Part I

Class XII Chemistry

Chapter 01 The Solid State

Answer 1:
Amorphous solids are the solids whose constituent particles are of irregular shapes and have
short range order. These solids are isotropic in nature and melt over a range of temperature.
Therefore, amorphous solids are sometimes called pseudo solids or super cooled liquids.
They do not have definite heat of fusion. When cut with a sharp-edged tool, they cut into two
pieces with irregular surfaces. Examples of amorphous solids include glass, rubber, and
plastic.
Answer 2:
The arrangement of the constituent particles makes glass different from quartz. In glass, the
constituent particles have short-range order, but in quartz, the constituent particles have
both long range and short range orders.
Quartz can be converted into glass by heating and then cooling it rapidly.
Answer 3:
Amorphous solids: Polyurethane, teflon, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, fibre glass
Crystalline solids: Naphthalene, benzoic acid, potassium nitrate, copper
Answer 4:
(i) The number of nearest neighbours of any constituent particle present in the crystal lattice
is called its coordination number.
(ii) The coordination number of atoms
(a) in a cubic close-packed structure is 12, and
(b) in a body-centred cubic structure is 8
Answer 5:
By knowing the density of an unknown metal and the dimension of its unit cell, the atomic
mass of the metal can be determined.
Let a be the edge length of a unit cell of a crystal, d be the density of the metal, m be the
mass of one atom of the metal and z be the number of atoms in the unit cell.
Now, density of the unit cell =Mass of the unit cell Volume of the unit cell
d=zma3(i)
[Since mass of the unit cell = Number of atoms in the unit cell mass of one atom]
[Volume of the unit cell = (Edge length of the cubic unit cell)3]
From equation (i), we have:
m=da3z..(ii)
Now, mass of one atom of metal (m) = Atomic mass (M) Avogadro's number (NA)
Therefore, M = da3NAz(iii)
If the edge lengths are different (say a, b and c), then equation (ii) becomes:
m = d(abc)NAz..(iv)
Answer 6:

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 Higher the melting point, greater is the intermolecular force of attraction and greater is the
stability. A substance with higher melting point is more stable than a substance with lower
melting point.
The melting points of the given substances are:
Solid water = 273 K
Ethyl alcohol = 158.8 K
Diethyl ether = 156.85 K
Methane = 89.34 K
Now, on observing the values of the melting points, it can be said that among the given
substances, the intermolecular force in solid water is the strongest and that in methane is the
weakest.
Answer 7:
A 2-D hexagonal close-packing contains two types of triangular voids (a and b) as shown in
figure 1. Let us call this 2-D structure as layer A. Now, particles are kept in the voids present
in layer A (it can be easily observed from figures 2 and 3 that only one of the voids will be
occupied in the process, i.e., either a or b). Let us call the particles or spheres present in the
voids of layer A as layer B. Now, two types of voids are present in layer B (c and d). Unlike the
voids present in layer A, the two types of voids present in layer B are not similar. Void c is
surrounded by 4 spheres and is called the tetrahedral void. Void d is surrounded by 6
spheres and is called the octahedral void.
Now, the next layer can be placed over layer B in 2 ways.
Case1: When the third layer (layer C) is placed over the second one (layer B) in such a
manner that the spheres of layer C occupy the tetrahedral voids c.
In this case we get hexagonal close-packing. This is shown in figure 4. In figure 4.1, layer B is
present over the voids a and layer C is present over the voids c. In figure 4.2, layer B is
present over the voids b and layer C is present over the voids c. It can be observed from the
figure that in this arrangement, the spheres present in layer C are present directly above the
spheres of layer A. Hence, we can say that the layers in hexagonal close-packing are arranged
in an ABAB..pattern.
Case 2: When the third layer (layer C) is placed over layer B in such a manner that the
spheres of layer C occupy the octahedral voids d.
In this case we get cubic close-packing. In figure 5.1, layer B is present over the voids a and
layer C is present over the voids d. In figure 5.2, layer B is present over the voids b and layer
C is present over the voids d. It can be observed from the figure that the arrangement of
particles in layer C is completely different from that in layers A or B. When the fourth layer is
kept over the third layer, the arrangement of particles in this layer is similar to that in layer
A. Hence, we can say that the layers in cubic close-packing are arranged in an
ABCABC..pattern.
Answer 8:
(i) There are 14 (8 from the corners + 6 from the faces) lattice points in face-centred cubic.
(ii) There are 14 (8 from the corners + 6 from the faces) lattice points in face-centred
tetragonal.

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 (iii) There are 9 (1 from the centre + 8 from the corners) lattice points in body-centred cubic.
Answer 9:
(i) The basis of similarities between metallic and ionic crystals is that both these crystal
types are held by the electrostatic force of attraction. In metallic crystals, the electrostatic
force acts between the positive ions and the electrons. In ionic crystals, it acts between the
oppositely-charged ions. Hence, both have high melting points.
The basis of differences between metallic and ionic crystals is that in metallic crystals, the
electrons are free to move and so, metallic crystals can conduct electricity. However, in ionic
crystals, the ions are not free to move. As a result, they cannot conduct electricity. However,
in molten state or in aqueous solution, they do conduct electricity.
(ii) The constituent particles of ionic crystals are ions. These ions are held together in three-
dimensional arrangements by the electrostatic force of attraction. Since the electrostatic
force of attraction is very strong, the charged ions are held in fixed positions. This is the
reason why ionic crystals are hard and brittle.
Answer 10:
(i)Simple cubic
In a simple cubic lattice, the particles are located only at the corners of the cube and touch
each other along the edge.
Let the edge length of the cube be a and the radius of each particle be r.
So, we can write: a = 2r
Now, volume of the cubic unit cell = a3
= (2r )3 = 8r 3
We know that the number of particles per unit cell is 1.
Therefore, volume of the occupied unit cell = 43 r 3
Hence, packing efficiency = Volume of one particle Volume of cubic unit cell 100%
= 43 r 3 8r 3 100%
= 16 100%
= 16 227 100% =52.4%
(ii) Body-centred cubic
It can be observed from the above figure that the atom at the centre is in contact with the
other two atoms diagonally arranged.
From FED, we have:
b2=a2+a2b2=2a2b= 2 a
Again, from AFD , we have:
c2=a2+b2c2=a2+2a2c2=3a2 (Since b2=2a2)
c= 3 a
Let the radius of the atom be r.
Length of the body diagonal, c= 4
= 3 a = 4r
= a = 4r 3

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 r= 3 a 4
Volume of the cube, a 3 = (4r 3 )3
A body-centred cubic lattice contains 2 atoms.
So, volume of the occupied cubic lattice = 2 43r 3
= 83 r 3
Therefore, Packing efficiency = Volume occupied by two spheres in the unit cell Total volume
of the unit cell
= 83 r 3 (43 r ) 100%
= 83 r 3 (6433 r 3 ) 100%
(iii) Face-centred cubic
Let the edge length of the unit cell be a and the length of the face diagonal AC be b.
From ABC, we have:
AC 2 = BC 2 + AB 2
= b2 = a2 + a2
b 2 = 2a 2
b = 2a
Answer 11:
It is given that the edge length, a = 4.077 108 cm
Density, d = 10.5 g cm 3
As the lattice is fcc type, the number of atoms per unit cell, z= 4
We also know that, NA = 6.022 1023 mol 1
Using the relation:
d = zMa3 NA
M = da 3 NAz = 10.5 g cm3 ( 4.077 108 cm ) 6.022 1023 mol 14
= 107.13 g mol 1
Therefore, atomic mass of silver = 107.13 u
Answer 12:
It is given that the atoms of Q are present at the corners of the cube.
Therefore, number of atoms of Q in one unit cell = 8 18 = 1
It is also given that the atoms of P are present at the body-centre.
Therefore, number of atoms of P in one unit cell = 1
This means that the ratio of the number of P atoms to the number of Q atoms, P:Q = 1:1
Hence, the formula of the compound is PQ.
The coordination number of both P and Q is 8.
Answer 13:
It is given that the density of niobium, d= 8.55 g cm - 3
Atomic mass, M = 93 g mol 1
As the lattice is bcc type, the number of atoms per unit cell, z= 2

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 We also know that, NA = 6.022 1023 mol 1
Applying the relation:
d = zMa3 NA
a3 = zMdNA
= 2 93 g mol 118.55 g cm 3 6.022 1023 mol 1
3.612 1023 cm3
So, a = 3.306 108 cm
For body-centred cubic unit cell:
r = 3 4a = 3 4 3.306 108 cm
= 1.432 108 cm
= 14.32 109 cm
= 14.32 nm
Answer 14:
A sphere with centre O, is fitted into the octahedral void as shown in the above figure. It can
be observed from the figure that POQ is right-angled
POQ = 90
Now, applying Pythagoras theorem, we can write:
PQ 2 = PO 2 + OQ 2
(2 R )2 = ( R + r ) 2 + ( R + r ) 2
(2 R )2 = 2( R + r ) 2
2R2 = ( R + r )2
2 R = R+r
r =2 RR
r = (2 1) R
r = 0.414 R
Answer 15:
Edge length, a = 3.61108 cm
As the lattice is fcc type, the number of atoms per unit cell, z= 4
Atomic mass, M = 63.5 g mol 1
We also know that, NA = 6.022 1023 mol 1
Applying the relation:
d = zMa3 NA
= 4 63.5 g mol 1 (3.61108 cm)3 6.022 1023mol 1
8.97 g cm3
The measured value of density is given as 8.92 g cm3 . Hence, the calculated density
8.97 g cm3 is in agreement with its measured value.

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