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International Journal of Science and Engineering

Volume 3, Special Number ICRAESM - 2015


PP: 135 -145 IJSE
Available at www.ijse.org
ISSN: 2347-2200
Comparison of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Nano
Fluid with Water in Heat Exchanger
Prof B.Vishnu Prasad 1 , Prof B. Jaya Prakash 2 , Dr. V. Venkata Ramana3
1,2
Associate Professor, 3 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ballari Institute of Technology and
Management, Bellary, 583 104, Karnataka, India.
Email: bvishnuprasad@rediffmail.com

Abstract: Ultrahigh performance cooling is one of the important needs of present day industry. However for cooling
purpose, low thermal conductivity is a prime limitation in developing energy efficient heat transfer fluids. To fulfill
such requirements nano fluids play an important role. These nano fluids are engineered by suspending nano particles
of sizes below 100 nm in heat transfer fluids (water, ethylene glycol, oil etc.). Innovative heat transfer fluids are
produced by suspending metallic/non-metallic nano meter sized solid particles and many experimental works have
shown that these nano fluids have substantial higher thermal conductivities compared to the base fluids and can
change the thermal properties of the base fluids. The aim of this paper is to summarize some developments in
research on the stability of nano fluids, enhancement of thermal conductivities, and heat transfer characteristics of
alumina (Al2O3) based nano fluids. The Al2O3 nano particles in the range of 70 to 230 mesh size were used to
prepare nano fluids with different concentrations, analyzed for better heat transfer coefficient and to validate,
experiments were conducted to study enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient with a heat exchanger. It is
observed that the overall heat transfer coefficient is considerably increased.

Key Words: Nano fluids, thermal conductivity, volume flow, turbulent flow, Nusselt number, Reynolds number

I. Introduction
The idea behind development of nano fluids is to use them as thermo fluids in heat exchangers for
enhancement of heat transfer coefficient and thus to minimize the size of heat transfer equipments. The
important parameters which influence the heat transfer characteristics of nano fluids are its properties which
include thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat and density. The thermo physical properties of nano fluids also
depend on operating temperatures of nano fluids. Therefore accurate measurement of temperature dependent
properties of nano fluid is essential. Thermo physical properties of nano fluids are prerequisites for estimation of
heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number. Lee et al (1998), Das et al (2000), Xuan and Roetzel (2003), and
Choi et al (2003) have investigated on properties of nano fluids containing metals and metal oxides as nano
particles. Their study focused on parameters which influence nano fluid properties. In the present work an attempt
is made in terms of synthesization of Al2O3 nano fluid, and conduction of thermal analysis in a double pipe heat
exchanger with it.

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II.Literature Review
Devdatta P. Kulkarni, Ravikanth S. Vajjha, and Debendra K. Das, Daniel Oliva [16] in their paper, application of
aluminum oxide nano fluids in diesel electric generator as jacket water coolant, in a diesel electric generator (DEG)
experimented on specific heat measurements of aluminum oxide nano fluid with various particle concentrations.
Their results showed reduction in values with an increase in the particle concentration and temperature, along with
reduction of cogeneration efficiency due to decrease in specific heat, which influences the waste heat recovery from
the engine. However, they concluded that efficiency of waste heat recovery heat exchanger was increased for nano
fluid, due to its superior convective heat transfer coefficient.

Abu-Nada, et al. [2] used an efficient finite volume method to study the heat transfer characteristics of natural
convection for Cu O/EG/water nano fluid in a differentially heated enclosure. His results show that the dynamic
viscosity and friction factor increased due to dispersing the alumina nano particles in water.
Hwang et al. [9] through experimental investigation of flow and convective heat transfer characteristics of
Al2O3/water nano fluid, with convective heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3/water nano fluid with particles
varying between 0.01and 0.3% in a circular tube of 1.812 mm inner diameter with the constant heat flux in fully
developed laminar regime reported improvement in convective heat transfer coefficient in the thermally fully
developed regime.
A.A. Abbasian Arani, and J. Amani [18] in their research paper titled, Experimental study on the effect of
TiO2/water nano fluid on heat transfer and pressure drop, investigated the effect of nano particle volume fraction
(0.002 and 0.02) on the convection heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop of TiO2 (30 nm)/water nano
fluids, for Reynolds number (8000 and 51,000) on a horizontal double tube counter flow heat exchanger. The
outcome is Nusselt number increases with increase in Reynolds number or nano particle volume fraction, also
concluded that using nano fluids at high Reynolds numbers compared with low Reynolds numbers, have lower
benefits.
M. Mahbubula, R. Saidur, M.A. Amalina [19] in their research Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of
Al2O3-R141b nano refrigerant in horizontal smooth circular tube, stated nano refrigerants are promising nano
fluids as refrigerants. Their study focused to determine the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of Al2O3-
R141b nano refrigerants for different volume concentrations. Their observations were heat transfer and pressure
drop characteristics increased with the increased volume concentrations and concluded that an optimum
concentration of nano particles with refrigerants (compromising the heat transfer performance and pressure drop
characteristics) can improve the performance of a refrigeration system so as to increase the energy efficiency and
cooling capacity.

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Comparison of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Nano Fluid with Water in Heat Exchanger

Most of the research works with nano fluids are related to thermal conductivity and heat transfer properties of nano
fluids based on water or ethylene glycol.

III. Objective
The main objective of investigation is to target a need to advance nanotechnology and to determine heat transfer
applications for nano particles/nano fluids. Research will help to understand the relationship of nano fluids and heat
transfer rates at various operational conditions. Experimentation also helps to understand the relationship of
deposition of nano particles and its effect on heat transfer rates. The purpose of this work is to determine the effect
of nano particles on heat transfer rates along with the effect of deposition on heat transfer rates using aluminum
oxide nano particles at different concentrations, different flow rates, and at different temperatures.

Estimation of Nano Particle Concentration:

The amount of Al2O3 nano particle required for preparation of nano fluid is calculated using the law of
mixture formula. The weight of the nano particles required for preparation of 100 ml Al2O3 nano fluid of a
particular volume concentration, using distilled water as base fluid is calculated by using the following relation,

% volume concentration =

Synthesis of Nano Fluid:


Components required: Al2O3 nano powder, distilled water,

Table No. 1: Analysis using surfactant

Distilled Al2O3nano
water in powder in Surfactant starch in gm
ml gm
100 1 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

Time taken to sediment 50min 55min 1hr 1hr


in sec 48sec 23 sec 05min 10
30sec min
33sec
Surfactant dextrin in gm
100 1 0.35 0.7 1

Time taken to sediment 48min 1hr 1hr


in sec 56 sec 08min 18
15sec min
30sec

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After sufficient analysis by comparing the time taken for complete sedimentation of nano particle, we choose
combination of surfactant and nano particle which have larger time of sedimentation. The combination selected is
alumina nano fluid and dextrin, but dextrin is not completely dissolvable in water, so starch combination is
preferred.

Table No. 2: Analysis using combination


Al2O3
Distilled
nano Surfactant dextrin
water in
powder combination in g
ml
in g
100 1.25 0.3 0.75 1 1.25

Time taken to sediment 1hr 1hr


36 41min
in sec 10 22
min 50 sec
min min

Surfactant starch combination in g


100 1 1.25
Time taken to sediment
in sec 1hr

time

in 70

60
min
50
40

30

20

10

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1


variation of starch percent in 1% alumina nanofluid

Graph No.1: Showing increase of sedimentation time by increase of surfactant

ISSN:2347-2200/V3SN-ICRAESM/pp-135-145 /IJSE
Comparison of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Nano Fluid with Water in Heat Exchanger

90
time 80

in 70

60
min
50
40

30

20

10

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1


variation of dextrin surfactant percent in 1% alumina nanofluid

Graph No.2: Showing various proportions of dextrin surfactant on constant 1% proportion of alumina nano
fluid
90
time 80

in 70

60
min
50
40

30

20

10

0 0.3 0.75 1 1.25


variation of dextrin surfactant percent in 1.25% alumina nanofluid

Graph No.3: Showing various proportions of dextrin surfactant on constant 1.25% proportion of alumina
nano fluid

The graphs were drawn based on the time and varied proportions two surfactants i.e., starch and dextrin in percents.
The graphs clearly show that, with the increase of surfactant percent in the nano fluid increases the time taken for
sedimentation of selected nano powder alumina. Now it is known that surfactant decreases the surface tension of
base fluid and assists in proper dispersion of nano powder in the base fluid.

HEAT EXCHANGER ANALYSIS METHOD

The goal of heat exchanger design is to relate the inlet and outlet temperatures, the overall heat transfer coefficient,
and the geometry of the heat exchanger, to the rate of heat transfer between the two fluids. The two most common
heat exchanger design problems are those of rating and sizing. We will limit ourselves to the design of recuperators
only. That is, the design of a two fluid heat exchanger used for the purposes of recovering waste heat. We will begin
first, by discussing the basic principles of heat transfer for a heat exchanger. We may write the enthalpy balance on
either fluid stream to give:
------1 and -----2

For constant specific heats with no change of phase, we may also write
-----3 and -----4

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Now from energy conservation we know that Qc = Qh = Q, and that we may relate the heat transfer rate Q and the
overall heat transfer coefficient U, to the some mean temperature difference Tm by means of Q = U A Tm ---
--5
Where A is the total surface area for heat exchange that U is based upon. Later we shall show that Tm = f
( ) ---6

It is now clear that the problem of heat exchanger design comes down to obtaining an expression for the mean
temperature difference. Expressions for many flow configurations, i.e. parallel flow, counter flow, and cross flow,
have been obtained in the heat transfer field. We will examine these basic expressions later. Two approaches to heat
exchanger design that will be discussed are the LMTD method and the effectiveness - NTU method. Each of these
methods has particular advantages depending upon the nature of the problem specification.

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

A heat exchanger analysis always begins with the determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient. The overall
heat transfer coefficient may be defined as (Xuan and Roetzel specific heat is calculated as)
------7 And then overall heat transfer coefficient as
U = Q/A*Tm -----8
Where,
Tm is logarithmic mean temperature difference in oC
nf density of nano fluid., Cpnf specific heat of Nano fluid., volume ratio.
Subscript f gives base fluid. Subscript p gives nano particle.

Logarithmic mean temperature difference:


It is calculated by using equation,

LMTD = ------9

Where, T I = Thi -Tci, To = Tho-Tco


Subscript h gives hot fluid. Subscript c gives cold fluid. And i,o gives inlet and outlet conditions.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR ANALYSIS:

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Comparison of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Nano Fluid with Water in Heat Exchanger

V-ONE WAY BALL VALVE WITH NO.


F-FLOWMETER
COLD
T-TEMPERATURE IN CELSIUS
WATER

INLET T3
F

V3 V5

HOT
HOT
WATER
WATER
HOT WATER FLOW

INLET OUTLET V2

T1 T2
V7

V4 V6 V1

COLD

V7
WATER OUTLET
T4 PIPE MATERIAL-GALVANIZED IRON

HEAT EXCHANGER

Parallel flow:

For parallel flow, valves v1, v3, v6 are kept open and other valves are closed, the v7 and v2 valves are only used for
measuring flow rate of hot and cold fluids. During experiment geyser is kept on for 1hr later heating of water 15 min
are left for stabilization of fluid circuit. After that inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and cold water are taken using
thermocouples T1, T2, T3 and T4.
Counter flow:
For counter flow, valves v1, v5, v4 are kept open. Above similar procedure is followed to analyze the difference in
the two cases and readings are tabulated.
Further experiment analysis is done using the different flow rates of nano fluid, concentrations, at different
temperatures of hot fluid.

Observations:

1. Outer diameter of inner pipe do = 0.034mm


2. Inner diameter of inner pipe di = 0.026mm
3. Length of inner pipe L1 = 1.2m
4. Thickness of inner pipe t1 = 0.004m
5. Outer diameter of pipe Do = 0.076m
6. Inner diameter of pipe Di = 0.068m
7. Length of pipe L2 = 1.2m
8. Thickness of pipe t2 = 0.004m
9. Specific heat if water at constant pressure = 4.187kwatt/kgok

Table no. 3: Readings for parallel and counter flow analysis of normal water using the heat exchanger at
room temperature 30oc

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Hot Cold Hot Hot Cold Cold


water water water water water water
Parameter flow flow inlet outlet inlet outlet
rate rate temp temp temp temp
qh in qc in t1 in t2 in t3 in t4 in
o o o o
lpm lpm c c c c
Parallel
1.6 2.4 47 46 41 43
flow
Counter
1.6 2.4 46 44 42 45
flow

Table no. 4: Readings for parallel and counter flow analysis of (0.75% starch and 1% Al2O3) alumina Nano
fluid using the heat exchanger at room temperature 30oC

Hot Cold Hot Hot Cold Cold


water water water water water water
Parameter flow flow inlet outlet inlet outlet
rate rate temp temp temp temp
Qh in Qc in T1 in T2 in T3 in T4 in
o o o o
lpm lpm c c c c
Parallel
1.6 2.4 46 44 40 43
flow
Counter
1.6 2.4 46 44 41 45
flow

Table no. 5 Results after necessary calculations for normal water

qh in qc in Averag LMT U U Effecti


k.w k.w e Q in D (inner (outer veness
k.w tube) in tube) in
w/m2ok w/ m2ok
0.368 0.83 0.6029 2.164 2842.9 2173.8 2.27

Table no. 6: Results for 1% alumina nano fluid with 0.75% starch surfactant

qhin qc in Avera LMTD U U Effectiven


k.w k.w ge Q (inner (outer ess
in k.w tube) tube) in
in w/ m2ok
w/m2o
k

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Comparison of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Nano Fluid with Water in Heat Exchanger

0.367 0.11 0.741 2.866 3042.7 2326.63 3.032


1 4

Where,
1. Heat transfer rate from hot water qh=mh.cph(T1-T2)
2. Heat transfer rate from cold water qc=mc.cpc(T4-T3)
3. Overall heat transfer coefficient U=Q/A*

4. Effectiveness =

CALCULATIONS

Sample calculations for 1% alumina nano fluid with 0.75% starch surfactant.
Volume fraction is,
% volume concentration =2.51*10-3

Specific heat of nano fluid is,


=2.51*103*769+(1-2.51*10-3)*4186=4177.42 j/kgk.

Heat transfer rate from hot water,


=0.044*4177.42*(319-317=367.62watt.

Heat transfer rate from cold water


=0.0667*4177.42*(318-314)=1114.54watt.
Average heat transfer is Q=(Qh+Qc)/2=(367+1114.54)/2=741.0743watt.
Logarithmic mean temperature difference=LMTD= = =2.886ok

Overall heat transfer from inner tube is Q=UAiTm where, U=Q/AiTm =741.0743/9.801*102*2.886
=3042.74w/m2ok
Overall heat transfer from outer tube is Q=UAoTm
U=Q/AoTm=741.0743/12.8176*10-2*2.886 = 2326.637w/m2ok
Effectiveness is = = =3.04.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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B.Vishnu Prasad al.et.

From the above it is understood that the effectiveness of nano fluid is 3.04 higher than normal water i.e., 2.27. Also
from the table 4, 5 by comparison the overall heat transfer coefficients of nano fluid are found to be higher than that
of normal water. Further the results obtained firmly conclude that use of nano fluid in the heat exchanger
applications proved more efficient.

Scope of the Project

The thermal conductivity is more for nano fluids compared to conventional working fluids, hence
application of nano fluids enhance the efficiency of the heat exchanging devices.
For higher efficiencies the heat exchanging material should be either copper or aluminum.
In the present analysis the heat exchanging device i.e., the pipe material is galvanized iron.
The study preferred aluminum as the good heat exchanging material from the economy and efficiency point
of view
There are different nano fluids but alumina nano powder is of good thermal conductivity at lower cost.
Hence this nano fluid will be affordable for higher efficiency and economical for industrial application.

CONCLUSION

The convective heat transfer performance of alumina nano fluid flowing in the double pipe heat exchanger
has been experimentally investigated.
Dispersion of nano particles into distilled water increases thermal conductivity and viscosity of nano fluid.
This augmentation increases with the increase in the particle concentration.
At mass flow rate of 140 - 150 LPM for hot water, and 240 LPM for cold nano fluid the effectiveness of
heat exchanger is found to be 3.04
Comparing the performance of heat exchanger with normal water and nano fluid. The results with nano
fluid are best.

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Comparison of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Nano Fluid with Water in Heat Exchanger

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