Garbage cleaning Machine:-

Introduction:-
In our project we design a garbage cleaning machine. This machine collect garbage through a
vacuum cleaner integrated in it. But the specialty of this vacuum cleaner is it works in DC. That
can get power through a battery.

Our machine can move forward backward left and right by using a wired remote integrated with
DPDT switch. We give power to this machine through a battery. This system cans collection
garbage in a easiest manner without any human hard labor.

Block Diagram:-

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Component Required: -
Component Name Nos

1. 12V 60rpm DC gear Motor 2

2. 12V 7.2AH battery 1
3. DPDT switch 2
4. DPDT box 1
5. Chassis 1
6. 10cm*2cm wheel 6
7. Rainbow wire 2meter
8. L clamp 6
9. Nut & Bolt 25
10. Dummy wheel 2
11. DC Vacuum cleaner 1

Hardware Description: -

DC MOTOR

DC Motor has two leads. It has bidirectional motion

If we apply +ve to one lead and ground to another motor will rotate in one direction, if
we reverse the connection the motor will rotate in opposite direction.

If we keep both leads open or both leads ground it will not rotate (but some inertia will be
there).

If we apply +ve voltage to both leads then braking will occurs.

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of
current flow in part of the motor.
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled
over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of
current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The
universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable

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power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles,
elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics
has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field

aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field
produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of the current
flowing through it.
A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with one
or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the
magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns around the core, and in large
motors there can be several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are
connected to a commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in
turn and connects the rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes.
(Brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off
and have no brushes.)
The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around
dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created.
The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective
electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating
magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic
fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor
(stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor
designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow
greater control over the motor.
At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.
Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide
different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can
be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The introduction of
variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern
DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by
"chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage.
Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is often
used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC motor was
the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric locomotives,
street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The introduction of DC
motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the 1870s started a new
second Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable
batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars
and electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still

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 found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel
rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC motors with separately excited fields were
generally used with winder drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth
speed control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC motors with
variable frequency drives.
If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a
dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid car and
electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric
powered train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on
hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as
generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are
adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.

A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current(electrical energy) into
mechanical energy. Its of vital importance for the industry today, and is equally important for
engineers to look into the working principle of DC motor in details that has been discussed in

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this article. In order to understand the operating principle of DC motor we need to first look into
its constructional feature.

The very basic construction of a DC motor contains a current carrying armature which is
connected to the supply end through commutator segments and brushes it is placed within the
north south poles of a permanent or an electro-magnet as shown in the diagram below

A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current(electrical energy) into
mechanical energy. Its of vital importance for the industry today, and is equally important for
engineers to look into the working principle of DC motor in details that has been discussed in
this article. In order to understand the operating principle of DC motor we need to first look into
its constructional feature.

5
The very basic construction of a DC motor contains a current carrying armature which is
connected to the supply end through commutator segments and brushes it is placed within the
north south poles of a permanent or an electro-magnet as shown in the diagram below.

Now to go into the details of the operating principle of DC motor its important that we have a
clear understanding of Flemings left hand rule to determine the direction of force acting on the
armature conductors of DC motor.

Flemings left hand rule says that if we extend the index finger, middle finger and thumb of our
left hand in such a way that the current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field
(represented by the index finger) is perpendicular to the direction of current (represented by the
middle finger), then the conductor experiences a force in the direction (represented by the
thumb) mutually perpendicular to both the direction of field and the current in the conductor.

HOW TO Wire a DPDT rocker switch for reversing polarity

When you need to control a DC motor (such as a DC linear actuator) you usually need to be able
to swap the polarity on the wires going to the motor.

A double pole, double throw switch is used for this purpose but you have to wire it up correctly
to reverse the polarity going to the linear actuator.

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Step 1: Required materials

You need the following materials:

-DPDT rocker switch

-insulated disconnect terminals (female) x 6
-wire
-wire cutter/crimper/stripper tool
-a linear actuator or DC motor to control

Step 2: Connecting the wires to the disconnect terminals

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First you need to cut a bit off each wire that will
be going to the motor. This is the jumper that
will allow the polarity to swap.
I'm using blue and brown wire. THE COLOR OF THE WIRE IS NOT SIGNIFICANT. You
can use red and black, or any combination of wire color. Because you'll be swapping the polarity
back and forth on the actuator, the color of the wire, and whether they are on the right side or the
left doesn't matter.
Twist together one end of the blue jumper wire and the end of the main blue wire. Then push this
into the disconnect terminal and crimp with the wire tool.
Do the same for the brown wire.
At the end of the blue jumper attach another disconnect terminal.
Do the same for the brown wire.
Attach the main blue terminal to one of the poles on the side, attach the main brown termainl to
the pole right next to it.
Attach the blue jumper connector to the opposite corner, and the brown jumper to the other
corner to form an 'X' across the switch.

Step 3: Connecting the wires to the disconnect terminals (for power)

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Similar to the last step take another wire that will go to the +12V DC (or whatever you are
using). I am using blue wire.
Attach this to a disconnect terminal.
Do the same with another piece of wire (I used brown). This will go to ground.
Attach these to the center poles of the switch.
With my switch it doesn't matter which poles it's attached to, as there is no up and down for the
switch. If you don't like it just turn the switch upside down. Otherwise test before installing the
switch.

Step 4: Done!

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Step 5: UPDATE: Wiring Diagram

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Battery:-

In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical energy, solar energy, and
chemical energy etc. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy. The first
battery was developed by Alessandro Volta in the year of 1800. In the year 1836, John Frederic Daniell, a
British chemist developed the Daniell cell as an improved version of the voltaic cell. From that time until
today, the battery has been the most popular source of electricity in many daily life applications.

In our daily life, we generally use two types of battery, one of them is which can be used once before it
gets totally discharged. Another type of battery is rechargeable which means it can be used multiple times
by recharging it externally. The former is called primary battery and the later is called secondary battery.

Batteries can be found in different sizes. A battery may be as small as a shirt button or may be so big in
size that a whole room will be required to install a battery bank. With this variation of sizes, the battery is
used anywhere from small wrist watches to a large ship.

battery symbol We often see this symbol in many diagrams of electrical and electronics network. This is
the most popularly used symbol for battery. The bigger lines represent positive terminal of the cells and
smaller lines represent negative terminal of the cells connected in the battery.

We are often confused about the terms battery cell and battery. We generally refer a battery as a single
electro-chemical cell. But literally, battery does not mean that. Battery means a number of electro-
chemical cells connected together to meet a certain voltage and current level. Although there may be a
single cell battery, literally, battery and cell are different.

History of Battery

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 In the year of 1936 during the middle of summer, an ancient tomb was discovered during construction of
a new railway line near Bagdad city in Iraq. The relics found in that tomb were about 2000 years old.
Among these relics, there were some clay jars or vessels which were sealed at the top with pitch. An iron
rod, surrounded by a cylindrical tube made of wrapped copper sheet was projected out from this sealed
top.

When these pots were filled with an acidic liquid, they produced a potential difference of around 2 volts
between the iron and copper. These clay jars are suspected to be 2000 year old battery cells.

luigi galvani experiment fr In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian anatomist and physiologist was surprised to
see that when he touched a dead frogs leg with two different metals, the muscles of the legs contracted.
He could not understand the actual reason why, otherwise he would have been known as the first inventor
of the battery cell. He thought the reaction might be due to a property of the tissues.

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voltiac pile After that, Alessandro Volta realized that same phenomenon could be created by using
cardboard soaked in salt water instead of frog's leg. He sandwiched a copper disc and a zinc disc with a
piece of cardboard soaked in salt water in between them and found a potential difference between the
copper and zinc. After that in 1800, he developed the first Voltaic Pile (battery) constructed of alternating
copper and zinc discs with pieces of cardboard soaked in brine between them. This system could produce
measurable current. Alessandro Volta's voltaic pile was considered the first "wet battery cell". Thus, the
history of battery began. daniell cell

The main problem with the Voltaic pile was that, it could not deliver current for a long time. This
problem was solved by a British inventor John F. Daniell in 1836. He invented a more developed version
of the battery cell which is known as the Daniell cell. Here in this cell, one zinc rod is immersed in zinc
sulfate in one container and one copper rod is immersed in copper (II) sulfate in another container. The
solutions of these two containers are bridged by a U shaped salt bridge. A Daniell cell could produce 1.1
volt and this type of battery lasted much longer than the Voltaic pile. In 1839, the fuel cell was designed
by Sir William Robert Grove, a discoverer and man of science. He mixed hydrogen and oxygen within an
electrolyte solution, and created electricity and water. The fuel cell did not deliver enough electricity, but
it is helpful.

Bunsen (1842) and Grove (1839) created enhancements to battery that used liquid electrodes to supply

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An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric
cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its
negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when
connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a
battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing
the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the
external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow
out of the battery to perform work. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a
device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to additionally include
devices composed of a single cell.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery
used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable)
batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket;
the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include
the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics
such as laptops and smartphones.

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Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries used in cars and
trucks, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or
emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales
each year,[5] with 6% annual growth.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as
gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in producing
mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

Primary

Main article: Primary cell

Primary batteries, or primary cells, can produce current immediately on assembly. These are
most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are used only
intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and
communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available. Disposable
primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible
and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers recommend
against attempting to recharge primary cells.[25] In general, these have higher energy densities
than rechargeable batteries,[26] but disposable batteries do not fare well under high-drain
applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 ). Common types of disposable batteries include
zinccarbon batteries and alkaline batteries.

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Secondary

Main article: Rechargeable battery

Secondary batteries, also known as secondary cells, or rechargeable batteries, must be charged
before first use; they are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state.
Rechargeable batteries are (re)charged by applying electric current, which reverses the chemical
reactions that occur during discharge/use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called
chargers.

The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the leadacid battery, which are widely used in
automotive and boating applications. This technology contains liquid electrolyte in an unsealed
container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated to ensure safe
dispersal of the hydrogen gas it produces during overcharging. The leadacid battery is relatively
heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Its low manufacturing cost and its high
surge current levels make it common where its capacity (over approximately 10 Ah) is more
important than weight and handling issues. A common application is the modern car battery,
which can, in general, deliver a peak current of 450 amperes.

The sealed valve regulated leadacid battery (VRLA battery) is popular in the automotive
industry as a replacement for the leadacid wet cell. The VRLA battery uses an immobilized
sulfuric acid electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and extending shelf life.[27] VRLA
batteries immobilize the electrolyte. The two types are:

Gel batteries (or "gel cell") use a semi-solid electrolyte.

Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in a special fiberglass matting.

Other portable rechargeable batteries include several sealed "dry cell" types, that are useful in
applications such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Cells of this type (in order of

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increasing power density and cost) include nickelcadmium (NiCd), nickelzinc (NiZn), nickel
metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. Li-ion has by far the highest share of the
dry cell rechargeable market. NiMH has replaced NiCd in most applications due to its higher
capacity, but NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way radios, and medical equipment.

In the 2000s, developments include batteries with embedded electronics such as USBCELL,
which allows charging an AA battery through a USB connector,[28] nanoball batteries that allow
for a discharge rate about 100x greater than current batteries, and smart battery packs with state-
of-charge monitors and battery protection circuits that prevent damage on over-discharge. Low
self-discharge (LSD) allows secondary cells to be charged prior to shipping.

Cell types

Many types of electrochemical cells have been produced, with varying chemical processes and
designs, including galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, fuel cells, flow cells and voltaic piles.[29]

Wet cell

A wet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte. Other names are flooded cell, since the liquid covers
all internal parts, or vented cell, since gases produced during operation can escape to the air. Wet
cells were a precursor to dry cells and are commonly used as a learning tool for electrochemistry.
They can be built with common laboratory supplies, such as beakers, for demonstrations of how
electrochemical cells work. A particular type of wet cell known as a concentration cell is
important in understanding corrosion. Wet cells may be primary cells (non-rechargeable) or
secondary cells (rechargeable). Originally, all practical primary batteries such as the Daniell cell
were built as open-top glass jar wet cells. Other primary wet cells are the Leclanche cell, Grove
cell, Bunsen cell, Chromic acid cell, Clark cell, and Weston cell. The Leclanche cell chemistry
was adapted to the first dry cells. Wet cells are still used in automobile batteries and in industry

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for standby power for switchgear, telecommunication or large uninterruptible power supplies,
but in many places batteries with gel cells have been used instead. These applications commonly
use leadacid or nickelcadmium cells.

Dry cell

Further information: Dry cell

Line art drawing of a dry cell:

1. brass cap, 2. plastic seal, 3. expansion space, 4. porous cardboard, 5. zinc can, 6. carbon rod, 7.
chemical mixture

A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to allow current to flow. Unlike a
wet cell, a dry cell can operate in any orientation without spilling, as it contains no free liquid,
making it suitable for portable equipment. By comparison, the first wet cells were typically
fragile glass containers with lead rods hanging from the open top and needed careful handling to
avoid spillage. Leadacid batteries did not achieve the safety and portability of the dry cell until
the development of the gel battery.

A common dry cell is the zinccarbon battery, sometimes called the dry Leclanch cell, with a
nominal voltage of 1.5 volts, the same as the alkaline battery (since both use the same zinc
manganese dioxide combination). A standard dry cell comprises a zinc anode, usually in the
form of a cylindrical pot, with a carbon cathode in the form of a central rod. The electrolyte is
ammonium chloride in the form of a paste next to the zinc anode. The remaining space between
the electrolyte and carbon cathode is taken up by a second paste consisting of ammonium
chloride and manganese dioxide, the latter acting as a depolariser. In some designs, the
ammonium chloride is replaced by zinc chloride.

Molten salt

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Molten salt batteries are primary or secondary batteries that use a molten salt as electrolyte. They
operate at high temperatures and must be well insulated to retain heat.

Reserve

A reserve battery can be stored unassembled (unactivated and supplying no power) for a long
period (perhaps years). When the battery is needed, then it is assembled (e.g., by adding
electrolyte); once assembled, the battery is charged and ready to work. For example, a battery for
an electronic artillery fuze might be activated by the impact of firing a gun: The acceleration
breaks a capsule of electrolyte that activates the battery and powers the fuze's circuits. Reserve
batteries are usually designed for a short service life (seconds or minutes) after long storage
(years). A water-activated battery for oceanographic instruments or military applications
becomes activated on immersion in water.

Cell performance

A battery's characteristics may vary over load cycle, over charge cycle, and over lifetime due to
many factors including internal chemistry, current drain, and temperature. At low temperatures, a
battery cannot deliver as much power. As such, in cold climates, some car owners install battery
warmers, which are small electric heating pads that keep the car battery warm.

Proteus Diagram:-

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 SW1 +412 +412

BAT1
12V

SW-DPDT

SW2 +412 +412

SW-DPDT

Vacuum Cleaner:-
The working principle of vacuum cleaners is the high-speed rotation of the motor, suction the air from
the inlet, so that the dust box produces a certain vacuum, dust through the brush, take over,

Working Principle Of Vacuum Cleaner

Handle, hose, the main straw into the dust box in the filter bag, dust is left in the filter bag, filtered air
and then through a layer of filter into the motor, this layer of filter is to prevent dust bag bursting dust
inhalation motor a protective barrier, into the motor of the air through the motor outflow, due to the
motor running in the carbon brush constantly wear, So a filter was added before it flowed out of the
vacuum.

The more detailed the filter material can filter the air cleaner, but the worse the permeability, which
affects the amount of air inhaled by the motor, reducing the efficiency of the vacuum cleaner. But for
the user, comfortable and clean is the main.

Its air permeability is low, so it has a wavy shape to increase the breathable area. Some of this filter
material can also be cleaned repeatedly. Any filter material has a "life", that is, the long-term use of the
filter material after the micro-pores have been blocked by small particles of dust. Therefore, the paper
dust bag is more ideal, after use disposable, sanitary and convenient. Cloth filter Bag Cleaning After the

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fiber will harden, affect the filtration effect and breathable effect. SMS three-layer composite filtration
material is washable, but the air permeability is slightly lower.

This is the same basic mechanism at work in a vacuum cleaner, though the execution is a bit more
complicated. In this article, we'll look inside a vacuum cleaner to find out how it puts suction to work
when cleaning up the dust and debris in your house. As we'll see, the standard vacuum cleaner design is
exceedingly simple, but it relies on a host of physical principles to clean effectively.

It may look like a complicated machine, but the conventional vacuum cleaner is actually made up of only
six essential components:

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An intake port, which may include a variety of cleaning accessories

An exhaust port

An electric motor

A fan

A porous bag

A housing that contains all the other components

When you plug the vacuum cleaner in and turn it on, this is what happens:

The electric current operates the motor. The motor is attached to the fan, which has angled blades (like
an airplane propeller).

As the fan blades turn, they force air forward, toward the exhaust port (check out How Airplanes Work
to find out what causes this).

When air particles are driven forward, the density of particles (and therefore the air pressure) increases
in front of the fan and decreases behind the fan.

This pressure drop behind the fan is just like the pressure drop in the straw when you sip from your
drink. The pressure level in the area behind the fan drops below the pressure level outside the vacuum
cleaner (the ambient air pressure). This creates suction, a partial vacuum, inside the vacuum cleaner.
The ambient air pushes itself into the vacuum cleaner through the intake port because the air pressure
inside the vacuum cleaner is lower than the pressure outside.

As long as the fan is running and the passageway through the vacuum cleaner remains open, there is a
constant stream of air moving through the intake port and out the exhaust port. But how does a flowing
stream of air collect the dirt and debris from your carpet? The key principle is friction.

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Vacuum Cleaner Variables

Vacuum cleaner attachments serve to concentrate the flow of air as it enters the vacuum. Since suction
depends on the size and shape of the passage, different attachments are better suited to different
cleaning jobs.

Vacuum cleaner attachments serve to concentrate the flow of air as it enters the vacuum. Since suction
depends on the size and shape of the passage, different attachments are better suited to different
cleaning jobs.

In the last section, we saw that vacuum cleaners pick up dirt by driving a stream of air through an air
filter (the bag). The power of the vacuum cleaner's suction depends on a number of factors. Suction will
be stronger or weaker depending on:

The power of the fan: To generate strong suction, the motor has to turn at a good speed.

The blockage of the air passageway: When a great deal of debris builds up in the vacuum bag, the air
faces greater resistance on its way out. Each particle of air moves more slowly because of the increased
drag. This is why a vacuum cleaner works better when you've just replaced the bag than when you've
been vacuuming for a while.

The size of the opening at the end of the intake port: Since the speed of the vacuum fan is constant, the
amount of air passing through the vacuum cleaner per unit of time is also constant. No matter what size

23
you make the intake port, the same number of air particles will have to pass into the vacuum cleaner
every second. If you make the port smaller, the individual air particles will have to move much more
quickly in order for them all to get through in that amount of time. At the point where the air speed
increases, pressure decreases, because of Bernoulli's principle (see How Airplanes Work to learn about
this physical principle). The drop in pressure translates to a greater suction force at the intake port.
Because they create a stronger suction force, narrower vacuum attachments can pick up heavier dirt
particles than wider attachments.

At the most basic level, this is all there is to a vacuum cleaner. Since the electric vacuum's invention a
century ago, many innovative thinkers have expanded and modified this idea to create different sorts of
vacuum systems.

Conclusion: -

Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed in it. Presence of
every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus contributing to the best working
of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs with the help of growing technology, the
project has been successfully implemented. Thus the project has been successfully designed and
tested.

Application: -

1. Hospital
2. Railway platform
3. Bus stand
4. Hotels
5. Industries
6. Road
7. Different municipality

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 REFERENCES

WWW.elekfrospoji.si

WWW.onsemi.com

WWW.engineersgarage.com

WWW.microsystemservices.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage#Measuring_instruments

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