Energy Concept in ABAQUS

Bodie Technology, Inc
Smart-Tools for Analysis
Using Advanced Energy Methods to

Enhance FEA and Experiments
Ted Diehl, PhD
Kinetic Energy Viscous Dissipation
Potential Energy
Internal Energy
Artificial Energy
Frictional Dissipation
Plastic Dissipation
Energy Derivatives
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc.
Overview
Conservation of energy and the energy balance
Typical FEA analysts use of energy

Assessing energy quantities to determine plausibility of FEA
Advanced uses of energy and energy methods

Using Energy Methods to estimate impact behavior from quasi-static data
Nonlinear and linear problems
Causality and Energy Derivatives
Using Derivatives of Energy to
Correct/adjust models to remove undesirable distortions
Create fast predictions from existing data
Several examples demonstrating techniques

that enhance Abaqus FEA and experiments

Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
3
Conservation of Energy and the Energy Balance

Abaqus outputs all these energy
Applied External Work = quantities, and more, if you ask for it!
Internal Strain Energy + Kinetic Energy + Dissipation Effects
WK + HF = IE + KE + FD + VD + IHE Other
IE = SE + PD + CD + DMD + FC + AE + DC
Various energy terms
External Work, External Heat Flux, Internal Strain Energy, Kinetic
Energy, Frictional Dissipation, Viscous Dissipation , Internal Heating,
Energy associated with Penalties and Mass Scaling, Recoverable
Strain Energy, Plastic Dissipation, Viscoelasticity, Damage, Fluid
Cavity Energy, Artificial Hourglass Control Energy, Distortion Control,
and the Kitchen Sink!

Typical Use of Energy Quantities to Assess FEA Plausibility

Energy plots are helpful in Explicit Dynamics models to determine if Kinetic
Energy is significant.
This is very helpful when performing quasi-static analysis via Explicit FEA.
Original run of model Model run with 2.5x slower loading

1.5 1.5
Energy (10-3J)
Energy (10-3J)
1 1
ALLIE
2
0.5 3 1 0.5 ALLIE
ALLKE
ALLKE
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (msec) Time (msec)

2 2
Output at every Output at every increment

increment
1.5
Model run too

1.5
Good quasi-static
Load
Load
fast for 1 1
result, DSP can
quasi-static 0.5 0.5
cleanup the rest
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 5 10 15
Displacement Displacement
5
Checking the Energy Balance with ETOTAL
In Abaqus, the energy balance equation for the entire model is written as
ETOTAL = 6ALL(- WK - HF + IE + KE + FD + VD + IHE Other)

Same equation as before, but the work is moved to same side as
other quantities and ETOTAL is introduced.
ETOTAL is a catch-all quantity.
ETOTAL should remain constant throughout the entire solution.
It is typically zero, or very near zero.
Models with initial kinetic energy will have large non-zero
ETOTAL, but it should still be constant over the solution duration.

Using an ETOTAL Check to Find a Problem with a Model

Here are energy assessments from two unrelated models.
Model A likely has something drastically wrong, as ETOTAL varies significantly
relative to other energy terms.
This plot led the analyst to ultimately find a bug in the model.
Model B indicates that ETOTAL is constant and thus the results pass this sanity
check.
Model A Model B
Energy
ETOTAL ~ 0
entire solution
ETOTAL is
Rotation
NOT Constant
7
Unfortunately, Energy is NOT in the front of FEA Users Minds
Most FEA analysts look at deformed shapes, stress and strain contours,
displacements and reaction forces.
Many less FEA users frequently look at plots of energy
Very few do any additional calculations with energy quantities
ETOTAL is non-
zero, BUT constant.
It is non-zero due to
Energy large initial kinetic
energy in the
Significant problem.
plasticity ALLAE
ALLIE
ALLKE
ALLPD
ALLSE
ALLVD
ALLWK
ETOTAL

Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Time Smart-Tools for Analysis
Using Energy Methods to Estimate Impact Behavior from

Quasi-Static Data
Steel ball bearing

(0.13kg)
Lens Can I do any

Accelerometer mounted Polycarbonate useful analysis of
bottom-side of lens housing
a severe impact
problem like this
without resorting
to a transient
dynamic analysis
???

Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Ref: Diehl, et. al., Using Digital Signal Processing , Smart-Tools for Analysis
Abaqus Users Conference, Chester, United Kingdom, 1999.
9
Energy Methods to Estimate Impact Behavior

Basic approach and assumptions
Combine Static Analysis & Energy Methods to predict Impact results.
Energy is always conserved (underlying principle).
Kinetic Energy (just before impact) (IE + FD) at peak event time
IE contains elastic and inelastic energy.
Apply Static Load/BCs until IE + FD = KE (prior to impact)
Statically deform structure into the expected dynamic deformation.
The energy transfer assumption is typically a conservative assumption
and only good for certain cases.
In a general drop problem, the structure will always have a mix of
kinetic and stored internal energy throughout the impact event.
Considers only 1st mode deformation.
Higher modes are ignored.
Material strain rate sensitivity is ignored.
Use properties at rate in quasi-static simulation (not possible in
physical test)
10
Additional comments
Must define sufficient static displacement B.C.s to avoid rigid body
motion.
Consider the use of Inertial Relief in certain simulations to avoid
over constraining with displacement BCs.
Understanding what is the correct static deformation mode to apply is
not too difficult in some cases & nearly impossible in other cases.
Accuracy
Remember, this is only an
Most accurate for Displacement results. approximation and the
Stress and Strain are reasonably accurate. underlying assumptions
must be valid.
Acceleration not computed in a static model.
Strain-Rate Dependence of Material Behavior is Ignored.
May be significant in plastics and polymers!

11

Steel Shell Denting Explicit Dynamics Model That Includes Plasticity
Rigid body impacted structure,
then bounced off, and finally the structure
Undeformed Shape
Rigid mass has undergone an elastic spring-back
impacts structure
U2 (mil)
after fall from 4ft.
-37.5
-34.7 mil
2
Cold-rolled steel
3 1 0.0
Static Model That Includes Plasticity

Deformed shape when IE equals KE of Deformed shape after rigid body is removed
rigid body prior to impact and elastic spring-back has occurred
-37.3 mil -34.6 mil

Ref: Diehl, T., Developing
Simulation & Experimental
Methods ..., Conference
on Plastics for Portable
and Wireless Electronics
, October, 2000.
12
Energy Methods to Estimate Impact Behavior F, G
Phone drop problem

chip
Design a physical test to determine if the antenna
support will compress enough to have the antenna antenna
leg deform too far into the phone housing, causing leg
a chip on the circuit board to be broken off?
Phone is dropped from 2m
Solution
Drop
Assume that housing stiffness is much larger than dir.
antenna support and chip/board stiffness
Compress phone in Instron (or MTS) uniaxial tester.
Record load and cross-head displacement
Integrate to get applied work vs displacement
Stop test when work equals mgh antenna
M = mass of phone, g = 9.81m/s2, h = 2m support
Ref: Diehl, T., Developing Simulation & Experimental Methods ...,

Conf. on Plastics for Portable and Wireless Electronics , October, 2000.
13
Simple Scaling Equation to Estimate Impact Behavior for

Problems with Linear Response
Linear Structure - No plasticity or changing contact.

x
1 1
F Ku SE
2
Ku 2 W F (u ) du 2
Fx
0
Energy from Dynamics (Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy)

1 2
PE mGh KE mv m = mass, h = drop height, v = velocity
2
These energies determine DEPTI (Dynamic Energy Prior To Impact).
Scale any static response from model, rstatic, to get dynamic response, rdyn,
by
Structure is statically
DEPTI deformed into
rdyn rstatic
SE FD expected impact
deformation mode
14
Simple Scaling Equation to Estimate Impact Behavior for

Problems with Linear Response
Lens Impact Analysis
Steel ball bearing dropped 0.5m
DEPTI
rdyn rstatic
SE FD
Steel ball bearing
(0.13kg)
Max Lens Displacement
Estimate via Actual
Statics + Impact
Energy Meth. Simulation
3.68mm 3.76mm
Lens
Scaled static estimate
Polycarbonate accuracy 0.979
housing
Quasi-static solution derived from model published in the following

paper:
Diehl, et. al., Using Digital Signal Processing ,
Abaqus Users Conference, Chester, United Kingdom, 1999.
15
Can Energy tell me whats the

largest Cause of the force I feel
when I load a structure?
Corollary What materials,
components, etc. have little
influence on performance?
Energy vs Disp (Insertion)

5
No filtering
0.5
4 WK
"Friction Contribution Force"

3 FD 0.4
IE
Energy
0.3
2
1
0.2
w FD
F fric
0
0.1 w u
KE 0
1 0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement
Displacement
16
Basic relationships Measures of work from applied

loads and displacements
External Work
W F du Complementary
Force, F
Work, W*
External Complementary Work
u dF
Work, W
W*
Displacement, u
Observations
w WK
Fapplied
w u

Derivatives of external complementary work with respect to forces

produce displacements or displacement-like quantities.
Derivative with respect to rotation produce moments.
17

Simplified Energy Balance (ignoring some terms)
WK = IE + KE + FD
Derivatives of energy relate directly to the force balance for springs in parallel
w WK w IE w KE w FD
Fapplied ) IE ) KE ) FD
w u w u w u w u
Springs in Parallel
Force balance: Ftotal = F1 + F2 +
Displacements: 'Ltotal = 'L1 = 'L2 =
Springs in Series
Force balance: Ftotal = F1 = F2 =
Displacements: 'Ltotal = 'L1 + 'L2 +
Need force derivatives of Complementary Work

18

Simplified Energy Balance (ignoring some terms)
WK = IE + KE + FD
Derivatives of energy relate directly to the force balance for springs in parallel
w WK w IE w KE w FD
w u w u w u w u
Causality Coefficients )IE, )KE, )FD

Terms assess contributions to overall structural response.
Use to determine what to change to have most influence on response.
Can be grouped by part, material, element set,
Can make estimated prediction equations for changes in quantities
without the need to run the entire model again (or run a physical test
again)!

19
Causality and Energy Derivatives Creating a Hit List

Given a structure with a variety of components and materials, how can a
Hit List of best candidates for modification be created to increase (or
decrease) overall structure stiffness?
Can this be done with single simulation run?
Will it work for nonlinear problems too?
Answer YES
Via Causality and Energy
Derivatives
Analyze model for a specified set of

BCs and loads (linear or nonlinear).
Output IE (and other energies)
grouped by component, material
Derivatives of energy relative to
applied BC displacement WOX Shock Tester with permission
from Jon Yagla, Naval Surface
Causality Coefficients Warfare Center, Dahlgren Div.

20
w WK w IE w KE w FD
w u w u w u w u
Estimating changes in a structures response from energy derivatives
Derivatives of IE how component stiffness changes affect response.
Stiffness changes including changes in material or geometry.
Derivatives of KE how kinetic energy (mass or velocity) changes
affect response.
Derivatives of FD how coefficient of friction changes affect response.
These estimates of change or influence are most accurate if the structures

components behave as springs in parallel.
Assessing energy derivatives for structures with components that act like
springs in series is also helpful, but more difficult and typically less
accurate since obtaining complimentary energy is often impossible and
must be estimated.
21
FE Modeling of Peeling Via Cohesive Elements

Abaqus/Explicit model
Aluminum Plasticity plus cohesive elems.
Epoxy Adaptive mass scaling of
Cohesive interface cohesive elements
Solution/experiment correlation
is so so Hey, Peeling is a
Tough Problem
20
Peel force per depth, P/b (N/mm)

Experimental data
(Kawashita, 2006)
15
Abaqus (raw)
10
0
0 45 90 135 180
Peel angle (deg)
22
FE Modeling of Peeling Via Cohesive Elements

Improving Quasi-Static Estimate
In this example, correcting for so-called
kinetic energy force in quasi-static
explicit FEA model makes
significant improvement!
20
Peel force per depth, P/b (N/mm)
Experimental data
(Kawashita, 2006)
15
Abaqus (raw)
Abaqus (PKE removed)

10
0
0 45 90 135 180
Peel angle (deg)

Ref:
Diehl, T., Integrating Theory, Experiments, and FEA to
Solve Challenging Nonlinear Mechanics Problems,
Abaqus Users' Conference Proceedings, 2008.
23
Quasi-Static Snap-Fit Via Explicit Dynamics FEA
Preliminary scouting analysis of a Snap-Fit design

Understand sensitivity to lower arm
angle and influence of friction.
Simulate both insertion and retraction
Implicit FEA will have difficulty with snap 3 angles: To, To+5, To-5
and retraction, so simulate with Explicit FEA.
Form of expected physical

response during insertion
force
displacement
FEA via Abaqus/Explicit,
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Filtering via Kornucopia Bodie Technology, Inc
24

Insertion Results Using Different Output Requests
Every increment 100 increments 80 increments 50 increments
(~35,000 incs)
Unfiltered
Force vs Disp (Insertion) Force vs Disp (Insertion) Force vs Disp (Insertion) Force vs Disp (Insertion)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
Force
Force
1 1 1 1
2 2 Aliased 2 Aliased 2 Aliased

3 3 3 3
0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10
Displacement Displacement Displacement Displacement
Lowpass filtered until smooth

Force vs Disp (Insertion) Force vs Disp (Insertion) Force vs Disp (Insertion) Force vs Disp (Insertion)
1 To+5 1 To+5 1 To+5 1 To+5

To To To
0.5 0.5 0.5
To 0.5
Force
Force
To-5 To-5 To-5 To-5

0 0 0 0
Aliased Aliased Aliased
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10
Displacement Displacement Displacement Displacement

25

Energy Methods, Derivatives, and DSP to Improve Analysis
Energy vs Disp (Insertion)
5 Below are two forces derived from
4
derivatives of energy quantities. In
External work
Frictional energy certain cases, such quantities can
3
Internal energy be used to enhance results
Energy
2 interpretations.
1
0
Kinetic Force load associated with
Kinetic energy moving mass.
1
w U KE
0 2 4 6 8 10
FKE UKE kinetic energy
w u
Displacement
No filtering
u - displacement
2
Noisy mess! Frictional Force portion of total

1
load caused by friction.
FKE
w U friction
0
Ufriction total energy

1 F fric
w u consumed by friction
2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement
26

Improving Quasi-Static Estimate
No filtering With Filtering Case: To
2 0.1
Filtered via
1 0.05 bi-directional lowpass
"Kinetic Force"
6th order butterworth,

FKE
0 0 fc=0.005fs
1 0.05
2 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Force vs Disp (Insertion) - No KE Adj Force vs Disp (Insertion) with KE Adj

1 1
The small
Explicit FEA Explicit FEA difference
0.5 0.5
between the
implicit FEA and
Force
Force
Implicit FEA Implicit FEA explicit FEA

0 0 results is shown
Explicit FEA to be a result of
moving mass.
0.5 0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
27

Estimating Frictional Influence
Energy vs Disp (Insertion) No filtering
5
Case: To
0.5
External work

4
0.4
Frictional energy
3
Internal energy
Energy
0.3
2
0.2
1
0 0.1
Kinetic energy
1 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement
Displacement
With Filtering
w U friction
0.5
Filtered via

F fric
w u bi-directional lowpass
0.4
6th order butterworth,

0.3
fc=0.005fs
Similar computations for 0.2
other cases of 0.1

To+5 and To-5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement
28
Orig. Simulation, COF = 0.3
1.5
1
To+5
Force
To
0.5 To-5
0
0 2 4 6 8
Displacement
Prediction equation
Ftotal
COF new
Ftotal
COF 0.3
F fric
COF 0.3

COFnew
COF 0.3
1

29
Orig. Simulation, COF = 0.3 Energy Derivative Predictions, COF = 0.5
1.5 1.5
To+5 Three FAST

1
To+5 predictions of
To
1
COF change
Force
To
Force
To-5 from 0.3 to 0.5
0.5 To-5 0.5 (FEA model
NOT re-run)
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Prediction equation Validation for COF=0.5

Ftotal
COF new
Ftotal
COF 0.3
F fric
COF 0.3

COFnew
COF 0.3

1
1.5
To+5
1 To
prediction
Force
actual FEA
Validating predictions by running 0.5
To-5
actual full FEA models for all three
angle cases with COF = 0.5 0
0 2 4 6 8
Displacement
30
Getting More Out of Models
Starting with this:

Running model only ONCE.
ME, E
Note: E UR3, ME RM3

31
Getting More Out of Models

COF Predictions from
We get these results by use of DSP ONE Run of Model
and Energy Derivatives!
Accurate results that match COF 0.5
benchmark
Prediction of friction influence COF 0.3
WITHOUT additional runs of
model!
COF 0.0
** **Predictions from
FEA model with
COF=0.3 and
** energy derivatives

32
Conclusions
Energy Balance MUST be satisfied

Confirming ETOTAL = Constant is a key sanity check for ALL models
Assessing Kinetic Energy relative to Work and IE is important for Quasi-static

Explicit Dynamics models
Many engineers doing FEA and/or physical testing underutilize Energy Methods
Energy Methods can be effectively used to estimate impact behavior with

Quasi-static models or experiments.
Powerful technique, but limitations apply (read fine print!)
Causality is derived from energy derivatives

Most accurate for structures with behavior similar to springs in parallel
Enables computing Hit List of key components/materials from single run
Enables fast prediction equations (good for linear and nonlinear problems)

33
Smart-Tools for
Analyzing Noisy &
Challenging Problems
www.BodieTech.com
Analytical
Want to learn more about these Advanced
Energy Methods?
Creativity The topic is covered in greater detail
+
Perspective (including workshops) in our short course
Numerical Experimental Analyzing Noisy Data via
Filtering and DSP

34
Instructors Profile Ted Diehl, Ph.D.
Expert in Nonlinear Mechanics with 20+ Years Experience

Experimental, computational, and theoretical approaches
Led nonlinear mechanics efforts at Kodak, Motorola, and DuPont
Engineering Tools
Mathcad & Kornucopia, Abaqus nonlinear FEA, and experimental methods
Engineering Success in Industry
NASA spacecraft Paper motion in copiers Nonlinear nip mechanics

Cell-phone impact Simulating fabrics Ballistic protection
Peeling mechanics Flexible structures Nonlinear materials
Created unique DSP algorithms

Enhance analysis of noisy data from experiments & Explicit Dynamics FEA
Developer of Kornucopia and President of Bodie Technology Inc.

Smart-Tools for Analyzing Noisy & Challenging Problems

Energy Concept in ABAQUS

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Bodie Technology, Inc

Smart-Tools for Analysis

Using Advanced Energy Methods to

Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc.

Conservation of energy and the energy balance

Typical FEA analysts use of energy

Advanced uses of energy and energy methods

Several examples demonstrating techniques

Bodie Technology, Inc

Conservation of Energy and the Energy Balance

Bodie Technology, Inc

Typical Use of Energy Quantities to Assess FEA Plausibility

Original run of model Model run with 2.5x slower loading

0.5 3 1 0.5 ALLIE

Time (msec) Time (msec)

Output at every Output at every increment

Model run too

Checking the Energy Balance with ETOTAL

ETOTAL = 6ALL(- WK - HF + IE + KE + FD + VD + IHE Other)

Bodie Technology, Inc

Using an ETOTAL Check to Find a Problem with a Model

Unfortunately, Energy is NOT in the front of FEA Users Minds

Bodie Technology, Inc

Using Energy Methods to Estimate Impact Behavior from

Steel ball bearing

Lens Can I do any

Bodie Technology, Inc

Energy Methods to Estimate Impact Behavior

Energy Methods to Estimate Impact Behavior

Bodie Technology, Inc

Energy Methods to Estimate Impact Behavior

Static Model That Includes Plasticity

-37.3 mil -34.6 mil

Energy Methods to Estimate Impact Behavior F, G

Phone drop problem

Ref: Diehl, T., Developing Simulation & Experimental Methods ...,

Simple Scaling Equation to Estimate Impact Behavior for

Linear Structure - No plasticity or changing contact.

Energy from Dynamics (Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy)

Simple Scaling Equation to Estimate Impact Behavior for

Quasi-static solution derived from model published in the following

Causality and Energy Derivatives

Can Energy tell me whats the

Energy vs Disp (Insertion)

"Friction Contribution Force"

Causality and Energy Derivatives

Basic relationships Measures of work from applied

Derivatives of external complementary work with respect to forces

Causality and Energy Derivatives

Need force derivatives of Complementary Work

Causality and Energy Derivatives

Causality Coefficients )IE, )KE, )FD

Bodie Technology, Inc

Causality and Energy Derivatives Creating a Hit List

Analyze model for a specified set of

Bodie Technology, Inc

Causality and Energy Derivatives

These estimates of change or influence are most accurate if the structures

FE Modeling of Peeling Via Cohesive Elements

Peel force per depth, P/b (N/mm)

FE Modeling of Peeling Via Cohesive Elements

Abaqus (PKE removed)

Peel angle (deg)

Quasi-Static Snap-Fit Via Explicit Dynamics FEA

2 2 Aliased 2 Aliased 2 Aliased

Note: E UR3, ME RM3