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 REVIEW PAPERS

ADVANCED RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES FOR REINFORCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES: A STATE OF AN ART REVIEW
By

* SOUMYA GORAI ** P.R. MAITI

* Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
** Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India.

ABSTRACT
Any technology or material has its limitations and to meet the new requirements new technologies have been invented
and used over the ages. A large number of reinforced concrete structures located seismic prone areas are not capable
of withstanding earthquake action according to the current coal provisions. Furthermore the seismic behaviour of the
existing buildings are affected due to design deficiency, construction deficiency, additional loads, additional
performance demand, etc. Recent earthquakes have clearly demonstrated an urgent need to upgrade and
strengthen these seismically deficient structures. The retrofitting is one of the best options to make an existing inadequate
building safe against future probable earthquake or other environmental forces. Retrofitting reduces the vulnerability of
damage of an existing structure during a near future seismic activity. It aims to strengthen a structure to satisfy the
requirements of the current codes for seismic design. The Significant amount of research work has been carried out in
recent years to develop various strengthening and rehabilitation techniques to improve the seismic performance of
structures. This paper aims to present of overview on different innovative and cost effective techniques of retrofitting for
strengthening the damaged structures.
Keywords: Jacketing, Shear Wall, Bracing, Shotcrete, Isolation.

INTRODUCTION against severe earthquake. The large strain energy

Earthquakes of varying magnitude have occurred in the
recent past across the globe, causing extensive damage
to life and property. The recent earthquake (Nepal
Earthquake) that struck on 25th April,2015 destroyed
Centuries old buildings at World Heritage Sites. Those
buildings which were partly or totally destroyed have
naturally to be rebuilt, and for safety in future, must be
constructed using adequate earthquake resisting
measures according to the various Indian standards and
appropriate guidelines UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture
began strengthening damaged monuments in danger of
collapsing before the monsoon season. Subsequent
restoration of collapsed structures, including historic houses
is planned.
The seismic behaviour of the existing buildings is generally
affected by their original structural inadequacies, material
degradation due to aging and alterations carried out
during use over time. These kind of structures cannot survive
released during an earthquake travel as seismic waves in
all directions. These waves can be classified as body waves
consisting of P-waves (Primary) & S-waves (Secondary) and
surface waves consisting of L-waves & Rayleigh waves. S-
waves cause maximum damage to the structures by
vibrating the surface in horizontal and vertical direction
(Duggal, 2007). The main types of damage in reinforced
concrete structures due to earthquake are cracking in
tension zone, diagonal cracking in the core and loss of
concrete cover, stirrups bursting outside and buckling of
main reinforcement. The complete replacement of such
buildings in a given area is just not possible due to a
number of social, cultural and financial problems.
Therefore, seismic strengthening of existing undamaged or
damaged buildings is a definite requirement. It will involve
actions for upgrading the seismic resistance of an existing
building so that it becomes safer under the occurrence of
probable future earthquakes. Different Techniques have

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been used in the years to reinstate the structural integrity of
the member by restoring or increasing its strength.
Researchers across the globe are studying on the
retrofitting techniques those are advantageous and most
cost effective.
1. Aim & Objective
In the present study an attempt has been taken to address
the innovative retrofitting techniques for repair, restoration
and strengthening of various types of reinforced concrete
structure still date in existing literature. The main objective of
this study to describe the process and findings carried out
by the researchers across the globe on advanced
retrofitting techniques such as reinforced concrete
jacketing, steel jacketing, fiber reinforced polymer
composite jacketing, steel bracing system, addition of
shear walls, seismic isolation system, shotcrete method
present in the current available literature. All the techniques
are systematically placed in this article to give a clear
understanding to the readers about repair and retrofitting
of RC structures.
2. Retrofitting Techniques
2.1 Reinforced Concrete Jacketing
The main objective of jacketing is to increase the load
carrying capacity of the structural elements against the
lateral load. A considerable increase in ductility and
Figure 1. Application of RC jacketing to beam-column joint(Karayannis et al 2008)
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stiffness of the section can be obtained depending on the
type of jacketing (Vaghani, 2014). There are several
techniques of jacketing of damaged structural elements.
One of the most common technique is Reinforced
Concrete Jacketing (RCJ). In this process the existing
member is wrapped with concrete, reinforced with
longitudinal steel and ties or with fabric wire. There are
basically three methods of RCJ namely beam jacketing,
column jacketing and beam column joint jacketing.
The main advantages of RCJ is it increases the shear and
flexural capacity and easy to construct. Because of that it is
widely used techniques of retrofitting all over the world and
several kinds of research work has been done on the utilities
of RCJ. Researchers have concluded that using of RCJ
considerably increases flexural and shear strength of
existing sections. Karayannis, Chalioris & Sirkelis (2008)
experimentally investigated and addressed a new type of
RC jacket for external beam-column joint damaged by
seismic excitations. This experimental program included 10
exterior beam column joints (Figure 1) investigated under
constantly increasing cyclic loads, then retrofitted with
proposed RC jackets and finally retested under same
loading. The dissipated hysteretic energy area measured in
terms of the area of the full loaddeformation envelopes of
the original beamcolumn joints is compared with the
hysteretic energy dissipation of the retrofitted specimens.
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The comparisons of the seismic performance between the
original and retrofitted specimens. The comparison of the
seismic performance between the original and the
retrofitted specimens indicated that all the retrofitted joints
using the proposed jacketing with light reinforcement
exhibited significantly enhanced behavior with respect to
the original specimen. The available structural system
geometry and the building mass were not modified, and
therefore the dynamic characteristics of the structure
remain practically unaffected. Chalioris & Pourzitidis (2012)
applied self-compacting RCJ technique to shear
damaged reinforced concrete beam. The thickness of the
jacket is 25 mm and it encased the bottom part of the
beam and the vertical side as well (U shaped jacket). The
steel reinforcement of the jacket consists of small diameter
mild steel longitudinal rebar and U-shaped stirrups. They
have observed that the load bearing capacity and the
overall structural performance of the jacketed beams was
improved with respect to the initially tested specimens.
Marlapalle, Salunke & Gore (2014) described the
effectiveness of RCJ of beams and columns as per
IS15988:2013. Author also mentioned the disadvantages
of RCJ technique such as the available space is reduced
due to the increase of section and a large amount of dead
mass is added and the duration of implementation is very
slow. Tahsiri, Sedehi, Khaloo & Raisi (2015) have observed
from an experimental program that it increases the energy
dissipation capacity and ductility too. Author have studied
12 strengthened and three reference specimen subjected
to three point loading. Unidirectional laminates of Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) were glued to the soffit of
the beam for strengthening purposes. Ready mix concrete
was used for RCJ. They have also done an analytical study
to be compared with the experimental program. Minaf
(2015) presented an analytical approach to calculate the
strength domain for RC jacketed columns and it was based
on the stress-block approach. Author concluded that stress
block approach is suitable for the RC jacketed column
section if all the parameters are well calibrated. The design
procedure of RCJ of column is included in Indian
Standard15988:2013.
2.2 Steel Jacketing
Steel jacketing refers to encasing the section with steel
plates and filling the gap with non-shrink grout. It is a very
effective method to remedy the deficiencies such as
inadequate shear strength and inadequate splices of
longitudinal bars at critical locations. But, it may be costly
and its fire resistance has to be addressed. In practice the
most commonly used strengthening technique is by steel
strips and angles (a variety of steel). Steel Jacketing has
been widely used in European Countries in the past
centuries. Since the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake
steel jackets are extensively used to enhance the shear
capacity and ductility of the square reinforced concrete
columns.
Sakino & Sun (2000) produced a state-of-art report on the
seismic behaviour of the retrofitted square RC columns
based on the researches conducted in Japan. They
established the stress strain relation of the concrete
confined by steel jacket, described the method to
evaluate the ultimate bearing strength and shear strength

Figure 2(a) Specimen ready for concrete pouring, (b)Specimen Strengthened with steel cage
(Ruiz-Pinilla et al 2014)

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of the retrofitted columns under combined compression,
bending & shear and produced the design formulae to
calculate the deformation capacity of the retrofitted
column. Ruiz-Pinilla, Pallars, Gimenez & Caldern (2014)
experimented on 20 full scale interior beam column joints
(Figure 2) to determine the behavior of steel jacketing as a
strengthening system for reinforced concrete framed
structures. The main objective of this research was to
determine the behavior of the strengthened beam-
column joints designed originally for only gravity load. They
have carried out the experiment with strong beam and
weak columns under gravity load and cyclic load. In order
to reach the conclusion author have prepared load-
displacement envelope of all the specimens. It concluded
that steel jacketing prevent column failure, increase the
bending strength of column and the failure section is
transferred to the next weakest zone. Belal, Mohamed &
Morad (2015) investigated the behaviour of RC column
strengthened with steel jacket technique. Seven
Specimens were divided in two control un-strengthened
specimen and five strengthened specimens. Author
worked on three variables, namely the shape of the main
strengthening system, shape and size of the batten plates.
The specimens were placed in the loading system
between jack head and steel frames. Author have carried
out FE modelling of the experimental program in ANSYS
12.0.Comparison between the experimental results and FE
results were carried out. Author have prepared load vs
deflection curve for each specimen for experimental
program as well as FE modelling. It have found that FE
modelling had a good agreement with the experimental
program. From this study Author have concluded that steel
jacketing technique increased the load carrying capacity
upto 20% and also observed that the mode of failure of the
control specimens were brittle but strengthening with steel
jacket changed the failure mode to more ductile.
2.3 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite (FRPC)
Jacketing
A number of attempts have been undertaken by the
researchers to identify the most suitable materials and
appropriate techniques to strengthen the deficient
structures. Many research studies have been conducted
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on seismic retrofit of existing reinforced concrete (RC)
frames with fiberreinforced polymer composite (FRPC)
jackets. FRPCs have two components; matrix and fiber. In
the present context, thermosetting resins like epoxy or
polyethylene are used as matrix, while aramid, carbon and
glass fibers reinforce the matrix and lend strength to the
composite. The resin coheres and gives shape to the
object, while fibers reinforce it. The result of such
combination is a light, flexible and strong composite
material.
The advantages of FRPCs are,
FRPCs are non-metallic. Therefore, they are resistant to
corrosion.
They have high strength to weight ratio. Therefore, for
the same strength FRPC is considerably lighter. This
eliminates requirements of heavy construction equipment
and supporting structures.
FRPCs have high ultimate strain therefore they offer
ductility to the structure, and they are suitable for
earthquake resistant applications.
Because of the aforesaid advantages FRPCs are
considered as the most favoured material in many
strengthening applications. In some situation FRPCs are the
only plausible material that can be used as retrofitting
material, especially where heavy material cannot get
access or closure of use is not practical. IS 15988: 2013
included the design procedure of strengthening by FRPC
jacketing.
Obaidat, Heyden & Dahlblom (2010) presented the effect
of CFRP and CFRP/concrete interface in retrofitting
concrete sections by using finite element analysis which
was validated against laboratory experiment on eight
beams. Two different models of CFRP were used in this
study, in 1st model the CFRP material were considered as a
linear elastic material and in the 2nd as linear orthotropic
material. Two different models were used to represent the
interface between concrete and CFRP. In the first model
the interface was modelled as a perfect bond while in the
second it was modelled using a cohesive zone model.
They have prepared load vs deflection curve for the results
obtained from FEM analysis and compared with the data
obtained from the experimental work. There was a good
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agreement between FEM analysis and experimental work.
They have concluded that the use of CFRP laminates
significantly influenced the behavior of retrofitted
specimens. The ultimate load increases with the length of
the CFRP. Moghaddam (2012) investigated the strength of
beam-column joints wrapped with FRP. At first the modelling
and analysis of the beam-column joints with different kinds
of FRP composites has been carried out in ABAQUS software
and after comparison with already done lab specimen the
validation and precision of the work is considered. GFRP
and CFRP laminates have been used as FRP composites.
The length of the FRP sheets and orientation of the fiber
have been varied. Vertical static point load and horizontal
cyclic loading have been applied at the tip of the column.
The load vs displacement curve is produced for different
models. He concluded that with the increase of the length
of FRP sheets from 200 mm to 600 mm the bearing
capacity of the joints and ultimate displacement improve.
Also by strengthening with CFRP more bearing capacity
has been observed compared to GFRP. Hadi & Tran (2014)
introduced a new method to retrofit exterior beam-column
joint using segmental circular concrete cover with Carbon
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP). They have cast two
identical RC T connections (Figure 3), one connection was
strengthened and for the other connections a load was
applied to the beam to cause serious failure and the failed
section was repaired with the same technique. The failed
section was repaired by filling epoxy materials in cracks
and concrete cover was glued & it is wrapped with CFRP.
Figure 3. Final Cracking pattern a) Strengthened Specimen b) repaired specimen (Hadi et al. 2014)
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The first specimen was strengthened circular concrete
segment and with CFRP in vertical & horizontal direction.
Both of the specimen was subjected to the same loading.
The crack pattern in concrete and CFRP was observed and
they have prepared load vs deflection curve, shear force
vs rotation curve. They concluded that for both the
specimen the performance of the joint are significantly
increased compared to theoretical calculation for
identical specimen but the strengthened specimen
performed better compared to repaired specimen.The
wrapped CFRPs on the modified circular section reduces
the possibility of debonding of the fibers and also
performed to resist the shear load. Waghmare (2011)
presented the guidelines regarding the material selection
and techniques to be considered for RC, steel and FRP
jacketing. He has listed the various technical aspects such
as width & thickness of the jackets, the minimum area of
longitudinal reinforcement, a minimum area of transverse
reinforcement etc. for beam, column and beam-column
joint jacketing. Eslami & Ronagh (2015) carried out
Nonlinear Finite Element analysis of seismic response of
reinforced concrete connections (Figure 4) retrofitted with
externally bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced and validated
the result with the experimental program. Their study
comprised seven non-seismically detailed specimens, five
of which were retrofitted using CFRP sheets. Both
monotonic and cyclic loadings were included in the
loading of the specimens. The results of the nonlinear FE
analyses developed in ANSYS were then validated against
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the experimental results. Comparison of the experimental
load-displacement curves with those obtained from the
numerical analysis confirmed a good agreement
between both curves up to a moderate ductility demand
far beyond the yielding point. So it was concluded that the
suggested FE models can reliably predict the
performance of the original and retrofitted test specimens
under monotonic and cyclic loadings.
Bridges and viaducts are amongst the current structures
that are subjected to severe damage under the seismic
force often causing partial failure and sometimes total
collapse. In most of the cases, bridges safety is totally
dependent on the piers. So several studies for the ages are
carried out for the purpose of the safety of piers. Delgado,
Arde, Vila, Pouca, Rocha, Costa & Delgado (2012)
presented an experimental solution to retrofit hollow bridge
piers with CFRP sheets to prevent shear failure. Prepared RC
hollow section piers with different transverse reinforcement.
A constant axial force was applied during the test and a
cyclic horizontal force was applied in a displacement
controlled manner. After the damage of the original
specimen CFRP sheets were wrapped in the outer side
along the entire height in the form of hollow jacket. They
observed the crack pattern and prepared the horizontal
load vs top displacement curve for both the original and
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of a beam-column exterior joint
wrapped with CFRP (Eslami et al. 2015)
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retrofitted specimens. They concluded that application of
CFRP sheets improves the resistance against shear failure
and increased the maximum applicable force upto 20% in
some cases and considerably improved top
displacement. Saeed, Khanb, Ahmeda, Muhammad Ali &
Iqbal (2015) stated the technique of strengthening Low
Strength Concrete bridge piers by jacketing of CFRP. They
constructed eight scaled down (1:4) LSC columns and
wrapped half of them with CFRP. The columns were then
subjected to Quasi-Static-Cyclic Load Tests and Free
Vibration Tests in order to predict the behavior and the
efficiency of CFRP wrapping on circular columns having
LSC. The authors used Seismo Struct for analytical
modelling of bridge piers, based on seismic analysis of
various structures (Figure 5). They prepared the hysteresis
loops of various drift level for the un-retrofitted model and
the retrofitted model (one layer and two layers CFRP). For
evaluating the energy dissipation the area under the loops
were calculated. They concluded that confining the
columns with CFRP enhanced the lateral load carrying
capacity significantly. They also observed that at the lower
drift level the column dissipated comparatively lower
energy, but at higher drift levels, the same column started
dissipating more energy. This indicates that the confining
effect produced by CFRP wrapping was more effective at
higher drift level and dissipated more energy before failure.
2.4 Steel Bracing System
Steel Braced frames are efficient structural systems for
buildings subjected to seismic load and wind load. Steel
bracing system provides strength, stiffness, ductility and
energy dissipation. A school building in Japan was
successfully retrofitted with steel bracing system after
severe damage to short columns in Miyagi-ken-oki
earthquake. A 12 storey building in Mexico was retrofitted
after a small earthquake in 1980. Bracing system was
included along the perimeter frames in the weak direction
of the building. The retrofitted structures performed very well
in the1985 earthquake. Steel braces should be arranged in
such a way that centre line should pass through the centres
of beam-column joints. The provisions for designing a steel
bracing system is given in IS15388:2013.
Badoux & Jirsa (1990) have shown the design steps of the
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Figure 5. Finite Element Modelling of Low Strength Concrete Bridge pier (Saeed et al. 2015)

steel bracing system in the form of flow chart and typical
different types of bracing configuration. They have carried
out an analytical study based on a previously done
experimental research in which an RC frame with deep
spandrel beam was retrofitted with steel bracing system
(Figure 6). The traditional steel braced frame has many
disadvantages, the energy dissipation of traditional brace
is limited. Buckling restrained braces exhibit large and
stable hysteretic dissipation even at large amplitudes.
Sarno & Manfredi (2010) studied the effectiveness of a
seismic retrofitting scheme comprises buckling restrained
braces placed along the perimeter frame of a
multistoreyed building. The sample RC existing framed
building is located near Naples, in South of Italy; the framed
structure was built in the early 1960s and it was designed for
gravity loads only. They prepared a 3D model of the

Figure 6. RC frame with deep spandrel beam was retrofitted with steel bracing system (Badoux et al. 1990)

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sample building as built and the retrofitted structure to
analyze the earthquake response. The FE package they
utilized to assess the seismic performance of the sample
structures is Seismo Struct. The seismic performance of the
existing and retrofitted structures was assessed through
linear and nonlinear analyses, i.e. eigenvalue analysis,
nonlinear static analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis.
They selected a set of seven code-compliant natural
earthquake records and employed to perform inelastic
history analyses at serviceability and ultimate limit states.
After the comparison between as built and retrofitted
structure they concluded that both global and local lateral
displacements are considerably reduced after the seismic
retrofit of the existing system. It was also found that, in the
braced frame, under moderate-to-high magnitude
earthquakes, the average period elongation is about 30%,
while for the existing building the elongation is negligible
(lower than 5%). As a result, BRBs are effective to improve
the ductility and energy dissipation of the sample building.
M.Mazza, F. Mazza & Vulcano (2015) proposed design
procedure for in proportion hysteretic damped braces
(HYDBs) in order to increase the performance level of
reinforced concrete in-elevation irregular framed building
against specific level of seismic intensity. A numerical
investigation is carried out to check the effectiveness and
reliability of the procedure with reference to a six-storeyed
RC framed building, originally designed according to an
old Italian seismic code (1996) for a medium-risk zone, later
retrofitted by inserting of HYDBs to attain performance levels
imposed by the current Italian code (NTC08) in a high-risk
zone. The first two floors of the building were converted to
office from residential which resulted vertical irregularity. To
upgrade the test structure from a medium- to a high-risk
seismic region, diagonal steel braces with hysteretic
dampers (HYDs) were inserted at each storey. They derived
two structural solutions from the infilled frame, by adopting
proportional stiffness and strength (for damped braces
infilled regular), and constant drift and shear ratios
(damped braces infilled irregular) design criteria for HYDBs.
2.5 Addition of Shear Walls
Addition of shear wall is the most popular strengthening
method applied worldwide. Many researches were carried
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out on the addition of shear walls and it was found that
shear wall can greatly increase the lateral load capacity
and stiffness of the structure. From the strengthening system
the existing partition walls are removed and shear walls are
made instead (Kaplan & Ylmaz, 2012). In such application
shear walls bears most of the lateral loads and reduce the
displacement of the building and RC frames resists very low
amount of lateral loads due to shear wall-frame interaction
(Figure 7). Shear walls can also be constructed to the
external face without demolishing the internal infill walls. In
such cases shear walls are placed parallel with or
perpendicular to the existing frame systems. Shear walls
can be made of reinforced concrete, steel and timber.
Ismaei& Hassaballa (2013)carried out a FEA program to
examine the effectiveness of adding steel shear walls in
residential building to increase the response against
earthquake. They selected a three-story RC residential
building, representing the majority of domestic buildings in
Sudan, for this research. The analysis was carried out in
SAP2000. The proposed building was analyzed for gravity
load, wind load and seismic load. The structure was
reanalyzed for the same load combination after adding
steel shear walls having thickness 5mm, 7mm and 10mm
in one direction along the full height of the building. They
have observed a considerable reduction in the moment of
column and beam after adding steel shear walls. They
have concluded this retrofitting method can reduce the
seismic vulnerability of existing buildings in Sudan.
2.6 Seismic Isolation Method
To reduce the potential damage caused by earthquakes,
Figure 7. Shear wall-frame interaction (MacLeod, 1970)
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past methods increased the building rigidity by adding

shear walls or braced frames or jacketing systems. The
"Seismic Isolation Method" is a very suitable and flexible
approach for isolating the structure from the ground or
isolating some part of the structure from the lower part
reducing seismic shock propagation into the structure
(www.bridgestone.com). This method reduces the chance
of structural damage, also minimizes secondary damage
to equipment inside the building such as computers,
precision, instruments, medical equipment and
communications systems. There are three types of Isolators
(www.wikipedia.org)-
(b) Slider
2.6.1 Elastomeric Isolator
It is made of sandwiches of soft rubber sheets and hard
steel plates (Figure 8a). It works as a bearing to sustain the
weight of the building and is able to move the building
laterally. Soft rubber reduces the building vibration to slow
shaking, and hard steel plate contributes to sustain the
weight of the building.
2.6.2 Slider
The slider has a coating of PTFE (polytetrafluoro-ethylene)
and a stainless steel plate finished with a smooth surface. It
(c) Rotating ball bearing
works as bearing to sustain the weight of the building and is
Figure 8. Different kind of Seismic Isolation Method
able to move the building laterally on the surface of the (www.oiles.co.jp/)
plate with a certain amount of friction (Figure 8b).
is able to move the building laterally without friction (Figure
2.6.3 Rotating ball bearing 8c).
It consists of ball bearings with retainers and rails or plates. It Seismic isolators are the most powerful and popular tool to
works as a bearing to sustain the weight of the building and protect a structure against devastating earthquake. Many
researchers over the worldwide are studying the
performance of base isolation systems.
Feng & Chu (1996) developed an analytical model for
seismically isolated viaduct near Osaka, Japan which
experienced Kobe earthquake in 1995. The Matsunohama
viaduct is four span continuous with a total length of 211.5
km. At first analytical model is developed and its accuracy
is confirmed by comparing the simulated response to the
recorded one during Kobe earthquake. Then they
performed numerical simulation to examine the response
of the Matsunohama viaduct to different ground motion
with LRB, FPB (sliding steel bearing) or HDR (reinforced rubber
bearing) isolators. They observed that installation of those
(a) Elastomeric isolator

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isolators significantly reduced the response acceleration of
the bridge superstructure and pier deformation compared
to the non-isolated bridge. Kawamura, Sugisak, Ogura,
Maezawa, Tanak & Yajima (2000) reported about two
midrise RC buildings in Japan those were retrofitted by
seismic isolation method. The two retrofitted buildings were
located in the region where earthquake having Richter
magnitude 7-8 were worried to occur in near future. It was
decided to apply the isolation system at 8th floor in the
main building. Mid height portion of the 22 columns were
cut and lead rubber baring were installed (Figure 9). Base
isolation were adopted for the east buildings which were
supported on pile foundation on flat ground. Piles were cut
at their head and 7units of sliders and 14 units of rubber
bearing were installed. They observed that for both the
buildings fundamental time period in X and Y direction
were increased considerably. In the main building the
shear force above the isolators was reduced and in the
lower structure the seismic load was also reduced by large
amount. They concluded that this is the most effective
technique for retrofitting as works can be done outside the
structure and seismic performance is excellent. They also
mentioned that clearance to neighboring buildings should
be above 40 cm because of the large deformation and
space are necessary for piping, staircase, elevator and
escalator to follow the large displacement of the isolation
story.
2.7 Shotcrete Technique
Shotcrete is defined as concrete or mortar which is
pneumatically conveyed at high velocity through a hose
onto a surface. The high velocity of the material striking the
Figure 9. Installation of isolator in column(Kawamura et al. 2000)
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surface provides the compactive effort necessary to
consolidate the material and develop a bond to the
substrate surface.
The shotcrete process is capable of placing repair
materials in vertical and overhead applications without the
use of forms. The application of repair materials by the
shotcrete process should be considered whenever access
to the site is difficult, where the elimination of formwork
provides economy, and where significant areas of
overhead or vertical repairs exist. This is the most
conventional technique available for masonary structures.
The disadvantages of this method are time consuming to
apply, reduction in available space, affects the asthetic
view of the wall.
ElGawady, Lestuzzi & Badoux (2006) experimented on the in
plane behaviour of the URM walls retrofitted using
shotcrete. They constructed one-half scale single width
walls using half-scale hollow clay brick masonry (HCM) units
and a weak (M2.5) mortar. They had three specimens one
reference specimen, 2nd specimen was retrofitted in one
side by 40mm thick shotcrete, the 3rd one with 20mm thick
specimen both side (Figure 10). A superimposed gravity
load of approximately 30 kN was applied to the specimen
using two external post-tensioning bars. The horizontal
cyclic load was applied to the reinforced concrete head
beam, which in turn distributed the force to the masonry
panel. The typical cyclic loading consisted of a series of
force and displacement-controlled cycles. They prepared
the hysteresis loop for the control specimen and the
retrofitted specimens. They concluded that the lateral
strength of the retrofitted specimen 3.6 times the same of
the reference specimen. Retrofitting on double-side had
more ductile failure and energy dissipation. Amiruddin,
Hino, Yamaguch & Nakamura (2007) investigated the
seismic behaviour of the RC piers retrofitted with polymer
concrete mortar (PCM) shotcrete method (Figure 11). The
piers were designed with a scale factor of 1:5 that of
prototype bridge column. The effect of an earthquake on
the column specimen was simulated by reversed cyclic
loading. They have also carried out an analytical modelling
in LUSAS finite element program. The load-deflection curve
from FEM had a quite good agreement with experimental
15
 REVIEW PAPERS
Figure 10. Application of shotcrete (Elgawady et al. 2006)
Figure 11. Application of PCM shotcrete method to bridge
column (Amiruddin et al.2007)
value. They observed that confinement with PCM
increased the load carrying capacity by 136% in
experiment and 169% in finite element modelling.
Conclusion
Seismic retrofitting has now become a crucial issue. Recent
occurrences of earthquakes in different parts of the world
have clearly demonstrated the urgency of repairing
seismic deficient structures. Several numbers of
experimental and analytical programs focused on
innovative seismic retrofitting techniques have been
included in current state of an art review. Design guidelines
and recommendations should be made more readily
available to ensure more rapid and effective applications
of various strengthening methods. Design manuals and
codes of practice should be updated to take these issues
into consideration. However, before applying any seismic
retrofit method to a damaged or deficient structure, a
proper and accurate assessment of the seismic
16 i-managers Journal on Structural Engineering, Vol. 5 l
performance and current state of the structure is essential.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Mr. Soumya Gorai is currently pursing Ph.D. in the Department of Civil Engineering in Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. He
received his M.Tech Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi and B.Tech, Department of Civil
Engineering in National Institute of Technology, Durgapur.

Dr.P.R. Maiti is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering in Indian Institute of Technology
(BHU) Varanasi. He received his M.E Department of Structural Engineering, B.E. Department of Civil Engineering in Indian Institute
of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur and Ph.D in Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.

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No. 1 l
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