ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE,GHAZIABAD

ECE Department

Project report
on
AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHTS

RAHUL SHARMA PROHIT KUMAR

1403231152 1403231121
 Certificate

Date:

This is to certify that Mr.RAHUL SHARMA (Univ. Roll

no.:1403231152) & Mr.PROHIT KUMAR (Univ.rollNo.:
1403231121) students of Department of Electronics and

Communication, ABES Engineering College, have

undergone a Project work titled AUTOMATIC STREET

LIGHTS.

Mr.ShailendraBisariya
LAB INCHARGE
 Acknowledgement

We would like to express our deepest

appreciation to all those who provided us the
possibility to complete this report.A special
gratitude we give to our project manager,Mr.
Shailendra Bisariya,whose contribution in
stimulating suggestions and encouragement,
helped us to co-ordinate our projecte specially
in writing this report.

Furthermore we would also like to acknowledge

with much appreciation the crucial role of the
staff of ABES Engineering College, who gave the
permission to use all required equipment and the
necessary materials to complete the project.
 Abstract

The circuit presented here is a project of a DARK

SENSOR using LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) on
BREADBOARD. LDRs are a particularly convenient
electronics component to use. They provide large change
in resistance for changes in light level. In view of their low
cost, ease of manufacture, and ease of use LDRs have
been used in a variety of different applications. At one time
LDRs were used in photographic light meters, and even
now they are still used in a variety of applications where it
is necessary to detect light levels. We can use dark or light
sensors in street light and we the light sensor can give the
robot vision and make it easier for it to operate
autonomously.

This circuit mainly consists a

Ch1-Introduction
Mostmobilephonechargersarenotreallychargers,onlypoweradaptersthatprovidea power
sourceforthecharging circuitrywhichisalmostalwayscontained withinthe mobilephone.
Olderonesarenotoriouslydiverse,havingawide varietyofDC connector-stylesandvoltages,
mostofwhicharenotcompatiblewithother manufacturers'phonesorevendifferentmodelsof
phonesfromasinglemanufacturer.

Usersofpubliclyaccessiblechargingkiosksmustbeabletocross-referenceconnectors with
devicebrands/modelsandindividualchargeparametersandthusensuredelivery ofthe
correctchargefortheirmobile device.Adatabase-drivensystemisonesolution, andisbeing
incorporatedintosomedesignsofchargingkiosks.

Mobilephonescanusuallyacceptarelativelywiderangeofvoltages],aslongasitis sufficiently
abovethephonebattery'svoltage.However,ifthevoltageistoohigh,itcan damagethephone.
Mostly,thevoltageis5volts orslightlyhigher,butitcansometimes varyupto12voltswhenthe
powersourceisnotloaded.
Therearealsohuman-poweredchargers soldonthemarket,whichtypicallyconsistsof a
dynamopowered byahandcrankandextension cords.AFrenchstartupoffersakind of
dynamochargerinspiredbytheratchetthatcanbeusedwithonlyonehand.There arealsosolar
chargers,includingonethatisafullymobilepersonalchargerandpanel, whichyoucaneasily
transport.

China,theEuropeanCommissionandothercountries aremaking anationalstandard on

mobilephonechargersusingtheUSBstandard.InJune2009,10oftheworld's largestmobile
phonemanufacturerssignedaMemorandumofUnderstandingto developspecificationsfor
andsupportamicroUSB-equippedcommonExternalPower Supply(EPS)foralldata-
enabledmobilephonessoldintheEU.]OnOctober22,2009, theInternational
TelecommunicationUnionannouncedastandardforauniversal chargerformobilehandsets
(Micro-USB).
Ch2-RelatedLiterature
BATTERYANDSOLARPOWER:Theusageof"battery"todescribea group
electricaldevicesdatestoBenjaminFranklin,whoin1748described multiple
Leydenjarsbyanalogytoabatteryofcannon.AlessandroVolta describedthefirst
electrochemicalbattery,thevoltaicpilein1800.So accordingtoVolta,thiswasa
stackofcopperandzincplatesthatwas separatebybrinesoakedpaperdisks,
whichiscanproduceasteady currentforaconsiderablelengthoftime.However,
Voltadidnotappreciate thatthevoltagewasduetochemicalreactionsandhe
thoughtthathiscells wereaninexhaustiblesourceofenergy,andthatthe
associatedcorrosion effectsattheelectrodeswereamerenuisance,ratherthan
anunavoidable consequenceoftheiroperation,asMichaelFaradayshowedin
1834.
Although,earlybatterieswereofgreatvalueforexperimentalpurposes,in
practicetheirvoltagesfluctuatedandtheycouldnotprovidealargecurrent fora
sustainedperiod.TheDaniellcell,inventedin1836byBritishchemist John
FredericDaniell,wasthefirstpracticalsourceofelectricity,becoming anindustry
standardandseeingwidespreadadoptionasapowersource forelectrical
telegraphnetwork.Itconsistedofacopperpotfilledwitha coppersulphate
solution,inwhichwasimmersedanunglazed earthenware containerfilledwith
sulphuricacidandazincelectrode.Thesewetcells usedliquidelectrolytes,which
werepronetoleakageandspillageifnot handledcorrectly.Manyusedglassjarsto
holdtheircomponents,which madethemfragile.Thesecharacteristicsmade
wetcellsunsuitablefor portableappliances.
Neartheendofthenineteenthcentury,theinventionofdrycellbatteries, which
replacedtheliquidelectrolytewithapaste,madeportableelectrical devices
practical.
Ch3-Componentdescription
1) 7805VoltageRegulator
2) BridgeRectifier
3) 9VTransformer
4) Capacitors(1000uFand0.01uf)
1)7805VoltageRegulator
78xxseriesoffixedlinearvoltageregulatorIC.Lasttwodigitsindicatethe voltage
forwhichthevoltageregulatorisdesigned.The7805regulatesthe output
voltageto5V.The7809regulatesto9V,etc.Itadjustavoltage dividernetworkto
maintainaconstantoutputvoltage.

2)BridgeRectifier
A Bridge rectifier is an Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC)
converter that rectifies mains AC input to DC output. Bridge Rectifiers are
widely used in power supplies that provide necessary DC voltage for the
electronic components or devices. They can be constructed with four or
more diodes or any other controlled solid state switches. Depending on the
load current requirements, a proper bridge rectifier is selected.
Components ratings and specifications, breakdown voltage, temperature
ranges, transient current rating, forward current rating, mounting
requirements and other considerations are taken into account while
selecting a rectifier power supply for an appropriate electronic circuits
application.
3)Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying
current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field,
which in turn induces a voltage in a second coil. Power can be transferred
between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic
connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered
in 1831 described this effect. Transformers are used to increase or
decreasethealternatingvoltagesinelectricpowerapplications.
4)Capacitor:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores
electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as
capacitance. While capacitance exists between any two electrical
conductors of a circuit in sufficiently close proximity, a capacitor is
specifically designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety of
practical applications by consideration of size, shape, and positioning of
closelyspacedconductors,andtheinterveningdielectricmaterial.

Ch4-CircuitdiagramandOperation
1. Step down AC voltage
As we are converting 220V AC into a 5V DC, first we need a step-down
transformer to reduce such high voltage. Here we have used 9-0-9 1A
step-down transformer, which convert 220V AC to 9V AC. In transformer
there are primary and secondary coils which step up or step down the
voltageaccordingtothenoofturninthecoils.
Selection of proper transformer is very important. Current rating depends
upon the Current requirement of Load circuit (circuit which will use the
generate DC). The voltage rating should be more than the required
voltage. Means if we need 5V DC, transformer should at least have a
rating of 7V, because voltage regulator IC 7805 at least need 2V more i.e.
7Vtoprovidea5Vvoltage.

2. Rectification
Rectification is the process of removing the negative part of the Alternate
Current (AC), hence producing the partial DC. This can be achieved by
using 4 diodes. Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction. In first
half cycle of AC diode D2 & D3 are forward biased and D1 and D4 are
reversed biased, and in the second half cycle (negative half) Diode D1
and D4 are forward biased and D2 and D3 are reversed biased. This
Combinationconvertsthenegativehalfcycleintopositive.

A full wave bridge rectifier component is available in the market, which

consist that combination of 4 diode internally. Here we have used this
component.
3. Filtration
The output after the Rectification is not a proper DC, it is oscillation output and has a
very high ripple factor. We dont need that pulsating output, for this we use Capacitor.
Capacitor charge till the waveform goes to its peak and discharge into Load circuit when
waveform goes low. So when output is going low, capacitor maintains the proper voltage
supply into the Load circuit, hence creating the DC. Now how the value of this filter
capacitor should be calculated. Here is the formulae:
C=I*t/V
C= capacitance to be calculated
I= Max output current (lets say 500mA)
t= 10ms,
We will get wave of 100Hz frequency after converting 50Hz AC into DC, through full
wave bridge rectifier. As the negative part of the pulse is converted into positive, one
pulse will be counted two. So the Time period will be 1/100= .01 Secon
V = Peak voltage voltage given to voltage regulator IC (+2 more than rated means
5+2=7)
9-0-9 is the RMS value of transforms so peak voltage is Vrms * 1.414= 9* 1.414=
12.73v
Now 1.4v will be dropped on 2 diodes (0.7 per diode) as 2 will be forward biased for
half wave.
So 12.73 1.4 = 11.33v
When capacitor discharges into load circuit, it must provide 7v to 7805 IC to work so
finally V is:
V = 11.33 7= 4.33v
So now C = I * t / V
C = 500mA * 10ms / 4.33 = .5 * .01 / 4.33 = 1154uF ~ 1000uF

4. Voltage Regulation
A voltage regulator IC 7805 is used to provide a regulated 5v DC. Input voltage should
be 2 volts more than the rated output voltage for proper working of IC, means at least
7v is needed, although it can operate in input voltage range of 7-20V. Voltage
regulators have all the circuitry inside it to provide a proper regulated DC. Capacitor of
0.01uF should be connected to the output of the 7805 to eliminate the noise,
produced by transient changes in voltage.
CircuitDiagram
Ch5-Result
SimulationResult:
HardwareResult
Ch6-ComparativeAnalysis

HARDWARE: SOFTWARE:
The output obtained is OnsimulationinOrCAD

4.96-5.1V. PSPICE(version:17.2)
software,theoutput

obtainedis:3.6V.
Ch7-Conclusion

For the mobile charger made,the output for the hardware

implementation measured using a multimeter is 4.96V.
Though the ideal output voltage is 5V.
References

1. https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/cell-phone-charger-circuit-
diagram
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOKeuRKT-0k
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
5. https://www.elprocus.com/bridge-rectifier-circuit-theory-with-working-
operation/