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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp. 2634, Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_005
Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

IMPROVEMENT OF GROUND WATER LEVEL

BY POROUS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
Anne Mary J
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering,
VelTech Dr RR & Dr SR University, Avadi, Chennai, India

Samson S
Professor, Civil Engineering,
VelTech Dr RR & Dr SR University, Avadi, Chennai, India

Saravanakumar R M
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering,
VelTech Dr RR & Dr SR University, Avadi, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT
Porous concrete permits water runoff to percolate through it rather than flood
surrounding areas. It is usually a mixture of 10 mm to 20 mm average diameter
aggregate, hydraulic cement, other cementitious materials, admixtures and water.
When properly placed, pervious slabs will contain voids that would look like a
honeycomb and these voids are held together with cement. This work investigates the
feasibility of reducing the volume of fine aggregate in cement concrete mix and adding
extra course aggregate. Porous concrete helping to increasing ground water level by
allow water on surface and reducing runoff water during rainy seasons. River sand
conforming to IS code 383-1970 collected from nearby quarry is used as fine
aggregate, cement used for this work is Portland pozzalona cement and coarse
aggregates used are of 20mm and 10mm grain sizes. In the present study, replacing of
sand at a percentage of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with aggregate was attempted.
Both 10 mm and 20 mm aggregates were used separately. The mix design was carried
out as per IS code. Concrete specimens are cast, cured and tested for 7, 14, 28 days
compressive strength. Both cube and cylindrical compression tests were conducted.
Cube moulds of dimension 150 x 150 x 150 mm and cylinder mould of dimension 150
mm diameter and 300 mm height were used. The observations arrived from the
present study are compressive strength of porous concrete is less than the ordinary
concrete, 90% of required compressive strength attained within 7 days, concrete
surface appear clearly outside as coarse aggregate present out at the surface. It is
found that Porous concrete construction is technically variable and feasible. It is also
found from preparation usage that Pervious Concrete requires less maintenance.
resists moving under braking vehicles passes more water through to the sub soil, less
apt to crack or separate, more effective at handling oil and grease, takes less time to
install and has lower life-cycle cost.

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 Improvement of Ground Water Level by Porous Concrete Construction

Key words: Porous concrete, Compression, Split Tensile, No fines concrete, 10 &
20mm Coarse Aggregates.
Cite this Article: Anne Mary J, Samson S and Saravanakumar R M, Improvement of
Ground Water Level by Porous Concrete Construction. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp. 2634.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=9

1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the product after mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The
water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating
a robust stone-like material. Concrete can be produced to yield a varying strength from about
10 MPa to about 40 MPa, depending on the structure for which it was produced.
Porous concrete is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete
flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources, to pass through
it, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and recharging ground water levels. The high
porosity is attained by a highly interconnected void content. Pervious concrete will have very
little or no fine aggregate content. A cementitious paste coated over the coarse aggregate
particles is enough to hold aggregates and to have interconnectivity of the voids. Pervious
concrete is generally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, pedestrian walkways, and
greenhouses.
Tennis et al (2004) found out that the porous concrete is suitable to low volume pavement,
residential road, parking lots, Low water crossing, tennis court and hydraulic structure . They
have illustrated that porous concrete can be efficiency utilized with the use of proposed
comprehensive approach. Miller and Mrkajic have found that pervious concrete mixture that
passes ASTM C 666 are durable in the field. They have also said that the pavement system
drains well enough to keep the pervious concrete from being saturated, then the harsh
conditions represented by the ASTM C 666 test do not apply. Leedom and Kaszubowski
(xxxx) found out the suitability of coarse aggregate as replacement of sand for concrete
preparing. They were chosen basics mixes to achieve concrete and equivalent mixes were also
obtained by replacing natural sand by coarse aggregates partially and fully for satisfactory
utilization of an alternative material to fine aggregate. They have also discussed Technically
feasibility, Durability of concrete and Economic feasibility.
Porous concrete produced from 20 mm and 10 mm coarse aggregates were tested in this
work for their mechanical properties. They were also attempted to know the extent of for
replacement of fine aggregate with coarse aggregate to obtain the benefits of porous concrete.
Those benefits include cost effective, consumption of both raw material and chemical
ingredients reduce the pollution in the environment, more effective at handling oil and grease,
takes less time to install, has lower life-cycle cost, requires less maintenance and it helps
ground water improvement. Pervious concrete can significantly reduce noise, by allowing air
to be squeezed between vehicle tires and the roadway to escape. Porous concrete is otherwise
called as pervious concrete or no fines concrete.

2. MATERIALS AND METHOD

Portland pozzolana cement of specific gravity 3.19 is used in this work. River sand of specific
gravity 2.68 and conforming Zone II as per IS: 383 is used as fine aggregate (FA). Coarse
aggregates (CA) of specific gravity 2.72 are used. CA are of particle sizes 20 mm and 10 mm

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 Anne Mary J, Samson S and Saravanakumar R M

are used separately. Water which conforms to drinking water standards is used for the
preparation of concrete.
An experimental investigation is designed for the estimation of compressive strength of
concrete cubes and spilt tensile strengths when concrete is made by replacing of fine
aggregate with coarse aggregates. Replacing fine aggregate with equal amount of coarse
aggregate at the percentage of 25%, 50%.75%, 100% were carried out. It was decided to carry
out the work with mix of grade M 20. The target mean strength is arrived as 27.49 N/mm2.
Mix design for M 20 was carried out for control concrete. Free water cement ratio required for
the target mean strength 27.49 N/mm2 is 0.48as per IS:10262-1984. The mix proportion for
control concrete is 1:1.441:3.033 when 20 mm aggregates are used. The mix proportion for
control concrete is 1:1.40: 2.23 when 10 mm aggregates are used. Five mix ratios have been
arrived and concrete was prepared for these mix ratios separately using 20 mm and 10 mm
aggregates. The various quantity of materials used under proposed mix proportions for 20 mm
size CA is given in Table 1 and for 10 mm size CA is given in Table 2. The various events of
methodology is diagrammatically shown as flow chart in Figure 1. Various concrete
specimens are prepared as per mix proportions arrived and cast into cube and cylindrical
moulds and cured. The cube compression and cylindrical compressions tests were conducted
on the specimens after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. The mix ID 00FA stands for 0 % of FA in
the mix, it may be named as no-fines concrete or pervious concrete or porous concrete.

Figure 1 Flow chart of methodology

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 Improvement of Ground Water Level by Porous Concrete Construction

Table 1 Proportions of materials for one cubic meter of concrete using 20 mm CA

Mix ID Cement in kg FA in kg CA in kg W in lit
CC 20 399.13 575.3 1211 191.6
75FA 399.13 431.48 1354.52 191.6
50 FA 399.13 287.65 1498.34 191.6
25 FA 399.13 143.83 1642.17 191.6
00 FA 399.13 0.00 1785.99 191.6

Table 2 Proportions of materials for one cubic meter of concrete using 10 mm CA

Mix ID Cement in kg FA in kg CA in kg W in lit
CC 10 446.3 625.8 994.03 214.2
75FA 446.33 469.35 1150.48 214.2
50 FA 446.33 312.9 1306.93 214.2
25 FA 446.33 156.45 1463.38 214.2
00 FA 446.33 0 1619.83 214.2

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Compression Strength
Higher compressive strength of concrete will increase its durability. Compressive strength
also indicates extent of control exercised during construction. Both resistance to abrasion and
volume stability improve with the compressive strength. Test for compressive strength is,
therefore, very important in quality control of concrete. Preparation and conduct of
compressive strength is comparatively easy. Test for determining compressive strength of
concrete has, therefore attained maximum importance.
Cubes are removed from the curing tank, the moisture on surface or the cubes is wiped out
with cotton. The dimension of the cubes are measured and noted. The specimen is placed in
compression machine such that the traveled face is at top and the cube is placed at center of
plates of the compression-testing machine. The load is applied axially of at an uniform
intensity of 14N/mm2 / minute till the specimen fails or crushed completely. The load at the
failure point is noted. The average compression strength of three cubes is considered for the
calculation of and tabulated. The compression strength of concrete prepared using 20 mm is
given in Table 3. The average compression strength of all mixes produced using 20 mm
aggregates are shown in Figure 2.

Table 3 Compression strength of cube specimens prepared using 20 mm aggregates

Average Comp Strength in N/ mm2
Mix ID
7 days 14 days 28 days
CC 20 25.8 26.8 28.9
75FA 24.33 24.99 26.67
50 FA 23.78 24.33 25.78
25 FA 17.33 17.21 20.00
00 FA 14.00 14.10 16.44

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 Anne Mary J, Samson S and Saravanakumar R M

35

Comp Strength in N/ sqmm

30
25
Average Comp Strength
20 in N/ mm2 7 days
15 Average Comp Strength
10 in N/ mm2 14 days
Average Comp Strength
5
in N/ mm2 28 days
0
CC 20 75FA 50 FA 25 FA 00 FA
Mix ID

Figure 2 Average compressive strength of all mixes produced using 20 mm aggregates

The compression strength values provide information about the development gradient of
concrete strength and the development of early strengths. The compression study analysis has
been made under three time intervals. A maximum compressive strength of 28.9 N/mm2 was
obtained in control mix CC20 and it is slightly higher than the target mean strength of 27.49
N/mm2. The control mix attains 93.8 % of target mean strength in 7 days. The no fines mix
00FA attains compressive strength of 16.44 N/mm2 after 28 days of curing, which is 59.8 %
of target strength.
35
Comp stregth in N/ sqmm

30
25
CC 20
20
75FA
15
50 FA
10
25 FA
5
00 FA
0
7 days 14 days 28 days
Age of concrete cube in days

Figure 3 Gain in compressive strength of all mixes produced using 20 mm aggregates

The rate of gain in compressive strength is analysed with the help of serial plot drawn
with age in abscissa and compression strength in ordinate. The rate of gain in compression
strength of the proposed specimens is compared with the rate of gain in strength of control
mix. The gain in strength with respect to age is graphically represented in Figure 3. The
control mix has shown consistent gain in strength with age. The mixes 75 FA and 50 FA have
rate of increase in strength similar to control mix but the mixes 25 FA and 00 FA have
gradual gain in strength upto 14 days and have steep gain in strength after 14 days and
obtained their maximum value in 28 days. The compression strength of concrete prepared
using 10 mm is given in Table 4.

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 Improvement of Ground Water Level by Porous Concrete Construction

Table 4 Compression strength of cube specimens prepared using 10 mm aggregates

Average Comp Strength in N/ mm2
Mix ID
7 days 14 days 28 days
CC 10 25.33 26.10 28.44
75FA 21.44 21.66 23.11
50 FA 18.55 19.66 21.33
25 FA 15.33 15.56 18.44
00 FA 11.21 11.55 14.55

30
Comp Strength in N/ sqmm

25 Average Comp
20 Strength in N/ mm2 7
days
15
Average Comp
10 Strength in N/ mm2 14
days
5
Average Comp
0
Strength in N/ mm2 28
CC 10 75FA 50 FA 25 FA 00 FA days
Mix ID

Figure 4 Average compressive strength of all mixes produced using 10 mm aggregates

A maximum compressive strength of 28.44 N/mm2 was obtained in control mix CC10 and
it is slightly higher than the target mean strength of 27.49 N/mm2. The control mix attains
89.06 % of target mean strength in 7 days. The no fines mix 00FA attains compressive
strength of 14.55 N/mm2 after 28 days of curing,which is 51.2 % of target strength.
30
Comp stregth in N/ sqmm

25
20 CC 10
15 75FA
10 50 FA
5 25 FA
0
00 FA
7 days 14 days 28 days
Age of concrete cube in days

Figure 5 Gain in compressive strength of all mixes produced using 10 mm aggregates

The gain in strength with respect to age for the specimens prepared using 10 mm
aggregates is graphically represented in Figure 5. The control mix has shown consistent gain
in strength with age. The mixes 75 FA and 50 FA have rate of increase in strength similar to
control mix but the mixes 25 FA and 00 FA have gradual gain in strength upto 14 days and
very steep gain in strength after 14 days and obtained their maximum value in 28 days.

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 Anne Mary J, Samson S and Saravanakumar R M

3.2. Split Tensile Strength

It is very difficult to measure the tensile strength of concrete directly. The split tensile
strength is simple to perform and gives more uniform results than other tension tests. Strength
determined in the splitting test is believed to be closer to the true tensile strength of concrete
(Shetty, 2003). Split tensile strength tests were done on 150 mm dia and 300 mm high
cylindrical specimens in compression testing machine of capacity 200 kN. The cylindrical
concrete specimens were tested at the age of 28 days for split tensile strength with diametric
compression. The ultimate load taken by the specimen was taken for consideration. The split
tensile strength of specimens prepared using 20 mm aggregate is summarized in Table 5. The
split tensile strength of specimens produced using 20 mm aggregates is graphically shown in
Figure 6.

Table 5 Split tensile strength of cube specimens prepared using 20 mm aggregates

Mix ID Split tensile strength in N/ mm2
CC 20 3.0
75FA 2.3
50 FA 2.0
25 FA 1.6
00 FA 1.2

3.5
Split tensile strength in N/ mm2

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
CC 20 75FA 50 FA 25 FA 00 FA
Mix ID

Figure 6 Split tensile strength of all mixes produced using 20 mm aggregates

Split tensile strength of control mix has shown a higher value of 3 N/mm2. It is found that
with the reduction in FA content, the split tensile strength is also reducing. No fines specimen
00 FA has produced a split tensile strength of 1.2 N/mm2. From this it is understood that 40 %
of split tensile strength of control concrete can be attained at no fines concrete when 20 mm
aggregates are used as CA. The split tensile strength of specimens prepared using 10 mm
aggregate is summarized in Table 5. The split tensile strength of specimens produced using 10
mm aggregates is graphically shown in Figure 7.

Table 6 Split tensile strength of cube specimens prepared using 10 mm aggregates

Mix ID Split tensile strength in N/ mm2
CC 10 2.8
75FA 1.8
50 FA 1.5
25 FA 1.4
00 FA 0.9

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 Improvement of Ground Water Level by Porous Concrete Construction

Split tensile strength in N/ mm2

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
CC 10 75FA 50 FA 25 FA 00 FA
Mix ID

Figure 7 Split tensile strength of all mixes produced using 10 mm aggregates

Split tensile strength of control mix has shown a higher value of 2.8 N/mm2. It is also
found that with the reduction in FA content, the split tensile strength is also reducing. No
fines specimen 00 FA has produced a split tensile strength of 0.9 N/mm2. From this it is
understood that 32 % of split tensile strength of control concrete can be attained at no fines
concrete when 10 mm aggregates are used as CA.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The following are the major conclusion that is drawn from the present study:
In this work compressive strength of porous concrete is less than the ordinary concrete.
It is found that 59.8 % of strength attained in porous concrete after 28 days when 20 mm
aggregates are used..
It is found that 51.2 % of strength attained in porous concrete after 28 days when 10 mm
aggregates are used.
It is found that no-fines concrete produced using 20 mm aggregates have shown more tensile
strength than no-fines concrete produced using 10 mm aggregates
Surface of porous concrete was rough due to the absence of fine aggregate.
Porous concrete construction is technically variable and feasible.

REFERENCES
[1] Amutha. R, Anitha. P, Keerthika. S Study On Properties Of Pervious Concrete Using
Admixtures
[2] ACI 552R (2010): Report on Pervious Concrete, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Michigan,
[3] Dan Miller and Aleksandar Mrkajic., Portland Cement Pervious Concrete Pavement:
Field Performance Investigation on Parking Lot and Roadway Pavements Department of
Civil & Environmental Engineering Fenn College of Engineering Cleveland State
University.
[4] IS code 383-1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources for
concrete.
[5] Mulligan, Ann Marie, Attainable Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete Paving
Systems,Master of Science Thesis, University of Central Florida, Summer Term 2005.

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 Anne Mary J, Samson S and Saravanakumar R M

[6] NRMCA, Freeze Thaw Resistance of Pervious Concrete, National Ready Mixed
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[7] Rangwala, S.C, Engineering Material, Charotar Publicating house, Anand 1997.
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[12] S. O. Ajamu, A. A. Jimoh, J. R. Oluremi Evaluation of Structural Performance of
Pervious Concrete in Construction ISSN: 2049-3444 pg no: 829-835 4.
[13] California Department of Transportation Pervious Pavement Design Guidance
[14] U.S Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Tech Brief
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[15] Concrete Deliverswww.concreteparking.org
[16] Yang, J. and Jiang, G. Cement and Concrete Research Vol. 33,2003, pg no: 381- 386
[17] G. Ravi Teja and M. L. Sai Ranga Rao, Partial Replacement of Cement by Flyash in
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pp. 1099
[18] Dr. M. Venkateshwarlu, Dr. M. Narsi Reddy and Dr. A. Kiran Kumar, A Case Study on
Assessment of Ground Water Quality Parameters In and Around Lambapur Area,
Nalgonda District, Telangana State, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
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