Psychological Studies JEAN PIAGET With an introduction, Notes and Closer by DAVID ELKIND ‘Translation from the French by Anita Tenzer Translation edited by David Elkind 008 | AD Renda Ft 966 oi u eancuaprer 1 The Mental Development of the Child* 22 rw mrenorooeassevezoreee nt sts a ith nd teats in adtood i comparble to aie ponth Lethe ate, consis eset of actin dite far culibium Jt asthe body ene towed etl tale Ine chactaize by th completion ofthe powth proces ad by onan matty, so ental le on be coved eorng tovatd a Gal form of equa reracited by We at bind. Ins uese,aelopment a popes equation fom lever tos higher sateaf equ, From the pot of ‘ew of inline it i easy to cont he leat tnd incre of cldhod ides wth the psteniaton of alt reson, With espa to the ete hos reqoeny nen noted how extenly enaina) equim iene ith ge Sor sbons ako bey the sme law ef pea abllton ‘Ar essential dieene between thei ofthe boy and thet ofthe mind mast sone be stand i Ue dyin Inka nthe rity of the mind it be espeted. heal form of elit reached woogh ernie growth roe Ste sn eboe aloe usable th the eqn te ‘atl which mental detlopent eso nt wo eon ss ‘Seeding cioation teint sn» tegreseerltion ne tomatialy sar lading to cd age, Crim pio VPS GASfunctions it depend cal 9 the pil conditon of the ‘ody elowanamologoas cure. Vil ei, forename at # mimo tovatd the end of clon, oly to din fuiejenty and many ater pesptal process te eat atl by the sme low By conta the lige fen of lntligzae and acy tend twa anche equa” ‘The ore obey, he move tbl ity tha oe em tion of govth, in ely minds, by no means mate te ‘ginning of decline ot ther peel prog ata ssiecontciets ine equittam tis ths in ters of eqlisum tat we sl ty to debe the eflution ofthe eid andthe adolarent From is pot fies, mental development eantineascrsctin coe Dunble tthe eeeton ofa wt balding ot becomes roe Sid with each adton Anata, ad pens more ap ‘pst, may be kites tothe amealy of 2 le Mechans that ges uough endl phe of stent in ‘which elo! poe bone ae spp end cheat the equlitcum of he mecianim a a wile termes mote sbi We must, overs, iuedse n inert datnctoa txiocn te complanantay apc of the paces of equi tion. Ths the distinction barween the altace that Alene the surest of equiiom and etn con. tnt fncionng that anes the tan fem any ob ste tote flowing ene ‘There issometine sting snaybewec he esctioas ofthe cid sod the adaly an foreape when the eld fs fre of wt he wants sod ca sus dow eps fo ile ‘en speci nets Atte ins tere a word of Eee comin ames, for example ori the mune? of rasenng From a feral pin of vie Le, ie take intense tio the geet of beavior ad thoght, there se éocstan fantios common to al ages AL lees fSevelop ‘man aetonprespaeapreipng feta plysalogo, Alfie or intelectual aed (In te lates eve De eat ‘The Sonal Deropment fe CH : "pps in the gi of question oa probe) AY all xe, eligece sas to undentnd cr to apa, ee Howe, he te functions of ite, epson, et ae comnon toatl devlapmentl ages ats to 98 “nana an foe ' he fotos tenses eoncreinontbeln ae {hat “ters” (ae eppeed to "ineest") ary emlety from ove ments lel to anothe, end tat Ybe pie explnatioas os pped tothe fnctn a xan eof ver dicen mate, depending onthe deg of eliceal oveopaent in dont the contin functions, tee et ‘he vahble srt. An aay ofthe poste eas ok succes eqlom higigts the eines om be be. Favion! lel to athe sl the way fom the Gnentny ‘ebavioro th necate though aleseace “The vaihe sctre-—motoe or inlet 00 the one Ind and afc onthe thera the onset! foes of mental acy They ae ores slong to tinea lntspenonal and sei (ntepeaneal). Fer pester dans no shal ding sic sags or poo of detdopment vaca sak the appnce of thse scetaly come stu 1) The rele or ered stag, at which the fis ‘ei nasal aes and te St eootons spec. 2) The stage ofthe tots taite ad ofthe Et xa ‘ned prepa wel a ofthe fit difentatl enone, 3) The sige of sensoimotr or pail intligees (pie to ings) of elementary aestine cngunteton’ and of tg ft enema aecte fxatone Tho fet Dee rage cont late the infncy prio’ ftom Beth bl the age of ane ad ¢ Il toto yetsie, the eid porto te develope of lingge nd though sce 4) The sage o inte intligence, of sootnsos inte. teal els and of sl elaonlpe which the Cd ‘a suborate 1 the eda (aps to to seren peasy ot elt) PSY G4Bat x rerenoecc eremas ‘ 5) The stage of cnet ree operations (ke tein. ng of lei) and of mor and sei lg of ceopetion (ani sren to deren or tive or "ile chon 6) The sage of alate nels opens of far ‘matin of the pony, and of asin od itll ety Int he soy of adal (olesene), ach of thee soge 6 cared by the eppenance of gol tuts wos censtetondtingsthe tom pe ‘ous shge. The eens of thee site contnctony tet stbseoent sage in the fom of stactors ota hic new characte ave een blows tf the $l sh age oogh which be has posed eonsponds toe fen level inte tal ey of ber Bo sth tage the ae ao temporay and sendy cheats tate ‘model by sbseoent detepment a a fseton ofthe ord for betes ogpntaton Each sage ths conus «patie form of elo asa fonction of hate srt, ‘nd rental elton eetatedin the det fon ere Inesesing equi ‘We ow which functions methanims at cern to all stegesInan abot genen! way (ato ncompeg one stage withthe allowing but sin comparng eh Has of wie gar of te stage wth eng bar), oat fy Hiatal ston i to ay al’ movement, all ‘hough, of al enaton—aspends oe aed. Note the Cd othe dt neues any eternal x even ell tea et tes impelled by 2 oie; the oie can alvey be tc ‘aed into a ned (en elemesty era nto goon, ‘As Clipse [tg] Be howa, a ned is sve « man fetation of dieguhbrum: thee oe when something ther tide outs or within (phys or metal) is aged and behavior bs tobe ated se ¢ ncn af is cdange For campl, bung: a fats wil proveke 2 seh fox nourshneat ox st ebcounteng an extra objet wil ‘esd to ced to pay, which intr has praca ends or ‘TheMovlDewopment fe Ci 5 ead ta gstion oa heel pb. A asl wor wi este the word to inst to sympa, of wll pede ‘eve or oppesten I snes ath soe ned hoe va. Comet, ation teint whens seed ae, oti sy, hen eulbcam veel ete he ew ctr hs prove teal od the weal pn fon at evited pir tothe ntoctin oft to Eaing sepia ying racing gol eping ts queen ‘eolng 4 ‘potlen,insulig wcesieye cans ese 8,1 tng ones ult of wow eal ator on Ua the preceing cmp, wl ptt end tee rc eave by Be eed. A ny ges mse, Ge can tha sy, acton sdenulinied by se tases Son at ans i he entero ine woe sad cack evo cont nt aly teesabhing easy fe ao in ovag toward» moe sable equa te ten ‘bic rsd te etme ua acon conto scoot and perpetual mct, ‘of eidatnent or ql, Fort an in se Inkl ple of consocton the ucesine ment cs tie eogender development in be cvsdend trio neay ‘pee fos of euro, ech of whch sara see {5 pede I mut bande bowery ste Stl mestani, geal ough tay be, dent slg the conta the cea he vrs aly se Geant Shen red te pation of te parapet ‘log conse For empl the sgh of these jet cession vey diet ques in the al ad wh se Inca of clanfcaton fom thse of the oe ches estate morseteie and patente The inerot ofa 4 ay grea omeat depend onthe stem af ss het ‘eget posh fee ication, and ets ll snes eta of pester ube Belo eamiing the tl of erlpnet we mit yf fo at which comme oe sedan itr peed alla, One can in gst ti ht a set ead a PON GSD4 o ofa oincogoate thing ed pope ito the sbets ow. uy Let “asda” fhe ete word ito the sree fue that hve aad been contrat, an eon to ed fut hse trusts na fst of ale tnormtn ey te Sacommote” them foetal ejets, Frm his pons of Mie all enti indeed all gan, tends progr Sie to asin the emoondingeatonnent This apo. ‘eons cected tons tothe mater pects whee ‘Sopeof ation Hemme moe and Mowe extended. Tal, feepton aod eenestany movement (pebension, ee) ato ‘Sosaned wih cet that ae lve and viewed satel then {Sty memory sta pata nligens per the reps taton of err ofthe object as well the entiogtion tf thc tue ate rerlng fom a yet omen tsar ‘lions Sal inte ine tose forse se tv eile fe, Lage nteligence Inthe got of conte option and ‘titty of abet deacon toate ths evltion by {akg te subjet maser ef events at ae tant in pce il tne, At enh of Use level he nd falls the sme Function, hich to incor the enese to el bat te tte often rr, the stecesie modes of ene Porton cole fom thre of porapon snd moverent 1 ‘owe ofthe ger ment penton eum obey selon ord thought most acon date to thae ebjoss Wey must adjust to eter vaston ‘The taning ofthe proces of assinlton and tcomno btn omy be le “api” See he gene fr of Pvcologal equim, andthe popessteenniztion of ‘Bonu development ppc to Be nly an eer ore pee option to may, We sal now exrioe tee sags of dapaton mer cory 1. THE NEONATE AND THE INFANT. "The periad tht exes fom th to the aquston of oe tog # mast by an extort) devdapment of te mind ‘The Ment Delonte CH 5 1s inpotance is wometineswaderetinatad Yasue i not ecompeied by wots at peau sep step pus ofthe gi of ntligec and he emtionh ar hee aero, {Thr ey mental deslpmentnonthlat detente fhe ouseofprcoloial elution Jaf ispo es than fonguat by pesepton ané movement of the entire pet ‘ere tt surounds the sal old. A hae eat b> to ear tht “ueainotr asinatoa” F the Immediate feseral wd efeas a ministre Copersianreelutn. At fl cating pinto thi development the snete pats ery {hing to sein nore pete tos, to he tn body ‘here the temiuton of this peso, when ngage Sd thought begin, he for all penta purponsBut ane ‘Genet or enbty among olen Ia a uivene Oat be tas (pedully east hnel, and which eater wl expe thence extemal hee ‘Sup by sep we tal dae he apes of ths Copemiean relation Jas twofld aspect of itligenee and raceot ‘sce lle With mipet tothe deenprent of ntgnc, Whar sendy ited teste beeen tint and the end of eS peo the ver stage, he stage of he nization of raya and ie pf enor lige “ALBith, ment ie inted to the xe of ree spp tui, fe, of heen detemined sexsry and mtr aoe ‘Asati tat eovespond to lectus! neds, so a aot ton. Tothoestnt ht thee rele er onthe beni at fel py = mle insoboeguent pyeelopal develope they vena of the mahal pail hat might be tated to tem On the cotny, fom the ey eat, hey manst fin acy, which ste st edece for the extence of [vous snsrimotr simon, The sng me for ‘Sample, beome rine and the neoste sc beter er ‘ne orto wens than dating the ist ys. Ata somewhat Tater age thee relewes Jed fo pata dcsimrations and recogutins tat ae ely aed. Sul ty, and mast le POY G3ovat, thee eis give net id of ene of ‘ay Te fants tanta to soko he he us, Teas sus at naon, He sul hs ages ben he enone te them then teres objet may be pred fatto, Elbe corse he ovement of hs ans withthe Sting nthe ble to latuodce sth int is me ‘seedy sonetines a ey a tbe second oath the iota panto hs nee to hs sucig tothe dg uti ital hor cen beds yng tha orm te word eet 2 tig tobe sche In Shee era ths ame wee wl ao Yee x Bag Be Tee! att ites snd, a soon 2 bs own movers Allow tie ‘Tae dene cc of Sex, wich the foesoe of soul simian, pl bosom complied st ie {te nn Ebi aod egrie! peeps Wea then a the Erste fnew bear subd wih he a of experi, Sena thombsicig eons toh sed tapas oes ie taming ef te end in he det of sound the Tatowing ofa moving objet ee Frm he peep of ‘ef te tines bls tsi (from the we Un)che regu een pono ss inet om ohn, Weimat ao hence ace athe compte» pon Drven so objet Peto and objees ae bnghie and an tote ppt wih he gn ay such but hs proves ahingth prt to thr suet, ot aso iso. ‘avon beveen the ef sd th eter] nese Between {ee ands ost (oly at srond our end lt Sots) he ft bg to gp wt be ss thee fer cheno andthe for nanplato Bades hs poet Ay for eqeng no ait, ‘te ote te hr aly oe kindof tem, which nigh be call seit scene, These mec) Se folmotr scoot ae ten dfewstnted ino Rew tor Fetes (Eh) and ew peep oseatins,‘Theplat Peep fri eet lay rex ce Tis ‘The ntl Denepon of Ct * 3 docs sot, boeves, needy ep lI sorte ‘ew elements aod tngeter wih then eomttates beae {ised ttle by mens of progres ifn, Sabie: ‘oc sues Ut he ents andor movement fr {aly prodeeemethingnteting (necting bese ean ‘easiniialintoa pra stems) for him to ees he ne movements etl. This “sel ect” a Da {en allel? pe an etal lei seroimtor derop- sient sed rst 4 mere adn! fom of nsninton ‘We now come to the hr stig which een moe inpos. tant toe bane of derdopment the stage of rats! end eveoriotor ntlgece lel lotlgene actly spe weal Before langugs, tht it to sy, well befor ites ‘Bought whic penappse the we of wba See (Intes fae nage) It eet pact tlie ae on the manipulation of ect in lice of wore 0 concept ft tues peels and movements oan into "atten sche mit” Tor eample to gab a sek in oder o dey up 2 enatohject sam acto tligence (and fly te deep Iagone at tat: about eighteen ont) He, sn ote, the mens toan ends cordate wth pecentbel gel In axlr tds the mean, theeobjoe mat fie ender tan the rcltosp tne the sick ted the objetine A fear peccoes at of inligece conse in Unive Oe ‘jee clase by meas a lng the spot on whic ‘ating The oct toward he cod of the a year, Minny thee ‘Sampisceld be te, at seo thet of nteligence are contre. Two Binds of facto ate lnalied. Fost of al ety behavior be ames iceninglyeabosted and difewntited to he pol ‘her heats sent Behsior ftyfot hin to note the rel af sen In thas" rection the baby int content mel to tepadceimoveents td tare at have edt a intersting fer. Te aes them {etsy in overt stay the eats of tho vaitong snd th ger Binet oer te esplaoas ot "epcy mets ores” Ti exemple bythe behav of {he telemontheld cid who tows ebjects om the ground ‘mone detien or aoater in oder to sce ow abd whee ay fi ‘Secondly, the “action scent conse he pei ge and malpld though new expel bein be oe xp of oordnating with one another Wogh pro. (sof rere aimlaton Tals proces analogous to hat ‘el omar Iter nthe Hen or cosets of Bopht Hl. Ta ‘ec, an actin then be uated and gene to anew Stuaon might be ought of a Kind of sexsoninotr xm tpt Por expla baby preted th 3 new objet sua ‘Sey neon ita ach of he “uo schemata” (dake fog suhing it Sls te) ae though Be coal come to kw the objet by presinng How re, (A8 Ere ot ea eiden sll abe coneps by stating with he wor, "is fr" able "i fr wating on,” ta) The seuorinetat ssoaton this tage comparble to wht wil ater bea ‘Salton of ally by ies and nat Ts nat, then, {Dat thee varoee ation schemata sould become ailsted sth one notes fe, corte 0 thet some ee a pal {or aston a3 whol whe oes seme at mus. Tit ‘eoraton ofthe ation certs ie compete, bat more fale aed sople the, the coorition of the presen ‘pe Ie intadics pacha nteligeee aa "Toe rot of he intelcta development iinet to tmavform the rpmsentaton of thing fo the pont of eam: ely chang or averting She sje til pation with Fepat to ten Ar the onset of mental eon thee 20 ‘eit dieennson betwen te sland he eter we, 2, inpesins Wat se expesened and parcel ae nt tcl toa penal consainn sened ea "al" wort jp conve a exter to the il'Ty sil eto ‘moced oc oe spend ot onthe ste lane, which it ‘ithe intra nor external but way bevecsse to es, Thre opposing ple wl only gataly beso diern- ‘The ent Deepen of the Cid 3 ‘ted 1 eows ht, eee ofthis primitive ek of discs fiom, esting that perce i centered on the sabes ‘vn att. Te sl int the centro sat to ben with forthe very ream tat ig nok rae of vl whi he ‘tema nord wil Became objeesed te dpe tint the ‘bul uelf ar faneon of ubjeciveo intel sett Tn other words comsosmes eats with an uneuius aed fsepl epomtsty, wheres the pres ef emia {elgeos est the contraction of ao objective uefa sich the subjects own body ian element smong fhe and ith i th itral fy oeand ine abject own bad, Boontmed oar fondant process hactr the tlt re tion Uti remaphed dig theft two yes of ene ce, Ts ae the cestructon of ease of bet, tf pce fealty, nd of time Al forme, of car, ply pated acon eters and not ss yt tes ot tbiokng The practical schema ofthe objet the eb perm sunceaticted to soy ptr I the ela tt what ‘een cospans to “meting” which eatin o eit even ‘phen ene dr not poi efi ay to demons ht ‘using he Sst moots the aft dose at peel objets Uhre He copies cea fella eoy ptr tro bot the fact tat he eecogies them wen they at cet by oa mens imple that Re an pace them whee thy ‘re no Fog within ht popu! fad In pura, be ‘esogtnespenon and he knows very wel that we he ee (Gn sabe is woter eum after she ba aspen, bt this ‘by means poe tht when he wo loge te he he atte ‘hata here by eign pe Atl, hen theft ‘eps to gasp what hess, heat Sat showy ao src bea fare te toy he wants ae coveted by andes 10 oen when he ar nly fled what fe being done. “Lateran ei ook for tebe jst toot noting i sorenivecpaoement, I st tough each obec We PSY G48a & Jatt the congation a a whole sa euld aot be moved ‘epustelItis only tar he odo the yar assets sought out when they lve the peeptd Els De og ‘ston forth epg of th exemaltion of Se mata oil tn shor, the ital tence of subtantoeobjrte e Jawed bythe constction of ai end permanent bert & oe {Est eample of the tamston frm rine, tel epee ly tothe il dstontia of sn ete anneue, ‘Toe cyleton of paca pce elinly at oe wth he ‘oosttion of chats. At the out tee tet many pace arcoocinted mang thenseverst son Bas foal oc, val pnt cee), ti each one af em Scented on the cles ov moves ad sty, Val psc, pats, spot ate the ame dep at outa ha i il han iter on By ihe end af he send pe Increases of gene spce tas ben ase wich Includes all the ote ptr apace and hich cane ‘ened by tehtoaships sang oss between sad Ube chs own bad). The ebrsten of spel ently sive fom the canedention of moveneasn Dat tee swt laos beteen dhe deveapmet os ee of pce and of sersriotrintsigece. Causlty iaked Sst ofall ith the sou activity ‘nd his ects I ithe wh fos lng tne va seem to tec tobe fctitoas betwee an eapeicl ae ‘snd some ation that has baught shoot For cumple whee 0 nfant pl ot the cots that hag om the topo iso ‘nd the to alo suspndel fom the op st sae, tek tte the at of palog we cot cep withthe posal ‘let of movement tat exer He wil hemlet et aul schems in order to actate ayting wisi ote tance. He wl pl the ead i ond o costae the Scsoa of sxsw he es to tes ay rom oad nds fo plog a whishing sound he hes atte thread of hig ‘oom, te. This kindof mage catty “wapeogaenone, ‘Ste eulydenoetat pene Cal egret By The ental Denopmet ofthe CRG ss ‘ent othe cane ofthe second yer the cid segs toe eal elton among objets he can then Seely ssw ces. ‘Toe objiestin of tempor ses pte the dlp spent of cup. fa short inal tase Gad tae ot Grpeaicen sooltion eral sonermoter tlie tite the ascent mind from tea encansene e® {oy and fo peri in “onivese” bowers peedeh ed lower "ouederte" tuner maybe The eon of ate datiog the Et two pe core ends fly cacy to the evi of tater sod copie ices Thee scot pd nes enh incl Ife thowghowt cided nd ssc Tee tenet wil em suing only one ete to don nize the Hie of the mind int eotons and haste oer thing cold be more fe repeal tn vail thee sett whi we must costenty tum in tis Sapa seta le “evo”, cance at we fe el Bolt oot hey in ow itodaion at ¢ teetblohene ‘cgthening of equim. All ekaviee prospec ‘mest and teclnioe: movements end lifes Bet a behavr ai imps motes aod fal talaee feat sentient, That afecty and itligence ne Sede ad constitute the two complementary apes af all hoses ‘eta 7 This bingo ca tating theta aie of ee techniques her ar coneponting cmentyintcaerene inked with ation x wllas he nd faerie ees at conte the pay enous Resety the atone Twines the mots and dhe pyle stem of staneae 4p is ben shown, Toe fits fer eat a ‘be resol to Iss of equa orto soln conte be ‘cen afoituseneneadspreeog atin A the second stge(penspe and Ibi) tall ya he esning of senornoar incline the a Peoeegee, ingset of een motos ace pepe alee POY G4ae, at a a sc rreotoatas res 6 (he moduli of actly a: the agree or the die sl, plese and pi, et, at well athe ft eats oF ‘eres and fale. ‘To the een that thee aie ses epee or ction pers and nota ton arenes fan, ‘ips with ether peopl, ths ee of arti ates toa had of gota goer and gh the impresio, Hf ore mi taken aterbte a sete of othe baby a ad ole se aod of one's oun sty. tue tat ean hei ‘beng mtn inetd i um boy ts vent, nd in the result of his etonsPyhouns or eld tes lene sap of aecty “ncn” Dutt ipo to andentnd that i is ¢ mart hoot Nace, itoat ny ese of penonal aware easel ‘With the delopmeat of ntegnce,honee, and withthe ‘eating eabotiono an extranet sed cpecly with the costnetion fee schema ofthe ane del of alfectviy apes. Tes eptomind athe ngage of pho. sas, by the “jc choice", byte berate te fenains aod by is projection onto slice other toa foe ofthe self lone Et ornate St of al that wath the estes of nteligent bean he emotions liked to aty ‘ree difentated and multipin jy aod adn iked ses and fe of intentional acy fit lf ints, fies to dates et Thre alste sate he hes ‘ciated with penton say lk for log Hine 1 the flted actions of the sbjet without presi deli ‘beeen wit specie eo fam and what ttt ote extsal wor Le, to aber suse of pole sty snd sway. By eins wen “objets” tems detache nae and more distin fom the gail and wndatated eon uation of primi actions and peeps bcs cheats nesved aetna the elf and dependent of he station becunes competeytarfaoed Gn the oe han Sle corto wth the cnsreton afte eject sme, of” egos tobe ated by secs of he steal pale of realy as opputd to the extemal or certo pele On te ‘Tha Menta Devon te Ch ” other tan, objets re cone by analogy wt his sl ax {tts enor Ths pays ws hoe cplonaly opiate and intsing shjeepe ‘he elect Feng of jy sed ncn, of scold fang ee, are now expeicced as fami of ae Ob ition o tig nde ep fom wo iatpeoeal felig il ercop. The atte “eject hae” wich oy suns contass thrifts colt withtoe intletnl cowsucton of the objet, tet saan Conehted with lek of feentatntetwesn the enteral olden thecal Tis “oot cos” ofall val the pron ft nr he (thn snd pray) cf he father and eer nav. Ts the bagi of the ‘pupae en ett tht wl dev to ach exert fntdecoun of he eng pd 2. EARLY CHILDHOOD FROM TWO 0 SEVEN ‘YEARS: ‘With theappesrenceof language profoundly mea Sil bath afectay and nella. Tn don fall he rel or mats acons the eld lee to ste eng th io a be de ng he preceding pes he now beset fl, testo lngungs,t festa ps acts inte form of recspiubilea and to antipate hs foe ations through veal seesentton ‘Th ha he consocaete- ‘eats to meni devlopaeat: (2) the poy of era cxclange with other pero nhc hens the erst of the Socaltion of esr: (2) th ntealon of wed, te appetince of toot ital, sppotd by itera lngeage ata gem of sig (5) nt nd tt gor tent {eon ofan a such whi fom now tesa beng pty petceptnl and motor ar bar beta hetofone, ee epics el ints by meas of pictues tf men ‘peiments” From the ace ptt of view 2 pall ee, of tanfomations flows: development of ntepeoarl fe POY GSB