1 21
5 5 x x x
2
0; 1; 2; 3; 4;
1; 2; 3; 4;
60 2 2 3 5
60 2 2 31 51
2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 12
3 5 6 6 7 1 8 0 36
3 6 7 8 24
5 6 1 0 12 24 12 12
2 2 3 12
23 32 5 360
20 2 2 3 240
240 60 4 240 80 3
6 g 4 24 g 1g 3 3 g
24 g 3 g 8
; 4; 3; 2; 1; 0; 1; 2; 3; 4;
+ 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; ; 4; 3; 2; 1; 0
+ =
* ; 4; 3; 2; 1; 1; 2; 3; 4;
1
5
1 5
60 2 2 31 51
2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 12 divisores positivos
a
a b *
b
1
5
0,3125125125
0,3125
0,154315431543 45,1111
5,263333
0,09823232323
7
0, 7 0,77777
9
25
0, 25 0,25252525
99
451
0, 451 0,451451451
999
13
0,00013 0,00013131313
99000
5
0,05 0,05555
90
Aplicase
parte
parte peridica
o 2. Caso.
13
no-peridica
7 117 7 124 62
1,37 1,37777 0
1,3 ,0777
10
Decompe-se a dzima peridica.
90 90 90 45
Aplicase
parte
parte peridica
o 1. Caso.
no-peridica
6 36 6 42 14
4, 6 4,6666
4 0,666
4
Decompe-se a dzima peridica.
9 9 9 3
0,77777 x 0,77777
10 x 7,77777
10 x 7,77777
x 0,77777
9x 7
7
x
9
2 1,4142135623730950488016887242
3,141592653 e 2,718281828459045
a
a b *
b
L - se : est contido.
a; b; c
d ; e; f
a b c abc
d e f d e f
ad be c f
b d
x
k bd2 k bd k bd2 k b2 d k b 2 2d
S S S S S
x2 x2 x x 2x
S b d 2
x 2
14 m 3 m3
c a b c a b 14
2
1 4 2 1 4 2 7
c
2c 2
1
x 4 x 2 x 14 7 x 14 x 2
telhas tijolos
1500 1200
1500 1200 1500 x 600 1200 x 480 tijolos
600 x
600 x
3 6 2 3 12
12 y 60 y 5
y 4 5 y 20
47 10 1 1
47% 0,47 10% 0,1 1% 0,01
100 100 10 100
30
30% de 75 75 0,3 75 22,5
100
28
0,35
80
35
0,35 35%
100
8,5 68
0,68 68%
12,5 100
x 0,27 x 1,27 x
27%
1 0,27
p
1
100
p
1
100
x 0,27 x 0,73 x
J C i n 1. equao
M CJ 2. equao
M C C i n C 1 i n
y C
M C 1 i n
M C 1 i n M y 1 0,04 2 M y 1,08
M 1,08 y
M C 1 i n
M 1,08 y1 0,05 4 M 1,08 y1,2 M 1,296 y
M C 1 i
n
M CJ
M C J 2089,86 2000,00 J 2809,86 2000,00 J J 809,86
300
1,0526
285
285,00 283,50
284,25
2
2 4 16 22.
r 0 r 0
r 0,
3, 7, 11, 15, r4
10, 8, 6, 4, r 2
7, 7, 7, 7, r 0
a1 an
an a1 n 1 r
Coeficiente
de r .
a15 a3
12 r
153 12
a, b, c
ac
b
2
a, b, c bar
c b r c a r r a 2r.
c
ac b
a a 2r 2 a 2r
b ar ar ar ar
2 2 2
3, x, 7
3 e 7
3 7 4
x 2
2 2
a1, a2 , , an1 , an
a2 an1 a1 an a1 r an r a1 an a1 an a1 an
Soma dos termos Soma dos a2 an 1
equidistantes extremos.
dos extremos.
Sn
a1 an n a1 o primeiro termo;
2 an o ensimo termo e
n indica o nmero de termos da PA.
a1 1 x, a2 6 x, a3 2 x 2 4,
a3
a1 a
1 x 2x 4
2 2
6 x 1 x 2 x 2 4 12 x 2 x 2 11x 5 0
2
11 4 2 5 121 40 81
2
11 9 20
x1 5
11 81
4 4 1
x 5 e so as razes da equao.
22 x 11 9 2 1 2
2
4 4 2
1
2
a1 1 x 1 0,5 1,5 a2 6 x 6 0,5 3
r a2 a1 3 1,5 1,5
S100
S100
a1 a100 n S
1,5 150 100 S 7575
100 100
2 2
1
2
q 1
0 q 1
2, 6, 18, 54, q3
8, 4, 2, 1, q
1
2
0 q 1
q 1
8, 4, 2, 1, q
1
2
3, 9, 27, 81, q3
q 1
7, 7, 7, 7, q 1
q0
2, 6, 18, 54, q 3
q0
9, 0, 0, 0, q0
an
a1
an a1 q n1
128
a7 a1 q 71 128 a1 26 128 a1 64 a1 a1 2
64
a15 a3 q12
a, b, c
b2 a c
a, b, c b aq
c b q c a q q a q 2
2
b c
b a c a q a a q2 a2 q2 a2 q2
2
15
5
3
5
a3 15 a5
3
a4
a4 2 a3 a5 a4 2 15 5 a4 2 25 a4 25 a4 5
3
a4 a4 5
a4 5 1
q
a3 15 3
1
5
3
a1, a2 , , an1 , an
a
a2 an1 a1 an a1 q n a1 an a1 an a1 an
q
Produto dos termos Produto dos a2
equidistantes dos extremos. an 1
extremos.
Pn
Pn a1 an n
2, 4, 8, 16
P4 a1 a2 a3 a4 P4 2 4 8 16 P4 1024
q 1
1 qn
S n a1 qn 1
1 q S n a1
q 1
a1
Sn , onde 1 q 1
1 q
1
2
1
S5 , q 0 e a7 a2 3
2
qn 1 q5 1 1 q5 1
S n a1
q 1
S5 a1
q 1
a1
2 q 1
2 a1 q 5 1 q 1 I
a7 a2 3 a1 q 6 a1 q 3 a1 q q 5 1 3 (II)
a7 a2
2 a1 q 5 1 q 1 2 q 1
q2 q 6 q2 q 6 0
a1 q q 1
5
3 q 3
q 2
q6 0
1 4 1 6 1 24 25
2
1 5 6
q1 3
1 25
2 2
q 3 e 2 so as razes da equao.
2 1 q 1 5 4 2
2
2 2
q0 q 2
a1 q q 5 1 3 a1 2 25 1 3 a1 66 3 a1
1
22
1 qn 1 1 2 1 1 8 1 1 8
3
S n a1 S3 S3 S3
1 q 22 1 2 22 1 2 22 3
1 9 1 3
S3 S3 3 S3
22 3 22 22
2
3
22
A B
A B A B
x, y x A yB
A B x, y / x A e y B
A 1, 2 B 1, 2, 3
A B
A B 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3
R A B
A B
A B
R y x.
R x, y A B / y x 1, 1, 2, 2
f A B
x A
y B
f : AB
A A B
D f D B
f CD f
f Im f
B A
f R
Im f 1, 2
A 0, 1, 4 B 1, 0, 1, 2, 5
A B R x, y A B / y x 1
S x, y A B / y 2 x T x, y A B / y 2 x
A B
R x, y A B / y x 1 0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 5
S x, y A B / y 2 x 0, 0, 1, 2
T x, y A B / y 2 x 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 2
R
x A yB
D(f ) A {0,1, 4}
CD( f ) B {1, 0,1, 2,5}
Im( f ) {1, 2,5}
S 4 A
B S.
T B 1 1
1 A
y x 2 5x 6
y
x
f : AB
( D A) (CD B)
A
f : f x y 2 x f:
y n y n2
f x
7
2x
2x 0 x 0
D x / x 0
f x 2 x 4
2
2 x 4 0 x 2
D x / x 2
f x 5 x3 3
x, y
R x, y A B / y x 1
0, 1, 1, 2, 4, 5 L, M , N
y f x
x
x, f x
D x / x 0
x
60, para 0 x 50
f x
60 1,5 x 50, para x 50
A B
y
A B
Im f y / y 4
A B
x D f f x 0
f
x
f x x 2 5 x 6
x1 2 x2 3
f x 0
x2 5x 6 0 x1 2 e x2 3
0, 6
y
x D f
f x f x
f x x 2
f 1 1 1 12 f 1
2
f x x x2 f x , x
2
x D f
f x f x
g x x3
g 1 1 1 1 g 1
3 3
g x x 1 x x g x
3 3 3 3
g x
hx x 1 h 1 0 h1 2
f
x1 x2 x1 x2
f x1 f x2
f x1 f x2
f x1 f x2
f x k , k
.
2, , 2
2, 2
2,
f : AB
x1 x2
x1 x2 f x1 f x2 f x1 f x2 x1 x2
f : AB
yB x A f x y
Im f CD f
f : AB
f x1 f x2 x1 x2
Im f CD f
f : AB
g:B A f
g
f a b a A g b a b B
f x f 1 x
x, y f x y, x f 1x
f ( x) 2 x
x
g ( x)
2
f (1) 2
g (2) 1
1, 2
f x 2, 1
g x
f f 1
yx
f : AB g :B C
CD f Dg h: AC
g f hx g f x
hx g f x
ff 1
x f 1
f x id x x
P x
x
Px 10 0,75 x x0
f : f x ax b a b
a
b
b0 f x ax
0, 0
f x 2 x g x 0,5x
a0
a0
a 1 f x x
x
f x ax b f x 0
f x 0 ax b 0 x
b
a
f x 3x 7
7
f x 0 3x 7 0 3x 7 x
3
x0 f x ax b
f 0 b 0, b
y
a b
a0 a0
b0
b0
b0
a0
f x b .
f x 2 x 8
8
2x 8 0 x x4
2
f x 0
x4
f x 0
x4
f x 0
x4
Px 10 0,75 x x0
10 0,75 x 100
f :
f x ax b
f x 0 f x 0 f x 0
f x 0
f x
g x
f g 0; f g 0; f g 0 e f g 0
f f f f
0; 0; 0 e 0
g g g g
4 3x 2x 7 0
f x 4 3x 0 x
4 4
3 3
g x 2 x 7 0 x
7 7
2 2
4 3x 2x 7 0
4 7
= / < <
3 2
x
2x
f : f x ax 2 bx c
a b c a0
a b c
x f x 0
b
ax 2 bx c 0 x
2a
b2 4ac.
0
0
0
b
V ;
2a 4a
f x x 2 2 x
x f x y 0
x 2x 0
2
x0 x2
f x x 2 2 x
f ( x) 0 x0
x2
f ( x) 0 x0
x2
f ( x) 0 0 x 2
f :
f x ax bx c
2
a b c a 0
f x 0; f x 0; f x 0 f x 0
6 x 2 5x 1 0
6 x 2 5x 1 0 ,
1 1
x x
3 2
1 1
f ( x) 0 x x
3 2
1 1
f ( x) 0 x
3 2
6 x 2 5x 1 0
1 1
= / < <
3 2
x x
x
x, se x 0
x
x, se x 0
3 3 4 4 4
f :
x, se x 0
f x x f x
x, se x 0
3x 1 2
3x 1 2 x 2
3x 1 2
3x 1 2 3x 1 2 x 3
1
1
S ; 1
3
x k k x k
x k k x k
k +
x k x k ; x k
x k x k ; x k
M t : M 10001 i t i
f : +
f x a x a0 a 1
a + a 1
a x1 a x2 x1 x2 , a0 a 1
x
1
81
3
x x x 4
1 1 1 1
81 3 x 4.
4
3 3 3 3
S 4
a 1
a x1 a x2 x1 x2 ;
0 a 1
a x1 a x2 x1 x2 .
M 2C M
C
M 2C C 1 i 2C 1 i 2
t t
i 10% i 0,1
1,1 2.
t
a, b + a 1 c
log a b c a b c
a
b
c
log a 1 0;
log a a 1;
log a a n n;
log a b log a c b c;
a loga b b
a, b, c + a 1 n
log a bc log a b log a c;
b
log a log a b log a c;
c
log a b n n log a b;
log c b
log a b .
log c a
f : + f x log a x
a0 a 1.
log 2 3 x log 2 3x 7
3 x 3x 7 4x 4 x 1
S 1
a 1 : x1 x2 log a x1 log a x2
0 a 1 : x1 x2 log a x1 log a x2
log 2 3 x log 2 3x 7
3 x 3x 7 4x 4 x 1
= / > 1 .
fi
fi i
f1 f2
fi
n
i
fi
fri
n
fi
n
fi fri
2
0,07 7%
30
9
0,30 30%
30
13
0,43 43%
30
5
0,17 17%
30
1
0,03 3%
30
13
0,43 43%
30
17
0,57 57%
30
xOy
18
16
14
Frequncia
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Feminino Masculino
Gnero
fi
360 o fri 360 o
n
fi
fri
Feminino
43%
Masculino
57%
xOy
PT
IP
NV
321.900.000
400
NV
321.900.000
NV 804.750
400
PT
441
804.750
PT 441 804.750 354.894.750 passageiros
P1 P2
P1 P2
M
2
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
M
5
x1 , x2 , x3 ,, xn
x1 x2 x3 xn
x
n
xi x
x1 x2 x3 xn
n
x
i 1
i n
x i
x i 1
n 30
30
x i
3,5 2,0 5,0 7,0 7,0 5,0 3,0 4,0 133,0
x i 1
4,43
n 30 30
n 30
133,0
x 4,43
30
xi
xi
fi
xi fi xi f i
1,5 2 3,0
2,0 3 6,0
3,0 2 6,0
3,5 4 14,0
4,0 6 24,0
5,0 7 35,0
7,0 3 21,0
7,5 2 15,0
9,0 1 9,0
x f i i
x i 1
n
x f i i
133,0
x i 1
4,43
n 30
me
me 4,0
4,0 5,0
me 4,5
2
n 1
2
n n
1
2 2
mo 7,0
xi
fi xi f i
05 0
1 3 3
2 4 8
3 3 9
4 2 8
5 2 10
7 1 7
n
x
x f 45 2,25
i i
n 20
n 20 n 20
10 1 1 10 1 11
2 2 2 2
xi
fi
22
me 2
2
mo 0
X x 2,25 Y me 2 Z mo 0
ZYX
x
x i
25
5 md 5
n 5
x
x i
25
5 md 5
n 5
x x
2
i
s2 i 1
n 1
x
n xi
xi
x i
42
x i 1
4,67 xi x 2
9 9
xi
xi xi x 2
3,5 4,672 1,37
2,0 4,672 7,13
5,0 4,672 0,11
7,0 4,672 5,43
7,0 4,672 5,43
3,0 4,672 2,79
4,0 4,672 0,45
7,0 4,672 5,43
3,5 4,672 1,37
x x
2
i
29,51
s2 i 1
3,69
n 1 9 1
x x fi
2
i
s2 i 1
n 1
xi fi
xi xi x 2 f i
x
xi fi
xi x 2 f i
1,5 4,432 2 17,17
2,0 4,432 3 17,71
3,0 4,432 2 4,09
3,5 4,432 4 3,46
4,0 4,432 6 1,11
x x
2
i fi
105,35
s
2 i 1
3,63
n 1 30 1
x x
2
i
s i 1
n 1
x x fi
2
i
s i 1
n 1
s 2 3,69
s 3,69 1,92
xi fi
s 2 3,63
s 3,63 1,90
n
n n!
n! n n 1 n 2 2 1 n .
6! 6 5 4 3 2 1 720
20! 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1! 1
n k ! n! k!
n6 k 4
6 4! 2! 2 1 2
6! 720 4! 4 3 2 1 24
6! 4! 720 24 696
6 4! 6! 4!
n 1
2 21 2
2 2 22 4
2 2 2 23 8
2 2 2 2 24 16
2 2 2 2 2 25 32
2 4 8 16 32 62
26 26 26 10 10 10 10 263 104
letras algarismos
26 26 26 26 10 10 10 264 103
letras algarismos
26 4 103 26
2,6
263 10 4 10
2,6 1 1,6
P3 3 2 1 3! 6
Pn n!
P7 7! 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5040
6! 6 5 4 3! 6 5 4
3, 2
P6 6 5 2 60
3!2! 3!2 1 2 1
n!
Pn
a ,b ,c ,...
a!b!c!
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10! 10!
10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7! 10 3!
10! 10!
A10,3 10 9 8 720
10 3! 7!
n!
An,k
n k !
n n!
Cn,k
k k!n k !
5 5! 5! 5 4 3! 5 4
C5, 2 5 2 10
2 2!5 2! 2!3! 2 1 3! 2 1
10 10! 10! 10 9 8 7 6!
C10, 4 10 3 7 210
4 4!10 4! 4!6! 4 3 2 1 6!
80 40 20 4
80%
100 50 25 5
S 1,2,3,4,5,6
E 2,4,6
F 5,6
EF
E F 2,4,5,6
EF
E F 6
E Ec
E 1,3,5
P E
n E
P E
nS
n E E nS
S
nE 3
n E 3 1
P E 0,50 50%
nS 6 2
n F 2 1
P F 0,3333 33,33%
nS 6 3
nS
PS 1
nS
0
= = =0
E F
S
0 P E 1
PE 1 PE
PE F PE PF PE F
EF
PE F PE PF
E
3 63 3 1
PE 1 PE 1
6 6 6 2
EF
3 2 1 3 2 1 4 2
P E F P E P F P E F
6 6 6 6 6 3
GF
2 2 22 4 2
PG F PG PF
6 6 6 6 3
S 1,2,3,4,5,6
F E
P F E
P F E
P E
E 2,4,6 F 5,6
F E 6
1
P F E 1 6 6 1
P F E 6
P E 3 3 6 18 3
6
E F
S E F
PE F PE PF E PF
E F
PE F PE PF
E1
E2
PE1 E2
1 1 2 3 3
5 4 5 5 4
nS 4
n E 3
P E
nS 4
n E F 95
P E F nS
P E F
95
200 0,95 95%
P F nF 100 100
nS 200
1 3 5 6 7
20 242 22 25 15
P E F
PE F PE PF
P E P F
n E
PE n E
nS
nS
nE 30 nS 10 30 60 100
nE 30
P E
3
nS 100 10
n E
PE n F
nS
nS
nF 20 nS 20 20 80 120
nF 20 1
P F
nS 120 6
P E F P E P F
3 1 3 1
10 6 60 20
50 70 x 180
x 180 50 70
x 60
y
60 75 y 180
y 180 60 75 y 45
540
108
5
2 3
5 x
2 x 15
x 7,5
4 x 4 4 x 12
4 6
4x 4 6 4x 12 4
24 x 24 16 x 48
8x 72
72
x 9
8
9 8
sen a 0,6 sen b 0,8
15 10
12 6
cos a 0,8 cos b 0,6
15 10
9 8
tg a 0,75 tg b 1,33
12 6
r2 h2 l 2 2
42 h 2 2
2
16 h 2 4
h 2 16 4
h 12
h2 3
AE x
AE x 2
5x 10 x 50 x 2
C 2 r
3
2
63 12 58 56 11
25 5 25 25 5
6
5
21
10
63
25
3 4 3 2 8 3 3
3 3 2 3
4 2 2
a b c
p p a p b p c p
2
3
2
3
2
A
V F
VAF 2
A V6
VAF2
V V 6 F 2 6 F 2 F 2 6 F 8
3 3 2 3
a h A
a 6 2 4
2 :1
2a
2
2 2
B
a 2 h2 2 h2 2 h2
2 4 4
2 3 2 3
h 2
h
4 2
3 3 3
3a h h 3a a
2 2 6
Pr-Reitoria de Extenso PROEX
190
1
bh A
2
1 1 3 2 3
A bh A A
2 2 2 4
a A 2
a 2
3 3 3 2
a A
2 2
a
AT 2 AB AL V AB h
AT V
AB AB
AL
AB a 2
AL 4 a 2 AT 6 a 2
AB
AL AT
a
d a 2
D a 3
d
V a3
D
V
d a 2
D2 d 2 a2
a D
2
D 2 a 2 a 2 D 2 2a 2 a 2
d
D 2 3a 2 D a 3
D a 2 b2 c 2
V a bc
AT 2 a b a c b c
c D
V
a b
V1 a b c
1,25 a 1,25 b
V2 1,25 a 1,25 b c 1,5625 a b h
c
V1 V2 a b c 1,5625 a b h 1,5625 h c h h 0,64 c
1,5625
V a 3 13824
a 24 cm
d 2 r d 2 6 12 cm
222 8
b
AL n
b2 h2 a2 2
rea de
h b b cada face
triangular.
a n
1
AT AB AL V AB h
3
1 1
A base altura A b
2 2
b
AL n .
2
6 3
h g
3 2
2 3 2 3
AB AB AL
4 4
AT 2 3 3 2
V
12
2 h2 c2
2
c
3
3
c
3
2
3 2 2 2 2 6
h
2 2
2 h2 h2 2 h2
h
3 3 3 3 3
1,88 104 m3
2,22 1,4 6,78 2,26 1,88 1,2
1
V AB h
3
rea da
Base
Altura
1
6 , 78
1
2
2
1
V 220 140 2,2 100 1,4 100 2,2 1,4 100
2
100
2
3 3 3 104 102
6,78 6
10 2,26 106 m3
3
Volume
2,26 10 6
1,2 10 2 120
1
,
8810
4
Capacidade
construdaem
60 dias.
AB r 2 AL 2 r h
r
AT 2 AB AL
ASM 2 r h
AT 2 r 2 2 r h
AT 2r r h
h
2r
h 2r
V AB h r 2 h
20 cm 0,2 m
V 6 r 2 h 6 3 0,2 1 0,72 m3
2
12 0,72 8,64 m3
8,64 2,50 R$ 21,60
g g
h
r
2r
1 r2 h
g 2 h2 r 2 ASM r h V AB h
AB r 2
3 3
AT AB AL
2 r AL r g g 2 r
AT r 2 r g
g
AT r r g
2 r
g
2 360 g2
2r AL r g
AL
1 r2 h 3 4 2 10
V 0,9 AB h 0,9 0,9 144 cm 3
3 3 3
r 4
A 4 r 2 V r3
3
V1
4 4
V1 r 2 h r 3 3 5 2 10 3 53 1250 mm 3
3 3
V2
4 4
V2 r 2 h r 3 3 4 2 10 3 4 3 736 mm 3
3 3
BA DC FE HG QP 4
0,8
OA OC OE OG OP 5
OB OD OF OH OQ 3
0,6
OA OC OE OG OP 5
BA DC FE HG QP 4
1, 3
OB OD OF OH OQ 3
b 2 c 1,96 b 2
sen 0,71429 cos 0,7 tg 1,02041
a 2,80 a 2,80 c 1,96
b
sen b c sen
c
a
cos a c cos
c
c 2 c 2 cos c 2 sen
2 2
c2
c 2 c 2 cos sen
2 2
2
cos sen
c
cos 2 sen 2
2 2
2
c
cos 2 sen 2 1
b
sen sen c b
tg
cos cos a a
c
sen
tg
cos
2 2
sen 45 cos 45 tg 45 1
2 2
l 3
2
3 1
sen 60 cos 60 tg 60 3
2 2
1 3 3
sen 30 cos 30 tg 30
2 2 3
x sen x cos x tg x
1 3 3
30
2 2 3
2 2
45 1
2 2
3 1
60 3
2 2
x
x sen 30
12
1 x
sen 30 2 x 12 x 6
2 12
x
cos 60 cos 60
15
1 x
2 x 15 x 7,5
2 15
x y
x
y
y x
sen 60 cos 60
30 30
3 y 1 x
2 y 30 3 y 15 3 2 x 30 x 15
2 30 2 30
cateto oposto
tg
cateto adjacente
h
tg 60
6
h
3 h6 3 m
6
x
tg 30
100
3 x
3x 100 3
3 100
100 3
x x 57,7 m
3
h x
h 1,70 x h 1,70 57,7 h 59,4 m
a b c
2R
sen A sen B sen C
a 2 b 2 c 2 2 b c cos A
b 2 a 2 c 2 2 a c cos B
c 2 a 2 b 2 2 a b cos C
2
2
3
2
3
2
x
x f x sen x x
sen x 1 1
1, 1
1 y 1
x
x f x cos x
1, 1
1 y 1
x
x f x tg x
3
2 2
h ,
2
30
AB 2000 m
3
1000 1000 3 2000 2000 2000 3
3
AP
BP 2000
CP d
cos 30 sen 60
cos 30
d 3
cos 30 d 2000 m cos 30 d 2000 m d 1000 3 m
2000 m 2
2 4 3 3 1 3 3
2 3 2 2
sen 60
2 3 2 4 3 4 3
sen 60 x 3 4 x x
x 2 x 3 3 3
BC x
tg 15
x
x x
tg 15 0,26 x 114 0,26 x 29,64
114 114
1 3
sen 30 sen 60
2 2
sen 30 sen 60
sen 2 cos 2 tg 2
2
Cos 2
cos 2
cos 2
Sen 2
sen 2
sen 2
Tg 2
tg 2
tg tg 2 tg
tg 2 tg
1 tg tg 1 tg 2
tg 2
2 tg
tg 2
1 tg 2
m n m n m
n
A 33
A
a 32
a ij i
j A mn ,
i, j a ij f i, j
A 22 a ij 2i j
a a 2 1 1 2 1 2
A 11 12 A
a 21 a 21 2 2 1 2 2 2
1 0
A
3 2
mn
1
2 4
2 3 2
A B 0 3 3
5 1
8 1 1
A
B
a11 , a 22 , a 33 , , a nn
a ij
i j a ij
i j n 1
4 0 0
7 3
C
D 3 1 0
0 1 1 9 5
c 21
d12 , d13 e d 23
a ij 0 i j a ij 0
i j
6 6 0 0
E 0 10 0
0
D 5
0 8
0 0 3
a ij 0 i j
In
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0
I2 I 3 0 1 0 I 5 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
a ij 1, para i j
a ij 0, para i j
0 mn
0 0
0 0 0 0
0
013 0 0 0 0 42 03 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0n
A A
A
A
1 3 1 3
A 2 0 A 2 0
4 8 4 8
A
A
A B m n
nm B A
B A
B A t bij a ji
3 5
3 2 1
A B A 2 4
t
5 4 0
1 0
A B m n
A B AB C
m n
A B
C A B cij a ij bij
A 23 B23
2 0 1 1 3 2
A B
3 5 7 2 5 1
2 0 1 1 3 2 2 1 0 3 1 2
AB
3 5 7 2 5 1 3 2 5 5 7 1
3 3 1
C 23
1 0 8
A B m n
A B AB
A B C
m n
C A B A B cij a ij bij
A14 B14
1
A 1 4 7 B 3 2 0 8
2
A
A
B
B
1 1
1
2 4 7 3 2 0 8 1
2 4 7 3 2 0 8
A B
C 1 4
1 3 2 4 0 7 8 2
1 5
4 1
2 2
BA
A
A
B
B
3 2 0 8 1 1
4 7 3 2 0 8 1
1
4 7
2 2
B A
D14
1
3 1 2 0 4 8 7 2
5
4 1
2 2
AB BA B A D C A B
A m n
A B b ij m n bij a ij
i j
A33
B33
1 5 1 2 1 25 2 1 2 10 2
2 0 6 1 0
1 1
2 3 0 2 3 2
2 2
6 4 8 2 6 2 4 2 8 12 8 16
A12 B
1 2
1 1 1
1 3 1 3
1
1
3 3 3 3
A m n B n p
A B C m p
c ij
i A j B
C AB
Amn Bn p Cm p
A 32 B23
a 11 a 12
b b13
a 21 a 22
b12
B23 11
b 23
A 32
a 31 a 32 b 21 b 22
A 3 2
B23
a 11 a 12
b b12 b13
A B a 21 a 22 11
b 21 b 22 b 23
a 31 a 32
a 11 b11 a 12 b 21 a 11 b12 a 12 b 22 a11 b13 a12 b 23
a 21 b11 a 22 b 21 a 21 b12 a 22 b 22 a 21 b13 a 22 b 23 C33
a 31 b11 a 32 b 21 a 31 b12 a 32 b 22 a 31 b13 a 32 b 23
A B B A
AB 0 A0 B0
2 1 2 1 0
A B
0 3 0 1 3
AB B A
AB
A j 2 B i 2
2 1 2 1 0
A 22 B 23
0 3 0 1 3
2 2 1 0 2 1 1 1 2 0 1 3 4 3 3
0 2 3 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 3 3 0 3 9
B A
B j 3 A i 2
C
P
P1 P2 P3
P1 P2
P3
7 4 9 2 2
9 4 11 6 2
8 4 4 8 4
P1 P2 P3 P C
2 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 7
P C 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 9
2 2 0 2 2 1 2 3 0 2 8
a 11
det A11 a11
C 8 det C c11 8
a a 12
A A 11
a 21 a 22
a 11 a 12
det A a11 a 22 a12 a 21 a 11 a 22 a 12 a 21
a 21 a 22
2 3
B
4 5
2 3
2 5 5 4 10 12 2 det B 2
4 5
A
a11 a12 a13
A a 21 a 22 a 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
13 22 31 11 23 32
12 21 33
2 1 1
B 1 2 2
3 1 4
2 1 1 2 1
1 2 2 1 2
3 1 4 3 1
produtos
da diagonal principal
produtos da diagonal secundria
2 2 4 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 4
16 6 1 6 4 4 28 9 19
det B 19
1 3
1 0 3 0 0
0 0
0 1 2
0 1 3 0 1 2 5 3 0 4 0 1 0 1 4 1 3 0 2 0 5 0
0 5 4
2 2
23 23 6 6 0
3 3
2 3 1
7 5 6 2 5 1 3 6 2 1 7 3 2 5 1 3 6 2 1 7 3 0
2 3 1
1 2 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 0
1 2
2
1 3 2
1 3 5 1 3 8 3 5 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 3 5 1 8 3 1 0
1 3 8
2 1 10 1
A B
4 5 20 5
B
A
det B 5 det A
2 1
det A 2 5 1 4 10 4 14 det B 5 det A
4 5
70 5 14
10 1
det B 10 5 1 20 50 20 70
20 5
A n
n
det An n det An
2 0 9
A 3 1 4 2
1 4 6
4 0 18
B 6 2 8
2 8 12
Bn
det A n n det A n det B3 2 det A3 det B3 8 det A3
3
A B
det A 2 1 6 0 4 1 9 3 4 1 1 9 4 4 2 6 3 0 73
det B 4 2 12 0 8 2 18 6 8
2 2 18 8 8 4 12 6 0
96 0 864 72 256 0 584
det B3 8 det A3 584 8 73 584 584
A At det A det At
1 5 1 3
A At
3 1 5 1
1 3
1 5 1 15 14
1 15 14 det A 14 5 1
3 1
det A t 14
A
B
A
2 3 1 4 7 5
A 1 3 3 B 1 3 3
4 7 5 2 3 1
A
det B det A
det A 30 36 7 12 42 15 73 69 4 det B det A
det B 12 42 15 30 36 7 69 73 4 4 4
produto da
diagonal principal
1 0
3 1 2 0
3 3
2 4 4
4
produto da
diagonal principal
1 8
4
1 1
0 2 3 1 2 8 3 0 4 0 0 0 2 4 0 3 1 0 8 1
1 2 2
0 0
2
A B
AB
det AB det A det B
3 4 8 1
A B
1 5 6 2
0 11
AB
22 11
B A B
3 1
A 2
2 5
52
22
7 11
B 3 4 1 10
2 5
A B
2
5
det A 3 5 2 1 15 2 13
det A det B
det B 7 5 2 11 35 22 13
a ij 1
i j a ij 1
a ij 1
1i j
i j
a ij 1
1 2 0 1
1 3 6 9
M4
4 1 2 0
2 2 3 4
M4
a11 1
M4
a ij 1
3 21 6 01 9 1 1 1 6 10
= 1 24 2 04 0 1 4 = 7 2 4
2 2 2 3 0 2 4 1 2 6 3 6
1 6 10
M 3 7 2 4
6 3 6
a11 1 M3
1 6 10 2 6 7 4 10 7 44 74
= 7 2 4 = =
3 66 6 10 6 33 66
6 3 6
M2
44 74
det M 2 44 66 74 33 2904 2442 462
33 66
M3 M4
1i j 111 12 1
Aij 1 Dij
i j
A ij a ij A
Dij A
A i j
a ij
1 2 4
a11 A 3 7 1
5 1 3
a11
A11 1 D11
11
D11
D
A
1 2 4
A 3 7 1
7 1
det D 7 3 1 1 20 D11
1 3
5 1 3
A11 1 20 20
2
a11
A n
1
A A n
A A 1 A A1 I
A
det A 0 A
1
det A 1
det A
2 3
A
2 5
A
2 3
det A 25 23 4
2 5
A
A11 1 D11 1 5 5
11 2
A12 1 D12 1 2 2
12 3
A21 1 D21 1 3 3
21 3
A22 1 D22 1 2 2
22 4
5 2
3 2
5 3
2 2
5 3
4
4 A 1
A 2 2
4 4
A
A A 1
5 3 5 2 3 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 1 0
A A 1 4 4 4 4 4 4
I
2 5 2 2 5 2 3 2 0 1
2 5 2 5
4 4 4 4 4 4
det A 4
5 3
det A 1 4 4 5 2 2 3 10 6 4 1
2 2 4 4 4 4 16 16 16 4
4 4
1 1 1
det A 1
det A 4 4
4 4
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 1
1
1 1
2 4
1 1
2 4
1 1
2 4
1 1
2 4
4 4
4 1
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
x y
x y 80
20 x 10 y 100
x 20 x
y 10 y
x y 80 1. equao
20 x 10 y 100 2. equao
a1x1 a2 x2 a3 x3 an xn b
x1, x2 , x3 , , xn
x y
a1, a2 , a3 , , an
x y
1 x y 20
10
b
80 100
S m
n x1, x2 , x3 , , xn
2 2 m 2
n2
x y 80 1. equao
20 x 10 y 100 2. equao
2 x y 10
x y 80
2 x y 10
3x 90 x 30
y x
x y 80 30 y 80 y 50
2 2
x y
30; 50
m n
x y 80 y 80 x 1. equao
20 x 10 y 100 2. equao
y 80 x
20 x 10 y 100 20 x 1080 x 100 20 x 800 10 x 100 x 30
y x 30
x y 80 30 y 80 y 50
2r s t 3u 8
x 2y z 5 0r s 3t u 3
0x
y 2z 8 a0r 0s
0x 0 y z 2
a 5t 7u 2
a
0r 0s 0t u 1
a a
x y 80 1. equao
20 x 10 y 100 2. equao
20
y 50 1. equao
20 x 10 y 100 2. equao
20 x 10 y 100
y 50
x y 50
20 x 10 y 100
20x 10 50 100 20x 500 100 x 30
m n
m n
a11x1 a12 x2 a13x3 a1n xn b1
a x a x a x a x b
21 1 22 2 23 3 2n n 2
x y
1 1
D det D 1 10 20 1 10 20 30
20 10
y
80 1
Dx det D x 80 10 100 1 800 100 900
100 10
x
1 80
Dy det D y 1100 20 80 100 1600 1500
20 100
Dx 900 Dy 1500
x x 30 y x 50
D 30 D 30
n n
D0
30; 50
2 2
a1
b1
a1 x b1 y 1 a b x y 5 1 1
1 1
a2 x b2 y 2 a2 b2 x 2 y 6 1 2
a2 b2
1
a1 x b1 y 1 a b b1
a1
1 1 1 5 x 2 y 3 5 2 3
a2 x b2 y 2 a2 b2 2
10 x 4 y 6 10
4 6
a2 b2 2
1
b1
a1
a1 x b1 y 1 a b 5 x 2 y 3 5 2 3
1 1 1
a2 x b2 y 2 a2 b2 2 10 x 4 y 4 10
4 4
a2 b2 2
00
5x 3
00
1 1
05
1 1
2 x 4 y 8 z 0
4 x 6 y 2 z 0
2 x 28 z 0
2 x 4 y 8z 0 2x 4 y 8z 0
2 x 3 y z 0 2 x 28 z 0
0x y 9z 0 4 y 36 z 0
2 x 4 y 8 z 0
y 9z 0
4 y 36 z 0
4
y 9z 0 2 x 4 y 8 z 0
y 9 z 0 y 9z 0
00
00
00
z
y 9 z 0 y 9 0 y 9
2 x 4 y 8z 0 2 x 4 9 8 0 2 x 36 8 0 x 14
14 ; 9 ;
1 1
14; 9; 1 14; 9; 1
3x 15 y 6 z 3
2 x 10 y 4 z 10
2 3
6 x 30 y 12 z 6
3x 15 y 6 z 3
6 x 30 y 12 z 30
0 24
0 24
0 24
S
x
px an x n an1 x n1 an2 x n2 a2 x 2 a1 x1 a0
an , an1 , an2 , , a2 , a1 , a0
a0
n
x
an 0 Gr p n
x
p x p 0
p x x 3 2 x 2 2 x 1
p 1 13 2 1 2 1 1 p 1 1 2 2 1 p 1 0
2
px x 2 k x 6
k
p 12 0
p 12 12 k 12 6 0 144 12k 6 0 k
2 25
2
25
k
2
p x 0
x
a p a p x
p x x3 6 x 2 11x 6 p 1
p 1 1 6 1 11 1 6 1 6 11 6 12 12 0
3 2
p 1 0 p x x3 6 x 2 11x 6
p x 2 x3 6 x 2 mx n
p 2 0 p 1 6 m n
P 2 0
P 1 6,
P 2 2 2 6 2 m 2 n 0
3 2
16 24 2m n 0 2m n 8
P 1 2 1 6 1 m 1 n 6
3 2
2 6 m n 6 m n 2
2m n 8
mn2
3m 6 m 2
m n
2m n 8 2 2 n 8 4 n 8 n 4
m n
px 3x3 x 2 5x 2
q x 2 x 2 5 x 5 r x x 3 3x 2 2 x 1
x qx
p
p x q x 3 x 3 x 2 5 x 2 2 x 2 5 x 5
3x 3 1 2x 2 5 5x 2 5 3x 3 3x 2 3
x qx rx
p
2 2
p x q x r x 3 x x 5 x 2 2 x 5 x 5 x 3 x 2 2 x 1
3 3
3 1x 3 1 2 3x 2 5 5 2x 2 5 1 2 x 3 2 x 4
x qx
p
p x q x 3 x x 5 x 2 2 x 5 x 5
3 2 2
3x 1 2x 5 5x 2 5 3x x 10 x 7
3 2 3 2
qx x
p
3
q x p x 2 x 5 x 5 3 x x 5 x 2
2 2
3x 2 1x 5 5x 5 2 3x x 2 10 x 7
3 2 3
qx rx
2 3
qx r x 2 x 5 x 5 x 3x 2 2 x 1
2 x 6 x 4 x 2 x 5 x 15 x 10 x 5 x 5 x 3 15 x 2 10 x 5
5 4 3 2 4 3 2
2 x 5 11x 4 6 x 3 23x 2 15 x 5
x
p
3
5 px 5 3x x 5 x 2 15 x 3 5 x 2 25 x 10
2
rx
1 1 3 x3 3x 2
r x x 3x 2 x 1
1
2
1
2 2 2 2 2
p x s x s x 0 p x
s x qx r x
px sx qx rx
r x s x
r x 0
p x
s x
qx p x s x
rx rx qx
px 6 x 3 13x 2 x 3
sx 2 x 2 3x 1
6 x3
6x 3 2x 2 3x
2x2
6 x3 13x 2 x 3 2 x 2 3x 1
3x
3x sx 2 x 2 3x 1
3x 2 x 2 3x 1 6 x 3 9 x 2 3x
px 6 x 3 13x 2 x 3
6 x3 13x 2 x 3 2 x 2 3x 1
6 x 3 9 x 2 3x 3x
4x 4x 3
2
4x 2
4x 3
s x
4x2
4x 2 2x 2 2
2x2
6 x3 13x 2 x 3 2 x 2 3x 1
6 x 3 9 x 2 3x 3x 2
4x 4x 3
2
2 sx 2 x 2 3x 1
2 2 x 2 3x 1 4 x 2 6 x 2
4x 4x 3
2
6 x3 13x 2 x 3 2 x 2 3x 1
6 x 3 9 x 2 3x 3x 2
4x 4x 3
2
4x2 6x 2
2x 1
2 x 1
s x px 6 x 3 13x 2 x 3
sx 2 x 2 3x 1 q x 3 x 2
rx 2 x 1
px sx qx rx
p x s x q x r x
6 x 3 13x 2 x 3 2 x 2 3x 1 3x 2 2 x 1
6 x 3 13x 2 x 3 6 x 3 13x 2 3x 2 2 x 1
6 x 3 13x 2 x 3 6 x 3 13x 2 x 3
px 4 x 2 2 x 3 sx 2 x 1
4x2 2x 3 2x 1
4x 2x
2
2x
3
px 4 x 2 x 3
2
sx 2 x 1
q x 2 x r x 3
Grq
Grp Grs Grq Grp Grs
p x
xa
x
p x p x
px 2 x3 8x 2 2 x 12 sx x 3
3 2 8 2 12
3 2 8 2 12
2
2 3
6 8
2 8
3 2 8 2 12
2 6 8
2
3 2 8 2 12
2 6 8 62
2 4
3 2 8 2 12
2 6 8 62 12 12
2 4 0
qx rx
2 2 4 qx
q x 2 x 2 2 x 4 rx 0
px sx qx rx
p x s x q x r x
2 x 3 8 x 2 2 x 12 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 4 0
2 x 8 x 2 x 12 2 x 2 x 4 x 6 x 6 x 12
3 2 3 2 2
2 x 3 8 x 2 2 x 12 2 x 3 8 x 2 2 x 12
p x
xa xa
px 3x3 5x 6 sx 3x 1
xa
p x s x 3 x s x 1
px 3 3 5 6 5
x x x3 x 2 x
3 3 3 3 3
5
1, 0, 0 x2
3
2
s x 3 1 1 1
x x
3 3 3 3 3
1 5
1 0 2
3 3
2
1 1 5 16
1 0
3 9 3 27
1 16 38
3 9 27
r x
q x x 2 rx
1 16 38 38
x
3 9 3 27 9
r x 3
p x s x q x r x
16 38
3 x 3 5 x 6 3 x 1 x 2 x
1
3 9 9
16 1 16 38
3x 3 5 x 6 3x 3 x 2 x x 2 x
3 3 9 9
15 54
3x 3 5 x 6 3x 3 x
3 9
3x 5 x 6 3x 5 x 6
3 3
p x
xa pa
px x 3x 10
2
x 3 p3
p3 3 3 3 10 p3 9 9 10 p3 8
2
8 r x 8
px 0 an x n an1 x n1 an2 x n2 a2 x 2 a1 x1 a0 0
an 0
an , an1 , an2 , , a2 , a1 , a0
a0
n
x
an an1
n n1
an2 n 2
a2 a1 1 a0 0
2
x 2 5x 6 0
2 3
22 5 2 6 4 10 6 0 32 5 3 6 9 15 6 0
x 2 5x 6 0
S 2; 3
px 0 n 1
n n 1
n
px 0
an x n x n1 x 3 x 2 x 1 0 n n1
3 2 1
1 2
a2
a2
1 x 2 5x 6 0 1 x 2 x 3 0 x 2 x 3 0
2 fatores, pois n 2
1 2 2 3
p x n n 1
n
px x 2 10 x 25
px x 2 10 x 25 x 5 x 5 x 5
2
r m
p x px x r .qx qx 0
m
px x 2 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
2
x 1
px x 4 4 x3 2 x 2 12 x 9 x 3 x 1 x 3 x 3 x 1 x 1
2 2
x 3 x 1 3
b
x1 x2
ax 2 bx c 0 a0 a
c
x1 x2 x1 x2
a
b
x1 x2 x3
a
ax3 bx 2 cx d 0 a0 d
x1 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3 a
c
x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3
a
an1
n x1 x2 xn
an
an x n a2 x 2 a1 x1 a0 0
x1 x2 xn 1 0
n a
an 0
an
x1 x2 xn n
an 2
x1 x2 x1 x3 xn1 xn
an
3x 3 2 x 2 x 3 0
x1 x2 x3 ,
x1 x2 x3
2
x1 x2 x3
3 1 x1 x2 x1 x3 x2 x3
1
3 3 3
x3 4x 2 x 4 0
4 2 1 4 1
b 4
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 4
a 1
x 3 3x 2 4 x 2 0
1 3i 1 3i
1 i 1 i
2 i 2 i
1 i 1 i
1 3i 1 3i
x 3 3x 2 4 x 2 0
px x 3 3x 2 4 x 2
x 1
x 1 px x 3 3x 2 4 x 2
1 1 3 4 2
1 1 3 24 22
2 2 0
s x qx
r x
px x 1 x 2 2 x 2 0
x2 2x 2 0
2 4 1 2 4 8 4
2
2 2i
2 4i 2 x1 2 1 i
x 1 i e 1 i so as razes.
2 1 x 2 2i
2 1 i
2
x 3 3x 2 4 x 2 0 1 1 i 1 i
S 1; 1 i; 1 i
m 1
x m 2x 1 mx 2 0
3 2
1
px x m 2x 1 mx 2
3 2
p 1 0
p 1 0
p 1 1 m 2 1 1 m 1 2 0
3 2
1 m 2 1 m 2 0 2m 2 0 m 1
m
x 4 9 x3 30 x 2 44 x 24 0
x 4 9 x3 30 x 2 44 x 24 0
x1 x2 x3 2
an1
x1 x2 x3 x4
an
x1 x2 x3 2 an1 9 an 1
9
2 2 2 x4 6 x4 9 x4 9 6 3
1
S 2 tripla; 3
p x
x c q x 3 x 2 x x 1
3 2
pc 3
p1 2
c
p x
px qx sx rx s x rx
sx x c r x 3
x s x
q r x
px 3x 2 x x 1 x c 3
3 2
p1 2
p1 3 13 2 12 1 1 1 c 3
2 1 1 c 3 2 3 1 c 1 1 c c 2
c2 p x
x s x
q r x
p x 3 x 2 x x 1 x 2 3
3 2
p x 3 x 6 x 2 x 4 x 2 x 2 2 x x 2 3
4 3 3
p x 3 x 4 8 x 3 5 x 2 3 x 5
c2
px 3x 4 8x3 5x 2 3x 5
2
+3 +
5=0
1 2 = 1
+ , 2 = 1
= +
2 = 1
=
=
=0 =
= 0, 0 =
1 =
2 = 1
=
3 = 2 = 1 =
4 = 2 2 = 1 2 = 1
0 = 4 = 1
= + = +
+ = + + +
= 2 + 3 = 1 2
+ = 2 + 3 + 1 2 = 2 + 1 + 3 2 = 3 +
, , + + = +
+
, + = +
0 = 0 + 0
+0= =0+ .
+ =0
= +
= 2 + 3 = 1 2
= 2 + 3 1 2 = 2 1 + 3 (2) = 1 +
5
= +( + )
= 2 + 3 = 1 2
= 2 + 3 1 2 = 2.1 3(2) + 2 2 + 3.1 = 8
, , =
, =
1 = 1 + 0
.1 = = 1.
1 1
=1
1
=
= +
=
+ = 2 =2
= + = 2
+ 2
= 2 + 3 = 1 2
2 + 3 2 + 3 1 + 2 2 + 4 + 3 6 4 + 7
= = = =
1 2 1 2 1 + 2 1+4 5
= +
=
= )
= = 2 + 2.
= 1 + 2
1 2 5
= =
= =
= 2 + 2
= 22 + 22 = 8 = 2 2 = 5,667
b 2 1 2 2
sen .
|Z| 2 2 2 2 2
a 2 2
cos
|Z| 2 2 2
= 45
= +
= + = cos + = +
+ = +
+ = +
1 = 1 cos + 2 = 2( + )
1 = 1 cos + = 1 cos
1 2 = 1 2 + + +
1
= 1 2
= 1 2
2 cos +
2 2 2 2
1
= cos +
2
1 = 2 cos 30 + 30
2 = 3 cos 60 + 60
1 2 = 6 cos 30 + 60 + 30 + 60 = 6 cos 90 + 90
1 2 2
= cos 30 60 + 30 60 = 30 30
2 3 3
= cos +
= +
= 2 cos 6 + 6
4 4 2 2
4
= 24 cos + = 16 cos +
6 6 3 3
= 2 cos +
6 6
2
2 2 1
= 22 cos + = cos + =
6 6 4 3 3
1
= cos
4 3 3
1
= 0 0 =
0
0, = cos +
0 = 0 cos 0 + 0 , 0 0
0 cos 0 + 0 = cos + .
0 = 0 = 2 , .
0 =
+2 +2
= cos + 0 1
=0 0 = 0 = 0.
=1
2 2
= + , = 0, 1, , 1
=1
2 2
1 = = cos +
1
1, , 2 , 3 , ,
= 1.
2 2
1 = = cos +
5 5
1
2 , 3 , ,
0 =1
4 4
2 = 2 = cos +
5 5
6 6 8 8
3 = 3 = cos 5
+ 5 4 = 4 = cos 5
+ 5
1
1
1 , 1 ,
2
1 , ,
3
1
+2 +2
= cos + , = 0, 1, , 1
2
3 =1+
1 + = 2 cos 4
+ 4
2 2 3 +2 3 +2
3
3 =1+ = 2 8
+ 8
=
3 3 +2 3 +2
= 2 + , = 0,1,2
8 8
3 3 3
0 = 2 8
+ 8
;
3 3 +2 3 +2 3 5
1 = 2 + = 2 +
8 8 8
5 8;
3 3 +4 3 +4 3 7 7
2 = 2 8
+ 8
= 2 8
+ 8
.
3
3 2
+4 2=0
1+ 1
2+ 2
1 3 1
1 + 1
1 3 1 + 3
3
3 2
+4 2= 1 2
2 +2 .
= 4
3
3 2
+4 2 = 1 2 2 +2
=
= 1 1+ + 1+
1+ 1
( )
= 1
a + b c d
36 12 12 36 12 36
12 + 36 36 + 12
d
1 + a = 1 a = 0 1 7 = d d = 6 2 = 3 d + b = 0 b = 6
c+1=3c=2
a = 0, b = 6, c = 2 d = 6
a + b c d = 6 2 + 6 = 12 36
5
3 4
+4 3
4 2
+3 1=0
1 1+ (1 ) 1
1 1 1+ 1
= 1, 1, 1, 1, 2
5
3 4
+4 3
4 2
+3 1 = 0
1+1+1+ 1 + 2 =3 1 + 2 =0
111 1 2 =1 1 2 =1
1 = 2 1 = 2 1 = 1 =
1
2
= 1 1 = 2 = 2 =
P3, 2 Q 2, 1 P1, 2
, .
= = .
= =
2 2 2
= + 2 = +
2 2
= + = 06 2 + 00 2 =6
= 2+ 2 = 03 2 + 05 2 = 9 + 25 =
= 34
2 2
= + = 63 2 + 05 2 = 9 + 25 =
= 34
= , = ,
=
=
2 +
2
2 2
= +
2 2
2
+
2
= +
+ +
= 2 = 2
+ + + +
= 3
= 3
2, 4 ,2
2, 1, 2
+ + 2+ +2
= 3
= 3
=1 4+ =3 = 1
+ + 4+2+
= = =26+ =6 =0
3 3
= 1 = 0.
1
= , = 1.
2
1
,
=1 2, 4 1, 3
2 4 1
= 2
= 4, D = 1 3 1 = 8.
1 1
6+4 13 +42= 8 = 1
6 + 4 1 3 + 4 2 = 8 = 15
1, 1 15, 1
( , ) ( , )
( , )
1
: 1 =0 : + + =0 , ,
1
1 1
= = = =
1 1
= =
: + + =0
: = +
=0
: = 0+ =
=0 =
> 0
< 0
= 0 =0 =
: + + =0
=0
:2 + 3 5 = 0
2
: = 3 +
5
3
2
= 3
0, 0 . 0 = 0
(1, 3) 2, 5 .
, = (2, 5) 0, 0 = (1, 3)
0 = 0 53= 21 =2
1 1
=
(1, 4) 3, 6
1 2 3 4 5
1, 4 = ( , ) 3, 6 = ( 0 , 0)
1
0 = 0 46= 1 3 =
2
= =
( ) =
()
1
=
( , )
: + + =0
( , )
0 0 1
1
1 0 + 0 +
, = =
2 2 2 + 2
(2,5) : = 1
+ +1=0
= 1
= 1,
= 1 2 + 1 5 + 1 = 4
4 4
, = = = = 2 2 = 2,83
2+ 2 1 2 +12 2
( , )
,
= , = 2 + 2
: 2
+ 2
= 2
: 2
+ 2
2 2 + 2 + 2 2
=0
,
, >0
: 2
+ 2
6 +2 +6=0
: 3 + 7 21 = 0
3 +7 2=0 3 7 2 = 0 3 +7 +5 =0
3 + 7 16 = 0 7 +3 2=0
2 2
6 2
: + = 2
2 2
6 2
, 3 , 1
2 2
3 +7 + = 0
3 3 + 7 1 + = 0 = 2
1 , 1
2 , 2
+ =2
0<2 = <2
,
1, 1 2, 2
1
, 1 2
, 2
1
, 1 2
, 2
2 =2 =2
2 =2 =2
2 =2 =2
2 2
= = = +
2
02 2 .
(, )
2
2
2
+ 2
=1
1 , 1 2 , 2
0,0
2 2
2
+ 2
=1
2 2
2
+ 2
=1
2 2
2
+ 2
=1
0,0 0,4
0,2
=4 =2
2
= 2
+ 2
2
= 2
2
= 16 4 = 12 =2 3
0 2 2 2 2 2 2
12
+ 16
= 1 12 + 16
=1
1 , 1
2, 2
( , _1 ) ( , _2 ) = 2
,
1 , 1 2 , 2
1
, 1 2
, 2
1
, 1 2
, 2
2 =2 =2
2 =2 =2
2 =2 =2
=
2 2 2
= +
02 2 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
=1 2
2
=1
1 , 1 2 , 2
0, 0
2 2
2
2
=1
2 2
2
2
=1
2
2
+4 +6 2=0
2
2
+4 +6 6 = 0
2
+4 +4 4 2
6 +9 9 6=0
+2 2
3 2
=
= =1
2
= 2
+ 2
=2 = 2
= 2, 3 = 3, 3 , = 1, 3 ,
= 2, 4 = 2, 2 = 2 + 2, 3
= (2 2, 3)
1 , 1
, = ( , )
,
1 , 1
=
=2
2
=2 2
=2
1, 1 ,
= + 2 ,
=2
= , + 2 =2
0, 0
>0
2
=2
<0
2
=2
>0
<0
1, 2 4, 2
2
= =2 =4>0
= 2,
1 2
=2 2 1 2
=8 2
2
8 2 + 17 = 0